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A long essay or dissertation or thesis involving personal research, written by postgraduates of University of Ghana for a university degree.
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Item Ensemble learning prediction of transmittance at different wavenumbers in natural hydroxyapatite(Scientific African, 2020) Okafor, E.; Dodoo-Arhin, D.; Obada, D.O.Material engineering-based research has often relied so much on tedious human exper iments for generating specific engineering properties with a major draw-back of high time demand that can span between an hour and days. Hence to deviate from the usual paradigm, we provide an alternative approach which employs artificial intelligence (AI) based ensemble learning methods for predicting the degree of transmittance for a range of wavenumbers of infrared radiation through hydroxyapatite (HAp) samples. The effective samples (transmittance and wavenumber) were passed as input to the predictive systems. For this, we trained two ensemble learning methods: Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Random Forest on variants of HAp (density and time variations), while considering a fixed amount of 10,000 base estimators. The results show that Random Forest marginally outperforms the XGBoost in the testing phase but requires a much longer computing time. However, XGBoost is much faster than the Random Forest. Furthermore, the examined en semble learning models yielded a coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.997): which are in close agreement with experimental data, depicting an excellent generalization capacity. Additionally, the examined ensemble learning models showed a significant ≥ 99.83% de crease in computational complexity relative to the time spent when generating the exper imental data. Overall, the use of ensemble learning models is very important for validating material engineering propertiesItem Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine dyes using zinc oxide nanoparticles(Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020) Dodoo-Arhin, D.; Asiedu, T.; Agyei-Tuffour, B.; et al.This paper presents the synthesis of nanocrystalline zinc oxide (ZnO) particles via the sol-gel method using zinc acetate as a precursor. The calcination temperature of the ZnO was varied to determine its effect on particle size. The resultant samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), UltraViolet–visible Spectroscopy (UV–Vis) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Nanocrystalline wurtzite ZnO particles with crystallite sizes ranging from 16 nm to 30 nm were produced. The Energy Band gap of the synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles decreased with increasing calcination temperature and crystallite size. SEM Micrographs showed rice-like microstructure morphology of ZnO nanoparticles. The usage of the ZnO nanoparticles as a photocatalyst was also explored in the degradation of Rhodamine B dye using UV light, with particular attention paid to the effect of particle size and catalyst load on the degradation efficiency of the dyes. The nanoparticles calcined at 400 C with a crystallite size of 16 nm resulted in the highest degradation efficiency of 95.41% when 0.2 g catalyst loading was applied. 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer review under the responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Symposium on Nanostructured, Nanoengineered, and Advanced MaterialsItem Hydroxyapatite ceramics prepared from two natural sources by direct thermal conversion: From material processing to mechanical measurements(Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020) Akpan, E.S.; Dodoo-Arhin, D.; Dauda, M.; et al.In this study, hydroxyapatite (HAp) was extracted from catfish bones (CB) and non-separated animal bones (NB). The bioceramic samples were prepared by a facile synthesis route and the representative scaffolds were prepared by cold compaction and sintered at 900 C, 1000 C, and 1100 C. To evaluate the properties of the produced HAp, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FT IR) analyses were carried out. The evaluation of the hardness of the representative bio-derived scaffolds was experimentally conducted while the fracture toughness and brittleness index were obtained by calculation using the hardness test parameters. The experimental data showed that as temperature increased up to 1000 C for CB, there was a consequential increase in hardness, while for NB, hardness values reduced throughout the sintering regimes. These gradients in mechanical measurements are ascribed to phase changes during heat treatment. 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by nc-nd/4.0). Selection and Review under the responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference & Exposition on Mechanical, Material and Manufacturing TechnologyItem Modified nanostructured titania photocatalysts for aquatic disinfection applications(Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020) Dodoo-Arhin, D.; Bowen-Dodoo, E.; Agyei-Tuffour, B.; et al.According to SDG 6, everyone on earth should have access to safe and affordable drinking water. In sharing water-treatment technologies that lead to accomplishing this goal, it is imperative to devise ways of removing microbial contaminants such as E. coli from drinking water, especially in resource-limited settings that lack centralized water supply systems. One of the approaches is bacterial disinfection of water at the point of use. In this study, the bactericidal effects of the photocatalysis of titanium dioxide-based nanoparticles under UV and visible light are explored. Pristine and silver doped nanostructured mesoporous titanium dioxide (Ag-TiO2, TiO2) particles with high specific surface area and average crystallite domain size of 7.0–7.5 nm were prepared using the simple and cost-effective sol-gel technique followed by thermal treatment. The addition of Ag+ ions during the hydrolysis/condensation of the Ti(IV) molecular precursor led to the homogeneous dispersion of the Ag+ cations on the titania matrix. The As-prepared nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetry, Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), and Raman Spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy confirmed that the crystalline structure of the TiO2 matrix corresponds to the anatase polymorph; however, the presence of the dopant led to an increase in the system disorder due to the rise in the concentration of oxygen vacancies. The As-prepared nanoparticles were used for Escherichia coli (E. coli) inactivation under dark and UV–visible light conditions. Under dark conditions, Ag-doped titania and pristine titania resulted in 95% and 64% E. coli population inactivity while under light conditions, 99% and 97% degradation respectively were observed. Taken together, these results demonstrate that, the synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles have promising applications in the light-mediated point-of-use inactivation of bacterial contaminants in water. 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer review under the responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Symposium on Nanostructured, Nanoengineered, and Advanced Materials.Item Effects of substrates on the performance of optoelectronic devices: A review(Cogent Engineering, 2020) Asare, J.; Agyei-Tuffour, B.; Dodoo-Arhin, D.; et al.This review discusses the effects of substrates on devices fabricated for optoelectronic applications. It includes the types and characteristics of substrates, synthesis, and fabrication of substrates, and the influence of substrates on the optical properties, surface morphology, and current-voltage behavior of optoelectronic devices. The study showed that two main types of substrates: planar and textured are commonly used in the industry. Flexibility, semi-rigidity, and rigidity are characteristics of the substrates and they vary in modulus, transparency, and texture. Whereas glass and metal substrates can be produced via melt casting, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), etc are produced by crosslinking polymer base materials with curing agents. The mechanical and current-voltage characteristics are also shown for planar and textured substrate-based devices. The textured substrates showed ridges, wrinkles, and buckled surface morphology whereas the planar showed uniform and largely flat morphology. Textured substrates also recorded higher optical absorbance and improved device efficiencies than planar substrates. The molecular configuration of the polymer chains is edged-on for planar substrates and edge-on and face-on for textured substrates. The findings and their implications have been discussed to highlight the importance of substrates in the fabrication and performance of optoelectronic devices.Item Prediction of the reflection intensity of natural hydroxyapatite using generalized linear model and ensemble learning methods(Engineering Reports, 2020) Okafor, E.; Dodoo-Arhin, D.; Obada, D.O.; Ibrahim, Y.Laboratory data acquisition and analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) data involves a lot of tedious human engineering and is time-consuming. To put it in context, a summation of the material synthesis procedure leading to the analysis of the structure of the material can span several days. To curb this challenge and to enhance innovations in engineering pedagogy, this article investigates an alternative method that uses supervised learning algorithms based on ensemble techniques and a generalized linear model (GLM) for predicting reflection intensity (XRD patterns) of raw and natural hydroxyapatite under varying sinter ing temperature conditions given Bragg angles as input to the machine learning algorithms. For the experiment, we trained GLM and ensemble learning models (CatBoost, LightGBM, and two variants of XGBoost based on manual and genetic algorithms for tuning the hyperparameters). The results show that most instances of the XGBoost yielded a robust performance that surpasses all other approaches when predicting X-ray reflection intensities ascribed to the biomaterials subjected to varying sintering temperature conditions. In addition, the results show that all the ensemble techniques significantly outperform the GLM indicates that the former exhibits better generalization capacity. The ensemble learning techniques and the GLM present a reduced computational complexity.Item Computational Modelling of poly(9-vinylcarbazole)/Fullerene nanoheterojunction for organic solar cells and photovoltaics applications – A DFT Approach(SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022) Elloh, V.W.; Dodoo-Arhin, D.; Kan-Dapaah, K.; et al.Organic polymer photovoltaics have great technological potential as an alternative source of electrical energy. The demand for inexpensive, renewable energy sources is the driving force for new approaches in the production of low-cost polymer solar cells. During the quest to determine the best deposition and thermal annealing procedures for organic materials in organic devices, it has become increasingly clear that the structural order of these materials is a key factor. Highly ordered aggregation of conjugated oligomers and polymers can improve properties such as charge transfer and interaction with light processes that lead to better device performance. The development of such procedures for polymers and their blends although successful, has taken on a substantial try-and-error approach. Structural and morphological characterization of organic materials in the solid state is relevant for their application in Organic Photovoltaics. A comprehensive investigation of the PVK/C60 adsorption surface is performed using ab initio density functional theory calculations combined with van der Waals corrections (GGA+vdW). The goal is to use detailed atomistic computational approaches