Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
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Item Contributions of Dietary Protein and Zinc Deficiencies to Protein Energy Malnutrition(Ghana Medical Journal, 1990-03) Asibey-Berko, E.Some degree of zinc deficiency seems present in all cases of Protein-Energy malnutrition. Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) was induced in male Wister rats fed either adequate (30ppm) or moderately deficient levels of zinc (6ppm) in diets containing either 0.4 01' 20% spray-dried egg white. The protein-deficient rats developed PEM with oedema in 4 - 5 weeks regardless of their dietary zinc level. Except for disorders of the brain, protein deficiency was the major cause of most PEM signs - loss of appetite, growth failure, oedema, water accumulation in the liver, hypalbuminaemia and mortality. Dietary zinc deficiency aggravated some of these to a small extent. Dietary zinc alone accounted for elevations of brain iron and sodium in both PEM and non PEM rats. This suggests that zinc deficiency may significantly contribute to some of the symptoms of PEM.Item Importance of Bulinus Globosus Snails in the Transmission of Urinary Schistosomiasis in Eight Villages in Southern Ghana.(Ghana Medical Journal, 1999-06) Aryeetey, M.E.; Wagatsuma, Y.; Yeboah, G.K.; Asante, M.; Mensah, G.; Kojima, S.Snail survey was carried OUI al water contact siles (WCSs) of 8 villages in southern Ghana 10 establish freshwater snails responsible for schistosomiasis transmission in the area. Bulinus globosus, one of the intermediate host snails of Schistosoma haematobium was found at the WCSs in all 8 villages although those infected were identified at sites in 5 of the villages. The snails were confined to the Densu river itself, its tributaries (streams) and ponds. These snails were found during the minor rainy season. at the beginning of and during the dry season. They were found to be focal in distribution. Also found in the Densu river and the ponds were uninfected Biomphalaria pfeifferi snails. In addition to those indicated above, non·schistosome transmitting snails were also found.Item Iron deficiency in rural Ghanaian children.(2001-05) Agyei-Frimpong, M.T.; Asare, G.; Owiredu, W.K.B.A.; Yeboah, F.A.OBJECTIVES: To compare the prevalence of iron deficiency among Ghanaian children in different residential settings and to see whether 200mg ferrous fumerate B.P. could correct iron deficiency anaemia in observed cases of iron deficiency. DESIGN: Prospective case-finding study using an iron-deficiency society questionnaire, laboratory data and general practice records. Crude prevalence was calculated using the hospital's mid-year estimates. SETTING: Nkoranza in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana SUBJECTS: Rural-dwelling children entering as out-patients, urban-dwelling children entering as controls and newly diagnosed iron-deficient children entering as in-patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Crude prevalence rates (per quinquennia) for three groups of children. Corrected deficiencies expressed as percentage after management. Age, haemoglobin, iron status, residential status, symptoms at entry and after therapy. RESULTS: Following a 30-day administration of ferrous fumarate, the mean serum iron for the rural children increased significantly by 3.3 micromol/l representing an improved iron status of 20.0%(P<0.0001). Iron deficiency anaemia defined by serum Hb<12.0 g/dl and Fe<12.5 mmol/l decreased by 10% in the rural subjects. Comparatively, iron deficiency among the newly diagnosed anaemia group, fell by 17.6% whilst their ambulant urban counterparts employed as the control group had an iron deficiency anaemia of 0.0%. CONCLUSION: The study clearly indicates that the-prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among children in rural Ghana is about ten times that of the urban-dwelling children and that iron-deficiency anaemia accounts for a greater percentage of all anaemic cases among children in our hospitals. It was also shown that taking appropriate iron supplements like 200 mg of ferrous fumerate for thirty days can substantially improve the iron status of iron-deficient children.Item Interactions between aflatoxin B1 and dietary iron overload in hepatic mutagenesis.