Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies

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Adaptation Strategies of Cocoa Farmers to Climate Change at New Tafo in East Akim Municipality of the Eastern Region of Ghana
(University of Ghana, 2018-07) Seidu, A.
The main issue of this thesis was to assess the adaptation strategies of cocoa farmers and the external support system in the face of climate change. The study was aimed at assessing the adaptation strategies of cocoa farmers to climate change at New Tafo in Ghana, the influence of the adaptation strategies on cocoa yield and the roles of local institutions in cocoa farmers’ adaptation strategies. Mixed method considering both quantitative and qualitative research design was adopted. With the quantitative method, a questionnaire was designed and distributed to cocoa farmers to assess their adaptation strategies to climate change in the community. A semi structured questionnaire was also designed and administered to local institutions to assess their roles in cocoa farmers’ adaptation strategies to climate change. In the study, the Slovin formula was used to determine the sample size where 120 cocoa farmers were attained from 171 sample population. Supply response model which is based on the production theory was used to assess the influence of adaptation strategy on cocoa yield. Agronomic practices were more important adaptation strategies than socio economic practices. The results of the regression model showed that sale quantity of cocoa beans, practice of soil conservation and agroforestry and fertilizer application were critical in high cocoa yields. The local institutions studied provided mainly technical information, financial assistance and material inputs towards cocoa farmers’ adaptation to climate change. The study recommends that socio-economic factors such as religion and finance should be considered in stakeholder choice of adaptation interventions in cocoa farming communities. Local agricultural extension workers should be supported to provide farmers with effective technical information on inputs and managerial practices in relation to climate change adaptation measures. Farmers’ concerns should be adequately integrated during the design and implementation of climate change adaptation policies.
Adoption Of An Ecosystem-Based Adaptation (EbA) Approach In The Face Of Climate Change: Improving Livelihoods In Fringe Communities Around The Worobong South Forest Reserve
(University of Ghana, 2017-07) Kyei-Mensah, C.
Extreme human activities couple with climate change have the potential to reduce the resilience of communities whose livelihoods depend on the forest ecosystem services. As a way of building resilience of society using the same resource also has the capacity to derive co-benefits for the forest ecosystem upon which livelihoods activities operate. To this end, the study sought to adopt the Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) to identify Ecosystem services of the Worobong South Forest Reserve (WSFR), assess how these services have been impacted by climate variability or change, the vulnerability of fringe communities and proposed the appropriate EbA strategies needed to improve their livelihoods while enhancing the ecosystem. The study selected five communities around the Worobong South Forest Reserve (WSFR). Questionnaires were administered to 250 respondents, one focus group discussion was held, and three key informant interviews with officers of the Forestry Commission (FC), and Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) and a chief were also conducted. As part of the findings, the respondents perceived changes in rainfall and temperature which corroborated the time series data from GMeT, and these, probably may have affected crop production, supply of bush meat, freshwater, barks, leaves among others which they identified as ecosystem services. To build resilient livelihoods and ecosystem, locals suggested provision of irrigation facilities, enhanced agroforestry with a benefit sharing regime, change of planting time and enforcement of forest regulations. It is recommended that, capacity building efforts and effective stakeholder engagements should be a continuous exercise, while as part of the benefit-sharing scheme for agroforestry, participants can be given 15% of the 40% right to trees planted ahead of maturity as motivation and this will resolve the apprehension of waiting for several years before deriving the full benefits and this can sustain EbA initiatives.
Analysis of Institutional Solid Waste Management Practices: Insights From Two Ghanaian Universities
(University of Ghana, 2014-12) Dery, A.F; Oteng-Ababio, M; Ofori, B.D; University of Ghana, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies
Academic institutions produce solid wastes which are not disposed off effectively or economically. The result is littering and accumulation of garbage which cause pollution. This study examined solid waste generation and management practices in public and private institutions. To achieve the above objective, waste audit was carried out over a period of three weeks. Waste management practices of the institutions were also examined through the assessment of the institutional arrangement. Additionally, questionnaires about attitudes and perceptions of current solid waste management were administered. The study established that during the 2012/2013 academic year, the University of Ghana (UG) generated 488.3 tons of solid waste from academic and administrative units of which 46% contained paper while the Central University College (CUC) generated 27.2 tons of solid waste in academic and administrative units of which 52% was made up of paper. The study therefore revealed that even though both institutions recycle used examination papers, daily paper waste generated are not recycled. UG spend GH¢193,440 to throw away GH¢29,298 value of recyclable waste paper annually while CUC spends GH¢142,776 to throw away GH¢1,632 yearly. A number of barriers to effective waste management were identified, including: lack of knowledge and awareness of proper disposal practices, political commitment and inadequacy of legislation and enforcement of laws/regulations. In order for the institutions to effectively manage the solid waste, management should incorporate source separation of waste in their institutional planning.
Assessing Ecosystem Services And The Resilience Of Human Livelihoods In The Face Of Climate Variability In Ghana: A Case Study Of Communities Living Around The Songor Lagoon
(University of Ghana, 2017-07) Apambilla, R.A.
