Department of Marine and Fisheries Sciences
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Item Modelling The Relationship Between The West African Mangrove Oyster (Crassostrea Tulipa, L.1819) And The Aquatic And Climatic Environment For Use As A Bio-Indicator In The Densu Estuary(University of Ghana, 2021-09) Atindana, S. A.Crassostrea tulipa (Lamarck, 1819) in the Densu estuary was investigated from March 2019 to August 2020 for aspects of its ecology; it’s potential as a bio-indicator of environmental variability; and long-term effects of climate variability on shellfish production in Ghana’s artisanal fisheries and its implication on sustainable management of oyster fisheries. Oyster samples were collected monthly and physicochemical parameters namely Temperature (OC), Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L), pH, Total Dissolved Substances (mg/L), Conductivity (µS/cm) and Salinity (0 /00) measured in situ in triplicates. Silicates, Total Alkalinity, Chlorophyll a, microbes (Total Viable Counts, faecal coliform and Escherichia coli) and heavy metals (Lead, Cadmium and Mercury) were measured ex situ following standards of APHA (2015). Relative abundance was measured as Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) and growth pattern determined using the TropFishR package in R programming software. The numerical and frequency of occurrence methods were used to determine its food habits. Species-environmental driver relationship was analyzed following Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) approach using the Vegan package (version 2.5-4.) in R studio software (version1.3.1056). CPUE from experimental fishing was significantly (p < 0.05) higher (6-200; 233.33 ± 6.00 kg/hr/fisher/day) than commercial fishing (3-100;78.12 ± 7.11 kg/hr/fisher/day). CPUE was significantly higher (p = 0.0161) at low tide (115-500;50.10 ± 5.3 kg/hr/fisher/day) than high tide (6-200; 62.58 ± 3.12 kg/hr/fisher/day). CPUE was higher (p = 0.023) in the dry season (150.87 ± 1.12 kg/hr/fisher/day) than the rainy season (57.45 ± 0.55 kg/hr/fisher/day). Crassostrea tulipa has a fast growth rate (K= 0.81; L∞ = 13.24 cm). Higher condition index (60 %) was recorded in the rainy season than the dry season (39 %). University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh iv The diet of the oyster was predominated by golden algae (IRI=595), red algae (IRI=209), green algae (IRI=131.37) and diatoms (IRI =172). Densu estuary is a dynamic shallow system with high concentration of total alkalinity and aragonite. Water depth, silicates, e coli and revelle factor were significantly higher (p < 0.05) at high tide than low tide. Also, mean water depth, cadmium, total alkalinity, pH, carbon dioxide, lead, total carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide fugacity and chlorophyll a were significantly higher (p< 0.05) bio accumulated Pb and Cd than big- sized (4.5-5.4g) tissues. Lead, mercury, TVC, faecal coliform and Escherichia coli also bio accumulated in C. tulipa tissues more (BAF > 1) than in the water medium which suggests that it has the ability to provide a measurable response to changes in the estuarine environment. Therefore, C. tulipa in the Densu estuary has the ability to accumulate pollutants from the environment and its morphometric features could give clues on the state of environmental variables. C. tulipa is a good bioindicator for assessing; lead, mercury, Total viable counts, E coli and faecal coliform in the Densu estuary. Densu estuary is high in aragonite and total alkalinity. The predictor variables for; Condition factor is aragonite, shellfish catch is temperature and Shell height & Width are faecal coliform, total carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide fugacity. There is the occurrence of contamination and therefore the need for regular monitoring, enactment of control measures and depuration prior to consumption. Also, the use of refuse dam and sewage outlet should be prohibited. It is recommended that laboratory and field-controlled experiments be conducted on oyster responses to extremes of temperature, aragonite and total alkalinity. There is an urgent need for the collation of data on estuarine/lagoonal shellfisheries in Ghana by Fisheries Commission and other stakeholders on catch trends, gears, effort and income of artisanal oyster collectors.Item Modelling The Relationship Between The West African Mangrove Oyster (Crassostrea Tulipa, L.1819) And The Aquatic And Climatic Environment For Use As A Bio-Indicator In The Densu Estuary(University of Ghana, 2021-09) Atindana, S.AABSTRACT