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Item Women As Agents Of Change: A Case Study Of Women In Cape Coast (1877-1957)(University of Ghana, 2019-07) Agyeiwaa, C.Whilst the dominant narratives in historiography consider markets to be male dominated spaces in pre-colonial Cape Coast, this study contends that women became the principal agents of trading activities during the colonial period. With the increasing visibility of women in market spaces during the colonial period, women, both elite and ordinary, played an active role in the shaping of the colonial urban town of Cape Coast whilst conducting their trading activities. Through the analysis of women’s activities in the markets in Cape Coast, it is evident that women became instrumental in the conceptualization of a market space. This study also contends that market women became key agents in promoting developmental projects in the community. Before European contact with the people of the Gold Coast in 1471, African women were prominent in economic activities such as agriculture and trade. European presence enhanced trading activities in the Gold Coast especially along the coastal areas. Cape Coast, one of the coastal towns, later emerged as a prominent centre of trade and headquarters of trade for the British residents. Prior to the British abolition of slave trade, slaves were the major commodity of trade in the coastal markets and this trade was mainly controlled by men. Women only gained access through their relationships with European merchants. The abolition of the Atlantic slave trade resulted in an increase in legitimate trade in the Gold Coast, especially along the coastal areas. By the colonial period however, women had become active in the changing economy. They were vibrant in the spatial markets along the coast, specifically in Cape Coast. Though the transfer of the colonial capital from Cape Coast to Accra in 1877 resulted in economic decline of the town, trading activities within the spatial markets in Cape Coast did not come to a halt. Women continued to be active participants in trade in the Gold Coast. It is within this context that this study examines how market women contributed towards the development of Cape Coast during the colonial period through their trading activitiesItem A History of Liberian Migrants in the Gold Coast/ Ghana, c. 1880 – 1980(University of Ghana, 2021-05) Danquah, E.M.During the colonial period, Southern Gold Coast was one of the destination areas which attracted migrants from other West African territories. Among the migrants who came to the Gold Coast during the nineteenth century were Liberian migrants who became known mostly for their hard work in the mines, harbours, etc. and through their work as night soil carriers. As labour migrants, Liberians were highly demanded by colonial officials; but their strong attachment to their homeland back in Liberia posed a challenge for the supply of Liberian labour in the 1880s and 1890s and their integration into the Gold Coast. However, by the mid-twentieth century, Liberians had integrated into the Gold Coast. They intermarried with the local population and settled in spaces popularly called ‘Krutowns.’ Drawing on archival sources and oral interviews this project examines the economic rationale which informed British policy of pursuing the integration of Liberians into the Gold Coast. I argue that British official policies towards Liberian migrants such as the provision of free health care and the creation of specialized settlements encouraged and facilitated the integration of Liberian labourers into the Gold Coast. This enabled the Gold Coast to first, beat competition from neighbouring French Ivory Coast; and also to ensure the steady supply of Liberian labour for the Colony. The study also shows that further generation of Liberians created a ‘diasporic’ community in the Gold Coast. I demonstrate that Liberian migrants in the twentieth century created a diasporic community in two main ways. First, by establishing social networks to provide support for themselves and secondly, facilitating the formation of transnational links between Ghana and Liberia.Item A History of Language Planning in the Gold Coast, 1874-1957(University of Ghana, 2020-11) Adomah-Gyekye, B.This thesis examines the history of language planning in the Gold Coast with emphasis on the deliberate efforts that were made to influence the learning, orthographies and usage of languages in during British colonial rule. Several scholars have dilated on language planning during the colonial era focusing mainly on language in education policies of governments and the official language question. Extant literature has concentrated on the efforts of the British colonial administration to promote the English language and the usage of indigenous languages in education in the Gold Coast to a certain extent. The efforts made by other language planners such as Christian missions, traditional authorities, educated elites and international cultural organizations to improve the learning, orthographies and usage of the at least sixty-eight indigenous languages have not been given equal attention. This work therefore aims to contribute to filling this lacuna. The study is qualitative and it relies on sources such as archival documents, newspaper articles, interviews, personal files, books, journal articles and unpublished dissertations. It also employs the linguistic colonialism framework. This thesis