Co-infection of Plasmodium falciparum and Schistosoma mansoni is associated with anaemia

Abstract

Background Malaria and schistosomiasis persist as major public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa. These infections have independently and also in polyparasitic infection been implicated in anaemia and nutritional defcien‑ cies. This study aimed at assessing asymptomatic malaria, intestinal Schistosoma infections and the risk of anaemia among school children in the Tono irrigation area in the Kassena Nankana East Municipal (KNEM) in the Upper East Region of Northern Ghana. Methods A cross sectional survey of 326 school children was conducted in the KNEM. Kato Katz technique was used to detect Schistosoma eggs in stool. Finger-prick capillary blood sample was used for the estimation of haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and blood smear for malaria parasite detection by microscopy. Results The average age and Hb concentration were 10.9 years (standard deviation, SD:±2.29) and 11.2 g/dl (SD:±1.39) respectively with 58.9% (n=192) being females. The overall prevalence of infection with any of the para‑ sites (single or coinfection) was 49.4% (n=161, 95% confdence interval, CI [44.0–54.8]). The prevalence of malaria parasite species or Schistosoma mansoni was 32.0% (n=104) and 25.2% (n=82), respectively with 7.7% (n=25) coin‑ fection. The prevalence of anaemia in the cohort was 40.5% (95%CI [35.3–45.9]), of which 44.4% harboured at least one of the parasites. The prevalence of anaemia in malaria parasite spp or S. mansoni mono-infections was 41.8% and 38.6%, respectively and 64.0% in coinfections. There was no statistically signifcant diference in the odds of being anaemic in mono-infection with malaria (OR=1.22, 95% CI 0.71–2.11, p=0.47) or S. mansoni (OR=1.07, 95% CI 0.58–1.99, p=0.83) compared to those with no infection. However, the odds of being anaemic and coinfected with malaria parasite species and S. mansoni was 3.03 times higher compared to those with no infection (OR=3.03, 95% CI 1.26–7.28, p=0.013). Conclusion The data show a high burden of malaria, S. mansoni infection and anaemia among school children in the irrigation communities. The risk of anaemia was exacerbated by coinfections with malaria parasite(s) and S. mansoni. Targeted integrated interventions are recommended in this focal area of KNEM.