Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science (DABCS)
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Item Comparative susceptibility of Adult Africa Invader fly, Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) to some selected insecticides(Journal of Agricultural Science, 2012) Abdullahi, G.; Sule, H.; Obeng-Ofori, D.; Afreh-Nuamah, K.; Billah, M.K.With the recent introduction of B. invadens in Africa and its devastating role in crop production, especially mango, with currently no registered insecticides for use against this fly in Ghana, the susceptibility of the fly to four commercially available insecticidal products namely, Cydim Super, Pyrinex 48 EC, Diazol 50 EW and Deltapaz was evaluated in the laboratory. The bioassay was conducted using three (3) different doses of each insecticidal product, by dipping 4x4 cm hardboard panels into the respective doses. Susceptibility of the flies to insecticides were assessed on freshly treated panels, 3-day-old and 6-day-old treated panels in some ventilated transparent bottles of 1 litre capacity. Adult flies aged between 4-12 days were used for the bioassays. The bioassay results indicated that the adult flies were more susceptible to Diazol (Diazinon) (LC50 = 0.6 ml/L; LC90 = 1.3 ml/L) and Pyrinex (Chlorpyrifos) (LC50 = 0.8 ml/L; LC90 =1.0 ml/L), and hence gave the least LT50 and LT90 times. Least susceptibility was recorded with Deltapaz (Deltamethrin) (LC50 = 3.1 ml/L; LC90 = 5.2 ml/L). It could be concluded that the control of B. invadens can be achieved more effectively by the use Pyrinex (Chlorpyrifos) and Diazol (Diazinon). The use of Pyrinex appears to be more economical to the resource poor farmers as it had least LC90 of 1.0 ml/L compared to 1.3 ml/L for Diazol in 30 min.Item Laboratory evaluation of the susceptibility of adult Africa Invader Fly, Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) To NuLure-based bait of some selected insecticides commonly used by mango farmers in Ghana(Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, 2011) Abdullahi, G.; Obeng-Ofori, D.; Afreh-Nuamah, K.; Billah, M.K.True fruit flies are one of the world’s worst pests of fruit and fruiting vegetables, causing millions of dollars worth of damage each year. While Africa has a number of native fruit flies of its own, some exotic species present in some continents has in recent years raised some serious biosecurity concerns among local experts. Bactrocera invadens is one of the exotic fruit flies that recently invaded Africa. Evidence of competitive displacement of indigent fruit flies in some mango agro ecosystem by this species has been recently documented. Effective control of these fruit flies can best be achieved through an IPM based control programme which will involve the use of bait in traps or spot treatments. However, no fruit flies bait is currently registered and is available on Ghanaian market for use in the management of this species by the farmers. The use of some readily available insecticidal products namely Cydim Super, Pyrinex 50 EC, Diazol 50 EW and Deltapaz as killing agents in the commercially available food bait Nulure was evaluated in the laboratory to ascertain their efficacy. The result show that Pyrinex and Diazol based bait were the most effective bait that can be used for the management of fruit flies in Ghana.Item Perception of Ghanaian mango farmers on the pest status and current management practices for the control of the African invader fly, Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae)(New York Science Journal, 2011) Abdullahi, G.; Obeng-Ofori, D.; Afreh-Nuamah, K.; Billah, M.K.The African invader fly Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta and White, generally considered as the most devastating pest of mango was detected in Africa (in Kenya, East Africa) in 2003. It was first detected in Ghana, West Africa in 2005. The perception of mango farmers from Dangbe West and Yilo-Krobo districts in Ghana on the pest status and the current management options adopted for the control of this pest was sought by use of a Questionnaire. The survey results indicated that Ghanaian farmers rank B. invadens among the major pests of mango in Ghana. Farmers generally, believed that it is more damaging than other arthropod pest of mango. Possible losses such as loss of market value, rejection of produce at the international markets and quarantine restriction due to the presence of the pest were also reported by the farmers. Several strategies are being adopted by farmers for the control of fruit flies (including B. invadens) in Ghana. These strategies include the use of insecticides, cultural control measures, and use of trappings to manage fruit flies. Some of the respondents use a combination of insecticides and cultural practices to reduce the menace of fruit flies. It was evident that farmers adopt multiple strategies to minimize the losses due to fruit flies in an IPM fashion.Item The effect of fruit fly larval density on some quality parameters of mango(Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 2011) Akoto, S.H.; Billah, M.K.; Afreh-Nuamah, K.; Owusu, E.O.Three varieties of mango, Jaffna, Palmer and Kent were infested with different first instar larval densities (10, 20 and 30) of the invasive fruit fly species, Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White. This was to determine the effect of each of the densities on three fruit quality parameters. The parameters