reveals that between 1874 and 1957, not only British colonial officials but also Christian missions, traditional authorities, educated elites and international cultural organizations played significant roles in language planning in the Gold Coast in the form of policies, research, advocacy and publishing. This phenomenon was not new but started with Europeans and educated elites during the pre-colonial era. This study argues that the essential efforts made by language planners in the Gold Coast during the colonial era to promote indigenous languages left much to be desired, with respect to the few number of languages they focused on and, the dominance and indispensability of the English language in the country.Item Bono States' Relations with Asante 1712 - 1959(University of Ghana, 1999-09) Adum-Kyeremeh, K.A study of the nature of Asante's relations with states in the bono part of the Bono Ahafo Region. The thesis also examines the response of the various Bono states to Asante imperial rule, and how those states which resisted Asante rule were treated by Asante chiefs. The study reveals that prior to the Asante Invasion of 1712, Asante traders bought kola, livestock and pottery from Bonduku, Abesim, Kyeraa, Manso,Tekyiman Ahenekwaku and other settlements in Bono. The invasion of 1712 notwithstanding, economic relations between the two increased. During the early 19th century, Atebubu and Bonduku became important market centers visited on a regular basis by Asante traders . Later in the 1880s, the Kintampo and Wankyi markets expanded into international ones patronized by Asante traders from North Africa. Politically, however, Asante conquest of Bono soured relations between Asante and the Bono States as a result of the frequent capture, and often the murder of Bono chiefs or their subjects. the conquests also resulted in the looting of gold resources of the states, and the replacement of legitimate Bono rulers by persons without any claim to legitimacy. Asante rule resulted in the polarization of Bono society, between pro-Bono and pro- Asante states. these factions became antagonistic towards each other , formed alliances with neighbours who shared their ideology, and fought each other on a number of occasions. Anti- Asante sentiment persisted and grew in intensity from the late 19th century. In pursuit of freedom and independence from Asante rule , the Bono people identified with the Convention Peoples Party (C.P.P) in the1950s. In consideration of their support for the C.P.P. in the general elections of 1954 and 1956, the Nkrumah regime rewarded the bono by constituting their states and Ahafo into an autonomous administrative regime in 1959.Item A History of Language Planning in the Gold Coast, 1874-1957(University of Ghana, 2020-11) Adomah - Gyekye, B.This thesis examines the history of language planning in the Gold Coast with emphasis on the deliberate efforts that were made to influence the learning, orthographies and usage of languages in during British colonial rule. Several scholars have dilated on language planning during the colonial era focusing mainly on language in education policies of governments and the official language question. Extant literature has concentrated on the efforts of the British colonial administration to promote the English language and the usage of indigenous languages in education in the Gold Coast to a certain extent. The efforts made by other language planners such as Christian missions, traditional authorities, educated elites and international cultural organizations to improve the learning, orthographies and usage of the at least sixty-eight indigenous languages have not been given equal attention. This work therefore aims to contribute to filling this lacuna. The study is qualitative and it relies on sources such as archival documents, newspaper articles, interviews, personal files, books, journal articles and unpublished dissertations. It also employs the linguistic colonialism framework. This thesis reveals that between 1874 and 1957, not only British colonial officials but also Christian missions, traditional authorities, educated elites and international cultural organizations played significant roles in language planning in the Gold Coast in the form of policies, research, advocacy and publishing. This phenomenon was not new but started with Europeans and educated elites during the pre-colonial era. This study argues that the essential efforts made by language planners in the Gold Coast during the colonial era to promote indigenous languages left much to be desired, with respect to the few number of languages they focused on and, the dominance and indispensability of the English language in the country.Item A History of Language Policy In Ghana 1920-1971(University of Ghana., 2011-06) Nkrumah, G.The impact of colonial language policy on the linguistic history of Ghana cannot be underestimated. The general continuity that has characterized Ghana's language policy after independence owes much to colonial language policy especially after the late 1920s. AII the same, colonialism did not entirely dictate the language policy of post-colonial Ghana. For post- colonial Ghana, the history of language policy was not only shaped by colonial vestiges but also by the political and socio-economic developments at the time. This thesis seeks to trace the historical developments of language policy in Ghana. How and why has the country's language policy changed over time? By