Climate Change has been globally recognized as a multi-scalar socio-economic and environmental problem. Its effects are multidimensional and affect ecosystems, rain-fed agriculture, forestry resources, water, and health. Developing countries, particularly those whose livelihoods are tied to climate-sensitive sectors coupled with low resilience and high vulnerability, will suffer the worst of this menace. Despite these daunting realities confronting developing countries and local communities, research in understanding the gravity of the situation and strategies for effective adaptation remain scarce. It is against this background that this study was undertaken with the objectives of (i) assessing the key ecosystem services associated with the Songor lagoon and the potential beneficiaries; (ii) assessing the changing trend of ecosystem services and the impacts of climatic variability on these services; (iii) evaluating the peoples’ level of awareness, perceptions, knowledge, and understanding of climate variability and its impact on ecosystem services and their livelihoods; (iv) to identify the alternative livelihood and coping strategies of the communities in response to changes of ecosystem services for localized adaptation. In order to achieve these objectives, the study adopted mixed method approaches with the use of semi-a structured questionnaire, interviews, and documentations. Both secondary and primary data on climatic variability (temperature and rainfall) were collected for analyses. For the purposes of analysis, a binary logistic model was used to model the determinants on the resilience of ecosystem services and human livelihoods. A multiple linear regression model was also employed to assess the impacts of climatic variability on ecosystem services (salt yield). Overall, the results have shown that, among the other regulating, cultural and supporting ecosystem services obtained from the lagoon, the dominant one is the provisioning services (salt production). Results from the analyses confirmed that ecosystem services have declined considerably over the years and this has affected respondents’ livelihoods. Climate variability was also observed to occur in the study area with increasing temperature and decreasing rainfall patterns over the past 30 years. The variability in temperature and rainfall were therefore noted to have both negative and positive implications on ecosystem services, particularly salt yield. A 10C increase in temperature was noted to result in a decrease of 0.488 Mt of salt and increasing that of rainfall by 1mm was also noted to result in a 0.142 Mt of salt increase yield. From the study, both temperature and rainfall changes were shown to affect salt yield by 51.4 %, leaving the rest of the influence to other confounding factors (R2 =0.514; P C value=0.15). Respondents demonstrated an appreciable level of awareness, knowledge and understanding about the meaning, causes, evidence of and the strategies for mitigating climate change although their perceptions were not empirically ascertained and may raise concerns. Several strategies were identified by the respondents for adaptation to climate change impacts and changes in key ecosystem services. These included rainwater harvesting, diversification of livelihoods sources, shifting planting times to adjust to seasonal variations of rainfall availability and adoption of drought and heat tolerant crop varieties by farmers for improved crop yield. These findings suggest that, for the sustainability of the salt industry of the Songor Lagoon and its continued support for livelihoods and resilience of the communities, the government must take an interest in the sector and invest massively in infrastructure and expertise development. This will help boost production and handle the challenges as well as harness the opportunities that climate change presents to the sector. It is also recommended that continual monitoring and assessment of these services be carried out for improvement to build on the lessons learned and this calls for further research. These must, however, be coupled with the engagement of all the relevant stakeholders and taking into consideration the social, cultural and demographical specificities of the people.
Assessing Livelihood Outcomes and Implications of the Oil and Gas Industry in the Ellembelle District, Western Region of Ghana
(University of Ghana, 2023) Korkor, A.A.
This research assessed the impact of the Oil and Gas industry on livelihood outcomes of people in the Ellembelle District in the western end of Ghana. Specifically, it assessed the current livelihood outcome such as food security, job security, health and determined respondent’s perception on the impact of oil and gas industry and its activities on their livelihood outcomes. Data was collected from 400 respondents within 10 communities in the study district using survey questionnaires and interview guides from focussed group discussions and key informants within the Baku, Ngalekpole, Atuabo, Ngalekyi, Krisan, Anokyi, Sanzule, Bakanta, Eikwe, and Asem Nda communities. The data generated was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and presented by use of descriptive statistics such as tables, charts, graphs, and diagrams. Interviews were transcribed and analysed into thematic areas. The study revealed that 53% of the participants perceived the oil and gas industry to have generally impacted the locals in the communities positively.The study further revealed that the intention to migrate was a significant predictor of livelihood outcome as the respondents migrated in search of greener pastures. The study observed a significant relationship between the impact of the oil and gas industry activities on respondents, their intention to migrate, their level of education, occupation and their livelihood outcomes. For instance,respondents with a negative livelihood outcome are more likely to have reported a negative impact from the oil and gas industry. The study recommends that the 1994 EPA Act (Act 490) be amended in order to effectively monitor and regulate heavy-polluting oil industries.
Assessing the Cost-Efficiency and Willingness to Adopt Biogas as a Sustainable Source of Renewable Energy: The Case of Senior High Schools in the Greater Accra Region
(University of Ghana, 2018-06) Doghle, J.L.
Energy is an indispensable component of human living. Renewable energy (RE) is regarded as a strategic approach to the reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Biogas is regarded as one of the most reliable forms of renewable energy capable of addressing the energy needs of many institutions. Research indicates that Ghana has enough potential in terms of feedstock for the generation of biogas at both institutional and household level. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the cost efficiency and willingness to adopt biogas technology as a sustainable source of renewable energy for boarding Senior High Schools in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. The study was guided by a theoretical framework that focused on the technology adoption process, diffusion of innovations and a technology acceptance model. In all, forty-four schools were sampled for quantitative and qualitative research. Forty schools did not have biogas plants and were studied using the probability approach while four schools which had biogas plants were purposively selected and qualitatively analysed. Six biogas installers, commercial biogas to electricity operator, two regulatory agencies and a research institution also participated in the study. The findings of the study indicated that there is a high potential for Senior High Schools to generate enough biogas for cooking and heating based on the mean population of 1,054 students from the 40 schools sampled, with more than 80% of the students being boarders. The main sources of cooking/heating energy at the school level were LPG at 25.9%, firewood at 10.3% and charcoal at 10.3%. Eighty-eight (88) percent of institutions without biogas expressed their willingness to adopt biogas technology but are constrained by access to finance and institutional bottlenecks. Cost efficiency variables indicate that initial cost of adopting biogas as a supplementary energy for cooking, averages GHS 8,000. Biogas has the potential to reduce waste and supplement energy for cooking purposes. These two elements constitute major budget allocations of Senior High Schools. The main constraints in adopting biogas technology as observed by user institutions were the high initial installation and maintenance cost, low gas production and accessing technical experts for routine maintenance. The study recommends government financial support in the form of subsidies to help provide biogas systems at minimum cost. This will facilitate more schools to adopt biogas technology and reduce the financial burden they incur in waste management and energy consumption.