Crassostrea tulipa (Lamarck, 1819) in the Densu estuary was investigated from March 2019 to August 2020 for aspects of its ecology; it’s potential as a bio-indicator of environmental variability; and long-term effects of climate variability on shellfish production in Ghana’s artisanal fisheries and its implication on sustainable management of oyster fisheries. Oyster samples were collected monthly and physicochemical parameters namely Temperature (OC), Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L), pH, Total Dissolved Substances (mg/L), Conductivity (μS/cm) and Salinity (0/00) measured in situ in triplicates. Silicates, Total Alkalinity, Chlorophyll a, microbes (Total Viable Counts, faecal coliform and Escherichia coli) and heavy metals (Lead, Cadmium and Mercury) were measured ex situ following standards of APHA (2015). Relative abundance was measured as Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) and growth pattern determined using the TropFishR package in R programming software. The numerical and frequency of occurrence methods were used to determine its food habits. Species-environmental driver relationship was analyzed following Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) approach using the Vegan package (version 2.5-4.) in R studio software (version1.3.1056). CPUE from experimental fishing was significantly (p < 0.05) higher (6-200; 233.33 ± 6.00 kg/hr/fisher/day) than commercial fishing (3-100;78.12 ± 7.11 kg/hr/fisher/day). CPUE was significantly higher (p = 0.0161) at low tide (115-500;50.10 ± 5.3 kg/hr/fisher/day) than high tide (6-200; 62.58 ± 3.12 kg/hr/fisher/day). CPUE was higher (p = 0.023) in the dry season (150.87 ± 1.12 kg/hr/fisher/day) than the rainy season (57.45 ± 0.55 kg/hr/fisher/day). Crassostrea tulipa has a fast growth rate (K= 0.81; L∞ = 13.24 cm). Higher condition index (60 %) was recorded in the rainy season than the dry season (39 %). The diet of the oyster was predominated by golden algae (IRI=595), red algae (IRI=209), green algae (IRI=131.37) and diatoms (IRI =172). Densu estuary is a dynamic shallow system with high concentration of total alkalinity and aragonite. Water depth, silicates, e coli and revelle factor were significantly higher (p < 0.05) at high tide than low tide. Also, mean water depth, cadmium, total alkalinity, pH, carbon dioxide, lead, total carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide fugacity and chlorophyll a were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the rainy season than the dry season. The simple linear regression models for forecasting shell height, shell width, condition factor and relative abundance are respectively described as follows: Shell Height (n=1800) = -0.006.673 faecal coliform (CFU/ml) - 0.002933 Total carbon dioxide -0.0002556 carbon dioxide fugacity The coefficient of determination, R2, of 0.5226 explained about 52.26 % of the variability in shell height. Shell Width (n = 1800) = -0.02262 faecal coliform (CFU/ml) + 0.00089 Total carbon dioxide -0.0000722 carbon dioxide fugacity Approximately 41.02 % (R2) of the variability in shell width is attributable to faecal coliform, total carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide fugacity. Also, an R2, of 0.5743 shows that 57.43 % of the changes in condition factor was explained by aragonite content and the model describing it is, Condition Factor (n = 1800) = 65.646 Aragonite About 26.05 % (R2) of the oyster abundance is due to temperature. Oyster Catch Per Unit Effort (n = 1080) = - 35.51973 Surface Water Temperature (OC) Also 91 % (R2) of the variations in shellfish catch is due to temperature following the model. Shellfish catch per unit effort = −7788.067 + (265.312 SST) Except for mercury, small- sized oyster (2.5-3.5g) tissues significantly (p < 0.05) bio accumulated Pb and Cd than big- sized (4.5-5.4g) tissues. Lead, mercury, TVC, faecal coliform and Escherichia coli also bio accumulated in C. tulipa tissues more (BAF > 1) than in the water medium which suggests that it has the ability to provide a measurable response to changes in the estuarine environment. Therefore, C. tulipa in the Densu estuary has the ability to accumulate pollutants from the environment and its morphometric features could give clues on the state of environmental variables. C. tulipa is a good bioindicator for assessing; lead, mercury, Total viable counts, E coli and faecal coliform in the Densu estuary. Densu estuary is high in aragonite and total alkalinity. The predictor variables for; Condition factor is aragonite, shellfish catch is temperature and Shell height & Width are faecal