(Elsevier, Ireland, 2007) Asare, A.G.; Michelle, B.; Vivash, N.; Kew, C.M.BACKGROUND/AIM: Dietary aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) exposure and iron overload are important causes of hepatocellular carcinoma in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to investigate if the two risk factors have an interactive effect. METHODS: Four groups of Wistar albino rats were studied for 12 months. Group 1 (control) was fed the normal chow diet; group 2 (Fe) was supplemented with 0.75% ferrocene iron; group 3 (Fe+AFB(1)) was fed 0.75% ferrocene throughout and gavaged 25 microg AFB(1) for 10 days; group 4 (AFB(1)) was gavaged 25 microg AFB(1) for 10 days. Iron profile, lipid peroxidation (LPO), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8OHdG), oxidative lipid/DNA damage immunohistochemistry, superoxide/nitrite free radicals, cytokines IL6, IL-10, transaminases (ALT/AST) and Ames mutagenesis tests were performed. RESULTS: LPO and ALT showed a significant (p<0.05)/additive effect and 8OHdG a significant (p<0.05)/multiplicative effect in the Fe+AFB(1) group. IL-6 produced a negative synergy as against an additive antagonistic effect with IL-10. Massive deposits of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and 8OHdG were observed in liver sections of the Fe+AFB(1) group, suggestive of multiplicative synergy. Significant levels of mutagenesis (p<0.001) were observed in the Fe+AFB(1) group. This multiplicative synergy was five-fold. CONCLUSION: Dietary iron overload and AFB(1) have a multiplicative effect on mutagenesis.Item Dietary iron overload in the African and hepatocellular carcinoma.(Wiley Blackwell, Blackwell publishing, MA, 2007) Kew, C.M.; Asare, A.G.Dietary iron overload occurs commonly in parts of sub-Saharan Africa. It results from the consumption of large volumes of traditional beer that is home-brewed in iron pots or drums and consequently has a high iron content. The liver becomes iron overloaded and may develop portal fibrosis or, less often, cirrhosis. A genetic predisposition to the condition has been suggested, but no putative gene has yet been identified. Although originally believed not to cause hepatocellular carcinoma, recent case-control studies have shown African Blacks with dietary iron overload to be at increased risk for the tumour and a causal association has been confirmed in an animal model. The mechanisms of iron-induced malignant transformation are yet to be fully characterised, but the close association between cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis and the lesser association in those with dietary iron overload, suggests that chronic necroinflammatory hepatic disease contributes to the malignant transformation. Increased hepatic iron may, however, also be directly carcinogenic. Probable mechanisms include the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates and the resultant chronic oxidative stress that damages hepatocytes and proteins, causes lipid peroxidation, and induces strand breaks, DNA unwinding, and mutations in tumour-suppressor genes and critical DNA repair genes.Item Effects of exogenous antioxidants on dietary iron overload.(The Society for Free Radical Research, Japan, 2009) Asare, G. A.; Kew, M.C.; Mossanda, K.S.; Paterson, A.C.; Siziba, K.; Kahler-Venter, C.P.In dietary iron overload, excess hepatic iron promotes liver damage. The aim was to attenuate free radical-induced liver damage using vitamins. Four groups of 60 Wistar rats were studied: group 1 (control) was fed normal diet, group 2 (Fe) 2.5% pentacarbonyl iron (CI) followed by 0.5% Ferrocene, group 3 (Fe + V gp) CI, Ferrocene, plus vitamins A and E (42x and 10x RDA, respectively), group 4 (Fe - V gp) CI, Ferrocene diet, minus vitamins A and E. At 20 months, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC), Ames mutagenicity test, AST, ALT and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) immunohistochemistry were measured. 8OHdG levels of the Fe + V and Fe - V groups were 346 +/- 117 and 455 +/- 151, ng/g w.wt, respectively. Fe + V and Fe - V differences were significant (p<0.005). A positive correlation between DNA damage and mutagenesis existed (p<0.005) within the iron-fed gps. AST levels for Fe + V and Fe - V groups were 134.6 +/- 48.6 IU and 202.2 +/- 50.5 IU, respectively. Similarly, ALT levels were 234.6 +/- 48.3 IU and 329.0 +/- 48.6 IU, respectively. However, Fe - V and Fe + V groups transaminases were statistically insignificant. 4-HNE was detected in Fe + V and Fe - V gp livers. Vitamins A and E could not prevent hepatic damage.Item African diet: A toxic/protective dilemma(Transworld Research Network, Kerala, India, 2009) Mossanda, K.S.; Asare, G. A.Food shortages and high prevalence of poverty-related chronic diseases including HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis have culminated in health crisis in African continent. The diet of the majority of African populations consists largely of maize and cassava flour. Apart from being deficient in essential amino-acids, important vitamins and micronutrients, maize and cassava flour are prone to fungal infestation and thus to contamination by mycotoxins which increases the risk of cancer development mostly in HIV/AIDS individuals. In addition, digestive cancers and especially squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus (SCCE) are become the most common cancers in Southern African black men (incidence: 14.5%). Among other factors including hepatitis B and C, excessive intake of dietary iron as a result of