Department of Nutrition and Food Science

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Consumption Patterns Of Energy Drinks At Lorry Stations In Accra And Concentration Of Their Main Constituents
(University Of Ghana, 2022-08) Oscar, N.Y.C.
Energy drinks are beverages that are rich in caffeine and sugars and contain other constituents. Energy drink consumption has become popular in Ghana in the last five years, and are mostly retailed at lorry stations in Accra. In spite of this, there is little information on the consumption patterns or reasons for consumption among consumers. There is also poor data on the concentrations of the main constituents (sugar and caffeine) of energy drinks in Ghana. Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine the consumption patterns of energy drinks at lorry stations in Accra, and the concentrations of the main constituents of energy drink. This was a combined cross sectional survey done at three lorry stations in Accra and laboratory analysis of main constituents (sugar and caffeine) of energy drink samples. The energy drinks that were analyzed were; Local (Rush, Storm, Run, BigBoss and 5Star energy drink) and imported (Red Bull, Xploza, Bullet, Lucozade). A total of 360 participants were surveyed in the study. Most of the participants (78.3 %) were consumers of energy drink and males were dominant. The dominant age for the consumers was (21-30 years, 39.4 %), with JHS (33 %) and SHS (30.5 %) being the dominant level of education. Commercial drivers (25.5 %) and traders (25.2 %) were the top occupations amongst the consumers. Most of the consumers drank 1-2 bottles of energy drinks in a week (29.7%), and the energy drinks were mostly drunk in the afternoons (55.3 %). The foreign energy drinks had higher caffeine concentrations than the local ones. The caffeine concentrations of imported energy drinks were above 300mg/L except for Lucozade that was below 150 mg/L whereas the local energy drinks were below 300 mg/L except Rush, which was above 320 mg/L. The sugar concentrations of the energy drinks were within similar ranges; majority of them were above 100 g/L and less than 120 g/L. The sugar concentrations of the energy drinks were within similar ranges; majority of them were above 100 g/L and less than 120 g/L. The local energy drinks were mostly consumed by the participants in the study than the foreign ones due to their cheaper price, and also they were very accessible because they were sold by hawkers at lorry stations but the foreign ones were mostly sold at marts and big malls. Energy drink consumption is highly prevalent at lorry stations in Accra. In spite of the consumption rate being excessive, few experienced adverse health effects. Some of the adverse effects were insomnia, accelerated heartbeat and sexual weakness. Most consumers of energy drink perceived it to be helpful whiles most non-consumers perceived them to be harmful.
Predictors Of Malnutrition Among Hospitalized Adults With Pneumonia At The 37 Military Hospital In Accra, Ghana
(University of Ghana, 2023-06) Andoh, T.
Introduction: The aging population is the world’s most pressing medical and socio demographic challenge, and addressing this issue is a key concern. In Sub-Saharan Africa and Ghana, undernutrition among older people is high. There is limited information on the malnutrition situation among the hospitalized older adults in Ghana. This study was undertaken to identify malnutrition cases and the determinants of malnutrition among hospitalized adults with pneumonia at the 37 Military Hospital in Accra. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 54 hospitalized adults aged 60 and above infected with pneumonia at the 37 Military Hospital. Data were collected on socio- demographics, health status, lifestyle factors, and dietary intakes (a 24-hour dietary recall). Anthropometric data and the Mini Nutritional Assessment Tool (MNA) were used to determine the prevalence of malnutrition among the study group. Chi-square and regression analysis were used to determine the association between malnutrition and comorbidity among hospitalized adults with pneumonia. Results: This study revealed that 85.2% of the study population were malnourished based on their Body Mass Index (BMI). Based on MNA scores, 50.0% and 40% of the participants were at risk of malnutrition and malnourished respectively. There was no significant association between dietary diversity, nutrient intake, and malnutrition using BMI and MNA-Score (P > 0.05), respectively. Predictors such as marital status, feeding mode, morbidity, and taking more than 3 prescriptions per day were independently associated with malnutrition with a (P > 0.05). The prevalence of comorbidity among the study population was (61.1%) as participants with comorbidity had higher odds for malnutrition than those who are morbid (OR =2.58: CI=0.394 16.94). Study participants with health conditions such as neuropsychological problems had 4 times higher odds (OR 4.52:CI= 0.004-2.177) for malnutrition than those who had no neuropsychological problems. Lastly, the prevalence of anaemia among hospitalized a with pneumonia was 40.7%. Conclusion: The prevalence of malnutrition in adult with pneumonia was high using both the MNA and the body mass index. Almost all participants had inadequacies for calcium and fibre intake while there was no association between dietary and malnutrition however carbohydrate was the only nutrient that was associated with MNA. Predictors such as marital status, taking more than 3 prescriptions per day, feeding mode, living independently, and mobility were associated with malnutrition.
Fathers’ Knowledge, Attitudes And Practices Concerning Young Child Feeding And Nutritional Status Of Children 0-24 Months In The La Nkwantanang Municipal District
(University Of Ghana, 2023-01) Anang, C.N.F.
Introduction: Optimal Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) during the first 1000 days is critical for the growth and development of children. Research in this area focuses on the input mothers make in the feeding of the child. The efforts of fathers, although under reported, are just as important in determining the nutritional status of a child. The main objective of this study was to assess fathers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices in IYCF in the La Nkwantanang Madina Municipal District (LaNMMA) and how this relates to children’s nutritional status. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed for this study. Convenience sampling was used select the health facilities and recruit 180 fathers and their children aged 0-24 months. Data were collected on the sociodemographic characteristics of participants, the knowledge, attitudes and practices of fathers (KAP) and the anthropometric measurements of the children. A qualitative aspect was introduced to explore fathers’ roles and barriers of fathers’ involvement. This was conducted by means of a focus group discussion and in-depth interviews.. Results: The mean age of fathers was 34.16 ± 5.63 years. The average age for children was 7.28 ± 5.50 months and females were slightly more than males (51.7% and 48.3% respectively). Fathers of children 0-5 months and 6-24 months had high knowledge (55.1% and 57.1% respectively) but poor practice scores (44.9% and 48.4% respectively). The prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight amongst the children was 18%, 8% and 7% respectively. There was no significant association between the KAP of fathers and the nutritional status of children. From the focus group discussion and in-depth interviews, fathers identified their roles in IYCF as providing support to mothers. Support from fathers was either financial, physical or emotional. Fathers reported that they received information on IYCF from their wives, the grandmothers of their children and the health centers. The fathers indicated that cultural perception of men’s roles, tiredness from work and financial difficulties were barriers to their involvement in infant feeding. Fathers believed being available for their children, education in schools, advertisements, improvement of services at health centers and policy change would help in overcoming their barriers towards IYCF involvement. Conclusion: All fathers had good knowledge and poor practices towards infant feeding. Fathers provided support for their wives and were aware that their involvement in infant feeding was necessary. There is the need to create interventions that specifically address fathers’ barriers towards infant feeding.
Microbiota Of Fermenting Millet In Hausa Koko Production: Their Diversity, Fermentative Characteristics And Potential For Starter Culture Development
(University Of Ghana, 2021-12) Atter, A.
