Research Articles
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A research article reports the results of original research, assesses its contribution to the body of knowledge in a given area, and is published in a peer-reviewed scholarly journal. The faculty publications through published and on-going articles/researches are captured in this community
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Item Endemic goitre and urinary iodine levels in rural communities in the Bolgatanga and Builsa districts of the upper east region of Ghana(East African Journal of Medicine, 1998-09) Asibey-Berko, E.; Amoah, A.G.; Addo, F.; Agyepong, E.Objective: To ascertain the severity of IDD in some rural communities in upper east of Ghana and to urge the establishment of intervention and control measres for IDD. Subjects and study design: A total of 1061 subjects, made up of about an equal number of children (8-14 years) and women of childbearing age (15-45 years) from seven Sekoti villages and five Builsa villages of the upper east of Ghana were examined for goitre by the palpation method. In addition, every tenth subject examined, provided urine for urinary iodine determination. Results: 68.8% of the subjects had goitre; 9.9% had visible goitre. The goitre rates of the children from Builsa (77.2%) were significantly higher than those from Sekoti (59.1%) [z=4.5; p<0.001]. The overall prevalence of goitre and visible goire in women in the two areas were 70.8% and 15.4% respectively. The women of Sekoti had more goitres (76.6%) but less visible goitres (8.8%) than those of Builsa (63.5% and 21.9%) [p<0.001). The median urinary iodine level for the two survey areas was 1.6 μg/dl. 72% of subjects and urinary iodine less 2 μg/dl/ 24% had urinary iodine levels in the range 2-5 μg/dl and the remainder had urine iodine in the range 5-10 μg/dl. Conclusions: These findings indicate severe IDD in Sekoti and Builsa areas requiring urgent action. Further studies are indicated to determine the cause(s) of the IDD endemia.Item Race and ethnicity determine serum insulin and C-peptide concentrations and hepatic insulin extraction and insulin clearance: comparative studies of three populations of West African ancestry and white Americans(Metabolism, 1997) Osei, K.; Schuster, D.P.; Owusu, S.K.; Amoah, A.G.We examined the importance of ethnicity in terms of β-cell secretion and hepatic insulin extraction (HIE) and insulin clearance (IC) to peripheral insulin levels before and after stimulation in three populations of West African ancestry, namely African-Americans, Ghanaian immigrants, and native Ghanaians living in diverse environments, and white Americans. Following 10 to 12 hours of overnight fasting, each subject ingested a 75-g oral glucose load. Blood samples for determination of serum glucose, insulin, and C- peptide were obtained at baseline and after the oral glucose load at 30- minute intervals for 240 minutes. Basal HIE and IC were calculated as the molar ratios of C-peptide and insulin concentrations at basal steady state, and postprandial values as molar ratios of the incremental integrated C- peptide and insulin areas. Clinical characteristics of the patients were not significantly different among the four groups. During the fasting and postprandial state, serum glucose levels were not significantly different among the four groups. Surprisingly, the mean fasting insulin concentration was significantly greater in native Ghanaians (21.19 ± 0.93 μU/mL, P < .05) than in African-Americans (11.90 ± 1.02 μU/ML), Ghanaian immigrants (8.14 ± 0.96 μU/mL), and white Americans (7.03 ± 0.78 μU/mL). Following the oral glucose load, the mean serum peak and incremental integrated areas of insulin were significantly (P < .05) greater in native Ghanaians, African- Americans, and Ghanaian immigrants compared with white Americans. In contrast, there were no significant differences in postprandial serum insulin responses among the three groups of West African ancestry, irrespective of country of origin or residence. Despite the higher insulin concentrations in blacks of West African ancestry compared with whites, the corresponding basal and postprandial serum C-peptide levels were not significantly different among the four groups. Mean basal and postprandial HIE and IC were significantly (P < .05 to .01) reduced (25% to 52%) in the three populations of West African ancestry compared with the white Americans, but these values were not significantly different among the West African descendants. When comparing metabolic responses in obese (body mass index [BMI] > 27 kg/m2) and non-obese (BMI < 27 kg/m2) native Ghanaians, we found no significant differences in fasting insulin, C-peptide, and basal HIE or IC. Also, there were no significant relations between fasting and postprandial serum insulin, obesity indices, and HIE and IC in any of the groups. In summary, our study demonstrates that glucose-tolerant native Ghanaians, Ghanaian immigrants, and African-Americans of West African ancestry manifest hyperinsulinemia and a decreased HIE and IC compared with white Americans. We conclude that race and ethnicity may be the major determinants of the mechanism(s) of β-cell secretion, insulin action, and peripheral insulin levels and HIE or IC in humans. We speculate that the lower HIE and IC in blacks of West African descent appears to be a highly conserved metabolic trait irrespective of the country of residence.Item Further studies on the pharmacokinetics of perhexiline maleate in humans(Xenobiotica, 1986) Amoah, A.G.; Gould, B.J.; Parke, D.V.; Lockhart, J.D.F.1. We have performed single-dose pharmacokinetic studies on perhexiline in eight young volunteers, each given 300 mg of Pexid orally, using an h.p.l.c. method for the separation and quantification of the drug and its monohydroxy metabolites in plasma and urine. 