drinking homebrewed in iron pots constitutes one of the most important factors leading into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Alcohol consumption has been also implicated in the aetiology of both SCCE associated with cigarette smoking, low intake of dietary antioxidants, consumption of compounds such as polycyclic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, heterocyclic amines found in African diet and HCC associated with increased hepatic iron stores inducing successively fibrosis and cirrhosis which finally progress into liver cancer. Despite our progress in antioxidant, environmental, genetic and carcinogenic studies, the mechanism of induction of those two types of cancer is still not fully understood. Our histological findings and the immuno-histochemistry evidence of DNA damage by the presence in situ (biopsies) of 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and that of lipid peroxidation by the presence in situ of 4-hydroxy-nonenal (4-HNE) increasing with the disease progression, have provided a consistent correlation between low intake of dietary antioxidant and the occurrence of carcinoma. In contrast to those toxicological aspects of African diet leading to the occurrence of digestive and liver cancers in African populations, an expanding body of evidence from epidemiological and laboratory studies demonstrated that edible plant as whole, or their ingredients have substantial protective effects on human carcinogenesis. We have recently demonstrated the anti-oxidative and anti-mutagenic properties of some African indigenous edible plants: Bambara groundnut (Vignea subterranean) and beverage: Rooi bos tea (Aspalathus linearis). Their chemo-preventive and antiinflammatory activities have been tested in cell culture using human breast epithelial (MCF-10A) cells and in animal model using mouse skin. Methanolic extracts of some other African plants (Sutherlandia fructescens and Harpagophytum procumbens) used as beverages showed inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13 acetate (TPA)- induced cyclo-oxygenase (COX-2) expression in mouse skin, which appears to be mediated through blocking of catalytic activity of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and through inhibition of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and cylic AMP response element binding (CREB) protein activation, suggesting their chemopreventive and chemo-protective activities. Due to the fact that inhibition of COX-2 is now regarded as an effective and promising strategy for prevention of anti-inflammatory process precluding the initiation and tumor stage, more research on African food plants and beverages should be conducted using this strategy in order to understand the molecular mechanism underlying those specific activities. In the light of these data, the extensive use of African foodstuffs and beverage bearing preventive and protective factors should be recommend in the diet of African populations for reducing the incidence of digestive and liver cancers in those areas.Item Effects of peanut processing on body weight and fasting plasma lipids.(2010) McKiernan, F.; Lokko, P.; Kuevi, A.; Sales, R.L.; Costa, N.M.; Bressan, J.; Alfenas, R.C.; Mattes, R.D.Peanuts and peanut butter are commonly consumed as a snack, meal component and ingredient in various commercial products. Their consumption is associated with reduced CVD risk and they pose little threat to positive energy balance. However, questions have arisen as to whether product form (e.g. whole nut v. butter) and processing properties (e.g. roasting and adding flavours) may compromise their positive health effects. The present study investigated the effects of peanut form and processing on two CVD risk factors: fasting plasma lipids and body weight. One hundred and eighteen adults (forty-seven males and seventy-one females; age 292 (sd 84)years; BMI 300 (sd 45)kg/m2) from Brazil, Ghana and the United States were randomised to consume 56g of raw unsalted (n 23), roasted unsalted (n 24), roasted salted (n 23) or honey roasted (n 24) peanuts, or peanut butter (n 24) daily for 4 weeks. Peanut form and processing did not differentially affect body weight or fasting plasma lipid responses in the total sample. However, HDL-cholesterol increased significantly at the group level, and total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and TAG concentrations decreased significantly in individuals classified as having elevated fasting plasma lipids compared with those with normal fasting plasma lipids. These observations suggest that the processing attributes assessed in this trial do not compromise the lipid-lowering effects of peanuts, and do not negatively impact body weight. Further studies are warranted to determine the effects of form and processing on other health risk factors.Item Possible adverse effect of high delta-alpha-tocopherol intake on hepatic iron overload: enhanced production of vitamin C and the genotoxin, 8-hydroxy-2'- deoxyguanosine.