Hausa koko is a traditional free -flowing spicy fermented pearl millet porridge produced mostly at the household level by women and sold as street food in Ghana. The fermentation is spontaneously done, not controlled, and the final product prone to contamination with potential foodborne pathogens. To standardize and control the fermentation process to achieve better product quality and safety for large-scale production, the use of starter culture containing beneficial fermenting microbes such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast was considered in this study. Samples at different processing stages were obtained from twelve (12) different commercial processors located in six regions of Ghana. Their bacterial community were determined using the V4 variable region of the 16S rRNA gene and their metabolite profiled using 1HNuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Out of the 12 commercial processors, samples from five (5) were enumerated for lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast. The LAB isolates were fingerprinted using (GTG)5 based rep-PCR before whole genome sequenced, while 28S rRNA genes were Sanger sequenced for yeast isolates for genetic characterisation and identification. The identified isolates were then screened for some technological and probiotic characteristics in-vitro, beneficial isolates were used to develop starter culture whose performance was evaluated in-situ and tested for consumer acceptability. Results revealed the most comprehensive bacterial community with over four hundred (400) different Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms and profiled thirty-three (33) metabolites. The LAB isolates were made up of both homo and hetero fermentative organisms. They included Limosilactobacillus pontis (31.11 %), Pediococcus acidilactici and Limosilactobacillus fermentum (16.67 % each), Pediococcus pentosaceus (11.11 %), Limosilactobacillus reuteri (10 %), Weissella confusa (6.67 %), Schleiferilactobacillus harbinensis (3.33 %), Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (2.22 % each). L. pontis, L. fermentum, P. pentosaceus and L. reuteri occurred at all the stages of Hausa koko production. Saccharomyces cf. cerevisiae/paradoxus (41.4 %), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (31.0 %), Pichia kudriavzevii (13.8 %), Clavispora lusitaniae (8.6 %) and Candida tropicalis (5.2 %) were the yeast identified. A total of 27 LAB isolates were predicted to have bacteriocin producing genes and genes related to nutritive and enzyme production. Subsequently, these isolates were selected for further testing. The majority of the selected LAB and yeast isolates exhibited good technological and potential probiotic characteristics in vitro. The LAB showed good rates of acidification, strong inhibitory activity against some foodborne indicator organisms, amylase production (66.7 %), and low production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) (33.3 %). They also exhibited good tolerance and survival in acid conditions at pH (2.5 - 6.0) and at pH 7, tolerance and survival against bile (0.3 - 1.0 %). Similar good probiotic characteristic was obtained from the yeast isolates including tolerance to low-neutral pH (2.0, 3.0, 5.5 and 7.0), bile (0.3 - 1.0 %), high temperatures (25 °C and 37 °C) and salt concentrations (4 and 6 %). LAB isolates L. reuteri LDOD-Sud, L. pontis LTAD-12g and L. fermentum LMAN-Sdb, and yeast isolates, S. cerevisiae YSUN-Sud and P. kudriavzevii YTAD-12j selected for further studies in the development of a starter culture or inoculum enrichment during millet fermentation in different combinations produced acceptable results. Reduction or total inhibition of aflatoxins B1, B2 and G2 infected millet slurries were recorded when fermented with the different combinations. The most preferred starter culture combination was Limosilactobacillus reuteri LDOD-Sud (R) + Limosilactobacillus fermentum LMAN-Sdb (F) + Saccharomyces cerevisiae YSUN-Sud (C) referred to as RFC Hausa koko Starter Culture (RFCH). Although not under a strictly controlled fermentation set up, RFCH starter culture demonstrated desirable traits including quality and safety improvement, reduced fermentation time from the normal 48 - 72 h to only 12 h during semi-industrial scale fermentation. The study presented the most comprehensive bacterial and metabolites profile, the diversity, technological and probiotic potential of microorganisms associated with Hausa koko processing and the development of a starter culture. Also, it has shown the possibility of using starter culture by commercial processors at semi-industrial scale to standardize the production process for improved quality and safety
Effect Of Composite Food Powder On Vitamin A Levels, Anaemia, Growth Status And Toxicological Effect In Sprague Dawley Rats
(University Of Ghana, 2022-03) Frempong, A.N.A.
Introduction: Animal experiments play essential roles in research and help alleviate new diseases or existing conditions. Animal models have helped in the advancement of our nutritional knowledge. Since malnutrition, especially micronutrient deficiencies, are a significant public health concern, animal studies can advance understanding in this area. Animal studies can assess the toxicity and effect of micronutrient powders before human consumption. This study was conducted to determine the effect of the Composite Food Powder on vitamin A levels, anaemia, growth status and toxicological effect in Sprague Dawley rats. The powder contains anchovies, carrot, eggplant and soybean. These foods combined will be rich in iron and vitamin A, making them an excellent strategy to treat micronutrient deficiencies. Methodology: Composite Foods Powder (CFP) (100g) was made with dried and powdered 15g anchovies, 50g turkey berry, 10g carrot and 25g soybean. The Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 2005) standard procedure was used to determine the proximate composition of the CFP. β-carotene and iron analyses were determined by HPLC and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry methods, respectively. For the animal experimentation, twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to 2 groups, control (6) and experimental (14), for 28 days of investigation. The animals were weighed weekly. The length was measured on days 0, 7 and 15. After the animal was euthanised correctly, blood was taken by cardiac puncture on the 29th day for analysis. The kidneys and livers of the animals were isolated and processed for histopathological examination. Weight, length, haematological indices, serum retinol and biochemistry, were presented as means ± standard deviations. The histopathological analysis was presented in microphotographs. The significant difference in means between the groups was determined by independent t-test. Results: The blood analysis shows that the CFP contains 7.2mg/g β-Carotene and 5.28 iron, respectively. The mean weight of the control group was 161.37 ± 8.83 g, while that of the experimental group was 166.77 ± 7.91 g. The mean length for the control group was 19.03 ± 1.28 g, while that of the experimental group was 19.13 ± 1.00 g. No significant difference was observed across the control, and experimental groups for red blood cell count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean cell volume and mean cell haemoglobin values. No significant difference was observed across the control and experimental groups for Lymphocyte per cent and number, Eosinophil per cent and number, monocyte number and per cent, neutrophil per cent and number and basophil number and basophil per cent. The serum retinol concentration was generally low among the experimental and control groups. The control group had 0.002 ± 0.001 103 μg, and the experimental group had 0.002 ± 0.001 103 ug. No significant difference was observed across the control and experimental groups for urea, creatinine, direct bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, total protein, and albumin, except for total bilirubin. There was a significant difference between the control and experimental groups for total bilirubin. Conclusion: This study revealed that CFP made up of locally available food products, contains iron and β- carotene that could meet the micro nutritional needs of infants. The CFP was found to have no significant effect on the SD rats' growth indices and serum retinol. The CFP was shown to have no toxicity regarding haematological and biochemical markers and very few histopathological alterations in isolated organs.
Effect Of Composite Food Powder On Vitamin A Levels, Anaemia, Growth Status And Toxicological Effect In Sprague Dawley Rats
(University Of Ghana, 2022-03) Frempong, A.N.A.