Assessing The Diversity Of Insects In A Quarry Operational Area In The Ashanti Region Of Ghana
(University of Ghana, 2022-11) Addae, S.
ABSTRACT Quarrying activities have negative impacts on invertebrate biodiversity and threaten local species through a variety of factors, such as habitat loss and pollution. Quarrying is a common practice in Ghana, but little is known about its impact on local insect diversity and abundance. In this study, the relationship between quarrying activities and insect communities at an active quarrying site, the Mowire quarry site in the Ashanti region of Ghana, was assessed. Transect counts, aerial netting, pitfalls, FIT, and Charaxes trapping have been employed to assess arthropod assemblages, particularly insects as surrogate arthropod communities. A total of 2,902 individual insects from 56 families and eleven orders were recorded at all transect points of the three zones. The quarry operational area habitat in the East Zone (EZ) supported a high abundance (N = 974) of insects and high species richness (S = 49), corresponding to a large diversity of flowering plants at this site, which is a food source for pollinators and herbivorous insects. The western zone of the quarry's operational area was not conducive to insect assemblage as the lowest abundance, diversity and richness occurred at the transect point (TP) 400 m, consistent with the low abundance of host plants as well as the amounts of dust settling in the western zone after each blast, as dust travels toward the zone. It is recommended that interventions to prevent the loss of biodiversity habitats in and around the quarry site must be focused on policies that ensure and enforce the establishment of a dust control mechanism system in the extractive industry.
Assessing the Impact of an Operating Tailings Storage Facility on Catchment Surface and Groundwater Quality: A Case Study of Adamus Resources Limited (Nzema Gold Mine) in the Ellembele District of the Western Region of Ghana
(University of Ghana, 2016-03) Acheampong, E.A.; Nyame, F. K.; Nukpezah, D.; University of Ghana, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Institute for Environmental and Sanitation Studies
The study assessed the impact of an operating Tailings Storage Facility (TSF) of Adamus Resources Limited (Nzema Gold Mine) in the Ellembele District, Western Ghana, on catchment surface and groundwater quality. Water samples were collected between June and December 2014 from seventeen (17) sampling sites including the TSF decant water (TSF-DW), three (3) streams, a water storage dam, a pond and eleven (11) groundwater monitoring boreholes within 500m radius of the mine’s Tailings Storage Facility. Samples were analyzed for pH, true colour, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved metals (arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury) and cyanide (weak acid dissociable cyanide (WAD), free cyanide and total cyanide) using standard procedures. Structured questionnaires were also administered to one hundred and twenty inhabitants living close to the TSF to solicit their opinion regarding the impact of the facility (TSF) on water quality in the communities out of which one hundred people responded. Results obtained from the analysis of water samples from the TSF-DW indicated that pH values range from 7.4 – 8.9 (mean 8.2), EC 1340 – 1630 μS/cm ( mean 1507.1 μS/cm), TSS 19 – 105 mg/l (mean 55.3 mg/l), arsenic 0.17 - 5 mg/l (mean 1.26 mg/l), cadmium 0.0001- 0.0004 mg/l (mean 0.0002 mg/l), copper 0.058 - 0.35 mg/l (mean 0.15 mg/l), mercury <0.0001 - 0.0002 mg/l ( mean 0.002 mg/l), Weak Acid Dissociable (WAD) cyanide <0.005 - 1.04 mg/l (mean 1.04 mg/l), total cyanide <0.0005 - 1.55 mg/l (mean 0.59 mg/l) and free cyanide <0.005 - 1.04 mg/l (mean 0.38 mg/l). pH values of surface water samples collected ranged from 6.3 -7.3 (mean 6.7), EC 55.5 – 185.7 μS/cm (mean 116.8), TSS 10.7- 990 mg/l (mean 230 mg/l), arsenic 0.001- 0.021 mg/l (mean 0.021 mg/l), copper The study assessed the impact of an operating Tailings Storage Facility (TSF) of Adamus Resources Limited (Nzema Gold Mine) in the Ellembele District, Western Ghana, on catchment surface and groundwater quality. Water samples were collected between June and December 2014 from seventeen (17) sampling sites including the TSF decant water (TSF-DW), three (3) streams, a water storage dam, a pond and eleven (11) groundwater monitoring boreholes within 500m radius of the mine’s Tailings Storage Facility. Samples were analyzed for pH, true colour, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved metals (arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury) and cyanide (weak acid dissociable cyanide (WAD), free cyanide and total cyanide) using standard procedures. Structured questionnaires were also administered to one hundred and twenty inhabitants living close to the TSF to solicit their opinion regarding the impact of the facility (TSF) on water quality in the communities out of which one hundred people responded. Results obtained from the analysis of water samples from the TSF-DW indicated that pH values range from 7.4 – 8.9 (mean 8.2), EC 1340 – 1630 μS/cm ( mean 1507.1 μS/cm), TSS 19 – 105 mg/l (mean 55.3 mg/l), arsenic 0.17 - 5 mg/l (mean 1.26 mg/l), cadmium 0.0001- 0.0004 mg/l (mean 0.0002 mg/l), copper 0.058 - 0.35 mg/l (mean 0.15 mg/l), mercury <0.0001 - 0.0002 mg/l ( mean 0.002 mg/l), Weak Acid Dissociable (WAD) cyanide <0.005 - 1.04 mg/l (mean 1.04 mg/l), total cyanide <0.0005 - 1.55 mg/l (mean 0.59 mg/l) and free cyanide <0.005 - 1.04 mg/l (mean 0.38 mg/l). pH values of surface water samples collected ranged from 6.3 -7.3 (mean 6.7), EC 55.5 – 185.7 μS/cm (mean 116.8), TSS 10.7- 990 mg/l (mean 230 mg/l), arsenic 0.001- 0.021 mg/l (mean 0.021 mg/l), copper mining industry’s best practices by ARL with regards to TSF management could also be a contributing factor to the quality of water bodies in close proximity to the facility. However, inhabitants living close to the TSF believe their water quality has been impacted adversely by the facility with five percent (5%) of the respondents relating the impact to smell, 78% to colour and 17% to odour.