(Informa healthcare, UK, 2010-04) Asare, G. A.; Ntombini, B.; Kew, M.C.; Kahler-Venter, C.P.; Nortey, E.N.Excess hepatic iron generates reactive oxygen species that result in oxidative stress and oxidative damage to the liver. Vitamins have hitherto been considered to be a possible remedy. The aim of this study was to determine if high doses of delta-alpha-tocopherol supplementation in iron overload would ameliorate the oxidative stress. Four groups of 20 male Wistar albino rats were studied: group 1 (control) was fed normal diet, group 2 (Fe) 0.75% Ferrocene iron, group 3 (FV gp) 0.75% Ferrocene/delta-alpha-tocopherol (10x RDA), group 4 (V gp) normal diet/delta-alpha-tocopherol. After 12 months, serum iron, reduced glutathione, catalase, vitamin C, Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity, lipid peroxidation, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT) were measured. Vitamin C levels were: F gp = 5.04 +/- 0.09; FV gp = 5.85 +/- 0.13 (micromol/l) (p < 0.05). 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels were: F gp = 143.6 +/- 6.4; FV gp = 179.2 +/- 18.2 (ng/ml) (p < 0.05). Oxidative liver damage, as determined by serum AST and ALT levels, was not attenuated by alpha-tocopherol. A positive correlation existed between vitamin C and 8-OHdG, suggesting possible delta-alpha-tocopherol toxicity.Item Analysis of fatty acids in Ghee and olive oil and their probable causal effect in lipoid pneumonia(Medical Journal of Indonesia, 2010-11) Mirghani, Z.; Zein, T.; Annoble, S.; Winter, J.; Mostafa, R.Aim: To analyze and identify the fatty acids found in homemade ghee and in olive oil and compare those to fatty acids found in bronchoalevolar lavage of children with lipoid pneumonia. Methods: The fatty acids found in homemade fat ”Ghee” and olive oil were analyzed by gas chromatography. Methyl ester derivatives suitable for GC analysis were prepared directly from olive oil or from Ghee using anhydrous methanolic-HCl. Bronchoscopy and bronchoalevolar lavage was performed in eight children aged between 2 and 4 years, all with history of using homemade ghee and/or olive oil in the recumbent position. Results: The analysis of fatty acids in Ghee and olive oil show similar gas chromatographic pattern as those of bronchoalevolar lavage. Conclusion: The three fatty acids responsible for the deleterious effects of lipoid pneumonia were identified. Lipoid pneumonia should be one of the differentials diagnosis in children presenting with respiratory distress. © 2010, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia. All rights reserved.Item 3.6 Million Neonatal Deaths-What Is Progressing and What Is Not?(Seminars in Perinatology, 2010-12) Lawn, J.E.; Kerber, K.; Enweronu-Laryea, C.; Cousens, S.Each year 3.6 million infants are estimated to die in the first 4 weeks of life (neonatal period)-but the majority continue to die at home, uncounted. This article reviews progress for newborn health globally, with a focus on the countries in which most deaths occur-what data do we have to guide accelerated efforts? All regions are advancing, but the level of decrease in neonatal mortality differs by region, country, and within countries. Progress also differs by the main causes of neonatal death. Three major causes of neonatal deaths (infections, complications of preterm birth, and intrapartum-related neonatal deaths or "birth asphyxia") account for more than 80% of all neonatal deaths globally. The most rapid reductions have been made in reducing neonatal tetanus, and there has been apparent progress towards reducing neonatal infections. Limited, if any, reduction has been made in reducing global deaths from preterm birth and for intrapartum-related neonatal deaths. High-impact, feasible interventions to address these 3 causes are summarized in this article, along with estimates of potential for lives saved. A major gap is reaching mothers and babies at birth and in the early postnatal period. There are promising community-based service delivery models that have been tested mainly in research studies in Asia that are now being adapted and evaluated at scale and also being tested through a network of African implementation research trials. To meet Millennium Development Goal 4, more can and must be done to address neonatal deaths. A critical step is improving the quantity, quality and use of data to select and implement the most effective interventions and strengthen existing programs, especially at district level. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.Item Appetitive and dietary effects of consuming an energy-dense food (peanuts) with or between meals by snackers and non-snackers.