Browsing by Author "Nakano, T."

Now showing 1 - 9 of 9

Antibody response to measles immunization at seven months old in rural Ghanaian infants
(Ghana Medical Journal, 1990-03) Sakatoku, H.; Nakano, T.; Afari, E.A.
A serological study was carried out in three rural communities in southern Ghana in order to determine the optimal age for measles immunization. The live hyperattenuated measles vaccine (Schwarz strain) was inoculated subcutaneously; into infants aged three to eleven months. The maternal measles antibodies in the infants started decreasing after 7 months, while the seroconversion rate after the immunization was increasing after 6 months. Forty seven infants were given the measles vaccines at the age of 7 months. The seroconversion rate was 91.5%. There were no side effects. These results indicate that measles immunization can be administered effectively at the age of 7 months.
Antibody response to measles immunization in rural - Ghanaian infants
(1994-10) Sakatoku, H.; Nakano, T.; Arai, S.; Afari, E.A.
We investigated optimal age of measles immunization in infants aged 3-11 months in rural villages of Ghana, and determined seroconversion rate in the same infant population following further attenuated measles vaccination with Schwarz vaccine. The prevalence of passively acquired antibody was 11 per cent in infants younger than 6 months, 10 per cent in infants 6 months old, and 3 per cent in infants 7 months old or older. Seroconversion rates in each age group were less than 50, 87, and 92 per cent, respectively. We then immunized 47 7-month-old infants. The seroconversion rate was 92 per cent in this group. There were no clinical adverse effects due to the vaccination. We conclude that measles vaccination could be administered effectively at the age of 7 months with an excellent seroconversion rate.
In vitro response of P.falciparum to chloroquine, amodiaquine, quinine and sulfadoxine/pryrimethamine in Ghana.
(Ghana Medical Journal, 1989-12) Akanmori, B.D.; Afari, E.A.; Nakano, T.; Ofori-Adjei, D.; Gyan, B.; Owusu-Adjei, S.; Adjei, A.A.
In Vitro asexual parasite sensitivity to chloroquine, amodiaquine, quinine, and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SDZ/PYR) combination was determined for Plasmodium falciparum isolates from children in three schools at Nima (Urban), Madina (Peri urban) and Gomoa Fetteh (Rural), during the rainy season. Chloroquine resistance was present in 625% of children at Nima, 69.6% (23136) of children at Madina and 50% (16132) of those in Gomoa Fetteh. Resistance of P. falciparum to amodiaquine was recorded in 30% (6/20),35.7% (5/14) and 12.5% (1/8) of children in Nima, Madina and Gomoa Fetteh respectively. In addition parasite resistance to SDX/PYR was found in children in Nima, Madina and in one child at Gomoa Fetteh. Resistance to both chloroquine and amodiaquine was present in 3 children at Nima, 5 at Madina and in a single child at Gomoa Fettteh. Resistance to both chloroquine and SDX/PYR and to Amodiaquine and SDXIPYR was restricted to only Nima (2/15, 1/15) .and Madina 3/14, 2/15). There was no resistance to quinine in any of the areas studied. A progressive increase in minimum inhibitory concentrations (IC9O) for chloroquine was observed from Nima and Madina to rural Gomma Fetteh. Similarly, IC90 for amodiaquine was highest in Madina. The presence of multiple-drug resistant P. falciparum in these children represents a challenge to the control and management of falciparum malaria and this data serves as a baseline for monitoring any changes in parasite sensitivity to antimalarial drugs in the study areas
In vitro responses of P. falciparum parasites to chloroquine, amodiaquine and quinine in two ecological zones in Ghana
(1993-07) Afari, E.A.; Akanmori, B.D.; Nakano, T.; Ofori-Adjei, D.
Blood specimens were taken from 318 school children with at least 1,000 and not more than 80,000 P. falciparum asexual parasites per microliter of blood for a 30 hour in vitro microtest of P. falciparum asexual parasites responses to chloroquine, amodiaquine and quinine. The study was conducted in primary schools in four urban and three rural communities in the costal and forest zones in Ghana between June 1988 and December 1990. Chloroquine resistance was present in 58.7 pc (54/92) and 3.9 pc (4/103) of the successful in vitro tests in the coastal and forest zones respectively. Resistance to amodiaquine was recorded in 28.6 pc (12/42) of the successful tests in coastal zone. There was no resistance to quinine in any of the ecological zones. Concentrations of the three drugs in pmol required for 90 pc inhibition of schizont maturation were generally higher in communities in the coastal zone than those in the forest zone. The results suggest an increase in sensitivity or a reduction in resistance of P. falciparum to the drugs from the coast to the forest zone.