utilizing colonial records, the study examines colonial government responses to language concerns during the colonial period. What were these responses and bow have these responses become manifest in subsequent policies on language after independence? In considering post-colonial language policy, the thesis also discusses the role of language in national integration and identity. Of what significance was language to a fledgling nation, in the creation of a national identity while at the same time creating and maintaining national unity'? To what extent was an indigenous language crucial in both cases?Item History of the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, Tafo 1938-2008(University of Ghana, 2019-07) Tetteh, S.A.The Cocoa Industry Became The Mainstay Of Ghana’s Economy since its introduction in the country in the late 19th century. The industry spread quickly from its original base at Akuapem through Akim to many parts of the country making Ghana the leading producer of cocoa by 1910. However, the industry was faced with a near collapse in the 1930s due to the emergence of the deadly swollen shoot disease that was fast destroying many farms. This compelled the colonial administration to establish the Central Research Station at Akim Tafo which later became the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG). They were mandated to deal with the situation and study to provide innovative ways of cultivating the crop in order to increase production. Research activities at the station in containing the situation whip up farmers interest in the industry in many ways. For example scientific measures were employed in reducing the maturation and fruition period of the original Amelonado Cocoa from seven to three years through hybridization. This research therefore focused on changing the narrative of placing high land, labour and cocoa pricing as responsible for increase in production to the innovative strategies introduced by the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG) through their research activities to make Ghana’s cocoa industry vibrant.Item Women as Agents of Change: A Case Study of Women in Cape Coast (1877-1957)(University of Ghana, 2019-07) Agyeiwaa, C.Whilst the dominant narratives in historiography consider markets to be male dominated spaces in pre-colonial Cape Coast, this study contends that women became the principal agents of trading activities during the colonial period. With the increasing visibility of women in market spaces during the colonial period, women, both elite and ordinary, played an active role in the shaping of the colonial urban town of Cape Coast whilst conducting their trading activities. Through the analysis of women’s activities in the markets in Cape Coast, it is evident that women became instrumental in the conceptualization of a market space. This study also contends that market women became key agents in promoting developmental projects in the community. Before European contact with the people of the Gold Coast in 1471, African women were prominent in economic activities such as agriculture and trade. European presence enhanced trading activities in the Gold Coast especially along the coastal areas. Cape Coast, one of the coastal towns, later emerged as a prominent centre of trade and headquarters of trade for the British residents. Prior to the British abolition of slave trade, slaves were the major commodity of trade in the coastal markets and this trade was mainly controlled by men. Women only gained access through their relationships with European merchants. The abolition of the Atlantic slave trade resulted in an increase in legitimate trade in the Gold Coast, especially along the coastal areas. By the colonial period however, women had become active in the changing economy. They were vibrant in the spatial markets along the coast, specifically in Cape Coast. Though the transfer of the colonial capital from Cape Coast to Accra in 1877 resulted in economic decline of the town, trading activities within the spatial markets in Cape Coast did not come to a halt. Women continued to be active participants in trade in the Gold Coast. It is within this context that this study examines how market women contributed towards the development of Cape Coast during the colonial period through their trading activities.Item An Academic in Politics: A Study of Emeritus Professor Albert Adu Boahen, 1932-2006(University of Ghana, 2019-07) Ashong, T.The mid-twentieth century undoubtedly marked a watershed in African history and historiography. One striking feature of the period was the emergence of a new crop of African historians who were poised to challenge the hegemony of Eurocentric scholarship. Kenneth O. Dike, a prominent Nigerian historian blazed the trail with his magnum opus Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta, 1830-1885. In Ghana, the trailblazer was Prof. Albert Adu Boahen who was a teacher, scholar and an astute politician. As a teacher, he taught and mentored students while researching and writing about the Ghanaian and African past. He was a staunch critic of military rule and always laid emphasis on constitutional governance, the freedom of speech, and freedom of the individual. In spite of his remarkable contribution to the country, existing literature has only had a cursory look at him. Thus, a specific scholarly study devoted to his life and career is yet to be written. This study therefore provides a scholarly