2. The plasma concentration of the cis-monohydroxyperhexiline (peak of 473 ± 43 ng/ml at 7.5 ± 2.0 h) was always higher than for unchanged perhexiline (peak of 112 ± 20 ng/ml at 6.5 ± 2.0 h) whereas the concentration of the transmetabolite was either low or undetectable in plasma. These findings indicate the occurrence of stereospecific pre-systemic metabolism of perhexiline which reduces the bioavailability of the parent drug. The plasma elimination half-life of perhexiline was 12.4 ± 6.1 h (range 7-23 h) while that for cis-monohydroxyperhexiline was 19.9 ± 7.7 h (range 10-29 h). 3. Not more than 0.3% of unchanged perhexiline was excreted in the urine over five days in eight subjects. Between 3 and 23% of the orally administered drug was excreted as the cis- or trans-monohydroxy metabolites, the ratio of trans to cis metabolites being 0.52 ± 0.20.Item Single-dose pharmacokinetics of perhexiline administered orally to humans(Journal of Chromatography, 1984) Amoah, A.G.; Gould, B.J.; Parke, D.V.A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of perhexiline and its major metabolites, the cis- and trans-monohydroxyperhexilines M1 and M3, respectively, in human plasma or urine has been developed. Perhexiline and its metabolites are extracted from plasma or urine and derivatized with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. The extracted dinitrophenyl derivatives of drug and metabolites are separated on a Spherisorb S5 ODS column by gradient elution. The limits of detection for perhexiline and its monohydroxy metabolites were 15 and 3 ng/ml, respectively. The inter-assay coefficients of variation for 100 ng/ml perhexiline, 100 ng/ml M1 and 400 ng/ml M3 were 10.5, 7.6 and 5.6%, respectively (n = 9). The method has been employed in a limited kinetic study with five healthy adult male volunteers who received 150-mg and 300-mg Pexid tablets at an interval of one week. In four subjects perhexiline exhibited marked first pass effects, with plasma M1 levels higher than unchanged perhexiline; in the urine M1 was the predominant metabolite except in one subject who had higher M3 than M1 in the 300-mg Pexid study. The fifth subject exhibited a defective capacity to hydroxylate perhexiline; M1 and M3 were not detectable in plasma, and the urinary excretion of the monohydroxyperhexilines was relatively less, with M3 present in higher amounts than M1.Item Local iatrogenic complications in nasopharyngeal rhinoscleroma(Journal of Laryngology and Otology, 1988) Dawlatly, E.E.; Anim, J.T.; Baraka, M.E.The possible role of surgical manipulation in inducing local spread and cicatricial complications in rhinoscleroma is illustrated by the three cases discussed in this paper. This is especially so where its occasional presentation as polypoid lesions of the lower respiratory tract may mimic other more sinister lesions and lead to unwarranted invasive procedures by the unsuspecting clinician. The infective nature of the lesions must be appreciated and confirmed microbiologically for appropriate drug treatment to be used. The benefits of minimal surgical intervention are illustrated in the third case.Item Fistula-in-ano: A pathological study(Annals of Saudi Medicine, 1991) Anim, J.T.; Sowayan, S.A.; Grant, C.S.; Al-Breiki, H.A review of 229 cass of fistula-in-ano in our institution has shown that nonspecific inflammatory tissue lines the majority of tracts. Epithelial lining was present in 50 cases and was encountered proportionately more frequently in subjects under 10 years of age, thus supporting a congenital origin as well as infection of anal glands, earlier proposed by other workers. Intestinal contents may have a role in the foreign body response seen in many cases. Locally endemic infectious conditions do not appear to play a significant role in the cause of the disease.Item Breast cancer as seen in King Fahd University Hospital, Al-Khobar, 1983-1986(Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, 1989) Anim, J.T.; Sohaibani, M.O.; Grant, C.S.; Tamimi, D.No abstract available]Item Hyperplastic, premalignant and malignant lesions of the prostate gland(Annals of Saudi Medicine, 1999-07) Anim, J.T.; Sathar, S.A.; Bhatti, M.E.No abstract availableItem Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A comparative study(Tropical and Geographical Medicine, 1991) Anim, J.T.; Kutty, M.K.; Sowayan, S.; Al-Sohaibani, M.O.No abstract availableItem Hypertension, cerebral vascular changes and stroke in Ghana. 1. Microaneurysm formation and stroke(Journal of Pathology, 1984) Anim, J.T.; Kofi, A.D.A modification of the post-mortem arteriographic technique of Ross Russell was used to study the brains of 284 consecutive autopsy cases dying from non-traumatic causes; and made up of 159 hypertensives and 125 normotensives. Microaneurysms were demonstrated in 30.8 per cent of the hypertensives compared with 9.6 per cent normotensives. Haemorrhagic stroke was the cause of death in 37.6 per cent of the hypertensives, the majority of which were in younger age groups compared with hypertensive strokes in whites. The much lower incidence of microaneurysms in the brain of black hypertensives (even those with haemorrhagic strokes) compared with that found by workers among white hypertensives further emphasized the different nature of hypertension in blacks. It is suggested that, in the absence of significant structural differences in the cerebral vasculature between blacks and whites, the high incidence of haemorrhagic strokes occurring in the relatively younger subjects in Ghana may be due to the direct effect of high blood pressures on small intracerebral vessels and that microaneurysm formation may not be as important as in the much older white subjects dying of haemorrhagic strokes.