Department of Chemical Pathology
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Item Antrocaryon micraster (A. Chev. And Guillaumin) stem bark extract demonstrated anti-malaria action and normalized hematological indices in Plasmodium berghei infested mice in the Rane’s test.(University of Ghana, 2020-09-26) Appiah-Opong, R.Ethnopharmacological relevance: Malaria is caused by infection with some species of Plasmodium parasite which leads to adverse alterations in physical and hematological features of infected persons and ultimately results in death. Antrocaryon micraster is used to treat malaria in Ghanaian traditional medicine. However, there is no scientific validation of its anti-malaria properties. The plant does not also have any chemical fingerprint or standardization parameters. Aim of the study: This study sought to evaluate the anti-malaria activity of standardized A. micraster stem bark extract (AMSBE) and its effect on mean survival time (MST) and body weight reduction of Plasmodium berghei infested mice. And to study the effect of treatment of AMSBE on hematological indices of the P. berghei infested mice in order to partly elucidate its anti-malarial mechanism of action. Materials and methods: Malaria was induced in female ICR mice by infecting them with 0.2 mL of blood (i.p.) containing 1.0 × 107 P. berghei-infested RBCs from a donor mouse and leaving them without treatment for 3 days. AMSBE or Lonart (standard control) was then orally administered at 50, 200 and 400 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg once daily for 4 consecutive days. The untreated control received sterile water. Malaria parasitemia reduction, anti-malarial activity, mean change in body weight and MST of the parasitized mice were evaluated. Furthermore, changes in white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), platelets count, hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were also determined in the healthy animals before infection as baseline and on days 3, 5 and 8 after infection by employing complete blood count. Standardization of AMSBE was achieved by quantification of its constituents and chemical fingerprint analysis using UHPLC-MS. Results: Administration of AMSBE, standardized to 41.51% saponins and 234.960 ± 0.026 mg/g of GAE phenolics, produced significant (P < 0.05) reduction of parasitemia development, maximum anti-malaria activity of 46.01% (comparable to 32.53% produced by Lonart) and significantly (P < 0.05) increased body weight and MST of P. berghei infected mice compared to the untreated control. Moreover, there were significant (P > 0.05) elevation in WBCs, RBCs, HGB, HCT and platelets in the parasitized-AMSBE (especially at 400 mg/kg p.o.) treated mice compared to their baseline values. Whereas, the non-treated parasitized control recorded significant reduction (P < 0.05) in all the above-mentioned parameters compared to its baseline values. The UHPLC-MS fingerprint of AMSBE revealed four compounds with their retention times, percentage composition in their chromatograms and m/z of the molecular ions and fragments in the spectra. Conclusions: These results show that A. micraster stem bark possessed significant anti-malaria effect and also has the ability to abolish body weight loss, leucopenia, anemia and thrombocytopenia in P. berghei infected mice leading to prolonged life span. The UHPLC-MS fingerprint developed for AMSBE can be used for rapid authentication and standardization of A. micraster specimens and herbal preparations produced from its hydroethanolic stem bark extract to ensure consistent biological activity. The results justify A. micraster’s use as anti-malaria agent.Item Serum lipids and antioxidants in Ghanaian diabetic, hypertensive and healthy subjects(Ghana Medical Journal, 2003-06) Nyarko, A.K.; Asiedu-Larbi, J.; Ofosuhene, M.; Asare-Anane, H.; Addy, M.E.Item Medication Adherence and Its Association with Glycaemic Control, Blood Pressure Control, Glycosuria and Proteinuria among People Living with Diabetes (PLWD) in the Ho Municipality, Ghana(Open Public Health Journal, 2018-12) Osei-Yeboah, J.; Lokpo, S.Y.; Owiredu, W.K.B.A.; Johnson, B.B.; Orish, V.N.; Botchway, F.; Ussher, F.A.; Avorkliyah, R.Background: Adherence is the active, voluntary, and collaborative involvement of the patient in a mutually acceptable course of behaviour to produce a therapeutic result. The study is aimed at assessing adherence to medication and its relation to therapeutic outcomes among people living with diabetes in the Ho Municipality. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 150 diabetic patients attending the diabetic clinic at the Ho Municipal Hospital. Urine glucose and urine protein were measured using a two-parameter dipstick. The current fasting blood glucose and blood pressure, as well as the measurements of two previous visits, were documented. A semi-structured questionnaire including the Diabetes Complication Checklist and the Morisky, Green and Levine Adherence Scale were used to capture biodata, clinical information and medication adherence. Results: Optimal medication adherence was 60.67%. Glycaemic control and controlled blood pressure were 33.33% and 58.67%, respectively. The prevalence of glycosuria and proteinuria was 10.67% and 3.3%, respectively. Percentage glycaemic control and controlled blood pressure were found to be higher among the medication adherent group, while glycosuria and proteinuria were the highest among participants presenting with low medication