(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2011) Devitt, A.A.; Kuevi, A.; Coelho, S.B.; Lartey, A.; Lokko, P.; Costa, N.; Bressan, J.; Mattes, R.D.Background. Energy-dense foods are inconsistently implicated in elevated energy intake (EI). This may stem from other food properties and/or differences in dietary incorporation, that is, as snacks or with meals. Objective. Assess intake pattern and food properties on acute appetitive ratings (AR) and EI. Design. 201 normal and overweight adults consuming a standard lunch. Test loads of 1255.2 kJ (300 kcal) were added to the lunch or provided as snack. Loads (peanuts, snack mix, and snack mix with peanuts) were energy, macronutrient, and volumetrically matched with a lunch portion as control. Participants completed meal and snack sessions of their randomly assigned load. Results. No differences were observed in daily EI or AR for meal versus snack or treatment versus control. Consumption of peanuts as a snack tended to strengthen dietary compensation compared to peanuts or other loads with a meal. Conclusions. Inclusion of an energy-dense food as a snack or meal component had comparable influence on AR and EI. Peanuts tended to elicit stronger dietary compensation when consumed as a snack versus with a meal. If substantiated, this latter observation suggests that properties other than those controlled here (energy, macronutrient content, and volume) modify AR and EI.Item Prevalence of Childhood Overweight/Obesity in Basic School in Accra(Ghana medical journal, 2012-09) Mohammed, H.; Vuvor, F.Background: This study intends to determine the prevalence of obesity among children in the University Primary School, Legon. It also intends to determine relationship between the prevalence of obesity in children and socio-economic status of their parents and the most endemic age group. Method: The study was conducted using 270 students sampled at random in the basic school. Children’s height, weight and skin fold measurement were taken. Children’s parent’s socio-economic status was assessed using close and open-ended questionnaires administered to parents. Data obtained was then analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Prevalence of obesity in the university primary school was found to be 10.9% with higher prevalence in girls (15.0%) than in boys (7.2%) (Pvalue= 0.001). There was higher prevalence among children from high socioeconomic background (21 – 23%) with least prevalence in those from low socioeconomic homes (10 – 20%) though this was not significant (p-value=0.23). Girls showed a higher body fat composition between 10 –12years, whiles boys showed higher body fat stores between 8 – 10 years old. Increasing mother educational level reduced prevalence of child obesity (p-value=0.043) but this was not seen in increasing fathers’ educational level (pvalue= 0.261). Conclusions: The prevalence of obesity in children in University primary school was very high and worrying. The prevalence increased with socio-economic status and it is more common in females than males. It was recommended that similar study should be expanded nationwide.Item Disordered eating habits among adolescents(Psychology of Habits, 2014) Amos, P.M.; Intiful, F.D.; Antwi, T.; Ammah, C.; Pobee, R.A.Disordered eating habits among adolescents remains a major global problem that can affect their physical, mental and behavioral development. In spite of the advances that have been made in feeding practices, adolescents in many environments consume diets that are nutritionally inadequate, in that they do not provide adequate amounts of essential nutrients. Adolescence is a period which is critical and characterized by various growth spurts. Some of these growth spurts are psychological and emotional. Good dietary habits have also been found to be crucial in the development and growth of the adolescent during these periods. These psychological and emotional changes can lead to eating disorders if not well attended to. The three main types of disordered eating habits that can affect adolescents are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. In this review the use of a multidisciplinary approach in ensuring optimum adolescent growth was addressed. This approach included the use of parents/care-takers, teachers, dieticians, clinical psychologists and counsellors to ensure healthy eating habits of some adolescents. The results indicated the invaluable contribution of all the stakeholders in achieving good nutrition among adolescents. © 2014 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.Item Breakfast habits among school children in selected communities in the eastern region of Ghana(Ghana medical journal, 2014-06) Intiful, F.D.; Lartey, A.Breakfast is considered the most important meal of the day, yet many people skip breakfast. Studies indicate that school age children who regularly skip breakfast are not likely to concentrate in class, thus affecting school performance. This study determined the breakfast habits and nutrient contributions of the breakfast meal to the days' nutrient intake. A