Browsing by Author "Singh, M."
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Item A Sero-epidemiological Approach to Explore Transmission of Mycobacterium ulcerans(Public Library of Science, 2016) Ampah, K.A.; Nickel, B.; Asare, P.; Ross, A.; De-Graft, D.; Kerber, B.; Spallek, R.; Singh, M.; Pluschke, G.; Yeboah-Manu, D.; Röltgen, K.The debilitating skin disease Buruli ulcer (BU) is caused by infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans. While various hypotheses on potential reservoirs and vectors of M. ulcerans exist, the mode of transmission has remained unclear. Epidemiological studies have indicated that children below the age of four are less exposed to the pathogen and at lower risk of developing BU than older children. In the present study we compared the age at which children begin to develop antibody responses against M. ulcerans with the age pattern of responses to other pathogens transmitted by various mechanisms. A total of 1,352 sera from individuals living in the BU endemic Offin river valley of Ghana were included in the study. While first serological responses to the mosquito transmitted malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and to soil transmitted Strongyloides helminths emerged around the age of one and two years, sero-conversion for M. ulcerans and for the water transmitted trematode Schistosoma mansoni occurred at around four and five years, respectively. Our data suggest that exposure to M. ulcerans intensifies strongly at the age when children start to have more intense contact with the environment, outside the small movement range of young children. Further results from our serological investigations in the Offin river valley also indicate ongoing transmission of Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of yaws. © 2016 Ampah et al.Item Synthesis of Three-Dimensional Reduced-Graphene Oxide from Graphene Oxide(Hindawi, 2022) Singh, R.; Ullah, S.; Rao, N.; Singh, M.; Patra, I.; Darko, D.A.; Issac, C.P.J.; Esmaeilzadeh-Salestani, K.; Kanaoujiya, R.; Vijayan, V.Carbon materials and their allotropes have been involved significantly in our daily lives. Zero-dimensional (0D) fullerenes, onedimensional (1D) carbon materials, and two-dimensional (2D) graphene materials have distinctive properties and thus received immense attention from the early 2000s. To meet the growing demand for these materials in applications like energy storage, electrochemical catalysis, and environmental remediation, the special category, i.e., three-dimensional (3D) structures assembled from graphene sheets, has been developed. Graphene oxide is a chemically altered graphene, the desired building block for 3D graphene matter (i.e., 3D graphene macrostructures). A simple synthesis route and pore morphologies make 3D reduced-graphene oxide (rGO) a major candidate for the 3D graphene group. To obtain target-specific 3D rGO, its synthesis mechanism plays an important role. Hence, in this article, we will discuss the general mechanism for 3D rGO synthesis, vital procedures for fabricating advanced 3D rGO, and important aspects controlling the growth of 3D rGO.