Introduction: Animal experiments play essential roles in research and help alleviate new diseases or existing conditions. Animal models have helped in the advancement of our nutritional knowledge. Since malnutrition, especially micronutrient deficiencies, are a significant public health concern, animal studies can advance understanding in this area. Animal studies can assess the toxicity and effect of micronutrient powders before human consumption. This study was conducted to determine the effect of the Composite Food Powder on vitamin A levels, anaemia, growth status and toxicological effect in Sprague Dawley rats. The powder contains anchovies, carrot, eggplant and soybean. These foods combined will be rich in iron and vitamin A, making them an excellent strategy to treat micronutrient deficiencies. Methodology: Composite Foods Powder (CFP) (100g) was made with dried and powdered 15g anchovies, 50g turkey berry, 10g carrot and 25g soybean. The Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 2005) standard procedure was used to determine the proximate composition of the CFP. β-carotene and iron analyses were determined by HPLC and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry methods, respectively. For the animal experimentation, twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to 2 groups, control (6) and experimental (14), for 28 days of investigation. The animals were weighed weekly. The length was measured on days 0, 7 and 15. After the animal was euthanised correctly, blood was taken by cardiac puncture on the 29th day for analysis. The kidneys and livers of the animals were isolated and processed for histopathological examination. Weight, length, haematological indices, serum retinol and biochemistry, were presented as means ± standard deviations. The histopathological analysis was presented in microphotographs. The significant difference in means between the groups was determined by independent t-test. Results: The blood analysis shows that the CFP contains 7.2mg/g β-Carotene and 5.28 iron, respectively. The mean weight of the control group was 161.37 ± 8.83 g, while that of the experimental group was 166.77 ± 7.91 g. The mean length for the control group was 19.03 ± 1.28 g, while that of the experimental group was 19.13 ± 1.00 g. No significant difference was observed across the control, and experimental groups for red blood cell count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean cell volume and mean cell haemoglobin values. No significant difference was observed across the control and experimental groups for Lymphocyte per cent and number, Eosinophil per cent and number, monocyte number and per cent, neutrophil per cent and number and basophil number and basophil per cent. The serum retinol concentration was generally low among the experimental and control groups. The control group had 0.002 ± 0.001 103 μg, and the experimental group had 0.002 ± 0.001 103 ug. No significant difference was observed across the control and experimental groups for urea, creatinine, direct bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, total protein, and albumin, except for total bilirubin. There was a significant difference between the control and experimental groups for total bilirubin. Conclusion: This study revealed that CFP made up of locally available food products, contains iron and β- carotene that could meet the micro nutritional needs of infants. The CFP was found to have no significant effect on the SD rats' growth indices and serum retinol. The CFP was shown to have no toxicity regarding haematological and biochemical markers and very few histopathological alterations in isolated organs.
Nutritional Status And Anaemia Prevalence, Malaria And Helminths Infestations Levels Among Children Aged 6-23 Months In Peri-Urban Communities In Accra
(University Of Ghana, 2022-01) Datohe, D.D.
Background and objective: The first two years of life is very critical. Children especially those under two years are vulnerable to stunting, wasting, and anaemia. However, information on these growth indices in peri-urban areas are scanty. In this study, we examined the nutritional status, anaemia prevalence, malaria and helminthes infestation levels among children aged 6 to 23 months old living in peri-urban areas in the La-Nkwantanang-Madina Metropolitan Assembly (LaNMMA) area. Methodology: The study was cross-sectional. A one-time-point data was collected which involved 268 child/ mother (key caregiver) pairs from five peri-urban communities. A semistructured questionnaire was used to interview mothers with children aged 6 to 23 months old about socio-demographic characteristics, dietary intakes and breastfeeding patterns. The weight, recumbent length and mid-upper arm circumferences (MUAC) of the children were taken using procedures specified by the World Health Organization (WHO). Five millilitres of blood samples were collected to determine haemoglobin (Hb) levels and malaria infection. Stool samples were also collected to determine helminth infestations. The anthropometric indices were converted to z-scores with the help of WHO Anthro software. The data were summarized through descriptive statistics. Crude binary logistic regression was employed to check for associations and the logistic regression model was employed to control and determine factors that predicted anaemia, wasting, stunting and underweight in lined with the objectives of the study. Results: Anaemia prevalence among the study children was 85.1% with 2% being severely anaemic. However, stunting, wasting and underweight prevalence were relatively low; 9.0%, 8.2% and 10.1% respectively. About 1.5% of the study participants were infected with malaria and no helminthic infestation was detected. Colostrum, eating or drinking something else apart from breast milk during the first three days after delivery, start month on complementary feeding, food made from vitamin A-rich dark green leafy vegetables, food made from oil, fat, or butter, red palm oil, palm nut soup/ sauce and number of times a child received solids, semisolids, or soft foods during the day/ night significantly predicted anaemia (p<0.05). Mothers who were part time workers, sex of child, initiation of breastfeeding, breastfeeding duration and households salt used predicted wasting. Conclusion: Very high anaemia prevalence was found in this study. Efforts to prevent increased anaemia prevalence especially in rural and peri-urban settings and to improve the nutritional status of young children are warranted.
Effect Of Composite Food Powder On Vitamin A Levels, Anaemia, Growth Status And Toxicological Effect In Sprague Dawley Rats
(University Of Ghana, 2022-03) Frempong, A.N.A
Introduction: Animal experiments play essential roles in research and help alleviate new diseases or existing conditions. Animal models have helped in the advancement of our nutritional knowledge. Since malnutrition, especially micronutrient deficiencies, are a significant public health concern, animal studies can advance understanding in this area. Animal studies can assess the toxicity and effect of micronutrient powders before human consumption. This study was conducted to determine the effect of the Composite Food Powder on vitamin A levels, anaemia, growth status and toxicological effect in Sprague Dawley rats. The powder contains anchovies, carrot, eggplant and soybean. These foods combined will be rich in iron and vitamin A, making them an excellent strategy to treat micronutrient deficiencies. Methodology: Composite Foods Powder (CFP) (100g) was made with dried and powdered 15g anchovies, 50g turkey berry, 10g carrot and 25g soybean. The Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 2005) standard procedure was used to determine the proximate composition of the CFP. β-carotene and iron analyses were determined by HPLC and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry methods, respectively. For the animal experimentation, twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to 2 groups, control (6) and experimental (14), for 28 days of investigation. The animals were weighed weekly. The length was measured on days 0, 7 and 15. After the animal was euthanised correctly, blood was taken by cardiac puncture on the 29th day for analysis. The kidneys and livers of the animals were isolated and processed for histopathological examination. Weight, length, haematological indices, serum retinol and biochemistry, were presented as means ± standard deviations. The histopathological analysis was presented in microphotographs. The significant difference in means between the groups was determined by independent t-test. Results: The blood analysis shows that the CFP contains 7.2mg/g β-Carotene and 5.28 iron, respectively. The mean weight of the control group was 161.37 ± 8.83 g, while that of the experimental group was 166.77 ± 7.91 g. The mean length for the control group was 19.03 ± 1.28 g, while that of the experimental group was 19.13 ± 1.00 g. No significant difference was observed across the control, and experimental groups for red blood cell count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean cell volume and mean cell haemoglobin values. No significant difference was observed across the control and experimental groups for Lymphocyte per cent and number, Eosinophil per cent and number, monocyte number and per cent, neutrophil per cent and number and basophil number and basophil per cent. The serum retinol concentration was generally low among the experimental and control groups. The control group had 0.002 ± 0.001 103 μg, and the experimental group had 0.002 ± 0.001 103 ug. No significant difference was observed across the control and experimental groups for urea, creatinine, direct bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, total protein, and albumin, except for total bilirubin. There was a significant difference between the control and experimental groups for total bilirubin. Conclusion: This study revealed that CFP made up of locally available food products, contains iron and β- carotene that could meet the micro nutritional needs of infants. The CFP was found to have no significant effect on the SD rats' growth indices and serum retinol. The CFP was shown to have no toxicity regarding haematological and biochemical markers and very few histopathological alterations in isolated organs.