Assessing Willingness to Reuse Treated Wastewater for Crops Irrigation, and the Consumption of Crops Irrigated With Treated Wastewater: A Case Study of Students from University of Ghana and Ashiaman Municipality, Ghana
(University of Ghana, 2017-07) Kwabla, T.A.
All life forms including human need water resources in order to live healthy, promote sustainable development and ensure their well- being. The study assessed public willingness to accept and reuse treated wastewater as an alternative water resource to support the dwindling existing water resources for irrigation and the consumption wastewater irrigated crops. A social survey based on random sampling of 232 respondents in Ashaiman, capital of Ashaiman Municipality which has a well diverse population and 204 resident students at the University of Ghana, Legon was carried out as part of the study. Some physicochemical and microbiological analyses of the raw and treated wastewater over the study period were carried out using the American Public Health Association (APHA, 2005) standard methods. The microbiological quality of the cultivated lettuce crops which were irrigated with raw and diluted treated wastewater was also assessed using the Nordic Committee on Food Analysis (NMKL, 2005) standard methods. The study indicated that majority of the respondents, 95% and 92.6% in Ashaiman and at the University of Ghana respectively were willingness to use treated wastewater for irrigation of crops and consume farm produce using irrigated wastewater. Education was significantly associated with willingness to use treated wastewater for vegetable crop irrigation such that respondents with formal education in Ashaiman and at the University of Ghana were about four (4) times more willing than those with no formal education. Knowledge of wastewater treatment processes and effluent quality was also found to be significantly associated with willingness such that respondents with some knowledge of wastewater treatment processes and of effluent quality were 0.3 times more willing to use treated wastewater for irrigation of crops and consume produce of wastewater than those without. However, age and sex did not have any significant association with willingness to reuse treated wastewater for irrigation of crops and the consumption of wastewater irrigated crops. The physicochemical quality parameters of the treated effluent were all within WHO/FAO guideline limits. The microbial quality of the treated effluent was ≤ 19.2×103cfu/100 ml for faecal coliform (FC) levels and ≤ 55.0×102 cfu/100 ml for E.coli levels. The study found no E.coli contamination in the treated wastewater irrigated lettuce since the results were < 10 cfu/ g. There were faecal coliform bacteria levels of ≤ 210 cfu/g recorded for one of the effluent treatments which also fell within the guideline limits of the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF) which allows for ≤105 /100 g of FC bacteria of fresh weight for unprocessed food crops. Hence, the treated wastewater was safe to be used for vegetable irrigation since the microbial quality of the lettuce was safe for consumption. The study recommends that Government and Non-Governmental agencies and other stakeholders should collaborate to educate and sensitize the general public on the potential of wastewater as a vital resource.
Assessment Of Air Quality Impacts On Women And Children In The Accra Metropolis
(University of Ghana, 2013-07) Pardie, S.P.P.
Women and children within developing countries and for that matter Ghana are engaged in domestic and commercial activities that make them prone to inhalation of outdoor particle pollution, which may have effects or exacerbate existing respiratory diseases. It is for this reason that this study investigated the adverse health effects of air quality on women and children. This was done through the measurement of particulate matter sizes less or equal to 10 microns (PM10) on major roadside stations and the collection of respiratory data from various public hospitals. The MiniVol air sampler model TAS - 5.0 was used for collection of PM10 on a 24-hour schedule every sixth day for five (5) months unto a glass fibre filter in which the mass concentration was determined gravimetrically. Respiratory data on women and children composed of diagnoses recorded by the six hospitals around the PM10 sampling stations from 2010 to 2012 were used for the statistical analysis. Questionnaires were distributed to the female population above 15years to ascertain responses on exposure and awareness of Air Pollution. Meteorological data was also acquired to determine whether the changes in temperature and relative humidity have effect on the PM10 concentration and the rate of respiratory cases. Excel and SPSS software were used for the data analysis and to determine the correlation among PM10, meteorological data and respiratory data. The results indicated that respiratory cases were higher in children below five years and in women between the ages 20 and 49 years. Also, majority of the PM10 measurements along roadside stations were above EPA-Ghana, WHO and USNAAQS reference levels and therefore the air quality along major roads are unhealthy and impacting on the health of the largest active reproductive working class of women in our society as well as children that can be described as future leaders. Finally, the correlations among mean PM10 concentration, temperature, relative humidity and respiratory data for the study period were statistically significant (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) indicating an association between the environmental variables.
