Welcome to UGSpace
UGSpace is the institutional repository of the University of Ghana. UGSpace is an open access electronic archive for the collection, preservation and distribution of digital materials to:
- facilitate the deposit of digital content of a scholarly or heritage nature
- and ultimately share, preserve and promote the intellectual output of the University in a managed environment.
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- Review books or articles provide a critical and constructive analysis of existing published literature in a field, through summary, analysis, and comparison, often identifying specific gaps or problems and providing recommendations for future research. These are considered as secondary literature since they generally do not present new data from the author's experimental work. Review articles can be of three types, broadly speaking: literature reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. It also the researcher to stay abreast of new literature in the field.
- Grey literature consists of research and information produced outside conventional publishing channels, such as reports, policy briefs, working papers, and conference materials. It offers valuable insights and data that complement peer-reviewed sources, supporting research, policy, and practice.
- The J. H. Kwabena Nketia Archives preserve Ghanaian and African cultural heritage through music, oral traditions, photographs, and audiovisual collections. Guided by Professor Nketia’s vision that African traditional arts must be collected, preserved, practiced, and continually inspire creative expression, the Archives serve as a living resource for scholarship, teaching, and innovation
Recent Submissions
Item type:Item, Access status: Open Access , Disrupting Tradition: Colonial Rule and Criminality in Northern Nigeria, 1900–30(The Historical Association and John Wiley & Sons, 2026-07-23) Shekarau, R.L.This article examines how British rule disrupted precolonial socio-cultural systems, reshaping patterns of criminality in Northern Nigeria in the period between 1900 and 1930. Focusing on property and economic offences, it utilizes archival records, colonial reports and oral traditions to reconstruct local experiences. While colonial officials represented crime in terms of disorder or moral decline this article argues that property and economic crimes evolved not from deviant behaviour, but as adaptive responses to structural disruptions by British colonial rule. As the discussion will show, the imposition of new taxation, monetization and legal systems reconfigured economic life and social relations. Colonial regulatory efforts redefined certain activities as criminal and thus reshaped the criminal landscape. By relating criminality to processes of disruption and adaptation, this article repositions crime as a lens for understanding the social consequences of colonial rule. It also contributes to broader historiographical discussions on agency, transformation and everyday responses in colonial Africa.Item type:Item, Access status: Open Access , Host And Pathogen Factors Modulate Tuberculosis Clinical Severity Independent Of Molecular Bacterial Burden: Insights From A Multicenter Ghanaian Cohort(IJID Regions, 2026-06-23) Afum, T.; Asare, P.; Osei-Wusu, S.; et al.Objectives: Tuberculosis (TB) exhibits marked clinical heterogeneity, complicating prognosis, and disease man- agement. Identifying reliable predictors of disease trajectory and severity could improve risk stratification. Methodology: We investigated determinants of TB severity in 727 sputum-positive individuals recruited from five health facilities in Ghana. Participants were classified as TB-only, TB–human immunodeficiency virus, or TB diabetes mellitus. Disease severity was assessed using the Bandim TB score II. Bacterial burden was quantified using GeneXpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis /rifampicin Ultra cycle threshold values, sputum smear microscopy grades, and time to culture positivity. Multivariable regression models were used to evaluate host, pathogen, and clinical determinants of severity. Results: Bacterial load differed modestly across comorbidity groups, but GeneXpert cycle threshold values showed no significant correlation with clinical severity (Spearman’s 𝜌 = –0.006, P = 0.894). Lower body mass index was consistently associated with increased odds of severe TB (odds ratio = 0.639, 95% confidence interval 0.566- 0.714; P = 3.7 × 10− 14 ). Self-reported Ewe ethnicity was associated with milder clinical severity. Higher sputum smear grade was independently associated with more severe disease. Conclusion: Host nutritional status, socio-demographic factors, and pathogen genotype were more consistently associated with TB severity than molecular bacterial burden alone, supporting a host–pathogen interaction frame- work to explain clinical heterogeneity and improve management.Item type:Item, Access status: Open Access , PoAD‐Lite: A Lightweight, Activity‐Aware Consensus Protocol for Scalable and Energy‐Efficient IoT Blockchains(IET Smart Cities, 2026-07-21) Adu‐Manu, K.S.; Lawson, P.K.; Kyeremanteng, P.S.; Cobbah, E.; Ofori, P.; Adjetey, C.The growth of Internet of Things (IoT) applications requires blockchain consensus mechanisms that are efficient, fair and resilient under constrained and intermittently connected operating conditions. This study presents the Proof‐of‐Activity and Delegation‐Lite (PoAD‐Lite), a lightweight consensus protocol that combines activity‐aware eligibility scoring, verifiable randomness, minimal‐state delegation and quorum‐based finality. A Python‐based simulation