COVID-19
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Item 2020 Human Development Perspectives Covid-19 and Human Development: Assessing the Crisis, Envisioning the Recovery(United Nations Development Programme, 2020) United Nations Development ProgrammeThe COVID-19 pandemic is unleashing a human development crisis. On some dimensions of human development, conditions today are equivalent to levels of deprivation last seen in the mid-1980s. But the crisis is hitting hard on all of human development’s constitutive elements: income (with the largest contraction in economic activity since the Great Depression), health (directly causing a death toll over 300,000 and indirectly leading potentially to an additional 6,000 child deaths every day from preventable causes over the next 6 months) and education (with effective out-of-school rates – meaning, accounting for the inability to access the internet – in primary education expected to drop to the levels of actual rates of the mid-1980s levels). This, not counting less visible indirect effects, including increased gender based violence, yet to be fully documented. The pandemic was superimposed on unresolved tensions between people and technology, between people and the planet, between the haves and the have-nots. These tensions were already shaping a new generation of inequalities— pertaining to enhanced capabilities, the new necessities of the 21st century, as defined in the 2019 Human Development Report. But the response to the crisis can shape how those tensions are addressed and whether inequalities in human development are reduced. This note takes a capabilities approach to document the severity of the unfolding human development crisis. Such an approach implies an evaluative framework to assess the crisis and shape the policy response that emphasizes the potential for people to be and do what they aspire in life as opposed to material resources or economic activity. To assess the crisis, the note draws from original simulations that are based on an adjusted Human Development Index— with the education dimension modified to reflect the effects of school closures and mitigation measures—and that incorporate current projections of gross national income (GNI) per capita for 2020. The simulations suggest conditions today would correspond to a steep and unprecedented decline in human development. With almost 9 in 10 students out of school and deep recessions in most economies (including a 4 percent drop in GNI per capita worldwide), the decline in the index –reflecting a narrowing in capabilities-- would be equivalent to erasing all the progress in human development of the past six years. Importantly, if conditions in school access are restored, capabilities related to education would immediately bounce back – while the income dimension would follow the path of the economic recovery post-crisis. The simulations also show the importance of promoting equity in capabilities. In a scenario with more equitable internet access—where each country closes the gap with the leaders in its human development category—the decline in human development would be more than halved. This would be eminently affordable. In 2018 it was estimated that $100 billion would be needed to close the gap in internet access in low- and middle-income countries—or about 1 percent of the extraordinary fiscal programmes announced around the world so far.Item The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)(World Health Organization, 2020) World Health OrganizationItem The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)(United Nations, 2021-04-16)Item COVID-19 and Ending Violence Against Women and Girls(United Nations, 2020) United NationsItem COVID-19 and Human Rights(United Nations, 2020) United NationsItem COVID-19 and Human Rights(United Nations, 2020-04) United NationsItem Covid-19 and investment – an UNCTAD research round-up of the international pandemic’s effect on FDI flows and policy(United Nations, 2020) Zhan, J.The shuttering of commercial activity in the face of the Corona (Covid-19) pandemic will have a dramatic effect on the global economy. UNCTAD’s Division on Investment and Enterprise has been monitoring the impact on investment, as well as its implications for development.1 In the face of the unprecedented circumstances, this issue of the Transnational Corporations furnishes a brief overview of this work, notably from the perspective of foreign direct investment (FDI) and investment policy. UNCTAD’s World Investment Report (forthcoming, June 2020) will provide an expanded and in-depth analysis of FDI trends and investment policy developments that also accounts for the impact of the pandemicItem COVID-19 and the Need for Action on Mental Health(United Nations, 2020-05) United NationsAlthough the COVID-19 crisis is, in the first instance, a physical health crisis, it has the seeds of a major mental health crisis as well, if action is not taken. Good mental health is critical to the functioning of society at the best of times. It must be front and centre of every country’s response to and recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. The mental health and wellbeing of whole societies have been severely impacted by this crisis and are a priority to be addressed urgently.Item The COVID-19 Crisis: Key Protection Messages(United Nations, 2020-03-31) United NationsItem COVID-19 Impact on E-commerce(United Nations, 2022-01) United Nations Economic Commission for EuropeItem COVID-19 poses grievous economic challenge to landlocked developing countries(United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2020-06) United NationsThe thirty-two landlocked developing countries (LLDCs) — home to nearly 7 per cent of world population, repre¬senting 15 per cent of the membership of the United Na¬tions—are the least economically-integrated countries in the world. As a group, LLDCs are at the fringes of the world economy, accounting for only 0.9 per cent of world gross output and 0.8 per cent of global exports (Figure 1). Seventeen of them also belong to the group of least de¬veloped countries (LDCs). These economies are highly heterogeneous, both in terms of the level of development and economic structure. The average per capita income of LLDCs is 2.5 times higher than the LDC average. This average, however, masks the huge dispersion in per capi¬ta income among these countries, ranging from $272 for Burundi to $9,813 for Kazakhstan.Item COVID-19 Preparedness and Responses in Prisons(United Nations, 2020-03-31) United NationsItem COVID-19 Update 1: United Nations Support to the Government of Ghana(United Nations, 2020) United NationsItem COVID-19 Update 2: United Nations Support to the Government of Ghana(United Nations, 2020) United NationsItem COVID-19 Update 3: United Nations Support to the Government of Ghana(2020) United NationsItem COVID-19 Update 4: United Nations Support to the Government of Ghana(United Nations, 2020) United NationsItem COVID-19 Update 5: United Nations Support to the Government of Ghana(United Nations, 2020) United NationsItem COVID-19 Vaccination Programme for UN Personnel(United Nations, 2021) United NationsItem COVID-19: Socio-Economic Impact in Ghana(United Nations report, 2020) United NationsItem COVID-19: Socio-Economic Impact in Ghana(United Nations, 2020) United Nations
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