Packaging of Plantain for Improved Quality and Shelf Life
(University of Ghana, 2021-04) Oku-Addo, E.N.A.
Plantain is an important cash and subsistence crop for the small-scale producers in Ghana but unfortunately, the plantain industry is plagued with high postharvest losses. These postharvest problems affect plantain quality and increase losses. The main aim of this study was to improve the quality and shelf life of plantains during the postharvest handling period by using different packaging options using two parameters. The first section was conducted to evaluate the effects of treatments (use of shredded plantain pseudostem, potassium permanganate, a combination of both, and control) and packaging types (paper, wood and plastic boxes) on the sensory and physicochemical components of plantains. The second part of the study dealt with the effect of packing arrangements on transit and subsequent storage of the plantains. The five packing arrangements were; i) Fingers separated by a layer of Styrofoam ii) Fingers lying directly on top of each other (no Styrofoam) iii) Hands separated by a layer of Styrofoam iv) Hands lying directly on top of each other (no Styrofoam) v) bunches separated by a layer of Styrofoam. All samples but the bunches were placed in were in plastic boxes during transportation and storage. Significant differences were found between the bunches and the four other arrangements after transit. Total soluble solids (TSS), reducing sugar (RS), total sugar (TS), titratable acidity (TA), and pH were determined to follow the progression to senescence. By day 22, the TSS of the plantains in the pseudostem + KMnO4 treatment recorded 36% and 25% in the pseudostem treatment. RS recorded 1.8% for pseudostem + KMnO4 treatment and 1.3% for the pseudostem treatment. TS recorded 3.2% for pseudostem + KMnO4 treatment and 1.9% for the pseudostem treatment. This trend was also observed for both TA and pH. These results were general averages of the packaging types. Pulp firmness, peel colour and level of bruising, were also analysed by sensory means and followed the same trend with the plantains in the pseudostem + KMnO4 treatment ripening faster than those in the pseudostem treatment. The pseudostem proved to be an ideal storage material for preserving the quality and extending the green life of plantains. For the packaging types, the plastic boxes contained and protected the plantains effectively. They also provided enough air for ventilation to combat heat but not too much to facilitate the ripening of the plantains. The paper and wooden boxes were less efficient thus, the quality of the plantains was compromised. Results of the first section (Objectives 1,2,3) indicated that plastic boxes with shredded plantain pseudostem recorded the longest shelf life of the plantains at 22 days, while plantains in the paper boxes with the pseudostem + KMnO4 recorded the lowest at 13 days, before senescence. Results from Specific Objective 4 informed that pulp firmness and level of bruising were 2.00±00 for the bunches and 1.00±0.2 for the other four arrangements. Peel colour however wasn't affected. The use of Styrofoam did not have as much or any effect on the plantains during transit as the use of packaging did. During storage, the bunches ripened and reached senescence the fastest due to a high level of bruising, exposure to direct sunlight and oxygen. Hands with no Styrofoam was the second arrangement to reach senescence, followed by hands with Styrofoam, then fingers with no Styrofoam, and lastly fingers with Styrofoam. It took a maximum of 15 days for all samples to reach senescence but by day 12, the bunches were decayed. Consequently, the use of plastic box and shredded plantain pseudostem as a storage material prolonged the green life of the plantain and improved upon its physical quality. Plantains arranged in fingers can also be used to preserve quality and extend green life of plantain.
The Effects of Different Methods of Salting on the Quality of Salted Fish
(University of Ghana, 1996-06) Dowuona, S.
Samples of fresh Tilapia (Tilapia species) and Redfish (Sparidae species) were salted using the pickle and kench curing methods. The salted fish were then dried using solar and air-drying methods. Standard methods were used to determine the effects of processing and dryinq methods on the chemical composition of the processed fish. With the uptake of salt by the fiah, the ash content increased significantly during processing, with resultant decreases in the fat, protein and moisture contents. Fat decrease was alao partly attributed to dripping of liquified fat during drying as well as chemical oxidation of the fat. Protein losses were also partly due to proteolysis of the protein as well as denaturation. The extent of the differences in moisture, fat and protein between the pickled and kenched samples were not significant except for ash and salt contents. Sensory evaluation using the rank method and analyaed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that the kench cured and airdried samples are more acceptable, whiles pickle cured and solar dried samples are least acceptable with respect to texture, odour and appearance. The salted dried Tilapia samples were also found to have a longer shelf-life than the similarly treated Redfish samples.
Prevalence and Characterization of Pathogenic Escherichia Coli in Selected Indigenous Dairy Product
(University of Ghana, 2020-10) Adomako, D.
Diarrhoeagenic E. coli is a major health concern. It causes mortality and morbidity especially in children of age five years and below in countries that are developing. Research has revealed that out of the six categories of diarrhoeagenic E. coli, Enterohaemorragic E. coli (EHEC) and Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) are the most widespread cause of diarrhea. This work identified the existence of some E. coli that causes diarrhea in informal dairy products from selected traditional open markets and streets of Greater Accra and characterized the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in Mueller Hinton broth and wagashi, a soft unripened indigenous cheese. A total of 85 local dairy products, specifically raw milk, boiled milk, brukina, nunu and wagashi were examined. These were purchased from cow rearing locations and markets within Accra. E. coli was detected by enrichment in Brain Heart Infusion broth followed by plating on MacConkey agar. E. coli O157:H7 was determined on Sorbitol MacConkey agar which appeared colorless. Survival of E. coli O157:H7 to sub-lethal stresses of low pH, high salt and heat was determined in broth and at multiple processing stages of traditional wagashi. Out of the 85 milk samples, 60 (70.6%) tested positive for E. coli. Prevalence of 6 categories of diarrhoeagenic E. coli was determined by Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (mPCR) using standard primers for their virulence genes. The multiplex RT PCR assay also detected 45 samples that tested positive for diarrheaogenic E. coli. Out of the 45 positive samples, 14 samples (26.7 %) were positive for Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), 3 (6.7 %) were positive for Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), 2 (4.4 %) were positive for Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), 3 (6.7 %) were positive for Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and 4 (8.9 %) were positive for Enteroagreggasive E. coli (EAEC). The remaining 19 (42.2 %) samples contained a mixture of two or more diarrheaogenic E. coli virulence genes. The presence of diarrhoeagenic E. coli in informal diary suggests that the consumption of the informal dairy products tested in this study could be a public health risk. Since E. coli is an indicator of poor hygiene in foods the study recommends food hygiene training for stakeholders and development of hygienic standard operating procedures for use by all stakeholders in the informal milk value chain to prevent or reduce consumer exposure to diarrhoeagenic E. coli through consumption of informal dairy products.