An Assessment of Dredging As a Tool for Managing the Effects of Sandbar Development at the Volta Estuary
(University of Ghana, 2015-07) Nyekodzi, G.; Lawson, E. T.; University of Ghana, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies
The construction of dams on the Volta River and the consequent regulation of the river‘s flow pattern led to the development of a permanent sandbar at the Volta estuary that resulted in many problems for the estuary, with the major one being the disruption of salt water in-flow. Poor salinity conditions of the estuary resulted in, among other things, the development of freshwater plants which served as breeding grounds for some planorbid snails which harboured the parasites that cause schistosomiasis. Among the many efforts to solve the problem is the initiation of the ongoing dredging exercise at the estuary which started in 1990. The dredging project has been ongoing for more than twenty years now, but there exist little or no document for reference purposes. The purpose of this research therefore, is to assess the extent to which the exercise has succeeded in solving the problems. It sought to describe the dredging process since this is one of its kind in the country, examine the current trends in saline water intrusion, determine the density of snail vectors of the bilharzia disease as well as assess the impacts of the dredging exercise on the socio-economic lives of people resident on islands at the estuary. These objectives were met through the conduction of in-depth interviews and field observations, the analysis of salinity data from 2001 to 2013, the sampling of snail intermediate hosts of bilharzia at the estuary, as well as the administration of questionnaires to seek the perceptions of residents with regards to the dredging exercise. The results revealed that, dredging began in 1990 with the use of a cutter suction dredger. Dredging is done cutting through the sandbar every six years to create an opening for interactions between water from the river and sea. Silted channels are also dredged to enhance the free flow of water through them. The dredged materials are put to beneficial uses such as the nourishment of river banks. Trends in saline water intrusion, showed an improvement in the extent of sea water intrusion at the estuary. Sea water now travels to areas that are 14 km away from the sea at high tides. However, average salinity at certain points of the estuary seems to exhibit a downward trend over the years. Although the physical, chemical and biological parameters of the water at all the sites were within the ranges necessary for the proliferation of schistosome snails, no snail was found at the estuary. That could be attributed to the intrusion of saline water up the river during high tides. From the perceptions of the residents of island communities, the dredging exercise seems not to have any positive effect on their economic activities. The areas where dredging seems to be making positive impacts are tourism and health. It is recommended that, members of the communities are engaged in discussions to help take decisions that will benefit them as far as the dredging exercise is concerned. Additionally, the local people especially those resident on the islands should be introduced to other means of making income to help them maintain a good standard of living. With regards to the intrusion of saline water, it is recommended that, further studies be conducted to identify the causes of declining salinity records at certain points in the estuary.
Assessment of Effluent Quality at the University of Ghana Hospital, Legon
(University of Ghana, 2015-07) Dolo, M.J.
Hospitals effluent often contain chemical compounds which may have negative impact on the environment and human health if not properly treated. Investigations were conducted to determine the bacteriological and physico-chemical qualities of effluent discharged from University of Ghana hospital into the environment and its effects on agricultural soils and vegetables. Water and soil quality analyses of some physico-chemical and bacteriological variables were carried out on effluent samples using standard methods over a three month period (WHO, 2010). Human health risk assessment was conducted to determine the potential risk on the consumption of vegetables irrigated with the effluent water. The results showed the following variations in physico-chemical parameters; EC (1522-2220 μS/cm), pH (8.2-8.8), TDS (947-1410.7mg/l) BOD (34.8-66.8mg/l) DO (0.8-1.4mg/l) COD (548-775.2mg/l), NO2-_N (0.24-0.45mg/l), NO3-_N (34.5-101.1mg/l), NH3-N,-(15.9-28.8mg/l) PO43-(6.3-9.8mg/l). The TC and E. coli also ranged from 3.120×103 - 4.582×103 cfu/100ml and 1.5×101- 2.9×101 cfu/100ml respectively. Lead and arsenic in water were below the recommended FAO guideline of 0.1 and 0.01mg/l respectively for water used for irrigation of vegetables. Cadmium, Cr, Ni and mercury however, exceeded the guideline. Mercury, nickel and chromium were above the FAO recommended guideline for Agricultural soils whilst Cd, Pb and As fell below the recommended limit. All the heavy metals in cabbage, lettuce and cauliflower in this study were all below recommended limit set by the FAO for vegetables wholesome for human consumption. The human health risk assessment of the vegetables revealed that the hazard index and Hazard quotient for cabbage, lettuce and cauliflower were all less than 1 which indicates that consumers are not at risk to the consumption of these vegetables in the short term. To prevent or reduce environmental effects and health risk associated with hospital effluent, adoption and utilization of decentralized wastewater technologies that are economically viable and efficient such as waste stabilization ponds are recommended to safeguard public health and prevent negative environmental effects.
Assessment Of Effluent Quality At The University Of Ghana Hospital, Legon
(University Of Ghana, 2018-12) Dolo, M.J.
Hospitals effluent often contain chemical compounds which may have negative impact on the environment and human health if not properly treated. Investigations were conducted to determine the bacteriological and physico-chemical qualities of effluent discharged from University of Ghana hospital into the environment and its effects on agricultural soils and vegetables. Water and soil quality analyses of some physico-chemical and bacteriological variables were carried out on effluent samples using standard methods over a three month period (WHO, 2010). Human health risk assessment was conducted to determine the potential risk on the consumption of vegetables irrigated with the effluent water. The results showed the following variations in physico-chemical parameters; EC (1522-2220 µS/cm), pH (8.2-8.8), TDS (947-1410.7mg/l) BOD (34.8-66.8mg/l) DO (0.8-1.4mg/l) COD (548-775.2mg/l), NO2-_N (0.24-0.45mg/l), NO3-_N (34.5-101.1mg/l), NH3-N,-(15.9-28.8mg/l) PO43-(6.3-9.8mg/l). The TC and E. coli also ranged from 3.120×103 - 4.582×103 cfu/100ml and 1.5×101- 2.9×101 cfu/100ml respectively. Lead and arsenic in water were below the recommended FAO guideline of 0.1 and 0.01mg/l respectively for water used for irrigation of vegetables. Cadmium, Cr, Ni and mercury however, exceeded the guideline. Mercury, nickel and chromium were above the FAO recommended guideline for Agricultural soils whilst Cd, Pb and As fell below the recommended limit. All the heavy metals in cabbage, lettuce and cauliflower in this study were all below recommended limit set by the FAO for vegetables wholesome for human consumption. The human health risk assessment of the vegetables revealed that the hazard index and Hazard quotient for cabbage, lettuce and cauliflower were all less than 1 which indicates that consumers are not at risk to the consumption of these vegetables in the short term. To prevent or reduce environmental effects and health risk associated with hospital effluent, adoption and utilization of decentralized wastewater technologies that are economically viable and efficient such as waste stabilization ponds are recommended to safeguard public health and prevent negative environmental effects.
An Assessment Of Environmental Impact Of Mine Blasting In New Abirem And Its Environs In The Eastern Region Of Ghana
(University Of Ghana, 2021-12) Avornyotse, C.K.