included Total Soluble Solids (TSS), Percentage Titratable Acidity (% T.A.) and pH, of which TSS and pH showed decreasing trends while % T.A. showed an increasing trend with time. In the controlled treatments where fruits were either held intact or punctured but with no introduction of larvae, there was an increase in pH and TSS and a decrease in %T.A.. The shelf-life, which was taken as the period from the first day of treatment till signs of damage were observed, saw the three varieties infested with 10 larvae lasting up to 6 days, while fruits infested with 20 and 30 larvae lasted for 3 days. The shelf life of the controlled treatments for all the varieties lasted till the 15th day. The presence of fruit fly larvae in fruits causes a number of changes in internal quality parameters such as the TSS, pH, % T.A. and the internal damage area. While pH and TSS decreased with storage time, % T.A. increased with storage time compared with the controlled fruits. Total damage area of fruits was also increased with increase number of larvae introduced. pH, TSS and % T.A. of Jaffna and Kent on the 3rd day of storage were almost the same as their control treatments. Despite the differences, the presence of fruit fly larvae in fruits (irrespective of number), will have negative impact on the internal quality parameters after the 3rd day of storage and reduce the market (export and locally) value of the fruits.Item Susceptibility of four mango varieties to the Africa Invader fly, Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta and White (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Ghana(Journal of Applied Biosciences, 2011) Ambele, F.C.; Billah, M.K.; Afreh-Nuamah, K.; Obeng-Ofori, D.The susceptibility of four economically important mango varieties (Kent, Keith, Palmer and Haden) in Ghana to the attack by Bactrocera invadens was assessed through a series of laboratory-based choice and no-choice experiments, as well as some fruit quality parameters. The developmental periods of immature stages of flies in the varieties were also determined. Susceptibility was determined by counting and comparing the number of puparia recovered from the different varieties after exposure to the flies in cages. Kent was found to be the most susceptible, followed by Palmer, Haden and Keith. Flies took significantly longer periods to complete development on the least susceptible variety (Keith) (25.53 ± 2.3 days), than on the most susceptible variety (Kent) (19 ± 2.3 days). Significant differences (P < 0.05) were also observed in the peel thickness, firmness, Percent Titratable Acidity (% T.A.) and Total Soluble Solids (TSS) of the four varieties. Keith was found to be the least susceptible variety to B. invadens followed by Haden, Palmer and Kent was the most susceptible variety. The differences observed in varietal susceptibility suggest that potentials exist for further genetic improvement to develop mango varieties that may be more tolerant to B. invadens, and could be incorporated into an integrated management strategy against the pest because of the added advantages of it being easy to use, economical and compatible with other methods of control.Item Evidence of competitive displacement of the mango fruit fly, Ceratitis cosyra by the invasive fruit fly, Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) on mango and mechanisms contributing to the displacement(Journal of Economic Entomology, 2009) Ekesi, S.; Billah, M.K.; Nderitu, P.W.; Lux, S.A.; Rwomushana, I.Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White (Diptera: Tephritidae) invaded Kenya in 2003. Before the arrival of B. invadens, the indigenous fruit fly species Ceratitis cosyra (Walker) was the predominant fruit fly pest of mango (Mangifera indica L.). Within 4 yr of invasion, B. invadens has displaced C. cosyra and has become the predominant fruit fly pest of mango, constituting 98 and 88% of the total population in traps and mango fruit at Nguruman, respectively. We tested two possible mechanisms responsible for the displacement namely; resource competition by larvae within mango fruit and aggression between adult flies. Under inter-specific competition, larval duration in B. invadens was significantly shorter (6.2 ± 0.6-7.3 ± 0.3 d) compared with C. cosyra (8.0 ± 1.2-9.4 ± 0.4 d). Pupal mass in C. cosyra was affected by competition and was significantly reduced (7.4 ± 0.3-9.6 ± 0.6 mg) under competitive interaction compared with the controls (12.1 ± 1.5-12.8 ± 1.1 mg). Inter-specific competition also had a significant adverse effect on C. cosyra eclosion, with fewer adults emerging under co-infestation compared with the controls. Interference competition through aggressive behavior showed that fewer C. cosyra (3.1 ± 0.8) landed on mango dome compared with the controls (14.2 ± 1.5) when adults were mixed with B. invadens adults in Plexiglas cages. Similarly the number of times C. cosyra was observed ovipositing, was significantly lower (0.2 ± 0.2) under competitive interaction compared with the controls (6.1 ± 1.8). Aggressive encounters in the form of lunging/ head-butting and chasing off other species from the mango dome was higher for B. invadens compared with C. cosyra. Our results suggest that exploitative competition through larval scrambling for resources and interference competition through aggressive behaviors of the invader are important mechanisms contributing to the displacement of C. cosyra by B. invadens in mango agro-ecosystems