Risks and Causes of Death among Young People in Ghana: A Study of Kintampo Health and Demographic Surveillance System

Abstract

Although young people constitute an important human resource, they experience complex challenges during their transition to adulthood leading to increased mortality. This preventable loss of life not only affects the quality of life they experience, but also hinders their ability to contribute to national development. This study examines the factors affecting youth mortality and its impact on Youth Life Expectancy (YLE), using data from the Kintampo Health and Demographic Surveillance System (KHDSS) in Ghana from 2005 to 2015. The study identifies the broad causes of death, namely, infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases (NCDs), maternal causes and injuries/trauma. It further employs life table analysis to quantify potential gains in YLE when these broad causes of death are either eliminated or reduced in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Distinct sex and age-related mortality patterns emerge from the analysis, underscoring the need for targeted interventions. The research identifies significant gender disparities in YLE and mortality causes, revealing that females generally have a higher life expectancy than males. Additionally, both males and females experience different patterns of mortality risk by age group and cause of death. For example, among the 10 to 14 year age groups, males stand to gain more in YLE by reducing NCDs, whereas for females of the same age group, the elimination of infectious diseases provides the most benefit. Between ages 15 and 24 however, reducing injuries and trauma, yields the highest gains in YLE for both sexes. These findings have crucial policy implications, particularly as they align with SDG 3, which aims to achieve well-being and healthy lives for all. The thesis situates these findings within the broader national context, highlighting the urgency to address youth mortality, especially where the burden is heaviest among the different age groups. Policy recommendations take into account the Ghana’s epidemiological transition and the triple burden of disease. The recommendations call for gender and age-specific interventions, increased healthcare access and public awareness campaigns targeting young people. The thesis concludes that, addressing the specific causes of death among young people can significantly enhance YLE and contribute to meeting SDG 3 targets. The study also identifies a number of gaps for future research, including the need for longitudinal studies to track the long-term impacts of targeted interventions, as well as research into behavioural and socio economic factors influencing youth mortality.