adherence. Conclusion: In this group of patients living with diabetes in the Ho Municipality, high level of uncontrolled glycaemia and blood pressure exist. However, these two treatment outcomes may be modulated by optimal medication adherence.Item Adipocytokines in obese Ghanaian subjects with or without type 2 diabetes(BMC Research Notes, 2018-02) Adams, Y.; Ofori, E.K.; Asare-Anane, H.; Amanquah, S.D.; Ababio, G.K.; Abendau, E.; Nabia, R.Objective This study aimed to evaluate serum leptin and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentrations in obese Ghanaians with or without type 2 diabetes and to find out the extent to which their levels are influenced by underlying disorders. Results Obese subjects with type 2 diabetes had lower leptin but higher hsCRP levels compared with obese non-diabetic controls. There were negative correlations within the control group for glucose vs % muscle mass (r = − 0.378, p = 0.016), leptin vs % muscle mass (r = − 0.555, p = 0.001) and within the obese diabetic group for leptin vs % muscle mass (r = − 0.602, p = 0.001). Obese persons without diabetes were about three times more likely to have higher leptin levels compared with their obese diabetic counterparts (Odds ratio = 3.315, p < 0.001). Obese females independently had a tenfold increase in leptin levels compared with obese males.Item Biomarkers of renal dysfunction among Ghanaian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus- a cross-sectional study(International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries, 2018-10) Amoah, B.Y.; Asare, G.A.; Yeboah, F.A.; Obirikorang, C.; Asiedu, B.; Mohammed, A.O.Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a heterogeneous collection of disorders characterized by reduced insulin sensitivity and increased glucose output. The abnormal vascular architecture observed within the first few years of diabetes onset suggests that complications such as nephropathy develop earlier in affected individuals than is generally known. Prompt determination of decline in renal function among diabetics is therefore very crucial. In the present study, we evaluated circulating levels of adiponectin, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase traffic inducer (NOSTRIN) as novel biomarkers of renal dysfunction. One hundred and eight Ghanaian patients with T2DM were recruited for this study. Biochemical and immunoassays were employed in measuring the levels of the biomarkers for all participants. Metabolic syndrome indices including body mass index (BMI), serum glucose, and uric acid levels were not found to be associated with adiponectin concentrations. Fifteen participants had normal estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), 79 had a mildly reduced eGFR, and 24 had moderately reduced eGFR representing 12.8, 66.9, and 20.3%, respectively. Proteinuria correlated significantly with decreasing eGFR. Serum levels of adiponectin, ADMA, and NOSTRIN (p = 0.002; p = 0.001; p = 0.012, respectively) were, however, found to be independently associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) among the type 2 diabetics. We observed that elevated circulating levels of adiponectin, ADMA, and NOSTRIN could be important in characterizing early CKD stages among type 2 diabetics.Item Dyslipidaemia is common among patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study at Tema Port Clinic(BMC Research Notes, 2019-04) Ofori, E.K.; Owusu-Ababio, D.; Tagoe, E.A.; Asare-Anane, H.Objective This study aimed to evaluate dyslipidemia in Ghanaian subjects with type 2 diabetes. Results Hundred individuals with type 2 diabetes and 61 apparently healthy controls participated. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia among persons with type 2 diabetes was 53%. Blood pressure, fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels were higher in persons with type 2 diabetes compared with the control group (p < 0.01). Positive correlations were found within persons with type 2 diabetes for triglyceride vs FBG; ALT vs age and aspartate transaminase (AST) vs TG (p < 0.05 respectively). This study demonstrated hyperlipidemia and poor liver health in persons with type 2 diabetes.Item Human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and syphilis infections among longdistance truck drivers in, a Port City in Ghana(Obafemi Awolowo University, 2016) Adjei, A.A.; Atta, P.B.; Krampa, F.; Lartey, M.; Rahman, M.A.; Agyeman, S.; Adiku, T.K.; Tettey, Y.; Gyasi, R.K.Background: Although the high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and syphilis infections among longdistance truck drivers has been well documented globally, such data are sparse from Africa, and there has been no such data from Ghana. This study carried out between the months of January and June 2013 sought to determine the sero-prevalence and risk factors of HIV, HBV and syphilis infections among long distance truck drivers at the Tema sea port, Ghana. Materials and Methods: Of a total of 800 eligible drivers, 106 (13.25%) drivers consented to take part in the study. Subjects voluntarily completed a risk factor questionnaire and provided blood specimen for testing for HIV, syphilis and the surface antigen of HBV (HBsAg). Results: The mean age of the drivers was 40.56 ± 11.56 years. The sero-prevalence of HIV was 0.94%, 14.2% had HBsAg and reactive syphilis serology was 3.8%. On multivariate analysis, the main determinants of HBV infection were; multiple sexual partnership (OR, 6.36; 95% CI: 