Beyond Borders: The Climate-Induced Mobilities of Fulani Pastoralists to Ghana

Abstract

This study examines the dynamics of climate-induced Fulani pastoralist migration to Ghana, focusing on how environmental changes transform traditional migration patterns and challenge conventional notions of state sovereignty, citizenship, and security. Using a qualitative case study approach, the research was conducted in selected communities in Agogo (Ashanti Region), Navrongo and Paga (Upper East Region), and Poyentanga and Naaha (Upper West Region). The study employed semi structured interviews and participant observation with Fulani pastoralists and local community members to explore the evolving nature of Fulani mobility. The research reveals three key findings. First, climate change-related environmental degradation and resource scarcity are altering historical patterns of seasonal migration, compelling Fulani pastoralists toward more permanent settlement arrangements and challenging traditional concepts of borders and sovereignty. Second, these environmental transformations are generating complex social dynamics around belonging and citizenship, with local and national actors negotiating new forms of community integration as intergenerational differences emerge in how Fulani communities adapt to changing circumstances. Third, state and regional actors are driving the securitization of climate-induced migration, creating new challenges for regional governance and human security while simultaneously spurring innovative local governance mechanisms for resource management and conflict resolution. Utilizing thematic analysis supported by NVivo software, this study employs a constructivist theoretical framework that emphasizes how social actors interpret and respond to environmental changes, highlighting the agency of Fulani pastoralists in negotiating their adaptive strategies. The Fulani migration issues underscores broader regional challenges in adapting governance structures to climate-induced migration. Specifically, local and national stakeholders must develop flexible, collaborative approaches to manage transboundary migration. A key recommendation is the development of participatory, multi-level governance mechanisms that recognize pastoralists' mobility rights while addressing host communities' security and resource concerns.