evaluated PoAD‐Lite against PoW‐Lite, PoS and PBFT‐Lite in committee‐scale IoT/edge settings with 10–100 validators. In addition to assessing scalability, the revised evaluation examines validator churn and adversarial behaviours, including delayed participation, equivocation, invalid block proposals and delegation concentration. The results show that PoAD‐Lite maintains finality under moderate churn of up to 20% with no observed safety violations or unsafe fork events in the tested scenarios. Under severe 30% churn, the finality success rate declines to 77.8%, indicating liveness degradation, whereas safety is preserved. Adversarial tests similarly show that invalid or conflicting proposals are detected and rejected, although stronger Byzantine participation reduces the progress. These findings demonstrate that PoAD‐Lite provides a promising, safety‐preserving and resource‐conscious consensus approach for committee‐scale IoT/edge blockchain deployments, which is evaluated with up to 100 validators.Item type:Item, Access status: Open Access , Optimization of Gradient Echo Pulse Sequence Parameters of the Brain Protocol Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Clinical Applications(University of Ghana, 2025) Manson, E. N.Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) using Gradient Echo (GRE) pulse sequences is highly sensitive to magnetic field inhomogeneities, which can degrade image quality and compromise the accuracy of brain tissue segmentation and volumetric measurements. This research aimed to optimize two GRE pulse sequences on a 1.5 T Philips MRI scanner to establish reliable imaging protocols for clinical and research applications. The GRE sequences include the Fast Field Echo (FFE) and Three Dimensional T1-weighted Turbo Field Echo (3D T1W-TFE). A cross-sectional study design was employed. Optimization of the FFE was achieved through a quality control test using the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Report 100 and American College of Radiology (ACR) 2015 guidelines. The 3D T1W-TFE optimization was achieved using images acquired from five healthy volunteers who underwent brain MRI examinations with varying turbo factors 50–225. Magnetic field homogeneity (MFH), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), geometrical distortion (GD), percentage image uniformity (PIU), and ghosting (GS) were assessed in the phantom study, while brain image quality metrics including SNR, contrast-to-noise ratios between gray matter and white matter (GM/WM), gray matter and cerebrospinal fluid (GM/CSF), and Euler number, were evaluated using the FreeSurfer suite. Key findings showed that MFH ranged between 0.13 and 0.60 ppm with optimal homogeneity (0.10 ppm) and maximum SNR achieved at the isocenter using a 400 mm field of view (FOV) with shimming. All FFE derived image quality metrics met ACR and AAPM acceptance criteria. In the in vivo study, turbo factor 200 produced the highest SNR and CNR values. Although variations in turbo factor influenced SNR and CNR trends, no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in brain tissue volumes across turbo factors, indicating high reproducibility of volumetric estimates on the 1.5 T system. The findings demonstrate that optimization strategies including shimming, pulse sequence adjustment, and appropriate FOV selection substantially enhance image quality in GRE sequences. The optimized protocols, especially the 3D T1W-TFE turbo factor 200, offered improved efficiency and reproducibility for brain imaging. These results contribute valuable reference standards for future MRI quality control assessments and support the need for periodic magnetic field homogeneity evaluations, particularly following major system maintenance or upgrades.Item type:Item, Access status: Open Access , Characterization of variants of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 drug metabolizing enzymes among Ewe ethnic group in Ghana(University of Ghana, 2025) Kpodo, G. D.Studies have highlighted specific genetic traits linked to certain ethnic populations like the sickle cell anaemia being a genetic defect associated with African and African American populations. Allelic variants of drug metabolizing enzymes are no exception to this fundamental concept. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) are responsible for metabolizing a major fraction of drugs with specific enzymes like CYP2D6 and 3A4 playing significant roles. Knowledge of individual/ethnic allelic variants of drug metabolizing enzymes as well as their resulting phenotypes can aid drug developers in providing individual/ethnic specific optimal dosages to improve therapeutic efficacy in Ghana. This study was aimed at determining the allelic type and frequency among the Ewe ethnic group in Ghana and their expected enzyme activity. The study entailed collection and genomic sequencing of whole blood samples from Ewe individuals in the Adidome (Southern part) and Hohoe (Northern) townships and genotypic analysis by Restrict digest of PCR amplified gene targets. From this study, the percentage of the Ewes in Ghana with the CYP2D6*3 and *4 variants were found to be 0.8% and 8.8% respectively which is consistent with studies done on other sub-Saharan populations. The frequency for the CYP3A4*1B, a variant responsible for decreased enzyme activity was found to be 2.42% of the sampled population of Ewes in Ghana, which varied from other previous studies done on varying Ghanaian populations with estimated ratios of 51%. Further studies on a larger sample size and different ethnic groups could pave the way for proper individualized drug therapy in Ghana.