Theses

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A long essay or dissertation or thesis involving personal research, written by postgraduates of University of Ghana for a university degree.

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    An Evaluation Of The Pattern Of Analgesics And Antibiotics Prescriptions Among Dental Practitioners In The Greater Accra Region Of Ghana
    (University Of Ghana, 2019-12) Bolfrey, D.A.
    Background: Antibiotics and analgesics are the two drugs frequently prescribed by dentist to manage patient condition therefore, their judicious use is necessary to ensure proper healthcare delivery to patient and to prevent negative effects due to wrong use of these medications. Aim of study and objectives: To investigate the pattern of prescription among dentist using recommended guidelines by WHO and the Ghana national standard treatment guidelines and other protocols. Also, to determine clinical and non-clinical factors that influences prescription practice of dentist. Methods: A cross-sectional, prospective, non-interventional quantitative study was employed to evaluate antibiotics and analgesics prescription pattern and factors that influences prescription pattern among dentist in Accra Sub metropolitan district. The study was conducted to include all dentists who were present at the four health facilities during the period of June and July 2019. Informed Consent was sought from the and study questionnaire was distributed to all participants present who agreed to participate. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires and a data form. Data was analyzed using STATA 15 and p-value<0.05 was considered be considered significant. Results: a total of 36 out of 48 questionnaires were returned. 19 male respondents and 17 female respondents. GDP were majority of respondents 83.33%. Amoxicillin was the most prescribed antibiotics 20 (30.30%) followed closely behind by metronidazole 17(25.76%). Antibiotics were mostly prescribed as combination (polypharmacy) that is 27 (69%) of encounters with antibiotics prescribed. Concurrently, the most preferred first line antibiotics of choice indicated by dentists were amoxicillin and metronidazole accounting for 42.19% and 25.00% of response respectively. Antibiotics were mostly prescribed after dental extractions 64.1% and to patients who reported with localized abscess 51.28%. Paracetamol was the most prescribed (65.85%) and preferred analgesics (46.05%), followed by NSAIDS. Sex of dental prescribers was determined to be statistically significant factor on patient’s knowledge on antibiotics and source of information on prescribed drugs, p<0.05. Conclusion; In this study the preferred antibiotics and most prescribed antibiotics were amoxicillin and metronidazole, and were mostly prescribed together. These medications were mostly prescribed without evidence since culture and sensitivity reports was not requested which may lead to irrational use. Sex as a factor was proven to have influence on the source of knowledge on prescribed drugs and knowledge on some prescribed antibiotics, with most female respondents not indicating scientific publication as sources of information on prescribed medication and a greater proportion exhibiting poor knowledge on some prescribed antibiotics. Number of years of practice, age of dentist, specialty, and hospital facility did not have any influence on their prescription behavior. Patient demand and pharmaceutical promotion were also proven to have minimal effect on the prescribing behavior of dentist.
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    Utilization of Contraceptives among Serving Military Women in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana
    (University of Ghana., 2019-07) Naab, R.
    Background: There is ongoing annual increase in the proportion of women in the military globally and Ghana is no exception with women making up 14% of the military population in the Greater Accra Region. Military women work in male-dominated environment and often wish to reduce disparities in physical capabilities with their male counterparts to the barest minimum. Female military personnel are disadvantaged compared to their male counterparts mainly due to their reproductive role and its associated risks. For instance, compared to military men, military women are withdrawn from participation in peacekeeping duties and standard military courses due to pregnancy. This affects the carrier progression and welfare of military women and negatively affect available troop numbers for deployment. The biggest threat to female troops and the major reason for their repatriation to their home countries during combat and peacekeeping operations was pregnancy. Pregnancy in military operational area can consume medical and evacuation resources and reduce the available military strength. Yet, most studies show half of all pregnancies are unplanned. This calls for increased urgency in the adoption and implementation of female reproductive health policies. Evidence shows that contraception is an essential tool to reduce unplanned pregnancies and improve, promote and maintain female sexual and reproductive health. Objective: To investigate contraceptive utilization among military women in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Method: A community-based quantitative cross-sectional design was adopted for the study. A two-stage cluster sampling technique was used to select 453 military women across the various military locations in the Greater Accra Region. A structured interview-administered questionnaire was used to collect data electronically using Kobo Collection