Predictors of Dietary Diversity, Micronutrients Adequacy and Haemoglobin Concentration of Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at Maamobi General and Asesewa Government Hospitals
(University Of Ghana, 2018-07) Mumuni, K.S.
Background: Consuming low diversity diets is considered as one of the major causes of micronutrient deficiencies in low and middle income countries like Ghana. Pregnant women are vulnerable to nutritional inadequacies due to increased metabolic demands including a growing placenta, foetus, and maternal tissues. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine predictors of dietary diversity, micronutrient adequacy and haemoglobin concentration among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at Maamobi General and Asesewa Government Hospitals. Method: This study was cross-sectional study in which 200 pregnant women (mean gestational age = 26 weeks) attending antenatal clinics at Maamobi General and Asesewa Government Hospitals were enrolled. A Computer Assisted Processing Interview (CAPI) questionnaire was used to collect data on the women’s socio-economic and demographic characteristics. Data on dietary intakes were obtained using a single 24-hour recall. Women’s dietary diversity scores were calculated based 10 food groups. The mean probability of adequacy (MPA) for the 11 micronutrients were calculated for each individual based on the estimated average requirements (EARs) and the standard deviations associated with the EARs. The MPA for the participants was calculated by taking the average of the individual MPAs. Women’s anthropometric status was assessed using mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) measurement, and haemoglobin concentration was measured using the HemoCue 301 Photometer. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the predictors of dietary diversity, MPA and haemoglobin concentration. Results: The mean ± standard deviation (SD) for age of the pregnant women was 27.8 ± 5.4 years with a mean gestational age of 25.7 ± 8.8 weeks. Mean ± SD for dietary diversity score of the pregnant women was 5.3 ± 1.6 and the percentage that met the minimum dietary diversity score for women (MDD-W ≥5) was 65.0%. Mean micronutrient intake of the pregnant women for each of the micronutrients was below the estimated average requirement (EAR) except for vitamin A and C. The probability of adequacy (PA) for each of the 11 selected micronutrients was below 50% except vitamin C which was 64%. Across all 11 micronutrients, the mean probability of adequacy for the study population was 22.4%. The mean ± SD haemoglobin concentration was 11.1 ± 1.4g/dL, and the prevalence of anaemia (Hb<11.0 g/dL) was 46%. Multiple regression analysis indicated that dietary diversity score was positively associated with wealth index (β = 0.83, p = 0.008) and negatively associate with renting of dwelling place (β = -0.65, p < 0.001) among the participants. The MPA was negatively associated with wealth index (β = -0.11, p < 0.001) whilst compared with farmers, the MPA was higher for artisans (β = 0.20, p = 0.013), traders (β = 0.19, p = 0.018), civil servants β = 0.31, p = 0.001) and unemployed β = 24, p = 0.006) in a multivariate analysis. Haemoglobin concentration was negatively associated with gestational age in weeks (β = -0.02, p = 0.020), rural residence (β = -0.47, p = 0.03) and positively associated with being employed (β = 0.56, p = 0.03). Conclusion: Among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Maamobi General and Asesewa Government Hospitals, wealth index and renting the dwelling place significantly predicted mean dietary diversity.Wealth index and occupation significantly predicted MPA and gestational age in weeks, and being employed significantly predicted mean haemoglobin concentration. Interventions are needed to address the high prevalence of anaemia and low micronutrient intake.
Nutritional Quality of Snacks in the School Food Environment of Adolescents
(University Of Ghana, 2020-07) Addae, R.Y.D.
School food environments affect the food acquisition and consumption of pupils while they are at school, and are a major determinant of their overall nutrition and health. The prevalence of snacking among adolescents has been found, by many studies, to have increased over the years. Adolescence presents a window of opportunity for growth and development for most people. Adolescence is also a period to establish good food habits, because food habits formed at this stage are likely to be carried into adulthood. Studies in developed countries have showed that the most preferred snacks among adolescents are high in saturated fats, sodium and total calories but low in micronutrients such as iron, vitamin C and zinc. This dietary habit has contributed to the rise in obesity and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. The Ghanaian school food environment, which has been proven to lack strict regulating policies is expected to be varied and complex. Therefore, it was imperative to study the prevailing school food environments to determine the nutritional quality of snacks consumed by adolescents and examine their snack choice drivers. It is also crucial to find out the types of snacks and specific quantities carried by snack vendors in the school environments. This may help relevant stakeholders to give interventions to mitigate the problem. The aim of the study was to determine the nutritional quality of snacks consumed by adolescents in Junior High Schools. The study design was cross-sectional, with a quantitative approach. 400 adolescents in four selected Junior High Schools and 39 snack vendors in the immediate environment of the schools participated in the study. Dietary data and drivers of snack choice were collected using a single 24-Hour recall, a 7-day Modified Food Frequency Questionnaire and a Snack Choice Drivers Questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements of respondents were also taken to ascertain their Body Mass Index-for-Age. A separate questionnaire was used to gather and audit available snacks from snack vendors within a 50-meter radius around each school. Data were entered into excel and analyzed with STATA, version 13.0. Overall, respondents exceeded the recommendations for daily energy (d=322.8 Kcal), protein (difference=1g), fat (difference=33.6g) and sodium (difference=1,181.8mg) requirements, but did not meet the zinc (d=-5.3 mg) and iron (=-11.3mg) requirements in their diets. The results showed that the most preferred snacks in both private and public schools were imported packaged snacks (68.5% vs 82.5%, p<.001) and fizzy drinks and sugar sweetened beverages (63.6% vs 77.7%, p=.02), with the least preferred being confectionaries (20.7% vs 59.4%, p<.001). There were more snack vendors in the public schools (n = 25) compared to private schools (n = 14). Fizzy drinks and sugar sweetened beverages were the most available snacks, while the least available snacks were fruits. Respondents from public schools recorded relatively higher consumption of energy (d=136.8Kcal, p=.09), protein (d=0.6g, p=0.10, fat (d=30.8g, p=.06) and sodium (d=69.8mg, p<.001) than their counterparts from private schools, who also consumed relatively more zinc (d= 0.3mg, p<.001) and iron (d=1.0mg, p<.001) during snack times. Sensory attributes (median score=100, IQR=25), familiarity (median score=66.7, IQR=33.3), weight maintenance/management (median score=66.7, IQR=66.6) and prices (median score=100, IQR= 33.5) highly influenced respondents snack choice, while ethical concerns (median score=0, IQR=66.7) was the least driver of respondents’ snack choices. There was a significant association between gender of adolescents and their frequency of consumption of imported packaged snacks (p<.001), fizzy drinks/sugar sweetened beverages (p<.001), local snacks (p<.001) and confectionaries (p<.04). There was also a significant relationship between the availability of fried snacks (p<.001), flour based snacks (p=.02) and imported snacks (p<.001) and their frequency of consumption.
The Readiness of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Industry in Ghana for Mandatory Nutrition Labelling; Consumer Understanding and Perception of Nutrition Labelling
(University of Ghana, 2020-10) Ahiable, B.B.