1.35- 29.79), patronage of commercial sex workers (OR, 6.85; 95% CI: 0.88 - 52.89), cross-border travelers (OR: 6.89-fold, 95% CI: 0.86 - 55.55) and prolonged duration of trips for more than two weeks (OR: 4.76; 95% CI: 0.59 - 38.02). The main determinant of syphilis infection on multivariate analysis was being a Muslim (OR, 2.19; 95% CI: 0.22 - 21.74). Conclusion: The data indicate a lower sero-prevalence of HIV but a higher sero-prevalence of syphilis. However, the sero-prevalence of HBV infection is comparable to that of the general population.Item Urinary Lysosomal Enzyme Activities and Albuminuria in Ghanaian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus(Disease Markers, 2016-08) Asare-Anane, H.; Twum, F.; Kwaku Ofori, E.; Torgbor, E.L.; Amanquah, S.D.; Osafo, C.Renal tubular lysosomal enzyme activities like alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) and N-acetyl- β -D-glucosaminidase (NAG) have been shown to increase in patients developing diabetic nephropathy and nephrosclerosis. This study aimed to determine the activities of N-acetyl- β -D-glucosaminidase and alanine aminopeptidase and albumin concentration in urine samples of patients with type 2 diabetes. One hundred and thirty (65 type 2 diabetic and 65 nondiabetic) subjects participated in this study. Blood samples were drawn for measurements of fasting blood glucose, albumin (Alb), lipids, and creatinine (Cr). Early morning spot urine samples were also collected for activities of alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), N-acetyl- β -D-glucosaminidase (NAG), and concentration of albumin (U-Alb) and creatinine (U-Cr). Both NAG/Cr and AAP/Cr were significantly increased in diabetic subjects compared to controls (p < 0.001). There was positive correlation between NAG/Cr and Alb/Cr (r = 0.49, p < 0.001) and between NAG/Cr and serum creatinine (r = 0.441, p < 0.001). A negative correlation was found between NAG/Cr and eGFR (r = - 0.432, p < 0.05). 9.3% and 12% of diabetics with normoalbuminuria had elevated levels of AAP/Cr and NAG/Cr, respectively. We conclude that measuring the urinary enzymes activities (NAG/Cr and AAP/Cr) could be useful as a biomarker of early renal involvement in diabetic complications. © 2016 Henry Asare-Anane et al.Item Adiposity and hyperleptinemia during the first trimester among pregnant women with preeclampsia(International Journal of Women's Health, 2017-06) Yeboah, F.A.; Ngala, R.A.; Bawah, A.T.; Asare-Anane, H.; Alidu, H.; Hamid, A.-W.M.; Wumbee, J.D.K.Background: Leptin levels start increasing from the early stages of pregnancy, irrespective of the maternal body mass index. Leptin levels are increased in pregnant women with preeclampsia (PE) and may precede the clinical onset of the disease, with peaks occurring around 28 weeks of gestation. This study was aimed at determining whether serum leptin concentration and body fat percentage are significantly altered during the first trimester in pregnancies that subsequently develop PE and whether such changes are useful in predicting the disease. Materials and methods: This was a prospective longitudinal study conducted among pregnant women in Ho municipality. A cohort of 314 pregnant women was monitored from the first antenatal visit to delivery period at the Volta Regional Hospital, Ho, Ghana. Maternal serum leptin and lipid profile were analyzed and body fat percentage determined during first trimester. Body mass index was also calculated. Results: First trimester serum leptin level (P<0.0001) and body fat percentage (P<0.0001) were significantly higher in those who developed PE than those who did not; while triglycerides (P=0.8600), total cholesterol (P=0.5620), high-density lipoprotein (P=0.5880), low-density lipoprotein (P=0.4870) and very low-density lipoprotein (P=0.6540) did not show any significant difference between those with PE and those without PE. Conclusion: Leptin levels are increased significantly during the first trimester of pregnancy in obese women with PE, and these increases precede the onset of PE. © 2017 Yeboah et al.Item Shift work and the risk of cardiovascular disease among workers in cocoa processing company, Tema(BioMed Central Ltd., 2015) Asare-Anane, H.; Abdul-Latif, A.; Ofori, E.K.; Abdul-Rahman, M.; Amanquah, S.D.Objective: Shift work has been implicated in cardiovascular disease (CVD), a major cause of death globally. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of developing CVD in shift work. Design: A cross-sectional study involving secondary analysis of shift and non-shift work from an industry in Ghana. Participants: Two hundred (113 shift and 87 non-shift) consecutive workers who consented were recruited into the study. A structured questionnaire was administered to deduce information on participant's age, alcohol consumption pattern, smoking habits, history of diabetes, stroke and hypertension. Results: Shift workers were found to be associated with higher body mass index (26.9 ± 4.6 vs 25.2 ± 3.3, p = 0.013); fasting blood glucose (5.9 ± 1.8 vs 5.3 ± 0.8, p ≤ 0.0001); glycated haemoglobin (4.9 ± 0.9 vs 4.2 ± 0.8, p ≤ 0.0001); high sensitivity C-reactive protein (2.5 ± 1.1 vs 1.8 ± 1.1, p < 0.0001); total cholesterol (5.9 ± 1.3 vs 5.2 ± 1.7, p = 0.002); triglycerides (1.3 ± 0.8 vs 1.1 ± 0.6, p = 0.015) and LDL cholesterol (3.6 ± 0.9 vs 3.2 ± 1.3, p = 0.04) than controls. Shift work however, had no associations with HDL-cholesterol. Conclusion: It can be concluded that shift work is associated with risk factors of CVD.