Toolbox. The data was exported to Microsoft Excel (Version 2016), where the data was cleaned and further exported to Stata software version 15.0 for statistical analysis. Univariate analysis was used to describe the variables. Bivariate analysis using Chi-square technique was performed to test the associations between independent variables and contraceptive utilization. Multiple logistic regression analysis was also carried out 00 the individual, sociocultural and health system factors. Crude and adjusted odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were used to assess the strength of association. Statistical significance was accepted at p≤0.05. Results: The results show that the proportion of military women who were using contraceptives (all methods) in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana was 45 %. Further, the proportion of military women who were using modem methods was 31.8% while 13.2% used traditional methods. The proportion of military women who had adequate knowledge on contraceptive methods was 90.9%. The Arm of service (AOR= 1.90; 95% CI-1.06-3.29), number of deliveries (AOR= 2.38; 95% CI=1.I8 - 3.47), contraceptive availability (AOR= 0.32; 95% Cl=0.19-0.54), partner's approval (AOR= 0.34; 95% CI-O.22-0.52) and knowledge (AOR=2.2; 950% CI=1.1 1-5.20) were found to be significantly associated with utilization of contraceptives. Conclusion: This study found that the proportion of military women who currently used contraceptives was high when compared to the Greater Accra Regional and the national average. Military women's awareness and knowledge of contraceptives was very high but this did not necessarily translate into significant usage due to fear of side effects, religious prohibition and husband's disapproval. Therefore, partners of military women and religious leaders should be included in contraceptive education programmes and discussions. Majority of military women were using the less effective, short-acting reversible modem contraceptives such as the Pill and Condoms rather than the more effective, long-acting reversible contraceptives and permanent methods. Nearly half of military women had never received contraceptive education since being recruited or commissioned into the Ghana Armed Forces. Additionally, Air force Military Women had much higher contraceptive utilization compared to their Army counterparts.
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    Male Partner Involvement In Family Planning In Ga Central Municipality In The Greater Accra Region Of Ghana
    (University of Ghana, 2019-07) Boateng, S.
    Background: until recently, in developing nations, fertility and family planning research, policies and programs were targeted at women. Currently, attention is increasingly being paid to the incorporation of males into family planning programs and research. Though females bear kids and most modern contraceptives are for them, men also bear the financial responsibility of looking after their wives and children. This study sought to investigate male partner participation in family planning in the Ga Central Municipal Assembly. The specific objective includes determining the level of involvement of male partners, examining factors that affect their participation. Objectives: the objectives of this study are to determine the level of male partners’ involvement in family planning, examine factors that influence their participation and barriers to their participation in the Ga Central Municipality of the Greater Accra Region. Method: the study used cross-sectional design with quantitative approach to data collection to explore involvement of male partners in family planning. A total sample size of 394 respondents were recruited by from the Ga Central Municipal Assembly. Descriptive bivariate and binary logistic regression analysis were performed to establish the relationship between independent variables (the couples’ socio-demographic characteristics, level of knowledge) and the dependent (male involvement in family planning) outcome variable. A p-value of <0.05 with 95%CI is accepted as statistically significant association between the independent and the dependent variables. Results: the research results indicates that about a third (30%) of males had the low level of knowledge of family planning and 7% high. Male education, male and female occupation, males’ level of knowledge and the community acceptance of male participation in family planning are significantly associated with male involvement in family planning. Additionally, there was quite poor spousal communication and stigma about male contraceptive uses, male education and occupation, level of knowledge, community perception was associated with males’ involvement in family planning. Conclusion: in conclusion, the level of male partner involvement in FP in the GCMA are as follows; 60% of participants had low interest, 21% were moderately involved whiles only 19% were highly involved in FP. Some of the reasons why males participate in FP were to stop child birth, to delay pregnancy, to achieve a desired family size, to prevent STIs and affordability of family planning services. Lastly, factors such as male partner’s education and occupation, female occupation, knowledge level of male on family planning and community acceptance of male participation in family planning were found to be influencing male partner’s involvement in FP.
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    Adherence to Hepatitis B Virus Infection Prevention Protocol among Health Care Workers in Selected Public Health Facilities in the Greater Accra Region
    (University Of Ghana, 2019-07) Senoo, V.E.
