Citizenship and Marginalisation: A Comparative Analysis of the Experiences of Fulani and Zabarma Migrants in the North Tongu District of the Volta Region of Ghana.

Abstract

The frequent migration and diverse nature of ethnic groups in West Africa have led to citizenship and identity crises in the region. In recent years, there has been a trend towards citizen registration with biometric identification in most of the West African states. Within the literature, there is a debate on whether these forms of citizen identification exercises extend civil rights and security to citizens or increasingly marginalises and excludes the poor and minorities. This thesis focuses on the construction of citizenship in Ghana and the experiences of well-established migrant communities in gaining recognition as Ghanaian citizens. Interviews, focus group discussions, library and internet sources were used in collecting data for this research. This research argues that excluding Fulani and Zabarma migrant groups from Ghanaian citizenship by linking it to migration and mobility is historically unfounded. The state's approach relies on stereotypes of indigenous communities and “aliens” rather than historical context, ignoring the actual conditions in Ghana in which the “aliens” are second, third, or fourth generation migrants. Bureaucrats often use this flawed model to mask unprofessional practices, highlighting a need for greater transparency. Rather than blocking people from registration, the system should support the inclusion of marginalized groups, ensuring access to essential services and civic participation. The findings reveal that many people are excluded based on appearance or arbitrary factors, creating feelings of alienation. Additionally, it argues that bureaucratic definitions of national identity overlook people’s historical connections and integration within their communities, which can lead to community tensions. A broader perspective on citizenship is required to embrace West Africa’s long-standing traditions of mobility, migration, and cultural diversity.