Blasting can lead to morbidity and mortality of human as well as damage of properties when not monitored and managed properly. Mine Blasting activities generate seismic effects including vibrations, air overpressure, flyrock, fumes and dusts. The environment can be polluted by blasting residues of rocks like hexogen, trinitrotoluene and octogen which have caused a lot of biodegradation and hazardous effects on ecosystem survival in a mine vicinity. The seismic effects also result in leaching of chemicals to pollute both surface and underground waters in New Abirem and its environs which lead to reduction of terrestrial plant biomass and fertility of earthworm. In view of this, the study was conducted to assess the ecological impact of mine blasting residues, ground vibration, air blast and heavy metals on the ecosystems around Newmont by collecting and analyzing water samples in three communities (New Abirem, Afosu and Adausena) as well as measured seismic effects. The noise and vibrations were determined by using the Seismograph from twenty (20) blast shot at the mine pit from October, 2020 to March, 2021. Focus group discussions and household interviews techniques were utilized to assess community perceptions of mine blasting effects on the mine environment. Physicochemical parameters including temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity, ammonia and nitrate, were determined. Heavy metal concentrations in 108 water samples collected from five different locations, made up of two sites along one of the tributaries of Birim River, one site each from two streams, and the Newmont pit were determined using the technique of Milestone Acid Digestion Microwave ETHOS 900 followed by the atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The data was examined with a one-way analysis of variance and significant differences of p < 0.05 were adopted as well as Tukey’s HSD to separate means. The average blast vibration measured at the compliance locations AF-BMP (Afosu), NABBMP (New Abirem) and AD-BMP (Adausena) were compared with 2mm/s [Explosives Regulations, 2012 (L.I. 2177), Section 199]. The average blast air overpressure measured at AF-BMP (Afosu), NAB-BMP (New Abirem) and AD-BMP (Adausena) were also compared with 117 dBL [Explosives Regulations, 2012 (L.I. 2177), Section 199]. The mean, minimum and maximum blast on air overpressure and ground vibration for each monitoring point respectively were measured and the results were found to be within mining explosives limits. The physicochemical parameters mean level were ranged 24.93 – 27.53 0C (water temperature), 4.66 - 5.36 mg/L (Dissolved Oxygen), 109.79 – 125.98 μS/cm (EC), 7.51 – 7.88 (pH), 0.01 – 0.53 mg/L (NH3) and 0.22 – 0.42 mg/L (NO3). The results revealed significant difference in all the physicochemical parameters (p < 0.05). The Dissolved Oxygen concentrations at all the five sampling sites were below 5 mg/L which indicated that the water was polluted and adversely affected aquatic life. The pH measurements in the site of Holy Child and Afosu have slightly acidic pH. The minimum and maximum concentration levels of Cu, Fe, Zn, Cr and Mn in the water were (0.01- 0.02) mgL-1, (0.02 – 0.33) mgL-1, (0.08 – 0.93) mgL-1, (0.01) mgL-1 and (0.02 – 0.10) mgL-1 respectively and there were significant differences between the various sites (p < 0.05) compared with the control. The mean levels of Cu, Fe, Zn, Cr and Mn were recorded to be within the permissible limits. The degree of contamination levels identified in a location are categorized as follows: unpolluted (Cd < 1), moderately polluted (Cd =1 - 3) and strongly polluted (Cd > 3). The calculated degree of contamination index, Cd values for Holy Child, Aboabo and Adenkyensu locations were greater than 3 mgL-1, the criteria limit for drinking, therefore sites were strongly contaminated. In addition, the pollution index of heavy metals in the water samples from all locations used were greater than the critical value for drinking water, 100 mgL-1 except Newmont site which recorded 93.91 mgL-1. Generally, the blasting operation at Newmont, Akyem mine is within the Explosives Regulations, 2012 (L.I. 2177), Section 199 as well as the international Standard quoted AS 2187.2 – 1993. It is recommended that water used for drinking, domestic chores, agricultural (irrigation) or industrial use by communities along the tributaries of the Birim River must be treated before use. There is also a need for research and academic institutions to support nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in their efforts to protect and manage water resources through research for long-term sustainable management.
Assessment of Farmers’ Perception of Soil Quality within the Ada West District of the Greater Accra Region of Ghana.
(University of Ghana, 2018-07) Adjovu, S.M.
Globally, incorporating farmers’ perception on soil quality indicators and its associated influence on soil management practices into policy decisions has become a topical issue in recent times. This study assesses the perception of farmers on soil quality within the Ada District of the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Using a mixed method approach, 212 questionnaires were administered to farmers in five communities of the Ada West District. Thirty six soil samples were taken from four of the communities based on farmers’ categorisation of soils into high, medium and low quality. Chemical test such as the pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Total Nitrogen (N), available Phosphorous (P), Cation Exchange capacity (Mg, Na, Ca, K) were conducted on these soils which revealed that farmers could not accurately predict the quality of their soils as the nutrient content was generally low. Most of the farmers (64.8%) were of the view that climate change had an effect on their soil quality whereas only a few (18.1%) of them put in place any adaption measures. The most predominant farm yield management practice used was the application of organic soil amendments as farmers believed it increased crop yield rapidly. The study recommends that further training be organised for farmers on application rates of soil amendments. Climate change adaptation measures should be included in extension services.
An Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils and Vegetation: A Case Study of Korle Lagoon Reclamation Site
(University of Ghana, 2013-07) Addae, E.; Nyame, F.K.; Fosu-Mensah, B.Y.