    Introduction: The World Health Organization global disease burden from sharp injuries revealed that 37% of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infections among Health Care Workers (HCWs) was as a result of occupational exposures to blood and body fluids. In Sub Saharan Africa alone, about 40-65% of HBV infections among HCWs occur as a result of percutaneous occupational exposures to contaminated blood and body fluids of patients. The prevalence of HBV among the Ghanaian population is high and occupational exposures to blood and body fluids that could potentially result in HBV infection is on a surge among HCWs. International health organizations have made recommendations regarding the prevention of occupational exposure and subsequent acquisition of HBV infection. In Ghana, the occupational health and safety policy guideline for the health sector was developed in accordance with international recommendations with the aim of providing policy direction towards efforts aimed at HCW protection from HBV. Seven years following the development and dissemination of the policy guideline, this present study was undertaken to access the level of adherence to preventive practices among HCWs in the Greater Accra Region. Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional survey involving HCWs drawn from five health institutions in the Greater Accra Region was undertaken between January and April 2018. Stratified random sampling procedure was used to select 363 health care workers for the study. A structured pretested questionnaire was used to collect data from all consenting health care workers. Approximately 5 mls of venous blood was collected from all consenting HCWs and screened qualitatively for the presence of five serological markers of HBV. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) procedures were subsequently undertaken to detect IgM HBcAb and to quantify anti-HBs. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Chi-square test or fisher’s exact were performed followed by binary logistic regression with level of significance set at <0.05. Analysis of variance procedure was undertaken following tests of normality and heterogeneity of variances to determine differences between overall adherence scores and post exposure prophylaxis knowledge. Adherence and knowledge scores were categorized into three levels namely: poor, intermediate and good using three interval scoring system of low (≤50%), intermediate (51-74%) and high (≥75-100%). Results: Complete data were available for 340 out of 363 HCWs sampled for the study giving a response rate of 93.70%. Mean age, height and weight of participants were 34.55 years (SD ±7.68), 162.80cm (SD±7.83) and 72.55 kg (SD±13.83) respectively. Overall HBV vaccination uptake was 60.9% (207/340) (95% CI= 55.7%-66.1%). Complete vaccination measured as adherence to 3 doses regimen was 46.8% (159/340). High risk perception (aOR= 4.0; 95% CI=1.3-12.5) and previous training in infection prevention (aOR= 2.8; 95% CI=1.1-7.5) were both seen to be significantly associated with adherence to receipt of three doses of HBV vaccine. Adherence to recommended vaccination schedule of 0, 1, 6 interval was intermediate 62.3% (159/207). Adherence to post vaccination serological testing was poor 21.3% (44/207) with HCWs working at regional hospital having the least odds of adhering to this vaccination component (aOR= 0.1; 95% CI=0.0-0.6). Overall vaccination adherence mean score was 53.46% (95% CI=49.86-57.05) with no statistically significant difference between the various cadre of staff (F=0.85; P=0.51). Adherence to overall HBV vaccination recommendation was extremely low in the population with 6.2% of the entire HCW population and 3.80% of vaccinated HCWs adhering completely. Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) for HBV knowledge was generally poor (overall mean score was 47.85; 95% CI=44.35-51.35) with significant differences among HCW categories (F=3.11; P=0.010). Exposure reporting was good 76.3% (29/38) with significant difference between the various facility levels (ꭓ 2 =17.990; p=<0.001). All the components of PEP (Evaluation for eligibility for PEP, Timeliness of PEP initiation and post-PEP follow-up visits) were observed to have good level of adherence (adherence was >75%) except PEP usage that was intermediate with a coverage of 70% (7/10). The predominant HBV maker among the population was Anti- HBs; 57.4% (195/340) and the least was HBeAg; 1.5% (5/340). One third (123/340) of the HCWs were naïve to HBV. Lifetime exposure to HBV (Anti-HBc) prevalence was 8.2% (28/340) (95% CI= 5.0%-11.0%). Females had 4 times lower odds of being exposed to HBV (aOR=0.4; 95 % CI=0.1-0.9). HCWs without training in prevention of blood borne infections had almost three times higher odds of being exposed to HBV in their lifetime (aOR=2.6; 95 % CI=1.1-6.4). HCWs in lower level facilities also demonstrated two times higher odds of being exposed to HBV (uOR=2.1; 95 % CI=1.1 -4.7). The overall prevalence of current HBV infection (HBsAg) was 5.9 % (20/340) (95% CI =3%- 8%). Prevalence was highest among males, orderlies and those working at CHPs facility. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that despite the high susceptibility to HBV infection among the HCWs, adherence to recommendations regarding HBV vaccination and PEP usage are sub-optimal. Therefore, to avert the serious consequences of HBV infection among HCWs in the Greater Accra Region, immediate interventions are required from employers and all stakeholders. HCWs of all categories working at all the five levels of care would need support to promote adherence to pre and post exposure modalities against HBV infection. Apart from making vaccines and immunoglobulin available to HCWs, training in blood borne infections and programs targeted at increasing risk perception for HBV among HCWs could improve adherence and subsequently prevent new infections.
