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Item Community Participation in the Management of Ghanaian Schools(Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 2021) Aryeh-Adjei, A.A.Municipal members widely recognize that community school management participation promotes a sense of ownership in student learning in Ghanaian schools. This paper is a literature review on community participation in the management of Ghanaian schools. This paper's scope identifies the importance of community participation in school management, the context of school management in Ghana, and the challenges of community participation. It is recommended that Ghanaian parents and other stakeholders be encouraged to participate fully in school management to promote development in the education sector (at all levels) and in the entire community.Item Assessing The Impact Of Social Media Platforms On Students Learning Activities In The University Of Ghana Amidst Covid-19(Library Philosophy and Practice, 2021) Darko-Adjei, N.; Zewu, P.K.Y.The study investigated the impact of social media platforms on students' learning activities among distance learning students of the University of Ghana amidst COVID-19. The study was based on the following objectives; to find out some of the devices used in accessing social media platforms, to ascertain the dominant reasons for using social media by distance learning students, to assess the impact of social media platforms on students’ academic activities and to found out the challenges in the use of some social media platforms. The study made use of a survey approach and a questionnaire was used to gather data for the study. A sample size of 158 respondents was used, representing (20%) of the total population (790). The findings of the study were that even though among the devices used in accessing social media platforms are iPads, Pocket Computers, Laptops, and Smartphones, the most used is the smartphone. Also, the study found a decrease in students’ learning academic activities as it serves as destruction. Further, it was revealed that the most common challenge faced by students when using social media platforms is the issue of privacy concerns. Per the findings obtained, the study made several recommendations, amongst which include: the introduction of sustained education on the benefit of social media by school authorities, the negatives in the use of social media, and effective ways of utilizing available social media tools to enhance their academic activities especially amidst of COVID-19.Item Participatory Communication And Adoption Of Soil Fertility Management Practices: Evidence From Two Agro-Ecological Zones In Ghana(University of Ghana, 2023-01) Baah-Ofori, R.N.Communication is widely recognised as essential to the development of rural communities located in African countries like Ghana. While the practice of development communication has widely been informed by either an instrumentalist/diffusion or participatory perspective, there is an argument for the study of development communication from a constructivist perspective. Such a perspective focuses less on exploring the outcomes of development communication efforts and allows for a closer examination of contextual issues affecting communication. Given that the existing theoretical recommendation of participatory communication for sharing soil fertility management messages is not complemented with enough evidence of its practical application, this study examined participatory communication as it was applied in a project implemented in two agro-ecological zones in Ghana. Using a grounded theory approach and collecting data through interviews, focus group discussions, observations and reviews of transcripts of a radio programme, the study examined the dialogic tactics used by farmers and scientists involved in the interaction, scientists’ and farmers’ perceptions of participatory communication, the contextual conditions which informed successful participatory communication and how participatory communication facilitated farmers’ adoption of soil fertility management. Findings of this study showed that participatory communication leads to scientists’ awareness of indigenous knowledge forms which improves communication competence when those knowledge forms are made to inform messaging. This is done through the appropriation of local metaphors, analogies, examples, testimonies, etc. Moreover, the outcomes of participatory communication are not inevitably positive; but dependent on the salience of a number of factors in the reckoning of scientists and farmers. Lastly, participation and transmission are not necessarily incompatible or mutually exclusive especially in the case of addressing scientific topics such as soil fertility management.Item Development Of Managerial Competencies For Academic Leadership: Experiences Of Heads Of Departments Of Selected Universities In Ghana(University of Ghana, 2021-07) Mwinsumah Kunbour, V.The academic department is the focal point where the management and administration of academic work are done in the university. The Head of Department (HoD) also known as academic chair has the key responsibility to lead and manage the academic activities as well as faculty, students, and administrative support staff effectively to contribute to the success of the business of the university. It is in this regard that the issue of leadership and managerial capacity of academics who assume the role of HoD is not only important but also should be of interest to higher education administration. The study sought to find out the managerial competencies required for the effective performance of the core duties involved in the role of HoD as well as the strategies used to prepare academics for the role in public and private universities in Ghana. Theoretically, the study was underpinned by Vygotsky’s social-cultural theory of learning specifically, the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). It adopted a qualitative research approach and collective case study design. The study population comprised HoDs in one public university, the University of Ghana, and one private university, Valley View University, a representative of the human resource department of each of the two universities selected, and a representative of the Ghana Tertiary Education Council (GTEC). A total of thirteen (13) respondents were sampled for the study. Purposive sampling was used to select the participants. An interview guide was employed as a data collection instrument for the research. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The thematic analysis method was used to analyse the data. The study found that the core duties involved in the role of HoD were in two broad categories of academic and managerial and a mix of competencies were required for the effective performance of the job. The universities had specified criteria for the academic competencies for the appointment of the HoD i.e., academic qualification, rank and university experience. However, there were no clear managerial competencies criteria for the role. Though the universities had some strategies i.e., serving on committees, informal mentorship and orientation, for the development of the managerial competencies of academics, the approach was mostly unstructured and unplanned. The orientation programme which usually planned last not more than five days. The study recommends that the criteria and appointment processes of HoD should pay equal attention to the academic and managerial competencies required for the leadership role of HoD to ensure effective performance. It further recommends that universities should adopt an ongoing planned and blended approach comprising experiential and formal learning for the development of the managerial and leadership competencies of academics. This will help to create a pool of competent persons to select from to occupy the role of HoD whenever a vacancy falls.Item Leveraging Mobile Payment Affordance For Business Benefit: A Case Study Of Merchants In Ghana(University Of Ghana, 2023-03) Afeti, E.Y.Merchant adoption of mobile payment platforms is critical in market development for mobile payments in Africa. Extant literature has validated that the COVID-19 global pandemic is reshaping the market outlook for payments in Africa and how merchants and consumers respond. The pandemic has also driven a significant change in consumer and merchant behaviours that will continue to exist, even after the post-COVID-19 era. Despite the myriad of research on mobile payment, there exist a paucity of research from the merchant’s perspective on mobile payment platforms’ adoption, their affordances, and the outcomes of merchants’ interactions with these platforms. The dearth of knowledge on the above has revealed four significant interrelated research gaps that need attention. First, arguably there is lack of understanding of merchant decision pathways and the strategic and non-strategic influencing factors in adopting mobile payment platforms aside utility/risk trade-offs. Second, slimily limited knowledge of how merchants interact with, identify and actualise affordances that accompany mobile payment systems and their attendant constraints. Third, the literature project limited understanding of the strategic and non-strategic outcomes of actualising mobile payment affordances after adoption, specifically focusing on what outcomes occur and what goals are achieved due to the affordance actualisation process. Last, there is arguably limited understanding of the context-specific factors that enable, stimulate and constrain specific technology in a specific context and the affordances generated from actors’ interaction with technology. Therefore, the purpose of this research is stated as follows: developing a theoretical and practice-oriented framework that explains mobile payment platforms' adoption decision pathways of merchants and how these platforms afford or constrain benefits to merchants. This doctoral thesis formulated four research questions using the Ghanaian context as a case based on the identified gaps. First, "What are the mobile payment platforms' adoption decision pathways of merchants in Ghana and the strategic and non-strategic influencing factors besides the risk/utility trade-off"? Second, "How do mobile payment platforms afford or constrain merchants' transactions in Ghana"? Third, "What forms of outcomes (benefits) do mobile payment platforms afford merchants in Ghana "? last, "What enabling, stimulating and releasing conditions affect the benefits afforded by mobile payment platforms to merchants in Ghana"? Addressing the above research questions contributes to achieving the study's purpose of developing a theoretical and practice-oriented framework that explains mobile payment platforms' adoption decision pathways of merchants and how these platforms afford or constrain benefits to merchants. The study employed the Technology Affordance and Constraints Theory with principles from the Rational Choice Theory and literature on e-commerce to develop a conceptual framework. Based on the conceptual framework, five propositions were developed and tested. Further, the study was underpinned by the critical realist paradigm and adopted a qualitative multiple-case study approach using three merchant firms in Ghana to explore an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon. The case firms were theoretically selected based on a predetermined set of criteria. The research focused on Ghana because the country is an instance of a developing economy is continuously increasing access to payment systems by leveraging the widespread usage of mobile payment technologies as alternative channel access to financial inclusion and to promote a cash-lite economy. In responding to the first research question, the study found three main pathways by which merchants adopt mobile payment platforms in Ghana. First, rational decision, where the merchant adoption of mobile payment platforms is influenced by cost-benefit analysis based on the utility /risk