In vivo and in vitro sensibility of P.falciparum to chloroquine in three communities in Ghana
(Ghana Medical Journal, 1989-12) Afari, E.A.; Akanmori, B.D.; Nakano, T.; Ofori-Adjei, D.; Gyan, B.; Owusu-Adjei, S.; Adjei, A.A.
In vivo and in vitro P. falciparum asexual parasite sensitivity to chloroquine tests were performed in three schools at Nima, Madina and Gomoo Fet· teh - urban, periurban and rural communities respectively in Ghana during the rainy season from June to October, 1988. Of the 144 in Vivo tests performed 116(80.6%) were sensitive to chloroquine and 28(19.4%) showed resistance to chloroquine at RI (3.5%) and RII (15.9%) levels. Fifty-four out of the 92 (.58.7%) successful in vitro tests carried out Concurrently with the in vivo test were resistant to chloroquine. P. falciparum resistance to chloroquine waS emerged in Ghana and what is urgently required now is intensive and sustained education on judicious selection and proper use of available antimalarials and the promotion of research activities that may provide more data for sound drug policy for miliaria treatment in Ghana.
Plasmodium falciparum: Sensitivity to chloroquine in vivo in three ecological zones in Ghana
(1992-06) Afari, E.A.; Akanmori, B.D.; Nakano, T.; Ofori-Adjei, D.
4690 children aged 6-15 years in 5 urban and 4 rural communities in 3 ecological zones in Ghana were screened from June 1988 to December 1990 to provide suitable candidates for the World Health Organization standard in vivo test for susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine. 1880 (40.1%) had parasitaemia, mostly (83.7-98.6%) due to P. falciparum infection. Of the 626 in vivo tests performed, 570 (91.1%) showed sensitivity to chloroquine and 56 (8.9%) responses were classified as resistant to chloroquine at RI (5.1%) and RII (3.8%). The resistance responses were commonest (17.1-22.7%) in the coastal zone, followed by the savanna zone (8.6-10.0%), and lowest in the forest zone (3.1-6.3%). The RII responses occurred mainly in communities in the coastal zone. There was no RIII resistance in any zone. The pattern of RI (early) and RII responses of P. falciparum to chloroquine in this study suggested an increase in sensitivity, or a reduction in resistance, of P. falciparum to chloroquine from the coast to the forest and northern savanna zones, and from the urban to the rural communities in each zone in Ghana.
Some Demographic Characteristics of two rural communities in Southern Ghana
(Ghana Medical Journal, 1988-09) Afari, E.A.; Nakano, T.; Owusu-Adjei, S.
A study of the demographic characteristics of two rural villages in Southern Ghana in 1987 showed an average rate of natural population increase of 3.8 percent compared to 3.2 per cent recorded nationally (1984 census data). The crude death rates and Infant Mortality rates were far lower than the figures usually quoted, although the birth rate was similar to the national average. It is suggested that if such rates exist in similar villages in Ghana, then official projections are underestimates and will have grave consequences on national development plans. It appears that Primary Health Care (PHC) has succeeded in reducing deaths but has not affected births. Family planning must, therefore, receive more attention.
Survey of enteropathogenic agents in children with and without diarrhoea in Ghana
(1990-12) Nakano, T.; Binka, F.N.; Afari, E.A.; Agbodaze, D.; Aryeetey, M.E.; Mingle, J.A.A.; Sakurai, M.
A survey was carried out over 1 year in a rural area of Ghana on the isolation, detection and/or identification of enteric pathogens from children under 5 years of age with and without diarrhoea. The isolation and detection rate of Shigella flexneri, Shigella dysenteriae, Giardia lamblia and Rotavirus were higher in children with diarrhoea than in controls. Yersinia enterocolitica, Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were not isolated during the period of this survey. The incidence of other enteropathogenic bacteria and parasites identified in the diarrhoeal and non-diarrhoeal children was calculated and is discussed in this study
Survey of enteropathogenic agents in children with and without diarrhoea in Ghana.
(Ghana Medical Journal, 1990-03) Nakano, T.; Sakatoku, H.; Binka, F.N.; Afari, E.A.; Agbodaze, D.; Aryeetey, M.E.; Mingle, J.A.A.; Kamiya, H.; Sakurai, M.
A survey was carried out over a period of one year in a rural setting in Ghana on isolation, detection and/or identification of enteric pathogens from children under five years of age with and without diarrhea. The isolation and detection rates of Shigella flexneri, Giardia lamblia and Rotavirus were significantly higher in children with diarrhea than in controls