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    Assessment of Malaria Parasite Rate and System Attributes in the Sentinel Surveillance Sites in Greater Accra Region
    (University of Ghana, 2017-07) Mukendi, T.K.
    Background Malaria remains a major public health problem in the world. In Ghana, the entire population of24.2 million is at risk of malaria infection. Malaria is end emic and perennial in all parts of the country, with seasonal variations that are more pronounced in the north. From 2010 to 2015, Ghana has reduced by 45% malaria deaths. Progress in reduction of malaria prevalence has been recorded in the routine surveillance system through Health Management Information System but unfortunately that data suffers from reliability from presumed malaria. Therefore, Ghana established the sentinel surveillance system in 2013, with the aim to monitor the prevalence of malaria in the country and minimizing the proportion of cases of presumed malaria. Since this establishment the sentinel surveillance system, the indicators generated by the system show a clear progression in the control of malaria. Nevertheless, there is no evidence about how effective the system is performing. This study seeks to evaluate the performance of the malaria sentinel surveillance system, by assessing its attributes in the Greater Accra region; and also, determine the prevalence of malaria during that same period. Methods: This study was cross-sectional and used secondary quantitative data and methods to derive malaria positivity rate in sentinel sites in the Greater Accra region. Data on malaria indicators were extracted from District Health Management Team e-database for January 2014 to December 2016. The data were analyzed to show both slide and RDT malaria positivity rate, proportion of suspected malaria case, and testing rate. Based upon CDC the Centre for Disease Control, Atlanta updated guideline for evaluating Public health surveillance system, keys system attributes were assessed and described. Epi info was used to generate frequencies, proportions, and chi square test at 5% confidence level. Results: In general, the rate of malaria positivity and the proportion of suspected cases of malaria prescribed with ACTs have decreased overtime. From 2014 to 2016, this decrease ranged from 25% to 12.2% for malaria positivity and from 61.4% to 29.6% for proportion of suspected malaria cases. There was also an increase of testing rate from 81.7 to 98 % over the study period. Data quality is particularly poor in the Qbom health center sentinel surveillance site. However, overall, the internal completeness of the surveillance system was satisfactory. Data from Sentinel sites was getting more and more accurate over time, when comparing with Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research data. Positive predictive value ranged from 12.0010 to 20.4 % in 2014 to 2016, declining over time while Sensitivity increased leading to the increase of number of suspected cases since 2014. Conclusion: The testing rate in the malaria surveillance sites during the study period increased, resulting in a decrease in the use of ACTs. Majority of suspected cases were tested and classified according to outcomes. Malaria positivity rate also decreased significantly in the course of these three years. The data are generally of good quality, representing very well the community in terms of place and people. The application ofT3 (Test, Treat and Track) and case definition by the system, increased the systems sensitivity to the detriment of the positive predictive value.
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    Hydrogeological Characteristics of Aquifers in the Greater Accra Region
    (University of Ghana, 2019-07) Akuetteh, A.N.
