Browsing by Author "Odoom, J.K."

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Antibody escape and global spread of SARS-CoV-2 lineage A.27
(NATURE COMMUNICATIONS, 2022) Kaleta, T.; Kern, L.; Hong, S.L.; Hölzer, M.; Kochs, G.; Beer, J.; Schnepf, D.; Schwemmle, M.; Bollen, N.; Kolb, P.; Huber, M.; Ulferts, S.; Weigang, S.; Dudas, G.; Wittig, A.; Jaki, L.; Padane, A.; Lagare, A.; Salou, M.; Ozer, E.A.; Nnaemeka, N.; Odoom, J.K.; Rutayisire, R.; Benkahla, A.; Akoua-Koff, C.; Ouedraogo, A-S.; Simon-Lorière, E.; Enouf, V.; Kröger, S.; Calvignac-Spencer, S.; Baele, G.; Panning, M.; Fuchs, J.
In spring 2021, an increasing number of infections was observed caused by the hitherto rarely described SARS-CoV-2 variant A.27 in south-west Germany. From December 2020 to June 2021 this lineage has been detected in 31 countries. Phylogeographic analyses of A.27 sequences obtained from national and international databases reveal a global spread of this lineage through multiple introductions from its inferred origin in Western Africa. Variant A.27 is characterized by a mutational pattern in the spike gene that includes the L18F, L452R and N501Y spike amino acid substitutions found in various variants of concern but lacks the globally dominant D614G. Neutralization assays demonstrate an escape of A.27 from convalescent and vaccine-elicited antibody-mediated immunity. Moreover, the therapeutic monoclonal antibody Bamlanivimab and partially the REGN-COV2 cocktail fail to block infection by A.27. Our data emphasize the need for continued global monitoring of novel lineages because of the independent evolution of new escape mutations.
Antibody response to 17D yellow fever vaccine in Ghanaian infants
(2001) Osei-Kwasi, M.; Dunyo, S.K.; Koram, K.A.; Afari, E.A.; Odoom, J.K.; Nkrumah, F.K.
To assess the seroresponses to yellow fever vaccination at 6 and 9 months of age; assess any possible adverse effects of immunization with the 17D yellow fever vaccine in infants, particularly at 6 months of age. METHODS: Four hundred and twenty infants who had completed BCG, OPV and DPT immunizations were randomized to receive yellow fever immunization at either 6 or 9 months. A single dose of 0.5 ml of the reconstituted vaccine was administered to each infant by subcutaneous injection. To determine the yellow fever antibody levels of the infants, each donated 1 ml whole blood prior to immunization and 3 months post-immunization. Each serum sample was titred on Vero cells against the vaccine virus. FINDINGS: The most common adverse reactions reported were fever, cough, diarrhoea and mild reactions at the inoculation site. The incidences of adverse reactions were not statistically different in both groups. None of the pre-immunization sera in both age groups had detectable yellow fever antibodies. Infants immunized at 6 months recorded seroconversion of 98.6% and those immunized at 9 months recorded 98% seroconversion. The GMT of their antibodies were 158.5 and 129.8, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that seroresponses to yellow fever immunization at 6 and 9 months as determined by seroconversion and GMTs of antibodies are similar. The findings of good seroresponses at 6 months without significant adverse effects would suggest that the 17D yellow fever vaccine could be recommended for use in children at 6 months in outbreak situations or in high risk endemic areas.
Biosecurity measures to reduce influenza infections in military barracks in Ghana
(BioMed Central, BMC Research Notes, 2015-01) Agbenohevi, P.G.; Odoom, J.K.; Bel-Nono, S.; Nyarko, E.O.; Alhassan, M.; Rodgers, D.; Danso, F.; Suu-Ire, R.D.; Bonney, J.H.K; Aboagye, J.; Kronmann, K.C.; Duplessis, C.; Oyofo, B.A.; Ampofo, W.K.
Background Military barracks in Ghana have backyard poultry populations but the methods used here involve low biosecurity measures and high risk zoonosis such as avian influenza A viruses or Newcastle disease. We assessed biosecurity measures intended to minimize the risk of influenza virus infection among troops and poultry keepers in military barracks. Go to: Findings We educated troops and used a questionnaire to collect information on animal populations and handling practices from 168 individuals within 203 households in military barracks. Cloacal and tracheal samples were taken from 892 healthy domestic and domesticated wild birds, 91 sick birds and 6 water samples for analysis using molecular techniques for the detection of influenza A virus. Of the 1090 participants educated and 168 that responded to a questionnaire, 818 (75%) and 129 (76.8%) respectively have heard of pandemic avian influenza and the risks associated with its infection. Even though no evidence of the presence of avian influenza infection was found in the 985 birds sampled, only 19.5% of responders indicated they disinfect their coops regularly and 28% wash their hands after handling their birds. Vaccination of birds and use of personal protective clothing while handling the birds were low putting the people at risk. Go to: Conclusion Though some efforts have been made to improve biosecurity practices, interventions that help to protect the poultry flock from direct contact have to be practiced. Basic hygiene like washing of hands with soap and running water and regular cleaning of chicken coops are needed to prevent the spread of diseases among birds and between birds and humans.
Biosecurity measures to reduce influenza infections in military barracks in Ghana
(2015-01-23) Agbenohevi, P.G.; Odoom, J.K.; Bel-Nono, S.; Nyarko, E.O.; Alhassan, M.; Rodgers, D.; Danso, F.; Suu-Ire, R.D.; Bonney, J.H.K.; Aboagye, J.; Kronmann, K.C.; Duplessis, C.; Oyofo, B.A.; Ampofo, W.K.