coliform, total carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide fugacity. There is the occurrence of contamination and therefore the need for regular monitoring, enactment of control measures and depuration prior to consumption. Also, the use of refuse dam and sewage outlet should be prohibited. It is recommended that laboratory and field-controlled experiments be conducted on oyster responses to extremes of temperature, aragonite and total alkalinity. There is an urgent need for the collation of data on estuarine/lagoonal shellfisheries in Ghana by Fisheries Commission and other stakeholders on catch trends, gears, effort and income of artisanal oyster collectors.Item Assessing The Efficiency Of Two Improved Lesser Known Kilns And Their Effect On The Quality And Shelf Life Of Smoked Fish In Ghana(University of Ghana, 2019-07) Asamoah, E.K.Fish smoking is a traditional fish preservation method which is affordable, and hence employed in most developing countries with logistical challenges in preserving fresh fish for marketing. Smoked fish is a major source of protein in the diets of Ghanaians. Often traditional kilns, that rely on firewood as a source of fuel, are used. These kilns have been shown to be less fuel efficient and the smoked products have high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are of public health concern. Additionally, poor storage of the products leads to quality losses. This study, which contributes to the search for a more efficient and safe smoking oven, therefore sought to test and compare the efficiency of two improved, but lesser known kilns, the Cabin and Abuesi gas fish smoker (AGFS) to the traditional Chorkor smoker by investigating the physicochemical, microbial and sensory qualities of the smoked products. Finally, the effect of irradiation and different storage conditions on the shelf life of the smoked products was studied. The research was undertaken in Abuesi, in the Western Region, using two marine fish species, the chub mackerel and barracuda. The results showed that the AGFS had 12% lower yield but 86% and 60% higher processing rate than the cabin and Chorkor kilns respectively. Again, the fuel consumption was 68% and 54% better than the Cabin and Chorkor respectively, while the Cabin also saved 29% more fuel than the Chorkor. In terms of the fuel costs, the Cabin was 38% and 54% lower than the Chorkor and AGFS respectively (owing to the lower cost of firewood, compared to LPG). The cost of construction was however extremely high in the AGFS than the Cabin and Chorkor kilns, however, its industrial size (500 kg capacity), faster smoking time and lower fuel consumption make it good alternative to consider. Smoking improved the physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory quality of mackerel and barracuda. These qualities, except for colour and sensory analysis, could not be statistically differentiated between the products from the AGFS and Cabin kiln. The Cabin-smoked products had the more traditional qualities of smoked fish (appearance, odour and flavour), while the gas-smoked products had a pronounced fried appearance and taste. The AGFS produced smoked products with mean benzo(a)pyrene and PAH4 concentrations below the EU MLs (2 and 12 μg/kg respectively). Depending on the type of firewood used, the Cabin also produced benzo(a)pyrene below the MLs when C. mildbraedii (Esa) was used, while the Chorkor had levels 3 to 8 times higher than the MLS. The PAH4 levels in the Cabin and Chorkor products were all above the MLs (4 and 8 times higher respectively). Based on the frequency and quantities of smoked mackerel and barracuda consumed by an average Ghanaian adult (with a life expectancy of 63 years), the potential carcinogenic risks were of least concern in the gas smoked and all barracuda samples (about 1 in 100,000 adults), moderate in the Cabin smoked mackerel (3 and 6 in 100,000 adults) and high in the Chorkor smoked mackerel (7 and 17 in 100,000 adults). Heavy metal (Hg, Pb and Cd) contamination was negligible in fresh and smoked mackerel and barracuda. The effect of irradiation and storage temperature on the quality and shelf life of smoked mackerel showed that irradiation did not affect the nutritional quality (protein, fat, moisture and ash contents) after 65 days of refrigerated storage. The fatty and amino acid compositions were also unaffected by irradiation. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) respectively constituting about 8% and 18% of the total fatty acids. The essential amino acids also contributed about 59% of the total amino acid concentrations. The non-irradiated and irradiated smoked mackerel, stored at refrigerated temperature, were of good microbial and chemical quality by Day 65 of storage, even though lipid oxidation and hydrolysis were affected. Keeping the non-irradiated and irradiated smoked fish at room temperature were rejected by Day 5 of storage due to insect infestation and visible mouldiness (even though most microbial and chemical qualities were good). The results, therefore, indicates that The AGFS performed better, overall, followed by the Cabin and then the Chorkor. The kilns produced fish with good nutritional qualities. Irradiation did not negatively impact on the quality of the smoked products during the 65 days of storage, but refrigerated storage is key to maintaining quality of irradiated fishItem Assessing the Efficiency of Two Improved Lesser Known Kilns and Their Effect on the Quality and Shelf Life of Smoked Fish in Ghana(University of Ghana, 2019-07) Asamoah, E.K.Fish smoking is a traditional fish preservation method which is affordable, and hence employed in most developing countries with logistical challenges in preserving fresh fish for marketing. Smoked fish is a major source of protein in the diets of Ghanaians. Often traditional kilns, that rely on firewood as a source of fuel, are used. These kilns have been shown to be less fuel efficient and the smoked products have high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are of public health concern. Additionally, poor storage of the products leads to quality losses. This study, which contributes to the search for a more efficient and safe smoking oven, therefore sought to test and compare the efficiency of two improved, but lesser known kilns, the Cabin and Abuesi gas fish smoker (AGFS) to the traditional Chorkor smoker by investigating the physicochemical, microbial and sensory qualities of the smoked products. Finally, the effect of irradiation and different storage conditions on the shelf life of the smoked products was studied. The research was undertaken in Abuesi, in the Western Region, using two marine fish species, the chub mackerel and barracuda. The results showed that the AGFS had 12% lower yield but 86% and 60% higher processing rate than the cabin and Chorkor kilns respectively. Again, the fuel consumption was 68% and 54% better than the Cabin and Chorkor respectively, while the Cabin also saved 29% more fuel than the Chorkor. In terms of the fuel costs, the Cabin was 38% and 54% lower than the Chorkor and AGFS respectively (owing to the lower cost of firewood, compared to LPG). The cost of construction was however extremely high in the AGFS than the Cabin and Chorkor kilns, however, its industrial size (500 kg capacity), faster smoking time and lower fuel consumption make it good alternative to consider. Smoking improved the physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory quality of mackerel and barracuda. These qualities, except for colour and sensory analysis, could not be statistically differentiated between the products from the AGFS and Cabin kiln. The Cabin-smoked products had the more traditional qualities of smoked fish (appearance, odour and flavour), while the gas-smoked products had a pronounced fried appearance and taste. The AGFS produced smoked products with mean benzo(a)pyrene and PAH4 concentrations below the EU MLs (2 and 12 μg/kg respectively). Depending on the type of firewood used, the Cabin also produced benzo(a)pyrene below the MLs when C. mildbraedii (Esa) was used, while the Chorkor had levels 3 to 8 times higher than the MLS. The PAH4 levels in the Cabin and Chorkor products were all above the MLs (4 and 8 times higher respectively). Based on the frequency and quantities of smoked mackerel and barracuda consumed by an average Ghanaian adult (with a life expectancy of 63 years), the potential carcinogenic risks were of least concern in the gas smoked and all barracuda samples (about 1 in 100,000 adults), moderate in the Cabin smoked mackerel (3 and 6 in 100,000 adults) and high in the Chorkor smoked mackerel (7 and 17 in 100,000 adults). Heavy metal (Hg, Pb and Cd) contamination was negligible in fresh and smoked mackerel and barracuda. The effect of irradiation and storage temperature on the quality and shelf life of smoked mackerel showed that irradiation did not affect the nutritional quality (protein, fat, moisture and ash contents) after 65 days of refrigerated storage. The fatty and amino acid compositions were also unaffected by irradiation. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) respectively constituting about 8% and 18% of the total fatty acids. The essential amino acids also contributed about 59% of the total amino acid concentrations. The non-irradiated and irradiated smoked mackerel, stored at refrigerated temperature, were of good microbial and chemical quality by Day 65 of storage, even though lipid oxidation and hydrolysis were affected. Keeping the non-irradiated and irradiated smoked fish at room temperature were rejected by Day 5 of storage due to insect infestation and visible mouldiness (even though most microbial and chemical qualities were good). The results, therefore, indicates that The AGFS performed better, overall, followed by the Cabin and then the Chorkor. The kilns produced fish with good nutritional qualities. Irradiation did not negatively impact on the quality of the smoked products during the 65 days of storage, but refrigerated storage is key to maintaining quality of irradiated fish.Item Measuring and Simulating Shoreline Morphodynamics in the Volta Delta, Ghana(University of Ghana, 2019-03) Jayson-Quashigah, P.Coastal erosion is a major challenge facing coastal regions globally. It is projected to increase on regional to global scale as sea levels continue to rise. To manage the situation sustainably, coastal managers require relevant scientific information such as beach sediment and shoreline dynamics. Shoreline change measurement and simulation especially at local scale and at higher resolutions are relevant for decision making and engineering. A review of literature has brought to the fore that the Volta delta is a hotspot for coastal erosion; however, mainly low resolution remotely sensed imagery has been used to assess changes in the Volta delta of Ghana, which compromises the accuracy of the information. In this study, different sets of high-resolution datasets from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) surveys and satellite imagery, as well as numerical modelling using Littoral Processes FM (Flexible Mesh) are adapted to estimate historical beach sediment and shoreline dynamics and predict future evolution under sea level rise up to the mid-century. The results show a net loss of beach sediment on the western side of the Volta Delta up to 9,000m3 whilst the eastern side experienced net gain up to 12,100 m3 in the short term. Relatively, short-term erosion rates were higher compared to the medium term shoreline erosion. Simulation of future conditions indicates an increase in shoreline erosion rates by 4 cm/y by mid-century with sea level rise of 13 cm at Old Ningo. Consequently, the shoreline will recede up to 70m inland, which will negatively influence livelihoods and aesthetic value of the area. The study recommends soft engineering approach such as sediment beach nourishment or the Dutch ‘sand motor’ system to protect the shoreline and the community. Regulations should also be enforced to halt nearshore sand and gravel mining.Item Investigations into Hatchery and Nursery Operations for the Culture of the Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium Vollenhovenii, Herklots 1857) in Ghana(University of Ghana, 2018-07) Dzidzornu, K.E.A.The study was conducted to demonstrate hatching and larval development of the African River Prawn Macrobrachium. vollenhovenii Herklots, 1857) and to establish the spatial and temporal distribution of the prawns and related crustaceans in the Lower Volta River from Torgorme (Akuse) to Ada with focus on the Volta Estuary of Ghana. The ecological survey was undertaken from August 2013 to July 2014 followed with aspects of reproductive biology of the M. vollenhovenii from August 2014 to July 2015 and then the hatching and larval development of the from January to December 2016. Fisheries dependent data was collected together with experimental prawn fishing. The species encountered included Atya gabonensis (Giebel, 1875), Macrobrachium macrobrachion, (Herklots, 1851), Macrobrachium vollenhovenii and Penaeus spp. Comparatively more Penaeus spp. were sampled in the dry months (November to January) in more saline zones while Macrobrachium spp. were more in the rainy months (May to July) in the more freshwater zones. The dominant species in the estuary was the M. vollenhovenii (72.52%) with male to female ratio of 1:1.3 and non-berried to berried females ratio as 1:1.7. The berried females were obtained throughout the year with increased numbers and larger ones in the rainy season. The size and weight of gonad correlated positively with size of berried females and appeared to be a function of the number rather than the size of eggs. Out of four treatment media (Artificial Sea salt, Freshwater, Seawater