Psychometric Properties and Correlates of Precarious Manhood Beliefs in 62 Nations
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Date
2021
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
SAGE
Abstract
Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is
hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a
brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that
covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data from university samples
in 62 countries across 13 world regions (N=33,417), we demonstrate: (1) the psychometric
isomorphism of the PMB (i.e., its comparability in meaning and statistical properties across the individual and country levels); (2) the PMB’s distinctness from, and associations with,
ambivalent sexism and ambivalence toward men; and (3) associations of the PMB with nation level gender equality and human development. Findings are discussed in terms of their statistical
and theoretical implications for understanding widely-held beliefs about the precariousness of
the male gender role.
Description
Research Article
Keywords
psychometric isomorphism, precarious manhood beliefs, ambivalent sexism, ambivalence toward men