    The economic importance of groundwater in the Greater Accra Region cannot be overemphasized, since supply from boreholes and wells continues to be the most dependable alternative sources of water for most rural and urban communities in the region. Three different consolidated hard rocks underlie the region making it difficult to produce volumes of groundwater for supplies. Demand for portable water has led to the drilling of large numbers of boreholes. This study statistically assesses the general conditions of groundwater resources for successful exploitation, classify areas for prolific groundwater exploration and assess the quality of water in the region to be used for domestic purposes. Statistical approach was adopted to compare the variability and distribution of specific capacity and transmissivity values of existing boreholes in the various hydrogeological units. Hydrogeological units were classified using Krasny’s transmissivity classification in order to delineate prospective zones for groundwater exploration. The results from the Krasny’s transmissivity classification showed Transmissivity coefficient of 197m2/day, 197.3m2/day and 211.3m2/day for Dahomeyan, Granitoids and Togo hydrogeological units respectively. All the hydrogeological units belonged to the class of transmissivity magnitude class II which depict high transmissivity coefficient that suggests abstraction potential suitable for regional supply. The transmissivity indices are 6.04, 6.23 and 6.24 for Birimian Granitoids, Dahomeyan formation and Togo formation respectively. These categorised all the three hydrogeological units into moderate variation in a heterogeneous environment but the Togo formation being the most prolific. Based on WQI most of samples are suitable for domestic purpose except for few locations, which show values beyond the permissible limits that cannot be used without treatment. R and Q-mode hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) are combined with factor analysis with principal components and varimax rotation, to determine field associations among the sample points, and their most possible sources of origin. R-mode and Q-mode HCA results showed linkages in general fields that suggest the varying geochemical sources in the three hydrogeological units. Physico-chemical parameters of the groundwater showed low pH values ranges suggesting acidic water in all the hydrogeological units. Nitrate values ranged between 0.0 and 2.73 mg/l which are within WHO standard guideline but very high in few samples suggesting pollution introduced by anthropogenic activities. Correlation analysis between the major ions and physical parameters showed positive correlation between TDS and Na, Mg, Ca that were significant at levels of significance above 0.5 for all the three hydrogeological units suggesting mineralisation through rock weathering processes. Piper Trilinear diagrams showed Na-Cl, Ca- Mg-Cl, and Ca–Mg–HCO3- are the dominant water type in the study area. Multivariate statistical methods employed to determine the factors that influenced hydrogeochemistry indicated factors including the dissolution of soluble minerals, evaporative enrichment as a result of the dry weather conditions and sea water intrusion or sea water spray resulting in high TDS values. Gibbs diagram results used to validate the results from multivariate analysis showed groundwater in the various hydrogeological units evolved from precipitation evaporation–crystallization and mainly rock mineral weathering.
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    The Perception of Risk and Its Implications on the Operations of Motor Taxi (Okada) in the Greater Accra Region.
    (University of Ghana, 2018-07) Appiah, A.N.
    Motorcyclists’ injuries and fatalities are a major recent public health concern in many developing countries, including Ghana. In Ghana, motorcycle for commercial purposes (known as Okada) is a recent development but one of the fastest transportation mode especially in the urban areas. This study focused on the perception of risk and its implications on the operations of motor taxi (Okada) in the Greater Accra region. Specifically, the study was designed to evaluate the risk perceptions, knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and practice of some commercial motorcyclists regarding the use of crash helmet and other safety equipment. The questionnaires targeted 200 riders from various commercial motorcycle turfs (stations) from two different study areas (Accra Metropolis and Ashaiman Municipality). The researcher obtained verbal consent from commercial motorcyclists (group leaders) and after that administered structured questionnaires concerning motorcyclists’ behaviour in their operations. There was also a checklist of safety gears, interviews with stakeholders and focus group discussion with some riders (Station Master). Chi-square test of association was used to determine the statistical significance of relationships between independent variables such as demographic characteristics and the dependent variable that is, the risk perception of Okada operators. At the end of the study, riders percieved that Okada operation is dangerous but had a high-risk perception of safety. As a result, the use of protective gears like helmet, boots, and jackets was high among riders. The study recommends that Okada should be legalised, and there should be an joint efforts of Government and other relevant stakeholders to target riders and pillion riders for educational programs to change unfavourable attitudes, practics and beliefs toward road safety regulations and the use of safety gears.
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    Psychosocial Crises and Coping Among the Homeless in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana
    (University of Ghana, 2018-09) Fosu, N.B.