biography of Prof. Albert Adu Boahen. The study maintains that Adu Boahen was not just a renowned historian who contributed to pioneering Ghanaian and African historiography; but was also instrumental in attempts to consolidate democratic culture in Ghana. This study makes use of archival evidence from the private archives of Adu Boahen and PRAAD in Accra. In addition, secondary sources including relevant books, dissertations, academic articles and photographs are interrogated. These sources are augmented with extensive interviews conducted with relatives, friends and colleagues of Adu Boahen. Overall, this study provides a scholarly biography of Adu Boahen in order to show his contributions to Ghanaian and African historiography, academic institutions and professional associations. In addition, the study shows Adu Boahen’s place in Ghana’s struggle for democracy and constitutional governance since the early years of independence.Item Nawuri-Gonja Relations, 1913-1994(University of Ghana, 2002-07) Mbowura, C.K.This thesis looks at the relationship between the Nawuri and the Gonja from 1913 to 1994. It discusses the arrival of the Nawuri, the Gonja and other immigrants into the Nawuri area and the nature of the relationship between the two groups of people through time. Contacts between the Nawuri and the Gonja date back to the seventeenth century when the two ethnic groups regarded each other as political allies. As political allies, the Nawuri supported the Gonja when eastern Gonja came under attack by Asante in 1744-45. Similarly, the Nawuri supported the Lepo Gonja (one of the three gates to the Kpembe chieftaincy) when a civil war erupted between Kanyase on the one hand and the Lepo and the Sungbung on the other. The relationship between the Nawuri and the Gonja up to 1913 was very cordial and peaceful. In 1913 Karantu Kankarantu Jawula was installed the Kanankulaiwura in the Nawuri area. Throughout his tenure of office, Kanankulaiwura Jawula pursued polices that indicated that the Nawuri were Gonja subjects and that allodial rights to the lands in the Nawuri area resided in the Gonja. It was this action of Kanankulaiwura Jawula and the subsequent amalgamation of the Nawuri area to the Gonja state that brought about a change in the relationship between the Nawuri and the Gonja. There are several feuds between the Nawuri and the Gonja relating to birthrights, allodial rights, overlordship and chieftaincy became the thrusts of their relationship. The local feuds between the Nawuri and the Gonja determined their positions in politics concerning the status of British sphere of Togoland from 1922 to 1956 as well as politics in Ghana from 1966 onwards. The above issues of dispute between the Nawuri and the Gonja, particularly the Gonja claim to allodial rights to lands in the Nawuri area and political control over the Nawuri, their recognition and suppression of Nawuri chieftaincy formed the root causes of the conflicts between the Nawuri and the Gonja both during the colonial and the post-Independence era. The wars between the Nawuri and the Gonja have technically not ended, and a state of war still exists between them since no peace treaty has been signed, The Ampiah Committee that was set up in 1991 by the erstwhile PNDC Government to investigate the causes of the Nawuri-Gonja wars submitted its findings and recommendations to the government in that year. Perhaps for political reasons, a Government White paper was not issued on the findings and recommendations of the Committee.Item Straddling Land And Sea: A History of the Edinafo’s Involvement in the Atlantic Commerce, 1701-1872.(University of Ghana, 2018-07) Yorke, G.K.This study is a local history and will emphasis major indigenous socio-economic developments between the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries of Dutch presence in Elmina. It will stress the nature of the Atlantic commercial interactions between Europeans and Africans on the Gold Coast and how the Edinafo intermediated and dominated these interactions. Elmina was drawn into a vibrant Atlantic Ocean trade in gold, European luxury goods, and slaves from the turn of the fifteenth century. Straddling land and sea, Elmina came under the economic and political sway of the Akan interior and the Atlantic world. Being a major part of this world where an Atlantic commercial enterprise was established, Elmina became important in shaping trade relations amongst European and African merchants. This study will explore the agency of the Edinafo as a model of an African involvement in the Atlantic commerce, with a focus on how they influenced the Dutch Atlantic commercial interest on the Gold Coast. Thus, the study will emphasise the dynamic and complex Atlantic interactions on the Gold Coast and the intermediary role of the Edinafo which, to a far extent, influenced the Dutch West India Company (WIC). In Elmina, there were the “commercial agents” or makelaars (brokers), merchants, entrepreneurs, Dutch officials― particularly the Abrofomba (Euro-Africans) ― as well as the Edinafo and their political hierarchy. Moreover, Elmina was involved in the politics of the Gold Coast since the early eighteenth century. This emanated from the rise of Asante who built a strong commercial and political relation with the Edinafo, much to the chagrin of the Fante states. Consequently, local interest in the commercial exchanges and its associated politics in Elmina became a bulwark against the