cross sectional study was conducted among school children (n=359) between the ages of 6-19 years in Manya Krobo in the Eastern Region of Ghana. Questionnaires were used to collect information on background characteristics and breakfast consumption habits. The 24-hour dietary recall method was used to obtain information on the children's food intake. T-test was used to compare differences between means of variables of breakfast consumers and skippers. About 85.5% of the children had breakfast on the day of interview. More boys (87.8%) consumed breakfast compared to the girls (83.1%). For those who skipped breakfast, lack of food at home or lack of no money (36.5%) was the main reason. Breakfast consumers had significantly higher energy and nutrient intakes than those who skipped breakfast (energy 2259 verses 1360 kcal, p-0.039; vitamin A 1534 verses 662 ug/RE, p=0.001; iron 22.9 verses 13.9 mg, p=0.017, zinc 9.9 verses 5.6 mg, p=0.034). The breakfast meal contributed between 32-41% of the day's energy intake, and between 30-47% of micronutrient intake. Encouraging breakfast consumption among school children is a way to ensure that they meet their daily nutrient and energy intakes.Item Nutrient composition and protein quality of four species of the Curcubitaceae family(Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2014-07) Steiner-Asiedu, M.; Nuro-Ameyaw, P.; Agbemafle, I.; Hammond, S.H.; Tano-Debrah, K.The kernels of most Curcubitaceae species have tremendous food value in Africa where protein-energy malnutrition is high but they are not widely used in food preparations. This study assessed the nutritional composition and protein quality of four species of Curcubitaceae seeds using laboratory rats. Moisture, ash, fibre, minerals and protein of the Curcubitaceae seeds were determined. Rats were randomly assigned to seven groups of five and were fed for four weeks on the following diets: the four species of the Curcubitaceae seed meal and control diets of Soya Bean Meal (SBM), protein free diet and normal rat chow respectively. Their urine and faeces were collected for analysis and feed intakes determined. After four weeks feeding, the rats were weighed, lyophilized and protein utilization determined. The moisture, crude protein, fat and ash content of the seeds were 5.44-6.66, 30-36, 44-58 and 3.18-4.90%, respectively. Crude fibre was less than 2.5%. The Curcubitaceae seeds contained high amounts of: Zn (5.0-7.1 mg/100 g), Cu (1.4-7.9 mg/100 g) and Fe (5.6-8.5 mg/100 g). All the seeds had good protein quality as judged by the PER (0.75-1.36) and (NPU) (46.10-69.10). The four Cucurbitaceae seeds have good protein quality, fat and minerals which may help reduce under nutrition. These are important food resources and thus their consumption should be promoted.Item Nutrient and sensory quality of soymilk produced from different improved varieties of soybean(Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 2015-01) Ugochi, N.F.; Chukwuma, U.M.; Nwanneoma, O.J.; Ndako Jummai, K.; Nwabugo, M.A.The study aimed to determine the most nutritionally and organoleptically suitable improved variety of soybean sample for soymilk production. Soymilk sample were extracted from different varieties of soybean namely; TGX-4482E, TGX-814496E, SAMSOY 1, SAMSOY 2, SAMSOY 3 for sample A, B, C, D and E, respectively. The processed soymilk samples were subjected to nutrient analysis using standard methods. Also sensory evaluation was carried out using another batch of extracted soymilk using 9-point hedonic scale to rate panellist preference for the organoleptic qualities of the soymilk products. The results were subjected to statistical analysis to determine whether significant difference existed between their nutrient compositionsS and also in the various organoleptic qualities. Results from the proximate analysis of soymilk showed that the crude protein values ranged from 4.52±0.03 to 4.84±0.02 with sample A (TGX4482E) having the highest value of 4.84±0.02 and SAMSOY 1 the least value of 4.52±0.03. TGX 4482E did not differ significantly from the other sample at (p>0.05). The moisture content ranged from 89.62±0.11 to 90.46. The % crude fat ranged from 1.98 to 2.17 with the highest recorded for TGX 4482E and the least SAMSOY 2. The Vitamin composition showed that the Vitamin B1 ranged from 0.058±0.00 to 0.074±0.00, vitamin C content ranged from 0.34±0.0 to 0.435±0.02. The mineral composition showed that TGX448-2E has the highest phosphorous of 89.63 mg/100 g and highest zinc content of 0.96 mg/100 g. SAMSOY 3 has the highest Iron content and TGX 81449E has the highest calcium content. Also sensory evaluation result revealed that SAMSOY 2 was mostly preferred. The study has shown that soymilk is a good source of macronutrient however, it also was observed that the sample highly preferred had lower nutritional quality when compared to others used in the study. There is need therefore to fortify the product with micronutrients so that it can conveniently serve as a good alternative to animal proteins. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2015.Item Optimisation of enzymatic hydrolysis of cassava peel to produce fermentable sugars(AMB Express, 2015-09) Bayitse, R.; Hou, X.; Bjerre, A.B.; Saalia, F.K.Enzymatic hydrolysis of cassava peels was evaluated using cellulase and beta-glucanase enzymes and their mixtures at three different enzyme loadings with time. The pH of the medium used for hydrolysis was 5 and the temperature was 50 °C. The efficiency of the hydrolysis using beta-glucanase was better than cellulase and glucose recovery of 69 % was realised when beta-glucanase dosage was increased to 10 % (v/w) at 48 h which rose to 73 % at 120 h, releasing 11.19 g/l and 12.17 g/l of glucose respectively. Less than 20 % of glucose was hydrolysed at 10 % (v/w) cellulase at 120 h releasing 2.6 g/l glucose. The optimum experimental condition for hydrolysis of cassava peel was established at 120 h when glucose recovery increased to 88 % for enzyme mixture of 5 % (v/w) cellulase + 10 % (v/w) beta-glucanase producing 14.67 g/l glucose in the hydrolysate.Item Comparing dietary macronutrient composition and food sources between native and diasporic Ghanaian adults(Food & Nutrition Research, 2015-11) Gibson, R.; Knight, A.; Asante, M.; Thomas, J.; Goff, L.M.Background : Dietary acculturation may contribute to the increased burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in diasporic populations of African ancestry. Objective : To assess nutritional composition and the contribution that traditional foods make to the diets of native and UK-dwelling Ghanaian adults. Design : An observational study of Ghanaian adults living in Accra ( n 26) and London ( n 57) was undertaken. Three-day food records were translated to nutrient data using culturally sensitive methods and comparisons were made for energy, macronutrients, and dietary fibre between cohorts. The contribution of traditional foods to dietary intake was measured and the foods contributing to each nutrient were identified. Results : Compared to native Ghanaians, UK-Ghanaians derived a significantly higher proportion of energy from protein (16.9 9 3.9 vs. 14.1 9 2.8%, p 0.001), fat (29.9 9 7.9 vs. 24.4 9 8.5%, p 0.005), and saturated fat (8.5 9 3.4 vs. 5.8 9 3.7%, p B 0.001) and a significantly lower energy from carbohydrate (52.2 9 7.7 vs. 61.5 9 9.3%, p B 0.001). Dietary fibre intake was significantly higher in the UK-Ghanaian diet compared to the native Ghanaian diet (8.3 9 3.1 vs. 6.7 9 2.2 g/1,000 kcal, p 0.007). There was significantly less energy, macro- nutrients, and fibre derived from traditional foods post-migration. Non-traditional foods including breakfast cereals, wholemeal bread, and processed meats made a greater contribution to nutrient intake post-migration. Conclusions : Our findings show the migrant Ghanaian diet is characterised by significantly higher intakes of fat, saturated fat, and protein and significantly lower intakes of carbohydrate; a macronutrient profile which may promote increased risk of NCDs amongst UK-Ghanaians. These differences in the nutrient profile are likely to be modulated by the consumption of ‘Western’ foods observed in migrant communities.Item Impact of the baby friendly hospital initiative (BFHI) programme on breast-feeding knowledge, attitude and practices of mothers(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2016) Ndiokwelu, C.I.; Nwosu, O.I.C.; Ani, P.N.; Chizike, A.O.; Nwabugo, M.A.This study investigated the impact of the baby friendly hospital initiative (BFHI) programme on the breast-feeding knowledge, attitude and practices of mothers attending Mother of Christ Specialist Hospital, Enugu. The study randomly sampled 146 breast-feeding mothers whose babies were between 0-23 months. A validated questionnaire was used to obtain useful information from the mothers. The data obtained was analyzed into frequency and percentages. The result showed that 12.3% of the mothers initiated breastfeeding within 30 min of delivery, 93.2% of them fed colostrum, 9.6% of the respondents perceived that colostrum should not be fed to infants and 31.5% exclusively breast-fed their babies for 6 months. The major factors that militated against exclusive breast-feeding were that it caused firm breast to fall (6.4%) and ties mother down (19.2%). It was obvious from the study that there was a wide gap between knowledge and practice of exclusive breast-feeding in the study area. There is urgent need to plan strategies to aggressively promote exclusive breast-feeding practice. Lactation support groups as well as opinion leaders and women group in the communities should provide complementary support to the already existing strategies. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2016.
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