to model intrinsic electrical and optical properties, to investigate the influence of packing arrangements on the anisotropy of properties that relate to device performance, to elucidate the behavior of active materials during deposition and thermal treatment impacts on resulting morphologies which are relevant to the development of devices.Item Mechanical measurements of pure and kaolin reinforced hydroxyapatite-derived scaffolds: A comparative study(Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020) Obada, D.O.; Dodoo-Arhin, D.; Dauda, E.T.; et al.This study describes the mechanical properties of pure hydroxyapatite (HAp) and kaolin-reinforced hydroxyapatite (K-HAp) is produced from non-separated animal bones using compression pressure under different sintering regimes. The HAp microparticles were synthesized separately using a facile heat treatment method and reinforced with 15 wt% of beneficiated kaolin (HAp/15 wt% BK) using the sol-gel method. The HAp and K-HAp-derived scaffolds were fabricated by cold pressing with a compaction pressure of 500 Pa. Next, the scaffolds were sintered at 900 C, 1000 C, and 1100 C with a 2 h dwell time in the air atmosphere. Subsequently, the mechanical properties of the scaffolds were examined. The effect of sintering temperature and compaction pressure on the hardness and the compressive strength of the pure and reinforced HAp showed that at all points of measurement (with and without compaction pressure), the mechanical properties increased with an increase in sintering temperature, and the most significant mechanical properties were obtained at 1100 C. The values of hardness at the maximum sintering temperature (1100 C) are 0.93 and 1.09 GPa with and without the application of compaction pressure, respectively, for pure HAp-derived scaffolds and 0.74 and 0.78 GPa with and without the application of compaction pressure, for K-HAp-derived scaffolds. The compressive strength for K HAp had the value of 7.84 MPa as compared with 0.69 MPa for the non-reinforced HAp matrix with the application of compaction pressure (500 Pa). The findings show that the mechanical properties of the synthesized kaolin-reinforced HAp about the scaffolds produced with the low compaction pressure of 500 Pa are suitable for human trabecular bone. 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by nc-and/4.0) Selection and Review under the responsibility of the scientific committee of the International. Conference & Exposition on Mechanical, Material, and Manufacturing Technology.Item Design of novel hybrid 2D nanomaterials for optical, optoelectronic and micro-electro-mechanical systems applications(Hybrid Advances, 2023) Elloh, V.W.; Gebreyesus, G.; Dodoo-Arhin, D.; et al.Novel hybrid 2D class of ternary nano heterostructures have been designed by mixing aluminium nitride (AlN), and boron nitride (BN) with 2D graphene to design innovative 2D nano heterostructures for applications in electronics and other industries. The structural stability and electronic properties of these nano heterostructures have been analysed using “first-principles based calculations done in the framework of density functional theory. Different structural patterns have been analysed to identify the most stable nano heterostructures. It is more energetically favourable that the aluminium nitride and boron nitride atom chains occupy the positions of the carbon atoms in a clustered pattern in the nanoheterostructures. Carbon atom chains sandwiched between aluminium nitride and boron nitride chains of atoms are a preferred choice over isolated chains of BN, AlN and CC in the nanoheterostructures. The calculated band gaps of the novel nanoheterostructures are found to be 0.87, 0.43 and 0.65 eV respectively. These novel hybrid 2D nano-heterostructures are energetically favoured materials with both direct and indirect band gaps. They have potential applications in nanoscale semiconducting and optoelectronic devices, notably optical, optoelectronic and micro-electro-mechanical systems.Item Chemical preparation and evaluation of the physicomechanical properties of novel copper–water hyacinth nanocomposite(Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 2022) Gyasi-Antwi, D.; Dodoo-Arhin, D.; Boansi, A.O.; Ullrich, A.Water hyacinth has become a menace in many rivers in Ghana and the world at large. Various methods applied to get rid of these invasive plants have been unsuccessful. One workable solution is to use the plant for economic benefit. We have synthesized Copper-Water Hyacinth nanocomposite using the chemical reduction method. This is a preliminary research stage to ultimately use the properties of the material to construct a filter to treat water. The nanocomposite was characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy which revealed the morphology and other surface features with particle sizes ranging between 3 and 10 nm. Electron diffraction studies confirmed the planes (200) and (311) as well as the presence of metal copper. X-ray Diffraction studies confirmed the Miller indices for the angles 21.7◦, 25.3◦ and 45◦ as (111), (200), (311). With the application of the Tinius Olsen IT 406 High Energy Pendulum Impact Machine, the mechanical durability of the nanocomposites was tested to determine the impact resistance. The mechanical impact energy of 27.98 ± 0.02J was similar to natural fiber-reinforced composites. Direct current Ohm’s bridge was employed to investigate the electrical conductivity, resistivity, and electric field strength, and the values were (3.64 ± 0.02)x10− 2(Ωm) − 1 , 27.50 ± 0.02Ωm, 224.17 ± 0.02Vm− 1 accordingly. Copper-water hyacinth nanocomposite could be compared to intrinsic semiconductors owing to the electrical conductivity value. The percentage of moisture content led to an increase in the applied voltage. The Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy data also suggests that they have a high potential for use as ion-adsorbent materials in aqueous chemical systems.