trade-offs. The second is a strategic decision, where the business model and partnership survival influence merchant adoption of mobile payment. The third is the experimental decision, where merchants incrementally develop capabilities in adopting and using mobile payment. The findings suggest that in Ghana, factors that influence the merchant adoption of mobile payment platforms are multidimensional instead of the unidimensional factors identified in extant literature. Hitherto, there was no mention of the experimental decision, in literature, which, therefore, is a new contribution. Out of the three-dimensional factors that could influence merchants’ decision to adopt mobile payment, the strategic path was found to be most influential because it supported merchants’ organisational strategies of developing new business models. The second research question found that merchants’ interaction with mobile payment platforms afford the merchant a primary affordance of strategic information capturing. Relative to the extant literature, the study further revealed that the primary affordance of strategic information further affords the merchant with action possibilities of possible data analytics on critical customer data, leading to superior secondary affordances such as performance-monitoring, business development, and fraud detection affordances. Despite these affordances, technological deficiency, and value chain shortcomings such as mobile payment platforms interoperability, electronic-levy policy implementation, and network connectivity constrained mobile payment platform affordance actualisation and benefits. The third research question found that merchant mobile payment platform's affordance actualisation leads to strategic and operational benefits, as reported in the e-commerce literature in information systems. The study further discovered three new forms of benefits from mobile payment platforms' affordance actualisation relative to extant literature. This includes transformational, managerial, and organisational benefits. The transformational benefits were vital in supporting valuable and positive change in merchants’ firms leading to efficient merchant service delivery. This conceptualisation has not yet received scholars’ attention in mobile payment literature therefore this finding is a new knowledge and contribution to mobile payment research. Finally, the fourth research question found adoption readiness and stakeholder direction as two key enabling conditions. The adoption readiness factors include a favourable adoption environment, mobile payment pervasiveness, critical mass, and digitalisation uptake from COVID-19 pandemic. The prevailing payment culture consisted of mobile payment as the new normal, multi-currency feature and third-party mobile payment support. The stakeholder directional factors were also found to include regulatory factors and competitive pressure. The regulatory factors include government legislation, operational accreditation and interoperability. Finally, competitive pressure relates to usage from other firms and the changing consumer preference. On the other hand, the merchant’s orientation, the kind of business model, perceived extra revenue generation, financial readiness, merchant brand value, and COVID-19 served as stimulating conditions. Furthermore, the merchant's decision to pursue an overall benefit was found to be the fundamental releasing condition. The originality and contribution of this doctoral study to research and practice are as follows. First, hitherto non-existent in mobile payment literature, the research uncovers a new decision-making pathway to merchants’ adoption of mobile payment platforms. Second, this study contributes to theory development in the field of IS and mobile payment studies with several conceptualisations. This includes an empirically-validated conceptual framework that explains how mobile payment platforms afford or constrain benefits to merchants; a unique conceptualisation of mobile payment benefits as transformational, managerial and organisational; and six typologies on merchant adoption pathways to mobile payment platforms, affordances and constraints, mobile payment affordance actualisation outcomes and typologies of environmental factors that can enable, stimulate or release affordance perception and actualisation from a developing country context. These were non-existent in the mobile payment literature hitherto this study. Also, policymakers and practitioners can leverage this knowledge to create enabling conditions to ensure merchants’ continuance in the use of mobile payment platforms. This study's contributions have been published in one journal, two book chapters and two conference papers.Item Social Commerce And Value Co-Creation: Evidence From A Developing Country(University Of Ghana, 2022-10) Entee, E.The economic potential of social commerce, an ecosystem of services facilitated by social media and other digital technologies, is apparent, with an estimated 2.46 billion social media users globally and a projected market opportunity of US$ 100 billion by 2030. Despite social commerce's immense financial potential, much more is still uncovered about how value is co-created. Social commerce is critical in Africa because it provides African youth with various jobs and value-creation opportunities. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of academic literature on social commerce value co-creation. Problematising previous social commerce and value co-creation literature reveal three interrelated gaps that need urgent research attention. First, there is arguably a skewed theorisation or lack of theorisation in social commerce research that explains the essential value outcomes of social commerce applications. Second, social commerce research lacks an explanation of the roles that various actors play in the social commerce ecosystem in co-creating value. Third, there is a lack of explanation about the mechanisms that generate value outcomes. Consequently, this study formulates three research questions. (a) What are the actors’ resources and roles used and played during value co-creation within the social commerce ecosystem of Ghana (b) What is the value co-creation mechanisms within the social commerce ecosystem of Ghana? (c) What are the forms of value co-created within the social commerce ecosystem of Ghana? Answering these questions contributes to achieving the research purpose of developing a framework that explains how value is co-created within Ghana’s social commerce ecosystem. This study utilises the Service-Dominant Logic to explain the resources and roles of actors, value co-creation mechanisms, and forms of value co-created within the social commerce ecosystem of a developing economy to achieve the research purpose. Furthermore, based on information systems value literature, this study conceptualises the outcomes of value co-creation in social commerce as symbolic value and functional value. The conceptualisations culminate in a research framework explaining how social actors integrate their resources during value co-creation. This study uses a Critical Realism-based qualitative case study of a Ghanaian company in the fashion industry to illustrate how social commerce is used in the co-creation of value. The use of a single case study afforded an in-depth examination of the phenomena that led to the development of a new theoretical framework on value co-creation in the social commerce ecosystem. As an example of a developing economy, Ghana presented an opportunity to look at flexible innovations that can improvise new solutions to fit changing situations rather than sticking to long-term plans. Concerning the first research question, the findings indicate that social commerce actors performed two distinct roles during social commerce value co-creation; a collaborator role and an affiliate role. These roles are somewhat different from their formal roles and may be classified as Adaptive (i.e., actors who can adjust to changing conditions) or responsive (i.e., actors who perform actions in response to other actors’ actions). The findings on the resources used during social value co-creation reveal that different resources are unique and specific to an actor in a social commerce ecosystem. The findings also show how previous studies have assumed that resources are held entirely by the social actor of a service ecosystem, ignoring the resource potential of service platforms, which is the medium of interaction and held by all actors. Concerning the second research question, previous studies assumed that mechanisms occur at monodic levels and seem to overlook the possibility of value co-creation mechanisms to develop co-creative activities with networked actors. However, this thesis establishes that social commerce value co-creating mechanisms occur at three levels, namely, Monodic levels, Dyadic levels and Triadic levels. The monodic levels encompass how a single actor influences the functional processes underlying resource integration in social commerce value co-creation. Secondly, the dyadic levels entail how two social commerce actors influence the functional processes underlying resource integration in social commerce value co-creation. Lastly, the triadic levels concern the causal structures that underpin the functional processes of resource integration by three or more social commerce actors in value co-creation. Concerning the third research question, this thesis identifies three dynamic and multidimensional co-created value categories: functional, symbolic, and platform value. This categorisation is not mentioned in the value co-creation literature because they assume that value is consistent across purchase, consumption and evaluation for all actors. First, functional value is the benefit of converting assets into tangible (and intangible) value. In this study, three forms of functional value are co-created. These are interactional value, economic value, and physical value. Second, symbolic value (e.g., positive brand image, online social capital, and reputation) is realised from the “signalling effect” of each actor’s presence on or affiliation with social commerce platforms. Symbolic value is achieved through experiences that help social commerce actors achieve social integration. The study uncovered three forms of symbolic value: exposure, social, and relationship building. Third, platform value, hitherto absent in the literature, is the unique value offered by the social commerce platform. In precis, the study reveals that, after social commerce actors decide to co-create value, the social commerce platform fosters collaboration and venue for co-creation activities. This study’s originality and contribution to research and practice are as follows. First, this study conceptualises and empirically illustrates a framework that explains various actors’ roles in co-creating value within the social commerce ecosystem. Identifying these roles generates a deeper explanation of how actors interact to co-create value. More importantly, this study’s explanation of social commerce roles is the discovery of two new actor roles, i.e., collaborator and affiliate, which is unique in social commerce literature. Second, this study uncovers three value co-creation mechanisms, i.e., co-innovation, value co-seeking, and platform scaling. Hitherto, these remained unexplained. Furthermore, these unearthed mechanisms were identified at three levels: monodic, dyadic, and triadic. Further, this study unearths various forms of how social commerce platforms offer a unique value as “platform value” as a new co-created value beyond the functional and symbolic value reported in IS value literature. Hitherto, existing studies had conceptualised co-created value as either functional or symbolic. Platform value emanating from social commerce platforms is unique because it captures how actors coordinate their collaboration and interactions that facilitate innovation. Further, co-created value can be either be collective or customised. Additionally, there are value