This study investigated the concentration of heavy metals and vegetation around the Korle Lagoon Reclamation site in Accra (Ghana). The dispersion of heavy metals such as Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Zn, Sn, Ni, Cu and Cr within the soil profile from a depth of 0 – 60cm (at 20cm intervals) were assessed. A total of ninety (90) soil samples were taken from the e- waste zone (EW), central gardens zone (GZ), recreational zone (KD), reclaimed zone (RZ) and estuary zone (ES) and eighteen (18) soil samples were sampled from the control zone (CZ) at the Korle-Bu flats. Ten (10) samples of forage grasses (Panicum maxima and Imperata cylindrical) were also taken from each of the sampling zones and ten (10) samples each of lettuce (Latuca sativa) and bissap (Hibiscus sabdariffa) were taken from central garden zone (GZ) and the control zone (CZ). At the depth of 0 – 20cm, the ranges of heavy metal concentrations recorded were Hg (<0.001 – 0.67), Pb (1.28 – 183.66), Cu (3.47 – 202.99), Zn (0.83 – 37.33), Cr (2.28 – 56.00), Cd (<0.001 – 103.66), Ni (0.91 – 72.00), Sn (8.77 – 705.32) and As (0.04 – 3.67) in mg/kg. At the depth of 20 – 40cm, Hg (<0.001 – 0.67), Pb (1.12 – 167.96), Cu (2.57 – 199.99), Zn (0.73 – 34.33), Cr (0.11 – 49.99), Cd (0.04 – 68.32), Ni (0.55 – 66.65), Sn (8.67 – 334.25) and As (0.21 – 15.66) in mg/kg. At the depth of 40 – 60cm, Hg (0.00 – 0.00), Pb (0.96 – 134.00), Cu (1.49 – 98.66), Zn (0.52 – 27.66), Cr (1.13 – 52.67), Cd (0.04 – 68.32), Ni (0.55 – 66.65), Sn (8.67 – 334.25) and As (0.21 – 10.99) in mg/kg. The levels of Pb, Cd and As analyzed from some of the zones exceeded international thresholds for agriculture lands. The ranges of heavy metal concentrations in the vegetation were: Hg (<0.001 – 0.08), Pb (<0.001 – 36.72), Cd (0.16 – 1.64), Cr (0.24 – 3.84), Cu (0.16 – 95.56), Zn (1.16 -34.92), Ni (0.40 – 7.00), As (<0.001 – 0.32) and Sn (2.52 – 28.52) in mg/kg with Cu, Pb and Cd exceeding the acceptable limits of heavy metals in plants. The enrichment factor of the heavy metals had a general trend of Cr = Ni < Zn < Cu < Hg < As < Pb < Cd < Sn. The geoaccumaltion index also had a general trend of Cr < Ni < Zn < Cu < As < Cd < Pb < Hg < Sn. The pollution index also recorded a general trend Cr < Zn
An Assessment of Heavy Metals Content of Water, Soil and Plants in Some Selected Coastal Communities Near The Jubilee Oil Field in The Western Region Of Ghana.
(University Of Ghana, 2015-07) Ofori, A.; Gordon, C.; Fosu-Mensah, B. Y.; University Of Ghana, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies
This study investigated the concentration of seven heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Se and Zn) in water, soil and plant leaves in some selected coastal communities in the Western Region of Ghana near the jubilee oil field using acid digestion and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer methods. Some physicochemical properties of water and soils were also determined to evaluate the quality of drinking water and soils. The ranges of metal concentration in water analysed in the wet season were; As (1.23-7.84 μg/L), Cu (4.10- 24.09 μg/L), Pb (4.08-57.98 μg/L), Se (BDL-0.38 μg/L), Zn (2.86-17.75 μg/L) and Hg (0.023-0.068 μg/L) whereas the ranges of metal concentration recorded in the dry season were; As (2.30-5.78 μg/L), Pb (25.47-70.73 μg/L), Se (0.081-0.158 μg/L), Zn (0.79-22.80 μg/L), and Hg (0.004-0.047 μg/L). The results of the analysis carried out showed that the levels of heavy metals were generally higher in the surface soils (0-15 cm) than the subsoil (15-30 cm). The mean concentrations of metals in the surface soil (0-15 cm) were; As (2.06 mg/kg), Cu (6.55 mg/kg), Pb (21.59 mg/kg), Zn (39.49 mg/kg), Se (0.178 mg/kg) and Hg (0.069 mg/kg) whereas the subsoil (15-30 cm) recorded mean concentration of As (1.91 mg/kg), Cu (6.29 mg/kg), Pb (21.54 mg/kg), Zn (38.90 mg/kg), Se (0.169 mg/kg) and Hg (0.003 mg/kg). Similarly, the ranges of metal concentration in plant leaves were; As (1.65-6.31 mg/kg), Cd (16.04-19.06 mg/kg), Cu (0.69-4.03 mg/kg), Pb (85.56-100.91 mg/kg), Se (1.42-1.57 mg/kg), and Zn (9.08-10.89 mg/kg). The results of physicochemical analysis of water samples recorded in the wet season were; pH (6.83 to 7.52), EC (291.15-780.64 μS/cm), TDS (195.07-523.02 mg/L), DO (2.98-4.39 mg/L), BOD (3.33 to 6.84 mg/L), salinity (0.01 to 0.30 ppt), and temperature (27.06-30.94 °C) whereas the dry season were; pH (6.84-6.95), EC (516.83 to 660.67 μS/cm), TDS (307.07-442.65 mg/L), DO (1.71-3.04 mg/L), BOD (4.25-13.38 mg/L), salinity (0.22-0.28 ppt), and temperature (28.46- 30.44°C). The physicochemical analysis of soil samples in the surface soils (0-15 cm) were; pH (6.33-7.66) and EC (137.70-559.20 μS/cm) whereas results obtained in the subsoil (15-30 cm) were; pH (6.17-7.64) and EC (99.50-592.00 μS/cm). The results showed that the concentration of heavy metals in water were below the WHO standard except Pb which exceeded the permissible limit. The concentrations of heavy metals in soil samples were also below the WHO/FAO standards. The concentration of As, Cd and Pb in plant leaves exceeded the WHO/FAO standard except Cu, Se and Zn which were below the limits. The physiochemical analysis of water samples were within the WHO standards except BOD. The enrichment factor of metals ranged from deficient to minimal enrichment except As and Se which ranged from significant and extremely high enrichment respectively. The geoaccumulation indices of all metals examined were practically unpolluted except Se and Pb which recorded moderate pollution. The values for contamination factor of heavy metals recorded low contamination except As, Se and Pb which recorded considerable to moderate contamination.
