Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Biochemical Risk Factors Associated with Sporadic Onset of Alzheimer's Disesase in Ghanaian Patients

Abstract

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder leading to cognitive decline and dementia, with increasing prevalence globally and rising public health concerns in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ghana. Limited research exists on the genetic and biochemical risk factors associated with sporadic AD onset in Ghanaian populations, necessitating localized investigation. Aim: This study aimed to examine associations between clinical, biochemical factors, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the APOE gene with sporadic onset of Alzheimer's disease in Ghanaian patients. Method: A hospital-based case-control study was conducted at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, involving clinically diagnosed AD patients and matched neurologically healthy controls. Clinical assessments, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), biochemical assays including lipid profiles, and genotyping of APOE SNPs via PCR-RFLP were performed to evaluate associations with AD. Results: The study recruited 83 participants, predominantly older adults with a mean age above 73 years. AD cases showed significantly lower cognitive scores on MoCA compared to controls. Biochemical analysis revealed elevated triglycerides and very-low-density lipoprotein levels in AD cases. Genotyping indicated a higher frequency of APOE4 alleles in cases versus controls; however, statistical association was not significant, likely due to sample size constraints. Common comorbidities included hypertension and diabetes, more prevalent in AD cases. Conclusion: The findings highlight the multifactorial nature of sporadic AD involving genetic susceptibility, lipid metabolism dysregulation, and vascular comorbidities among Ghanaians. This study provides foundational data for future research and underscores the need for larger studies to confirm genetic associations and develop tailored diagnostic and intervention strategies in the Ghanaian population