and Rock salt) used for the larval development, the Freshwater medium could not support the life of the larvae after 48 hours. The 8th Larval stage (ZVIII) was observed from the 23rd day of culture in both Seawater and Artificial Sea Salt media. Survival rate correlated negatively with stocking densities of 50, 100, 150 and 200 larvae/liter, an indication that thinning is necessary as the larvae grow from one stage to another. Survival rates in the 50 larvae/liter were 36.8%, 30.8% and 25% in the Seawater, Artificial Sea salt and Rock salt treatments respectively. From the results, M. Vollenhovenii larvae could be hatched and developed for culture in the grow-out process to boost prawn culture in Ghana.Item Geochemistry of Estuarine Sediments of Ghana: Provenance, Tracemetal Accumulation Trends and Ecotoxicological Risks(University Of Ghana, 2014-07) Mahu, E.The sedimentary record, as revealed in sediment cores, can be used to reconstruct the past history of contaminant input into the aquatic environment. This is because contaminant inputs equilibrate rapidly with sediment supply, and the sediment column represents a continuous sequence of sediments that are associated with contaminant accumulation. With radiometric techniques, it is possible to date recent sediments over a period corresponding to about five half-lives (approximately 100-200 years using 210Pb). To understand the geochemistry of estuarine sediments in relation to their provenance, trace metal accumulation trends and potential ecotoxicological risks, this study investigated sediment cores and surficial sediments from the Ankobra, Pra, Amisa, Densu, Sakumo II and Volta estuaries of Ghana. Geochemical and petrographical techniques were used to reveal the source of sediment supply into the estuarine environments. In addition, Gamma Spectroscopy and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometric (ICP-MS) techniques were used for deriving geochronologies, sedimentation rates, spatial and temporal accumulation of Mo, Cd, Pb, V, Cr, Cu, Zn, As and Hg in the study sites. The pollution status of the estuarine sediments was investigated using Aluminum-normalized enrichment factors (EFs). Cluster and correlation analysis differentiated natural from anthropogenic sources of trace metal in the estuaries. The excess fluxes of trace metals, estimated using sedimentation rates helped in quantifying the extent of anthropogenic contamination of metals in each estuary. AQUARISK software was used to assess any potential ecotoxicological risks associated with trace metal enrichments. Results showed that sediments from the Ankobra, Pra, Densu and Volta estuaries comprised quartzose sedimentary provenance while those of Amisa and Sakumo II estuaries comprised mafic igneous provenance. The sedimentation rates estimated from the constant rate of supply model were 0.24±0.10 gcm-2y-1, 0.47±0.20 gcm-2y-1, 0.43±0.02 gcm-2y-1, 0.31±0.13 gcm-2y-1, 0.20±0.01gcm-2y-1 and 0.54±03 gcm-2y-1 for the Ankobra, Pra, Amisa, Densu, Sakumo II and Volta estuaries respectively. The sediment core from the Ankobra estuary was significantly enriched with Hg (5.0Item Evaluation of Farm-Made and Commercial Fish Diets for Hapa Culture of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus L.) in Ghana Francis Assogba Anani(University of Ghana, 2015-03) Anani, F.A.; Nunoo, F.K.E.; Steiner-Asiedu, M.; University of Ghana, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, School of Biological SciencesOne of the major constraints to aquaculture development and expansion in Ghana is affordable nutritionally balanced and cost effective fish diet. Although some fish farmers produce their own farm-made fish diets, these diets do not meet the nutritional requirements of the cultured fish as the farmers do not follow the appropriate feed formulation protocol. This study was carried out to generate information on the commercial fish diets and feed ingredients currently used by small-scale pond fish farmers in five major pond fish farming Regions (Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Volta and Western) in Ghana. Six of the commonly used ingredients by the farmers were selected and used to formulate and prepare farm-made tilapia diets which were evaluated against two commonly utilised commercial tilapia diets for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). In all, five diets namely A (farm-made diet supplemented with vitamin-mineral premixes, lysine and methionine), B (farm-made diet without supplements), C (commercial tilapia diet, Coppens), D (commercial tilapia diet, Raanan) and E (mixture of B and Raanan in a ratio of 1:1). The first part of the study was conducted in net hapas installed in a 0.2 hectare earthen pond over a 140-day growth period at the Aquaculture Research and Development Centre (ARDEC), Akosombo. O. niloticus with an initial mean weight of 22.8 ± 2.1 g were stocked at a density of 2 fish m-2 and fed at 4-3 % body weight three times a day. The second part of the study involved digestibility of the diets and this was carried out in plastic tanks with 20 L of water each for 20 days. After the culture period, the final mean weights of O. niloticus were 140.3 ± 23.4, 131.0 ± 24.4, 148.3 ± 25.4, 187.6 ± 42.1 and 140.7 ± 28.5 g for A, B, C, D and E respectively. