Spatial Analysis Of The Distribution And Drivers Of Retail Outlets Location In Residential Areas Of Accra

Abstract

In the last two decades, the retail sector has seen an unprecedented and widespread proliferation of retail outlets, particularly in the majority of developing cities. In Accra, Ghana's capital city, houses and residential neighbourhoods are increasingly becoming a haven for the location of retail outlets. Given the fast expansion of residential retail outlets, a comprehensive geographical understanding of the locational patterns, as well as the causes of these patterns are required for formulating spatial planning policies, decision-making and rational distribution of commercial facilities. The study, therefore, examined the spatial pattern and drivers of retail outlet locations in three residential areas of varied income levels in Accra. The study employed a complementary mixed-method approach, involving the mapping of locations of retail outlets using Geographic Information Systems, questionnaire administration, in-depth interviews with buyers and institutional stakeholders as well as field observations to collect data. The mapping established that the geographical pattern of retail outlets is aligned with the distribution pattern of urban development in the study areas and these include the distribution of population, road networks, and supplementary businesses. Though the distribution of retail outlets is suggested to be spontaneous, the study showed that the factors driving the location of retail outlets were taken by retailers based on their observations and experiences, including proximity to customers, existing clusters of retailers, and minimization of competition. The study also revealed that the distribution and operations of retail outlets pose great environmental threats to the residential environment and the quality of life of residents. The study recommended, among others, that policymakers develop an explicit and comprehensive policy to regulate and manage residential retailing.