Background: Increased consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) among all age groups is a global public health concern due to its association with non-communicable diseases (NCDs). In response to this concern, some countries are employing multifaceted policy interventions that includes mandatory nutrition labelling of pre-packaged foods to control the rise in diet-related NCDs rates. Policy markers require current information on the readiness of the food and beverage industry, and consumers to effectively implement mandatory nutrition labelling. Objectives: The study sought to determine whether SSB manufacturers are ready for future mandatory nutrition labelling, as well as consumers’ use and understanding of nutrition label information, and their perception about mandatory nutrition labelling. The study further sought to determine the caloric load of SSBs commonly consumed by study respondents. Methods: An in-depth interview with representatives from SSB manufacturing companies were conducted to assess the industry’s readiness for mandatory nutrition labelling. SSB consumers were also interviewed by using a semi-structured questionnaire at supermarkets located within some shopping malls/centres in the Greater-Accra Region. Based on a consumer survey, five commonly consumed SSBs were selected and analyzed for their caloric content. Interviews with SSB companies were transcribed and summarised under five readiness constructs themes (change commitment, change valence, task knowledge, resource availability and change efficacy. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between various factors and consumers’ use and understanding of nutrition information. Results: Twelve (12) SSB manufacturing companies were recruited for the study and 11 were large scale manufacturers. From the key informant interviews, respondents exhibited high change valence, task knowledge and resource availability. Stakeholder engagement was found to be a potential driver whilst financial resource and lack of expertise may serve as barriers of the policy. Based on the consumer survey, a majority (73%) of the study respondents were users of nutrition information on food labels, 66% were found to have high knowledge in nutrition and 59% of the respondents had a high understanding of nutrition labels. Respondents’ use of nutrition labels was dependent on high nutrition knowledge (AOR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.37-0.92; p=0.020). Having a high educational level (AOR, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.06-0.70; p=0.011), being unmarried (AOR, 0.51; 95% CI 0.29- 0.88; p = 0.016) and having a high nutrition knowledge (AOR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.26-0.61, p<0.001) were found to be associated with respondents’ understanding of nutrition label information. About 83% exhibited positive perception about mandatory nutrition labelling. Mean caloric load of SSB usually consumed by the study respondents was 36.58 ±22.142 kcal (range 0.820 ± 0.006 to 55.100 ± 0.590 kcal). Conclusion: Large scale SSB manufacturers are ready to implement mandatory nutrition labelling whereas the only medium scale manufacturer was not ready. SSB industry’s involvement at the planning stage of the policy would be a major driver for the policy. However, financial implications may serve as a barrier to policy implementation. Consumers had positive perceptions about mandatory nutrition labelling and would use nutrition information as a guide for healthier food selection. Educational programmes on nutrition label use must consider specific limitations of consumers with low nutrition knowledge, and educational levels. SSB should be consumed in moderation.
Evaluation of Some Nutraceutical Properties of Lesser Known Functional Foods in Ghana
(University Of Ghana, 2019-07) Mante, R.Y.A.
Functional foods are foods that possess other health benefits apart from their regular nutritional benefits. A functional food may contain nutraceutical properties, which have components, responsible for curing or preventing a disease or disorder. There are several indigenous foods in Ghana that have been purported to possess functional properties. The claim to functionality of some of these indigenous foods are based on folklore but the scientific backing to these claims may not be known. It is therefore important to find out foods that Ghanaians consider to be functional. Some of these may have their properties reported in literature. However, some may not be popular and so may not have been well studied. The aim of this study was to identify some of these lesser known foods and determine their nutraceutical properties. It also sought to find out, if there were correlations between the health claims of such foods with their nutraceutical properties. Since most of the local Ghanaian foods are cooked before eating, it is also necessary to know the effect of heat on their nutraceutical contents. A consumer survey was carried out in two major market centres in Accra to determine and select some indigenous functional foods. Analysis were carried out on selected samples to determine their total phenolic content, phytochemical profile (flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins) and antioxidant scavenging capacity. The samples were then blanched at different time regimes to determine the effect of heat on the physicochemical properties. The results revealed that foods such as turkey berries, cocoyam leaves, and fruit of Tetrapleura tetraptera, calabash nutmegs, bissap, water leaf, fermented African locust beans, cassava leaves, anise, orange leaves, soursop leaves, pawpaw leaves, and melon seeds were considered as functional foods. These foods were easily accessible in their communities. From those interviewed, 18% reported as having consumed some of these functional foods on a daily basis. Another 18% reported that they consumed some of them occasionally. About 16% consumed them on a monthly basis, 15% twice a week, and 9% three or more times a week. Seven indigenous food samples selected for nutraceutical analysis were bitter kola, Calabash nutmeg, alligator pepper, cloves, fruit of Tetrapleura tetraptera, anise and Ashanti black pepper. For antioxidant scavenging capacity, cloves recorded 0.933%, Ashanti black pepper, 0.798%, bitter kola, 0.877%, anise, 0.789%, fruit of tetrapleura tetraptera, 0.867%, alligator pepper, 0.928% with calabash nutmeg having 0.709%. Bitter kola had a total phenolic content of 45.223mgGAE/g but Alligator pepper recorded levels of total phenolic content at 2.236 mg GAE/g. Total phenolic content and antioxidant scavenging capacity of the food samples were directly proportional to each other such that food samples that recorded high levels of phenolics also recorded a high level of free radical scavenging capacity. For phytochemicals, bitter kola recorded levels of alkaloids at 0.670. Cloves had on the other hand had alkaloid levels of 0.236. Ashanti black pepper had high flavonoid levels (8.250). Bitter kola recorded very high saponin content of 12.470, but low flavonoid levels of 2.040. Cloves recorded low flavonoid contents (1.886). It can be concluded that the above indigenous foods have appreciable amounts of phenolic compounds, phytochemicals (alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids) and antioxidants which are bioactive compounds responsible for the functionality of foods. The bioactive compounds identified are to be responsible for the various medicinal and pharmacological properties of the selected food samples. This supported the claim by those interviewed that those foods have medicinal or curative properties. There was a general decline in the levels of phytochemicals with respect to blanching time. The reduction occurred gradually but there was no significant difference in the values with heating time. Heating therefore had no effect on the levels of bioactive compounds present in the food.
Determination of a Suitable Sensory Protocol(s) to Characterize Frozen Dairy-Based Products
(University Of Ghana, 2019-07) Ahadzi, P.F.