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in specific growth rates among all the dietary treatments. Apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients were high (> 60 %) in all the dietary treatments. Crude protein ranged from 77.49 to 87.02 %, crude lipid ranged from 81.46-93.90 % whilst carbohydrate (nitrogen free extract) ranged from 65.28 to 85.94 %. Higher crude protein depositions and lower fat contents were observed in the carcass of fish fed farm-made diet A and Raanan. There were no internal and external abnormalities in O. niloticus fed with the various diets. Both the farm-made and commercial diets did not impact negatively on water quality. In terms of cost-effectiveness, the farm-made diets were more profitable than the commercial ones. The results indicated that nutritionally balanced farm-made fish diet is cost-effective and will boost growth of aquaculture in rural areas where semi-intensive pond aquaculture is mainly practised in Ghana. The current fish production (2 500 kg ha-1 yr-1) by Ghanaian small-scale pond fish farmers could increase up to a fourfold by using appropriately formulated and prepared farm-made fish diets with locally available ingredients. This is likely to increase their profit margin to over four hundred percent of what they are making currently using commercial fish diets. The costs associated with the use of commercial fish diets by small-scale pond fish farmers are high, and in terms of fish growth and economic returns, the use of appropriately formulated and prepared farm-made diets will be a better alternative. Fish farmers should be trained on the formulation and preparation of nutritionally balanced and cost effective farm-made fish diets so as to reduce their production cost and increase their profit margin.Item Eco-Functional Benthic Biodiversity Assemblage Patterns in the Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem(University of Ghana, 2015-12) Lamptey, E.; Wiafe, G.; Nyarko, E.; Armah, A. K.; University of Ghana, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Department of Marine and FisheriesFunctional diversity, an important component of biodiversity, has in recent years engaged global attention. This is in great part due to the mechanistic understanding achieved from functional diversity studies in the face of accelerated global biodiversity changes ascribed primarily to anthropogenic drivers. The exigency of the situation has stimulated biodiversity-ecosystem functions (B-EF) studies to elucidate ecosystem processes and services that are at threat notably in the marine ecosystem. The marine benthos is the largest ecosystem on earth and supports the highest phylogenetic diversity but has rather witnessed comparatively low attention in the B-EF studies than the terrestrial counterpart. This thesis is aimed at i) quantifying benthic functional diversity (using biological trait analysis) and assemblages along abiotic gradients in the Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem (GCLME); and ii) examining the impact of bottom trawling for demersal fishes on the functional structure of epibenthic fauna along bathymetric gradients. In achieving the above-mentioned objectives, epibenthic fauna of bottom trawl samples were collected from Ghana to western Nigeria‘s continental shelf in 2003. Further, macrobenthic infauna and abiotic samples were collected from coastal waters of Guinea Bissau to Gabon in 2007. Each processed dataset was treated as a stand-alone in the thesis. In decomposing the assemblage patterns, suites of univariate and multivariate statistics were employed. The results indicated 381 macobenthic species comprising polychaetes (61.15% richness and 55.15% abundance), crustaceans (18.64% richness and 28.02% abundance), molluscs (9.19% richness and 2.23% abundance), echinoderms (2.63% richness and 1.84% abundance) and ‗others‘ (8.39% richness and 12.76% abundance). Functional diversity