Insecticidal activities of cinnamic acid esters isolated from Ocimum gratissimum L. and Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn leaves against Tribolium castaneum Hebst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Pest management using botanicals has been widely practiced in sub-Saharan Africa and other parts of theworld in recent times. The natural compounds present in these botanicals are known to be responsible for the protection they offer against insect pests. Someof these compoundsmay act as single compounds to produce an effect or theymay be synergistically effective. In the present study using a bioassay guided approach, two cinnamic acid derivatives,methyl cinnamate and sitosterol cinnamate, were isolated fromthe leaves of Ocimum gratissimumand Vitellaria paradoxa, respectively. RESULTS: The two cinnamic acid derivatives were found to show higher levels of insecticidal, larvicidal and larval growth inhibition activities against Tribolium castaneum. The LC50 of methyl cinnamate was determined to be 26.92mgmL−1 (95% CL: 1.18.66–38.84mgmL−1; slope±SE: 2.84±0.81) for the adult 8.31mgmL−1 (95% CL: 2.39–28.83mgmL−1; slope±SE: 0.66±0.28) for the larvae while the LC50 of sitosterol cinnamate was determined to be 6.92mgmL−1 (95% CL: 3.97–12.06mgmL−1; slope±SE: 1.59±0.12) the adult and 3.91mgmL−1 (95% CL: 2.21–6.93mgmL−1; slope±SE: 1.52±0.13) for the larvae. CONCLUSION: Generally, the susceptibility of adult T. castaneum to these cinnamic acid esters can be directly associated with the concentration aswell as time of exposure to the compounds. The isolated compounds support the use of O. gratissimumand V. paradoxa as important botanicals for the management of storage pests.