Sensory evaluation is a useful tool in the food and non-food industries. Sensory evaluation of frozen desserts including polyethylene packed ones popularly found in Ghana are greatly affected by serving temperatures. Frozen desserts have been assessed with static methods like Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA®) but the temporal perceptions throughout consumptions are rarely covered. With food companies weary of the time intensive nature of descriptive methods like QDA® and challenges with sensory evaluations of frozen desserts, this study sought to determine a suitable serving temperature and profiling test method for the characterization of dairy-based frozen desserts packaged in plastic pouches through Ghanaian consumer insights. Through a consumer survey, frozen hard, slushy and liquid were identified as the 3 physical forms that frozen dairy-based desserts in plastic pouches were consumed. The mode of consumption and the time taken for Ghanaians to consume such desserts were also investigated. One of the popular plastic sachet packaged frozen desserts on the Ghanaian market, a chocolate flavoured milk frozen dessert was used for the study. Thawing test under different environmental temperatures provided the corresponding serving temperatures of -10 °C± 2°C, -4°C ± 2°C and 4°C ± 2°C to frozen, slushy and liquid states respectively. A consumer acceptance test by Ghanaians on the 3 physical forms using the 9-point hedonic scale was used to determine the highest point of liking throughout the consumption exercise i.e. at first taste, mid-way of consumption and at the end of consumption. The sensory profiles of the frozen desserts served in the 3 physical forms were also determined using QDA®, Temporal Dominance of Sensation (TDS) and Temporal Check All That Apply (TCATA). The survey showed that Ghanaians mostly consumed such products in the slushy state and rarely in the liquid state, and they did so by taking bites and not sucking the juices out of the iced product. The serving temperatures and by extension the physical forms resulted in significant differences (p≤0.05) in sensory characteristics and consumer liking of the frozen dessert. Consumer liking scores were highest at the end of the consumption experience. Ghanaian consumers liked the frozen dessert in the liquid state the most followed by the slushy state. QDA® demonstrated sensory differences with the slushy state sharing attributes in common with the frozen and liquid states. The frozen state showed low perceptions of taste and flavour notes while the opposite was observed for the liquid state except for bitter taste, which had a higher intensity in the frozen state. The temporal methods TDS and TCATA were comparable to QDA® in determining the sensory profile of the product at different serving temperatures while capturing the temporal essence of the perceptions. TDS focused on the dominant attributes and had intensity scores that were comparable to QDA® scores. TDS can be useful in characterizing original or improved products. TCATA provided a much complete qualitative profile of the frozen desserts in the different physical forms. It can be a useful tool in capturing subtle off notes and evaluation of new or improved products. The two temporal methods were relatively faster to execute and required less amount of product compared to QDA®.
Microbiological Quality Assessment and Characterisation of Salmonella SPP. Associated with Chicken from Different Live Bird Processing Outlets in Accra, Ghana.
(University Of Ghana, 2019-07) Otwey, R.Y.
Live bird markets (LBM) are generally known as a storefront or open market slaughter operations that slaughter, dress, and trade dressed or live poultry on demand. Poultry meat is a major vehicle for foodborne pathogens (Salmonella, Campylobacter and E. coli O157:H7) responsible for more than half of the global burden of foodborne illnesses. The activities of theses live bird operators are scarcely monitored hence many of them do not conform to regulations, increasing the risk of microbial contamination. The aim of this study was to use molecular and culture-based methods to identify and quantify significant microbiological hazards and characterize Salmonella spp. associated with broiler carcasses and processing environment at live bird markets in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Samples (148) comprising of 60 broiler carcasses from LBM, supermarkets and cottage farms, and 33 bench-top swabs, 33 faecal samples and 22 rinse water samples from LBM were assessed for Aerobic Plate Count (APC), Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and prevalence of Salmonella, Campylobacter and E. coli O157:H7 using standard culture-based methods. Presumptive Salmonella, Campylobacter and E. coli O157:H7 were confirmed with Oxoid Microbact. Salmonella isolates were further confirmed using Salmonella ompC gene amplification by conventional PCR. Traditional serological test was used in the determination of the serotypes of the confirmed Salmonella isolates. Biofilm formation ability of Salmonella isolates were determined using 96-well-plate-crystal violet assay. Lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of biocides were determined against Salmonella using the tube dilution method. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Salmonella against 14 antibiotics was determined using disc diffusion assay and EUCAST breakpoints. Prevalence data for categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages of occurrences whereas One-way ANOVA was employed to test the significant difference between the means of the dependent (retail outlets, serovars, environmental samples and biocide concentrations) and independent variables (log10CFU, log10CFU reduction, pH, and AMR breakpoints) The mean microbial load (aerobic plate count, S. aureus and Salmonellae) on chicken carcasses from the live bird markets were significantly higher (P=0.0000) than those from the supermarkets and cottage farms except for E. coli counts, which was significant higher (P=0.0000) in the chicken samples from the cottage farms as compared to those from the supermarket and the live bird market. A total of 61% Salmonella prevalence was recorded for the chicken carcasses. The prevalence of Salmonella was also relatively higher in live bird market samples although none of the retail outlets was compliant with GSA standards. Nine non-typhoidal (S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Newport, S. Senftenberg, S. Agona. S. Infantis, S. Mississippi, S. Westhampton and S. Adelaide) and one typhoidal (S. Paratyphi B) Salmonella serotypes were identified from the carcass, faecal matter, bench surfaces and rinse water samples. The Salmonella serotypes isolated exhibited moderate to strong biofilm forming ability hence frequent and effective cleaning is required to prevent the formation of these biofilms. Biocide concentrations of 5% NaCl, 0.5% KOH, 0.5% Acetic acid, 3% Citric Acid and 1% H2O2 were able to cause an average of 4 log10CFU/ml reduction. Most (93%) of the isolates were multidrug resistant; showing resistance against 3 to 9 antibiotics. Especially towards the antibiotics commonly administered to the birds for prophylactic purposes such as amoxicillin-clavulanic, oxacillin, erythromycin acid and tetracycline. Some of the Salmonella isolates recorded resistance against 3rd generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones prescribed for the treatment of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) and typhoidal Salmonella (TS) infections in humans. There is therefore the need for regulators to ensure the implementation of good agricultural and hygienic practices coupled with food safety awareness training for both processors and consumers of the chicken.
Effects of Cola Nut Extract and Powder on Fungal Growth, Mycotoxin Production, Physico-Chemical Properties and Fat Quality During Drying of Fermented Cocoa Beans
(2019-07) Kyei-Baffour, V.O.