creation dependencies which mean value does not just happen it depends on the existence of certain actors and specific resources and processes and sometimes events. Finally, value expands because the social commerce ecosystem, by nature of its integration of actors, resources, and processes, creates a continuous flow of opportunities for the discovery of ideas and relationships which can yield new forms of co-created value. These contributions have been published in two book chapters conference paper. One manuscript is also under preparation for submission to the International Journal of Information Management, an A* journal in the information systems discipline.Item Internal Stakeholders’ Perceptions Of Integrated Communication In Universities: A Study Of Three Universities In Ghana(University Of Ghana, 2021-07) Ameyaw-Buronyah, E.T.Scholars in the field of organisational communication acclaim integrated communication (IC) for its ability to unify all communication efforts, avoid fragmentation and ensure efficiency in managing communication in today’s organisations. Although integrated communication aids organizations to have consistency in their communication effort, create continuous stakeholder experience and build organizational confidence and loyalty, there is virtually little or no studies on the use of integrated communication in universities in the Ghanaian context. This study was therefore driven by the scanty literature on the use of integrated communication in higher educational institutions, particularly universities. With systems theory as its foundation, the study explored internal stakeholders’ perceptions about the use of integrated communication in three universities in Ghana, namely Central University, Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA) and University of Ghana using mixed methods. The multiple-case study mode of enquiry, which allows the combination of different methods for data collection and analysis, was employed. A total of five focus group discussions (FGD) were conducted in the three universities for academic staff and senior staff. In addition, Level 400 students were surveyed from the three universities for their views on integrated communication in their respective universities in order to draw comparisons between the focus group data and survey data. Additionally, a qualitative content analysis was carried out to examine consistency in the deployment of some institutional visual symbols, and the results were compared with the FGD and survey data. Using semi-structured interview guides, a total of six (6) in-depth interviews were also conducted for one representative each from top management and the public relations/public affairs units in the institutions to interrogate their perceptions about IC and how they contributed to its implementation to validate the data gathered from the FGDs and survey. These methods largely helped to triangulate the data garnered from the different sources to meet the overall objective of making recommendations for effective IC management in universities in Ghana. The study found that none of the three universities had a well-developed mechanism for the implementation of integrated communication. The institutions’ practice of some sort of IC was impaired by fragmentation at the level of communicating institutional policies and departmental collaboration. In spite of this, the top management and PR representatives of each institution seemed satisfied with their communication based on their perception that enough efforts were being made for a successful IC, though this did not reflect the perceptions of the internal stakeholders. Generally, the findings did not confirm the systems theory which advocates a holistic approach to communication for mutually beneficial outputs. The study recommends that universities should minimise one-way communication, manage internal communication to avoid conversation fragmentation and adopt vigorous communication programmes that engage management and other internal stakeholders for mutually beneficial relationships. Again, universities should designate PR directors as the champions of IC processes to control and manage all factors that make integrated communication effective. Top management should also be committed to IC and lend its full support for the success of the implementation process. Additionally, sufficient budget should be allocated for IC programmes and periodic evaluation should be adopted.Item A Study Of Undergraduate Journalism Education In Ghanaian Universities(University Of Ghana, 2022-07) Anane, C.A.For four decades (1959-2000) only two educational institutions offered recognised journalism education in Ghana – the Ghana Institute of Journalism and the then School of Communication Studies at the University of Ghana. The former, until 2001, offered journalism programmes at the diploma level, and the latter offered journalism programmes at the post graduate level. Since 2005, Ghana has witnessed a significant increase in university education in journalism. Journalism courses are offered in at least fifteen public and private universities with programmes ranging from diploma through undergraduate to graduate degrees. The fast pace of growth in journalism programmes at universities calls for quality checks especially, in this era of rapid evolution and disruption in the media ecology. This study therefore inquired into the content of journalism training offerings in Ghanaian universities. The study examined the structure of undergraduate journalism education as well as assessed the content of the curriculum in relation to international standards. It also examined the journalism course content vis a vis industry and job market skill needs to ascertain whether there is a fit between them. Data were sourced from eight universities and ten media organisations in Ghana. Adopting a mixed methods approach, qualitative and quantitative methods were used to analyse data sourced essentially from interviews, document reviews, and survey. The data from the