    Homelessness is a pervasive social problem that has devastating impacts on affected individuals and poses severe challenges to policymakers in developing countries. This study investigated psychosocial distress associated with homelessness and the effectiveness of coping strategies used to manage such distress. Homeless individuals aged 10 years and above in the Greater Accra region of Ghana constituted the research population. An explanatory mixed-method design comprising a crosssectional survey (study I) and a one-on-one interview (study II) was employed. A sample of 183 participants, consisting of 86 homeless (47.0%) and 97 non-homeless (53.0%) individuals with an age range of 14 – 49 years (M=24.95, SD=8.75), was drawn for the study. The non-homeless participants served as control only for the assessment of psychosocial distress associated with homelessness. The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, the Modified PTSD Symptom Scale-Self Report, the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised, the Somatic Symptom Scale – 8, and the Brief COPE Scale were employed as instruments for data collection in Study I. Semistructured interview guide was developed for data collection in Study II. Analyses of data in study I revealed significantly higher level of psychosocial distress among homeless participants than nonhomeless participants; greater use of adaptive coping strategies than maladaptive coping strategies among the homeless participants; and significant associations between maladaptive coping and psychosocial distress. Thematic analyses of qualitative data in Study II exposed the unique experiences of homeless individuals, their coping behaviors, and the outcomes of such coping behaviors. The findings highlight the need for timely and appropriate interventions to address the psychosocial crises facing the homeless in Ghana.
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    Language Use among Ewe-Speaking Artisans in Some Selected Towns in Volta Region and Greater Accra Region
    (University of Ghana, 2019-07) Akpakli, E.Y.
    The study presents an account of the language alternation patterns among Ewe-speaking artisans in some selected towns in the Volta Region and part of Greater Accra Region. The data for the study were collected from semi-structured interviews and voice-recordings of spontaneous conversations of the artisans. From the interview data, two groups of artisans were found at the workshops: bilinguals and monolinguals. Analyzing the linguistic and sociolinguistic features of the language alternation patterns using Myers-Scotton (1993) Markedness Model, findings show codeswitching and an emerging mixed language are spoken by the artisans. The bilinguals, as part of their linguistic repertoire, use Ewe-English codeswitching while the monolinguals use the emerging mixed language. The monolingual artisans learned the emerging mixed language by virtue of their exposure to bilingual speech (codeswitching) through the process of borrowing. The artisans employed these language alternation patterns as the language of work. Both codeswitching and the emerging mixed language served as the medium of communication at the workplace. In general, the study was motivated by prediction made in the literature to the extent that Ewe will turn into a mixed code due to the intensive use of codeswitching by Ewe bilinguals. Based on the data analyzed, it is clear that Ewe is really at the transition period of turning into a mixed language as the result of the excessive love for codeswitching.
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    Social Control in a Peri-Urban Ghanaian Community, Sege in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana.
    (University of Ghana, 2019-07) Sottie, R.
    Social control had been part of all human societies. Traditional Ghanaian societies had means of ensuring social control and order prior to colonialism. Two systems of social control-formal or Western and informal or traditional exist in Ghana. It was observed that the introduction of formal social control challenged and weakened informal social control. However, in the midst of a distinct bulk of works, a few studies were done on the informal social control systems in Ghana. Specifically, there is a dearth of research that examines how the informal social control system contributes to the maintenance of law and order or ensuring social order. This study, therefore, finds out how the informal social control system contributes to ensuring law and order. The study employs a qualitative phenomenological approach to gather data using focus group discussion and individual in-depth interview from twenty-eight (28) discussants and seven (7) key informants at Sege. In the course of the discussions and interviews, participants shared their views on the role of the informal social control system in ensuring social order in the community. The findings of the study indicated that three forms (sanctions, prohibitions and cautioning) of informal social control measures were available in the community. Some of these informal social control measures were more efficient and regularly used for the maintenance of law and order. However, most of these measures were no longer in existence in the community as a result of some factors of change. The study found that formal and informal social control measures were utilized by the community to ensure social order. The study also found that agents of social control system included both traditional and non-traditional leaders. This comprises traditional leaders, political leaders, religious leaders, family heads and the police. The agents of social control were the mediators of dispute resolution in the community. The choice of a mediator depended on the disputants and the issue at hand. It was also found that disputes were resolved by disputants themselves or with the support of a third party. The study likewise revealed that the mechanisms of dispute resolution comprise negotiation, mediation, and arbitration. The findings of the study once more indicated that community members were unhappy with how law and order were maintained and proposed varied ways to improve social order. The study concludes that the informal social control system has contributed to ensuring law and order in Sege. Hence, it is recommended that the formal and informal systems of social control should collaborate to ensure social order in Sege and that the government should also include in the constitution informal social control measures that do not undermine the fundamental human rights of people.