Assessment of Impact of Oil and Gas Exploration and Production on Ecosystem Services and Human Livelihood: A Case Study of West Cape Three Points in the Western Region, Ghana
(University of Ghana, 2017-07) Ofosu, F.
Ghana's oil and gas industry has been in existence for a decade now. Nonetheless, the quest for local jobs and a boost in national revenue has been a major focus with a lesser consideration for environmental and social ramifications. This study examined impact of oil and gas activities on ecosystem services and human livelihood in coastline communities West of Cape Three Points in the Western Region of Ghana. The study employed descriptive research design and purposive sampling technique. It involved a social survey and laboratory analysis of soil, sea water, borehole, hand-dug well and fish samples. Both test (main) and control samples of sea, borehole and hand –dug well water were analyzed and compared. Also analyzed were fish and soil samples. Key indicators of water quality such as pH, EC, BOD, DO, TDS and Turbidity were determined. Again were pH, Organic Carbon, EC and CEC of soil as well as heavy metals concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Fe and Ni in water and fish samples. Ethos 900 Microwave and Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) were used for the quantitative determination of parameters. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 0.05 level of significance, Karl Pearson's Product Moment Correlation at P ≤ 0.05 and the Chi - Square to establish relationship between variables. There were significant differences amongst parameters such as EC, BOD and TDS and heavy metals such as Pb, Ni and Fe based on WHO standards. Trend of fish catch was noticed to be decreasing whiles demographic characteristics like gender, educational background were identified to influence perception of oil and gas impact on beach and shoreline recreation. Moreover, educational background, duration of stay and gender were noticed to influence public perception on visit to the beaches and shoreline. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh
Assessment of Marine Debris and Water Quality Along the Accra-Tema Coastline of Ghana
(University of Ghana, 2013-07) Himans, I.P.; Nunoo, F.K.E.; Lawson, E.T.
With an estimated population of 3 million people living along Accra's coast, Ghana is facing major challenges in managing its waste especially solid waste in metropolitan areas. A survey of marine debris was therefore carried out over a period of sixteen weeks at four beaches along the Accra - Tema coastline namely Sakumono, La Pleasure, Mensah Guinea and Korle Gonno beach. The main objective of the study was to determine the beach and water quality at the study locations. A 10 x100 m belt transect was demarcated on each beach. Accumulated debris and one litre seawater samples were collected from the belt transects on all four beach sites on a weekly basis and analysed. A total of 18241 items of marine debris which weighed 297.59 kg were collected from the four beaches. Out of 51 individual marine debris items identified, 9 were found on the world‘s ̳dirty dozen‘ list. Plastic materials dominated the debris collected accounting for 63.72% of total debris. Marine debris from land- based source formed the largest proportion of debris collected (93% of items/m 2 and 85% kg/m 2 ). Water quality analysis revealed high mean levels of coliforms and E.coli above World Health Organisation (WHO) levels on all four beach locations. A social survey that mainly targeted beach users was also conducted over the same period. Respondents were in the habit of littering and acknowledged marine debris as a problem. They also believed that Ghana‘s beaches are not clean and identified beach users as the main source of litter generation on the beaches. Intensive education remains key to combating the issue of debris on Ghana‘s coastlines. Water quality levels should be constantly monitored to avoid disease outbreaks. Where the levels are deemed life threatening, the beach should be closed off to the general public until such a time when it is safe. Ultimately, enforcement of appropriate policy initiatives and continuous monitoring is vital to addressing marine debris along Ghana‘s coastlines.
Assessment of Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals Contamination in Korle and Kpeshie Lagoons.
(University of Ghana, 2018-07) Clottey, C.A.
Lagoons are highly productive coastal systems that provide natural services to the ecosystem, however, their pollutions cause adverse changes to the natural environment. Korle and Kpeshie Lagoons in Ghana, both receive wastes from industries and municipal sewage. Controlling and monitoring of contaminants in these systems is very important to environmental protection. The study examined the presence of heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and zinc) in sediments, crabs (Callinectes amnicola), and in fish (Sarotherodon melanotheron) at Kpeshie and Korle Lagoons and compared the concentrations against the environmental standards set by international organisations such as WHO and US EPA. The sediments of Korle and Kpeshie lagoons showed traces of contamination in the order cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, chromium and arsenic, the following metal concentrations in Sarotherodon melanotheron in mgkg-1: As, 0.397 ± 0.07; Cd, 1.10 ± 1.31; Cr, 5.895 ± 9.76; Cu, 3.494 ± 4.56; Pb, 1.227 ± 5.77; Zn, 23.225 ± 10.93, and in Callinectes amnicola : As, 0.288 ± 0.07 mgkg-1; Cd, 4.60 ± 2.69 mgkg-1; Cr, 39.521 ± 55.89 mgkg-1; Cu, 31.085 ± 16.26 mgkg-1; Pb, 10.902 ± 12.95 mgkg-1; Zn, 36.042 ± 17.8 mgkg-1. The pollution indices such as contamination factor (Cf), pollution load index (PLI) and potential ecological risk index (RI) calculated indicated that the sediments are highly polluted with Cd and Pb. Cadmium, chromium and lead concentrations in Callinectes amnicola, and Sarotherodon melanotheron exceeded the permissible limit by FAO/WHO. The estimated target hazard quotient (THQ) of Cd, Cr, and Pb of fishery examined in Kpeshie Lagoon resulted in less than 1, indicating that the daily consumption of Callinectes amnicola and Sarotherodon melanotheron do not pose potential non-carcinogenic health risk to individuals.