Browsing by Author "Sakatoku, H."
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Item Antibody response to measles immunization at seven months old in rural Ghanaian infants(Ghana Medical Journal, 1990-03) Sakatoku, H.; Nakano, T.; Afari, E.A.A serological study was carried out in three rural communities in southern Ghana in order to determine the optimal age for measles immunization. The live hyperattenuated measles vaccine (Schwarz strain) was inoculated subcutaneously; into infants aged three to eleven months. The maternal measles antibodies in the infants started decreasing after 7 months, while the seroconversion rate after the immunization was increasing after 6 months. Forty seven infants were given the measles vaccines at the age of 7 months. The seroconversion rate was 91.5%. There were no side effects. These results indicate that measles immunization can be administered effectively at the age of 7 months.Item Antibody response to measles immunization in rural - Ghanaian infants(1994-10) Sakatoku, H.; Nakano, T.; Arai, S.; Afari, E.A.We investigated optimal age of measles immunization in infants aged 3-11 months in rural villages of Ghana, and determined seroconversion rate in the same infant population following further attenuated measles vaccination with Schwarz vaccine. The prevalence of passively acquired antibody was 11 per cent in infants younger than 6 months, 10 per cent in infants 6 months old, and 3 per cent in infants 7 months old or older. Seroconversion rates in each age group were less than 50, 87, and 92 per cent, respectively. We then immunized 47 7-month-old infants. The seroconversion rate was 92 per cent in this group. There were no clinical adverse effects due to the vaccination. We conclude that measles vaccination could be administered effectively at the age of 7 months with an excellent seroconversion rate.Item Impact of primary health care on child morbidity and mortality in rural Ghana: The Gomoa experience(Central African Journal of Medicine, 1995-05) Afari, E.A.; Nkrumah, F.K.; Nakana, T.; Sakatoku, H.; Hori, H.; Binka, F.The impact of a combination of PHC intervention activities on child survival, growth, morbidity and mortality was assessed in three selected rural communities (Gomoa Fetteh, Gomoa Onyadze/Otsew Jukwa and Gomoa Mprumem) in the Central Region of Ghana from 1987 to 1990. EPI, provision of basic essential drugs and supplies for the treatment of common childhood diseases, treatment of the sick child, growth monitoring, health education, provision of antenatal services, family planning, training and supervision of Community Health Workers, disease surveillance and special studies were the major PHC strategies used to improve the health of the child and the pregnant woman in the three communities. These activities in their totality have had significant impact on morbidity and mortality in children under five and on maternal mortality in children under five and on maternal mortality over the study period 1987 to 1990. Although malaria, acute respiratory infections and diarrhoea diseases continue to be major causes of childhood morbidity, deaths due to these diseases have dramatically declined. Measles and other vaccine preventable diseases no longer contribute significantly to childhood morbidity and mortality. Infant and under five mortality have been reduced from 114.6/1000 and 155.6/1000 live births to 40.8/1000 and 61.2/1000 live births respectively. The crude birth rates however, remain almost the same over the five year period (43 to 48/1000 pop.) but crude death rates have declined (11 to 12.4/1000 pop.).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)Item Impact of primary health care on child morbidity and mortality in rural Ghana: The Gomoa experience [corrected].(1995) Afari, E.A.; Nkrumah, F.K.; Nakana, T.; Sakatoku, H.; Hori, H.; Binka, F.The impact of a combination of PHC intervention activities on child survival, growth, morbidity and mortality was assessed in three selected rural communities (Gomoa Fetteh, Gomoa Onyadze/Otsew Jukwa and Gomoa Mprumem) in the Central Region of Ghana from 1987 to 1990. EPI, provision of basic essential drugs and supplies for the treatment of common childhood diseases, treatment of the sick child, growth monitoring, health education, provision of antenatal services, family planning, training and supervision of Community Health Workers, disease surveillance and special studies were the major PHC strategies used to improve the health of the child and the pregnant woman in the three communities. These activities in their totality have had