analysis indicated spatial differences in eco-functional traits namely small body size, solitary lifestyle, burrowing and deposit-feeding, and these traits dominated the assemblage especially from Ghana to Benin. The results suggest that these areas are potential surrogates of allochthonous organic material possibly driving pelagic productivity that is translated to the benthos. Significant (p<0.05) relationship was found between functional traits (also species diversity) and sediment parameters (i.e., nitrate, calcium, magnesium, organic carbon, silt & clay). These abiotic variables largely implicate productivity and climate change models as principal community drivers, and are likely to impact ecosystem functions directly by altering B-EF relationship. Inferentially, the results indicated an unstable, dynamic, productive and low biomass-supported ecosystem Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem (GCLME), reflecting in the small body size solitary burrow-dwelling deposit-feeding organisms, which potentially exert the strongest influence on ecosystem processes (e.g., nutrient remineralization). These species used multiple adaptative strategies including trophic, lifestyle, anatomical and morphological in the prevailing environment. Bottom trawled epibenthic sample analysis showed significant difference (p=0.002; ANOSIM) of assemblages along bathymetric gradient, notably between shallow-depth (11-30m) and deep-depth (51-70m). Functional analyses showed dominance of carnivores (28% contribution), opportunistic/scavenging (9%) and herbivore (9%) in shallow waters, while filter-feeders (18%) dominated deep waters suggesting gradient in structuring forces. The high abundance of motile epibenthic fauna (64%) is suggestive of an unstable substrate and turbulent system supporting motile carnivores and filter-feeding organisms. The evidence of trophic interactions between demersal fishes and epibenthic fauna occurred ideally in most tolerable and favorable zone (i.e. mid-depth). Abundance-Biomass Comparison (ABC) analysesItem Causes and Trends in Shoreline Change in the Western Region of Ghana(University of Ghana, 2015-03) Boye, C. B.; Wiafe, G.; Appeaning, A. K.; Dzigbodi-Adjimah, K.; University of Ghana, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Department of Marine and FisheriesShoreline change is an issue of concern to most coastal managers because the coastal zone is home to over 60% of the world’s population. In Ghana, shoreline change has been associated with loss of economic lands and properties. Previous researches have shown that the Ghana coastline is eroding at variable rates; the Eastern and Central Zones are receding while the Western zone is thought of as stable. This opinion, however, contrasts field observations and interview with local coastal community members. This research therefore sought to determine the shoreline change trends in the study area through modelling the driving and resistive factors along the shores. The factors investigated are sea-level rise, wave impact, sediment supplied by rivers, resistance of coastal material and human impact. Multi-temporal spatial datasets, hydrodynamic datasets, geological map of the area and systematically sampled field measurements were used. Standard procedures were employed to compute values for the eight variables that were selected as proxies for the driving and resistive variables. Analysis was carried out in short-term (1974-2005) and long-term (1895-2005) change categories in shoreline trends. Average short term change rate of -4.18 ± 0.10 m/year and long term change rate of -7.25 ± 0.11 m/year were obtained for the entire study area. The results revealed that the strength of hard shore outcrops, the shear strength of the soil, the sediment supplied by rivers and human impact contributed significantly to variations in the shoreline change trends along the study area. It was identified that shoreline change trends observed in the study area is mainly caused by physical processes of wave action, which is modified by the characteristic features along the shores, and aggravated by human impact. The shoreline change trends reflect the coastal material resistance at the various sections along the coastline; this is attributed largely to the formation history of the coast. It was, however, found out that the effect of sea level rise on the shoreline trends was minimal. The Western Section of the study area was found to be more vulnerable to erosive forces relative to the Eastern Section. It is recommended that a non-linear model be employed for confirmation of the findings.