The Challenges Associated with Eradicating Illegal Mining Activities in the Atiwa Range Forest Reserve and Its Fringe Communities

Abstract

Illegal small-scale mining, locally known as galamsey, has become one of Ghana’s most pressing environmental and socio-economic challenges, particularly within ecologically sensitive areas such as the Atiwa Range Forest Reserve (ARFR) and its fringe communities. Despite the forest’s critical role as a biodiversity hotspot and watershed supporting major rivers including the Birim, Densu, and Ayensu, unregulated mining continues to degrade the reserve, threatening ecosystems, water resources, and livelihoods. This study investigates the challenges associated with eradicating illegal mining in the ARFR by integrating geospatial analysis of forest loss, socio-behavioural insights from miners and their networks, and stakeholder perspectives on mitigation strategies. Using GIS and remote sensing data from 2005–2025, complemented by interviews focus group discussions, and policy document analysis, the research quantifies the extent of deforestation linked to illegal mining, identifies socio-economic drivers sustaining the practice, and assesses the limitations of existing governance and enforcement mechanisms. Findings reveal significant forest degradation within the time frame. It also revealed entrenched community dependence on mining for livelihoods, institutional fragmentation, weak enforcement capacity, and political interference as key obstacles to eradication. The study argues for a holistic, systems-based approach that combines community participation, viable alternative livelihood support, stronger institutional coordination, and technological monitoring to sustainably address illegal mining in the ARFR. By offering integrated evidence and policy recommendations, the research contributes to ongoing debates on natural resource governance, environmental protection, and rural development in Ghana.