significant impact on morbidity and mortality in children under five and on maternal mortality in children under five and on maternal mortality over the study period 1987 to 1990. Although malaria, acute respiratory infections and diarrhoea diseases continue to be major causes of childhood morbidity, deaths due to these diseases have dramatically declined. Measles and other vaccine preventable diseases no longer contribute significantly to childhood morbidity and mortality. Infant and under five mortality have been reduced from 114.6/1000 and 155.6/1000 live births to 40.8/1000 and 61.2/1000 live births respectively. The crude birth rates however, remain almost the same over the five year period (43 to 48/1000 pop.) but crude death rates have declined (11 to 12.4/1000 pop.).Item A longitudinal study of malaria infection, morbidity and antibody titres in infants of a rural community in Ghana.(Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1995) Akanmori, B.D.; Afari, E.A.; Sakatoku, H.; Nkrumah, F.K.Item Pertussis immunization with acellular vaccines in Ghanaian children(1995-06) Hori, H.; Afari, E.A.; Akanmori, B.D.; Kamiya, Y.; Sakatoku, H.; Nkrumah, F.K.; Fukai, K.In the present study, the persistence of antibodies to pertussis antigens was assessed in 51 Ghanaian children immunized with one of two acellular vaccines and one whole cell vaccine in early infancy. The effect of a booster dose 1 year after primary immunization was also examined. Antibody titres to pertussis toxin (PT) and filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA) were measured 1 month and 1 year after primary immunization and 1 month after the booster dose. Although geometric titres (GMTs) to FHA were significantly higher in the two types of acellular vaccinees in the whole cell vaccinees 1 month after primary immunization, GMTs to FHA and PT after 1 year were not significantly different in the three groups. Geometric mean titres to PT and FHA following the booster dose were significantly higher in the acellular vaccinees than in the whole cell vaccinees. Seropositivity rates to PT and FHA in the acellular vaccinees, which were more than 93.3% 1 month after primary immunization, ranged from 50.0 to 77.8% after 1 year. In conclusion, the acellular vaccines did not produce higher antibody levels than the whole cell vaccine 1 year after primary immunization. The booster dose was essential to maintaining sufficient seropositivity to pertussis antigens.Item A randomized controlled trial of two acellular pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccines in primary immunization in Ghana: Antibody responses and adverse reactions(1994) Hori, H.; Afari, E.A.; Akanmori, B.D.; Kamiya, Y.; Sakatoku, H.; Nkrumah, F.K.; Fukai, K.Two acellular pertussis vaccines combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (APDT vaccines) were compared with a whole cell PDT (WCPDT) vaccine in primary immunization in Ghana. One is a liquid vaccine which is used for general immunization in Japan and the other is a freeze-dried vaccine newly developed as a heat-stable vaccine. Eighty-nine infants were recruited in the study. Sixty-eight who completed three doses of the immunization were assessed for immunological responses. Twenty-one dropped out because of sickness or moving from the study area. A total of 242 vaccinations in 89 infants were followed up for adverse reactions. Geometric mean titres (GMTs) to filamentous haemagglutinin in the two APDT vaccinees were significantly higher than in the WCPDT recipients. GMTs to pertussis toxin, diphtheria and tetanus toxoids were not significantly different among the three groups. Seropositive rates to pertussis antigens, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids were 94.4 to 100% in the two APDT vaccines. Systemic reactions within 7 days of inoculation were similarly low in the three groups, but significantly fewer infants had local reactions after either of the two APDT vaccines than after the WCPDT vaccine.Item Survey of enteropathogenic agents in children with and without diarrhoea in Ghana.(Ghana Medical Journal, 1990-03) Nakano, T.; Sakatoku, H.; Binka, F.N.; Afari, E.A.; Agbodaze, D.; Aryeetey, M.E.; Mingle, J.A.A.; Kamiya, H.; Sakurai, M.A survey was carried out over a period of one year in a rural setting in Ghana on isolation, detection and/or identification of enteric pathogens from children under five years of age with and without diarrhea. The isolation and detection rates of Shigella flexneri, Giardia lamblia and Rotavirus were significantly higher in children with diarrhea than in controls