Dutch commercial and political exploitation of the roles of the brokers, political officials, indigenous merchants, the Abrofomba Dutch officials, amongst others, in the commercial interaction. This culminated in the departure of the Dutch WIC from the Gold Coast in 1872.Item A History of Ghana’s Second Cycle External Examination Systems, 1951-2006(University Of Ghana, 2018-07) Antoh, C.O.Traditional African societies are not oblivious to examinations. The introduction of formal ed-ucation to British West Africa, however with school examinations, date back to the eighteenth century. This system brought a different understanding of assessing learners with its own unique form of examination, administered after a period of study. The aim of this study is to provide a historical survey of second cycle external examinations and the two common inter-twined problems of annual examination malpractices and poor examination performance in Ghana. At the pre-tertiary level of Ghana’s education, there exist both internal and external examinations. Despite successive governments’ effort to provide accessibility, equity, and quality education through the adoption of three different external examination models known as the British, National and Sub-regional examination models, the problem of examination malpractice and poor examination performance still persists in second cycle education in Ghana. This thesis makes use of both primary and secondary sources. Primary sources included data from the Public Record and Archives Administration Department (PRAAD), archival docu-ments from the Ministry of Education, National and Headquarters of the West African Exam-ination Council, the Parliament of Ghana and Balme Library. Also, this study relied heavily on oral interviews. Moreover, the work engages various secondary sources such as books, articles, journals etc. This thesis revealed that the West African Examination Council (WAEC) was established after G.B. Jeffery report of March 1950 supporting the demand and agitation for a local body to perform what the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate and the University of London School Examinations Matriculations Council previously did in the colonies. Also, the thesis identified over-emphasis of examinations and certification in Ghana, poverty, fear, and the abuse of technology as the factors responsible for examination malpractices. With regards to poor examination performance, failure by WAEC to organize its examination at the appropriate and original period, abuse of formative assessment by teachers and counsel-lors, inability to complete syllabus and the traditional parents’ and students’ role were identi-fied as the factors responsible for poor examination performance among second cycle students in Ghana. The thesis also brought to light a poor application of Continuous Assessment in grading second cycle students in Ghana.Item The Contribution Of Policewomen To The Development Of Policing In Ghana (1952-2000)(University of Ghana, 2017-07) Adjei-Mensah, D.Policing as a profession from its inception in Ghana (formerly the Gold Coast) had been a profession reserved for men. This is because policing in all the former British colonies imitated the British style of policing which was base on the British Victorian Ideology. The purpose of this research is to investigate policewomen’s contributions to the development of the Ghana Police Force. Drawing on both primary and secondary sources including archival documents from the Public Records and Archives Administration Department (PRAAD), and the Police Academy library, the research work covered three distinct Phases namely: the Independence Phase, the Military Regime Phase and the Democratic Phase. Using the first twelve Ghanaian policewomen employed in 1952 as a case study, during the Independence Phase Policewomen began to make contributions to the Ghana Police Force as a result the assistance they enjoyed from Nkrumah, the First president of Ghana. The findings from the Military Regime Phase and the Democratic Phase show that though women in the Ghana Police Force faced a few challenges they were able to break the glass ceiling and made remarkable achievements due to some policies which were implemented in Britain particularly during the Military Regime Phase. Though these policies did not directly influence changes with regards to the roles policewomen could play as female Officers, they increased awareness of women’s contributions when given the opportunity. Other reasons which according to the research expanded the roles of policewomen into Command Positions as their male counterparts in the Democratic Phase were Education, the 1992 constitution of Ghana and the role played by Jerry John Rawlings, president of the 4th Republic. I investigated that as compared to policewomen who were recruited during the Independence and Millitary Regime Phases, policewomen who occupied Command Positions in the Democratic Regime Phase enjoyed respect and support from male Officers. This confirms that the Democratic Phase contributed significantly in marking a turning point in the roles women played in the Ghana Police Service.Item A History Of Death And Funeral Rites: A Case Study Of The Ga In Jamestown (Ghana)(University of Ghana, 2017-07) Mitja, P.Rites of passage which are found everywhere in the world are life-cycle ceremonies that usually include religious transformations with a passage to the next stage of life. Death and