questionnaires were used to triangulate the findings from the interviews and content analysis to provide a holistic view of the journalism courses taught in universities in Ghana. The concept of quality assurance and Holland’s Jobfit theory underpinned this study. The key findings that have emerged from the study are that there are differences in journalism programmes among universities. The journalism courses taught in universities rely on international journalism standards. Similarly, journalism courses take into consideration industry skills requirements in developing curriculum, indicating a positive relationship between them. However, though the journalism courses take into consideration local skills requirement, there is no absolute fit between the skills taught and the skills required. A significant difference was found with four of the five skills categories namely: Reporting skills, Leadership skills, Reading and Numeracy skills, and Entrepreneurship and ICT skills. Writing was the only skill that there was no significant difference between what was taught and what was required. The study concluded that policy makers should consider standardising journalism education in universities in Ghana through the provision of subjectbenchmark statements. The study has provided guidelines for developing benchmarks for communication/journalism education at the university level in Ghana. More collaboration between universities and industry will address the skills gap.Item Salesperson improvisation: an empirical examination of its consequences and boundaries(2016) Yeboah-Banin, A.A.The received wisdom in industrial selling emphasizes systematic approaches where the typical sales scenario comprises prospecting, pre-approach, approach, presentation, handling objections, closing and follow-up. However, times are changing, making such a systematic approach to selling not always optimal. As markets become more unpredictable, salespersons must frequently employ unplanned, spur-of-the-moment responses to be responsive in unexpected and urgent situations. In spite of the pervasiveness of such improvised responses, the literature has yet to account for them. Accordingly, the objective of this study is to investigate the consequences, antecedents and boundaries of salesperson improvisation. From a descriptive decision-making perspective, the study proposes a conceptual model of salesperson improvisation and tests it on a sample of industrial salespersons in Ghana. Findings support a two-dimensional structure of salesperson improvisation comprising salesperson creativity and spontaneity. Findings also show that the dimensions may have differential implications for sales performance. Salesperson creativity during improvisation may engender sales losses while spontaneity may be related to sales success. However, neither dimension has a significant direct relationship with sales performance. Rather, the paths from creativity and spontaneity to sales performance become activated by resource availability, pressure to perform and individual agency. Resource availability renders the creativity– performance link positive while individual agency makes it negative. On the other hand, given high performance pressures, the positive non-significant path from spontaneity to sales performance assumes a significant negative tone. vi The study also finds that the two dimensions differ, to some extent, in the factors that drive them. Self-efficacy drives creativity but reduces spontaneity during improvisation. Experience also reduces spontaneity but has no direct effect on creativity. Salesperson autonomy, however, is a universal driver of both creativity and spontaneity. Implications of these findings for the sales management and improvisation literatures, and for practice are discussed. The researcher also outlines opportunities for future research.Item Educational Technology Integration In Teaching In Technical Universities In Ghana(University Of Ghana, 2022-08) Owusu-Acheampong, E.This study aimed to find the educational technology tools frequently used for teaching in selected Ghanaian technical universities and establish whether or not there is any relationship between educational technology use and enhanced instructional delivery. This study was guided by the Diffusion of Innovations Theory (Rogers, 1962; 2003), Technology, Pedagogy and Content Knowledge (TPACK) Model by (Harris et al., 2009), and the Substitution, Argumentation, Modification and Redefinition (SAMR) model (Puentedura, 2006). This research aligns with the philosophical assumption of pragmatism. The study used the embedded mixed-method design and relied on a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews for data collection from 252 faculty members randomly selected from two Ghanaian technical universities (Koforidua Technical University and Takoradi Technical University). Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics and qualitative thematic analysis. The study found that the effective use of technological tools such as laptop computers, mobile phones and the projector for teaching could make higher education instruction delivery very enjoyable, thereby making teaching outcomes more achievable. The study also revealed that the key factors affecting educational technology integration into teaching are inadequate educational technology tools, inconsistent internet connectivity, insufficient technical support services, and inadequate training, among others. It is therefore recommended that faculty members and the university authorities acquire more educational technologies for teaching. It is also suggested that the universities invest more resources in procuring Information, Communications and Technology infrastructure and ensure consistent internet connectivity. It is also recommended that the institutions organise continuous in-service training through workshops and seminars to acquaint faculty members with the needed competencies for effective and efficient integration of educational technologies into teaching.