The ECOWAS Free Movement Protocol and Diversity of Experiences of Different Categories of Migrants: A Qualitative Study

Abstract

While studies have drawn attention to the operationalization, and implementation challenges associated with the ECOWAS free movement protocol, our understanding of how different categories of migrants experience the protocol is far more limited. Drawing on data from interviews conducted with 23 ECOWAS migrants living or traveling to Ghana, immigration officials, and a trade union representative, this paper examines the diversity of experiences of ECOWAS migrants about the free movement protocol. The findings suggest that the experiences of ECOWAS nationals in areas such as awareness and knowledge of provisions in the protocol, border crossing, processes of acquiring residence and work permits and renewing permits, and rights of establishment differ remarkably by dimensions of social difference. The gender, social class, and nationality of migrants are fundamental and shape the experiences of ECOWAS migrants in divergent ways. These findings have important implications for policies seeking to promote free movement in West Africa.