funeral rites represent the last rite of passage and the Ga ethnic group of Ghana has its own unique way of performing them; their traditional rites which existed for a long period of time in precolonial society have drastically changed under the influence of colonial intervention and modernization. The other factors of change include the influences of the environment, ethnic conflicts, intermigration, religious transformation due to the impact of monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam, development of trade, merging of cultures, etc. Early death rituals with their rich cultural heritage in the traditional Ga society and the environment are in imminent danger of being lost due to the impact of all these external factors, but some of them have been modified and kept within the new rites. Due to the multitude of variations of the rites among the Ga subgroups, the case study of Jamestown will be applied as a part of this research project. The relevance of the study is not only in its contributions to the existing knowledge, but also represents a new historical and ethnographic approach to changes of traditions, awareness of all these various changes for the particular ethnic group and an attempt to preserve some of them.Item Financial Institutions and Agricultural Financing in Ghana: The Case of The Ghana Commercial Bank -1953 – 1994(university of Ghana, 2014-12) Kyere, I; Mbowura, K. C.; Pohl, O.J.; University of Ghana, College of Humanities, School of Arts, Department of HistoryThe British Bank of West Africa (B.B.W.A) now renamed Standard Chartered Bank Limited and Barclays Bank Ghana Limited were the two prominent foreign Commercial Banks first established in the Gold Coast in 1897 and 1917 respectively. In the colonial era, these British banks did not cater to their banking needs; they dealt with large businesses and did not extend credit to Ghanaian farmers. In 1953, the Commercial Bank was established as the first indigenous commercial bank to serve the people of the nation. Since 1953, the Ghana Commercial Bank has made agriculture financing its priority and has extended loans to its agricultural customers. How well the Ghana Commercial Bank has performed in extending credit to farmers in Ghana and the impact of the credit on this group of farmers and the economy are the basis for this study. The various approaches the bank adopted to support agriculture in Ghana are addressed and the benefits the bank and its loan beneficiaries derived from the bank‘s agricultural policies are also spelt out. In addition, it was observed that the high rate of default among some farmers as a result of the lax collection procedures of the bank has seriously affected the liquidity and performance of the institution, while the complicated procedures in loan application, approval and disbursement contributed to the inefficient utilization of the credit extended to the farmers. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that the amount of credit available to small-scale farmers should be increased and disbursed promptly to ensure an optimal utilization of the input. Also, for increased liquidity and for the bank to become self-sufficient, it should improve its loan recovery procedure and make desperate efforts to stem the high rate of default that has seriously affected the performance of the bank. The study observed that though the bank supported successive governments ‘agricultural policies, its contribution towards the general agriculture performance in Ghana was not adequate.Item Football and Nation-Building in Ghana under Kwame Nkrumah, 1951-1966.(University of Ghana, 2014-06) Otoo, S. E.; Amoah-Boampong, C.; Sapong, N. Y.; University of Ghana, College of Humanities, School of Arts, Department of HistorySports was an important element of the colonial administration’s attempt to control the leisure life of the people of Gold Coast. After independence, the relationship between sports and politics in the administration of the Convention People’s Party (CPP) cannot be underestimated. Sports came to represent an important tool in government’s effort in instilling national pride and unity among Ghanaians. This study examines how football became arguably the most popular among the various sporting disciplines that were introduced by the British. It further looks into the use of football by Kwame Nkrumah and his Convention People’s Party (CPP) to execute many agendas aimed at promoting national unity and national pride among Ghanaians. The study argues that football was not just a mere leisure activity and that with the founding of the Central Organisation of Sports (COS), it became a major state institution that was used to unify, and to show the African capability. It was also used to pursue some of the CPP government’s foreign policy initiatives which included African unity and the government’s stand against apartheid.Item The Growth and Development of Free Education in Northern Ghana: 1951-1966(University of Ghana, 2014-06) Asare-Bediako, E.; Perbi, A. A.; Oyangen, K; University of Ghana, College of Humanities , School of Arts , Department of HistoryFree Education has always been thought of in terms of its role played for the social, political and economic development in a country. The idea of a Free Education Policy underlined the role of education in development to meet the human resource needs of an economy. State and public sector institutions were central to the development strategy