Hypothyroidism phenotypes, clinical characteristics, and factors associated with nodular thyroid disease in patients with hypothyroidism in Southern Ghana: a 6-year retrospective study

Abstract

Background This study aimed to describe the frequency of hypothyroidism phenotypes, clinical characteristics, and factors associated with nodular thyroid among hypothyroid patients at the University of Ghana Hospital in southern Ghana. Methods This study was a 6-year hospital-based retrospective study that extracted data from 221 patients with hypothyroidism from the archival records of the University of Ghana Hospital using a checklist. These include socio demography (age, gender, marital status, residential status, educational level), lifestyle variables (anthropometry, smoking status, alcohol intake), and co-morbidities, as well as ultrasound imaging findings of the thyroid. Serum thyroid hormone levels were used to classify hypothyroidism phenotypes. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with nodular thyroid disease. Result The frequency of primary, subclinical, and secondary hypothyroidism was 81.4%, 16.3%, and 2.3%, respectively. Fatigue [120(54.3%)], heavy menstrual loss [54/160(33.8%)], and cold intolerance [73(33.0%)], were predominant symptoms while 54/57 (94.7%) were overweight/obese, 23/32 (71.9%) had dyslipidaemia whereas 7/34 (20.6%) had hypertension. The odds of developing nodular thyroid disease were 2.11 times higher (95% CI: 1.07–4.17; p=0.032) in males than in females. Conclusion Our results provide insight into the frequency of hypothyroidism phenotypes, clinical characteristics, and factors associated with nodular thyroid, emphasizing male gender as an independent predictor of nodular thyroid disease. Our findings also emphasize the need for lifestyle adjustment as a mitigating strategy in the management of hypothyroidism. However, prospective studies are required to confirm the findings or investigate the histological characteristics of thyroid nodules in patients with hypothyroidism.