Cocoa beans are the main ingredient for making chocolate and in Ghana, it is a major contributor to the economy as it generates an annual foreign exchange of about US $2 billion. The ability to produce high quality cocoa beans free from moulds and mycotoxin contamination has therefore become critical due to the impact mycotoxins have on health of consumers and global trade. This study investigated changes in fungal growth, mycotoxin concentrations, physico-chemical properties and cocoa butter qualities as affected by cola nut raw powder and cola nut powdered extract using a 2 x 4 full factorial experimental design with treatment type (cola nut raw powder and cola nut powdered extract) and treatment levels (0 g/5 kg, 50 g/5 kg, 100 g/ 5kg and 150 g/5 kg) as the principal factors. Changes in pH, titratable acidity, fermentation index, cut test scores, free fatty acids, peroxide value, iodine value, mould colony forming unit (Aspergillus spp, Penicillium spp, Rhizopus and Mucor spp) and mycotoxins concentrations (Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A) of cocoa beans as affected by cola nut powder and extract were studied using standard analytical methods. There was a general decrease in acidity of cola nut treated cocoa beans as treatment concentrations increased. The measured pH ranged from 5.39 for control to 5.71 for 150 g/5 kg cola powder treated beans while the titratable acidity ranged from 0.112 (mole of NaOH/g) for 150 g/5 kg cola powder treated beans to 0.122 (mole of NaOH/g) for the control. The cocoa butter qualities of cola nut treated cocoa beans were better than that of the control which had no cola nut treatment. The 150 g/5 kg cola treated beans recorded the least FFA content of 0.71 % and 0.61 % for cola extract and cola powder treatments, respectively. These were significantly different (p < 0.05) from the control which recorded 2.34% free fatty acid content. Peroxide value of 21.6 Meq/kg was recorded for the control which was significantly higher than 15.8 Meq/kg and 14.2 Meq/kg for 150 g/5 kg cola extract and cola powder treated beans, respectively at 95% confidence level. The untreated cocoa beans had the highest iodine value of 35.96 g I/100 g which was significantly different (p < 0.05) from 33.63 g I/100 g and 33.21 g I/100 g for the 150 g/5 kg treated beans for cola nut powder and extract, respectively. Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Rhizopus and Mucor spp. of moulds were identified in the dried fermented cola nut extract and powder treated cocoa beans. Concentration of 150 g/5 kg cola extract significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited growth of Penicillium spp from 6.13 log cfu/g to 4.18 log cfu/g which represented 98.9% inhibition while 150 g/5 kg cola powder inhibited growth from 6.13 log cfu/g to 4.7 log cfu/g representing 96.3% inhibition. Aspergillus spp had a 100% inhibition for both cola nut extract and powder for the highest treatment concentration of 150 g/5 kg which significantly (p < 0.05) reduced growth from 4.88 log cfu/g for control (0 g/5 kg) to no visible growth on OGYEA plate. Rhizopus and Mucor spp in contrast showed no significant reduction for all cola nut treatment concentrations except for 150 g/5 kg cola extract which significantly (p < 0.05) reduced growth of Rhizopus and Mucor from 4.95 log cfu/g for control to 4.3 log cfu/g. Aflatoxin levels for all treatment concentrations including the control were below the instrument’s limit of detection (0.13 μg/kg for aflatoxins B1 and B2 and 0.15 μg/kg for aflatoxins G1 and G2). With respect to the control (0 g/5 kg), there was significant reduction of OTA (p < 0.05) from 8.32 μg/kg to 2.85 μg/kg and 3.02 μg/kg, respectively for the 150 g/5 kg extract and 150 g/5 kg powder concentrations. These represented 65.7% and 63.7% reduction for 150 g/5 kg cola extract and powder, respectively. Generally, cola nut powder and extract at concentrations of 150 g/5 kg of cocoa beans led to a considerable reduction of mouldiness and associated mycotoxin production in dried cocoa as well as improved the cocoa butter qualities.
Comparison of Anaemia Prevalence between Women in Fish Smoking and Non-Fish Smoking Livelihoods in Biriwa in the Central Region of Ghana
(University of Ghana, 2019-07) Armo-Annor, D.
Background and objective: Anaemia among Ghanaian women of reproductive age is an important public health concern that contributes to morbidity, poor reproductive outcomes, low productivity and mortality. Chronic smoke inhalation from the use of biomass fuel for cooking has been shown to be associated with anaemia in some populations. Fish smoking using biomass fuel is an important livelihood among women living in coastal communities in Ghana which may increase their risk of anaemia. The objective of the study was to determine whether women who smoke fish as their primary livelihood had a greater risk of anaemia compared to women not engaged in fish smoking livelihood. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study with 330 randomly selected non-pregnant, non-lactating adult women (18-49 years) living in Biriwa (a fishing community in the Central Region of Ghana) whose primary livelihood was either fish smoking (n=175) or a non-fish smoking activity (n=155). A structured questionnaire was used to interview the women on their socioeconomic and household characteristics, reproductive history, anaemia-related health information and exposure to biomass smoke. The 24-hour recall method was used to record dietary intake in the past 24 hours and a 7-day animal source food frequency questionnaire used to capture types of animal source foods (ASF) consumed in the past week. The Urit12 HemoCue system was used to measure the finger-prick blood haemoglobin concentration. Continuous outcome variables (dietary diversity and haemoglobin concentration) were compared using General linear model and ANCOVA for unadjusted and adjusted analysis, respectively while anaemia prevalence was compared using simple logistic regression (unadjusted analysis) and multiple logistic regression (adjusted analysis). Multiple logistic regression was used to determine whether fish smoking, as a primary livelihood, independently predicts anaemia among the women. The SAS PROC GLIMMIX procedure was used for these analyses. For anaemia, binary distribution and the log-link function were specified in the SAS procedures, so that relative risks between groups and their 95% CIs were calculated Results: Women who smoked fish as their primary livelihood were on average older (38 vs 29; P<0.001) and had a higher parity (5 vs. 2; P<0.001) than women engaged in other livelihoods (primarily vocational occupations included hairdressing and dressmaking. After adjusting for potential confounders, there was no significant group difference in mean dietary diversity but women in non-fish smoking livelihoods consumed a wider variety of animal source foods (3.3 ± 0.1 vs. 2.8 ± 0.1; P=0.002). Fish and seafood was the most commonly consumed animal source food by both groups of women). Adjusted anaemia prevalence was higher among women in fish smoking livelihood compared with women in non-fish smoking livelihood (32.0% vs. 20.3%: P=0.023). The relative risk of anaemia was 1.8 (95% CI: 1.1, 3.1) times greater among women in fish smoking livelihood than women in non-fish smoking livelihoods. Other factors such as age, marital status and animal source food diversity were not significantly associated with anaemia in the population. Conclusion: The risk of anaemia was greater among women who smoke fish as a primary livelihood compared to women engaged in other types of livelihoods.
Development and Evaluation of the Functional, Nutritional Quality and Consumer Perception and Acceptability of a Sesame Seed and Peanut Based Complementary Food for Infants 6-24 Months
(University of Ghana, 2019-07) Eshun, A.A.A.
Malnutrition among children is still prevalent in most part of Ghana. This is very common in the rural regions of the country where cereal flour is the main source of complementary food for infants. In light of that, legumes such as cowpeas and peanuts are used to enrich the quality of complementary foods to improve child nutrition. Utilization of legumes in complementary feeding come with shortfalls such as the presence of nutritional inhibitors. In this regard, different processing techniques have been employed to ensure nutrient bioavailability and product acceptability during complementary food development. Prominent among the processing techniques are fermentation, sprouting and roasting. The goal of this work was to investigate the effects of processing methods on the functional and nutritional quality of a sesame/peanut based complementary food. A least cost formulation of complementary food with adequate nutritional profile was obtained using rice, cowpeas, and either sesame or peanuts, by the application of linear programming methodology The solution for the linear programming was to achieve a diet of minimum cost and optimum macronutrient content (protein, fat, carbohydrate and energy) in line with the WHO recommendation for complementary foods for infants between ages 6 to 24 months. Based on the solution to the linear program constraints, one formulation was obtained for products made from peanuts and that made from sesame. The design of the study after obtaining the formulations from the linear program, entailed the following factors: fermentation (fermented and non-fermented rice), sprouting (sprouted and non-sprouted cowpeas), roasting of the peanuts and sesame. The formulations were drum dried to obtain a product that could be milled into flour and easily reconstituted with water into a porridge to feed infants. Physiochemical properties, nutritional profile, in-vitro protein digestibility, mineral bioavailability and phytate levels of all the formulations and drum dried products were evaluated. Microbiological safety evaluation consisted of coliforms, yeast and moulds, E. coli and aflatoxin levels. Particle size distributions enhancing the nutritive value of complementary foods and acceptable alternative uses for sesame seeds and peanuts for infant nutrition

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