of the newly independent countries in Africa. The year 1951 saw the proposals made for the implementation of the Free Education Policy and 1952 saw the actual implementation of the policy in Ghana. Despite the weakening of the policy in the late 1960s as a result of financial problems the policy contributed in the development of the area. Free Education became a major issue especially in Northern Ghana where education remained weak especially due to quality challenges, weak institutional capacities and inadequate funding. Free Education was vital for Northern Ghana’s sustainable socioeconomic development. This thesis discusses the growth of Free Education in Northern Ghana. It examines the rationale behind the policy and how it was implemented and the challenges it faced. It also assesses the role of Free Education in the social, political and economic development of Northern Ghana.Item A Study of health conditions and disease control in the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast, 1897-1956(University of Ghana, 1999-09) Gundona, S.; Addae, S.; Brukum, N.J.K.; University of Ghana, College of Humanities, School of Arts, Department of HistoryThis thesis generally is an investigation of the nature of health conditions and disease control in Northern Ghana during the colonial period, 1897-1956. In particular, the study examines the Protectorates disease environment and how the local people and subsequently the colonial authorities handled the disease problems. The study also investigates the extent to which measures designed to combat diseases were efficient. The conclusions reached in this study are that, the environment of Northern Ghana was fraught with many diseases, both of indigenous and “foreign” origin. The local people had developed their own ways of handling some of the diseases while others like onchocerciasis and leprosy were left to nature. When the colonial government supervened and modem medical systems emerged a multifaceted approach was used. Due to inadequate funds and consequently lack of medical personnel, attention was focused on Europeans. Although it was seen as prudent to cater for the local population from the 1920s onwards the little funds allocated to the Protectorate continued to hold back the local peoples benefit of western medicine. Tremendous development in western medical practice emerged only in the 1930s when the Native Authorities were involved in the health delivery system. Under the aegis of the Native Authorities, planned development of health and medical policies were facilitated, numbers and quality of health facilities improved and hospital attendance became encouraging. Combining strategies of isolation and vaccination, delivered through an efficient organisational network some diseases like smallpox and yaws became extinct by 1956; although others like malaria, trypanosomiasis and cerebro-spinal meningitis prevailed.Item Rural Migrants and the Negotiation of Identity in Asante. The Case of Dadease, 1930-1996(University of Ghana, 2012-06) Duah, M.; Adjayi; Addo-Fening; University of Ghana, College of Humanities, School of Arts, Department of HistoryAn ethnic minority ―is not the same...as a party, a trades union, or a pressure group. It is akin, rather, to a class, or an age group, or an interest group. (Crowley, 107) This thesis addresses the negotiation of Identity from the historical perspective. It seeks to show how Kotokoli, Mossi and other African migrants to Rural Asante shaped and expressed their sense of be identity from 1930 to 1996. The hypothesis to be explored by this research is that identity among migrants to a homogenous society is shaped during its negotiation by the migrants’ perception of their immediate and remote contexts, be it political, social or economic. If the perception of either of these should change, Identity can be affected. Thus Identity is ever fluid and evolving. Social Anthropologists Smith, Stewart and Winter for instance have argued this point in their work on Latvian immigrants in a small mid-west town in the United States of America after World War Two. Their research reconstructed, based on memory, the Identity their respondents assumed from their high school years through to mid-life. They concluded that people’s perception of their history – that is whether they saw themselves as the Latvian Diaspora waiting out a Soviet invasion or as economic migrants – shaped how they saw themselves. Also people characterised themselves, either as Latvian, Latvian-American or American was based on how much they felt they belonged to the large Latvian community in which they lived or the larger American community. This thesis does not seek to chronicle the collective experiences of migrants to Asante throughout the 20th Century. It rather seeks to show the how and why of Identity formation through a case study of a group of migrants who carved a niche for themselves in their host society. An understanding of the complex factors that go into Identity negotiation, belonging and exclusion would prove invaluable, particularly in nation building efforts and our understanding of the concept of a (trans)national Identity. References Crowley, J. ―The Political Participation of Ethnic Minorities,‖ International Political Science Review 22 no 1 (Jan 2001): 99-121. Smith, A. G., Stewart, A.J., Winter D. G. ―Close Encounters with the Midwest: Forming Identity in a Bicultural Context,‖ Political Psychology 25 no 4 (Aug., 2004): 56-71.