Abstract Background Military barracks in Ghana have backyard poultry populations but the methods used here involve low biosecurity measures and high risk zoonosis such as avian influenza A viruses or Newcastle disease. We assessed biosecurity measures intended to minimize the risk of influenza virus infection among troops and poultry keepers in military barracks. Findings We educated troops and used a questionnaire to collect information on animal populations and handling practices from 168 individuals within 203 households in military barracks. Cloacal and tracheal samples were taken from 892 healthy domestic and domesticated wild birds, 91 sick birds and 6 water samples for analysis using molecular techniques for the detection of influenza A virus. Of the 1090 participants educated and 168 that responded to a questionnaire, 818 (75%) and 129 (76.8%) respectively have heard of pandemic avian influenza and the risks associated with its infection. Even though no evidence of the presence of avian influenza infection was found in the 985 birds sampled, only 19.5% of responders indicated they disinfect their coops regularly and 28% wash their hands after handling their birds. Vaccination of birds and use of personal protective clothing while handling the birds were low putting the people at risk. Conclusion Though some efforts have been made to improve biosecurity practices, interventions that help to protect the poultry flock from direct contact have to be practiced. Basic hygiene like washing of hands with soap and running water and regular cleaning of chicken coops are needed to prevent the spread of diseases among birds and between birds and humans.
Changes in population dynamics during long term evolution of Sabin type 1 poliovirus in an immunodeficient patient
(Journal Virology 82(18): 9179 – 9190, 2008) Odoom, J.K.; Yunus, Z.; Glynis, D.; Philip, M.D.; Javier, M.
The evolution of the Sabin strain of type 1 poliovirus in a hypogammaglobulinemia patient for a period of 649 days is described. Twelve poliovirus isolates from sequential stool samples encompassing days 21 to 649 after vaccination with Sabin 1 were characterized in terms of their antigenic properties, virulence in transgenic mice, sensitivity for growth at high temperatures, and differences in nucleotide sequence from the Sabin 1 strain. Poliovirus isolates from the immunodeficient patient evolved gradually toward non-temperature-sensitive and neurovirulent phenotypes, accumulating mutations at key nucleotide positions that correlated with the observed reversion to biological properties typical of wild polioviruses. Analysis of plaque-purified viruses from stool samples revealed complex genetic and evolutionary relationships between the poliovirus strains. The generation of various coevolving genetic lineages incorporating different mutations was observed at early stages of virus excretion. The main driving force for genetic diversity appeared to be the selection of mutations at attenuation sites, particularly in the 5' noncoding region and the VP1 BC loop. Recombination between virus strains from the two main lineages was observed between days 63 and 88. Genetic heterogeneity among plaque-purified viruses at each time point seemed to decrease with time, and only viruses belonging to a unique genotypic lineage were seen from day 105 after vaccination. The relevance of vaccine-derived poliovirus strains for disease surveillance and future polio immunization policies is discussed in the context of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative
Data management during COVID-19 outbreak response in Ghana: a reference labor atory perspective on key issues and measures
(Ghana Med J, 2021) Obodai, E.; Kyei, G.B.; Aboagye, J.; Bonney, E.Y.; Asante, I.A.; Bonney, J.K.H.; Adusei-Poku, M.; Lamptey, H.; Adu, B.; Kenu, E.; Koram, K.A.; Ampofo, W.K.; Odoom, J.K.
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is an important subject for global health. Ghana experienced low moderate transmission of the disease when the first case was detected in March 12, 2020 until the middle of July when the number of cases begun to drop. By August 24, 2020, the country's total number of confirmed cases stood at 43,622, with 263 deaths. By the same time, the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR) of the University of Ghana, the primary testing centre for COVID-19, had tested 285,501 with 28,878 confirmed cases. Due to database gaps, there were initial challenges with timely reporting and feedback to stakeholders during the peak surveillance period. The gaps resulted from mismatches between samples and their accompanying case investigation forms, sam ples without case investigation forms and vice versa, huge data entry requirements, and delayed test results. However, a revamp in data management procedures, and systems helped to improve the turnaround time for reporting results to all interested parties and partners. Additionally, inconsistencies such as multiple entries and discrepant patient-sample information were resolved by introducing a barcoding electronic capture system. Here, we describe the main chal lenges with COVID-19 data management and analysis in the laboratory and recommend measures for improvement.
Detection of vaccine-derived poliovirus circulation by environmental surveillance in the absence of clinical cases
(Taylor & Francis Group, 2021) Odoom, J.K.; Obodai, E.; Boateng, G.; Diamenu, S.; Attiku, K.; Avevor, P.; Duker, E.; Boahene, B.; Eshun, M.; Gberbie, E.; Opare, J.K.L.
Background: On August 25, 2019, the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research notified the confirmation of a circulating-vaccine-derived poliovirus type-2 (cVDPV2) from the Agbogbloshie environ mental surveillance (AES) site, in the Greater Accra Region. A field investigation of the outbreak was conducted to describe the results of epidemiological and laboratory investigations, and control efforts. Methods: We conducted a descriptive investigation, records review, and active-case-search. Caregivers were interviewed on the vaccination status of their children; knowledge, attitude, and practices on polio prevention; water, sanitation and hygiene practices, and health-seeking behaviors. Stool from healthy children <5 y and sewage samples were taken for laboratory diagnosis. Results: cVDPV2 genetically similar to the cVDPV2 diagnosed recently in the Northern Region of Ghana and Nigeria was identified. 2019 half-year coverage of OPV and IPV was 22%. Fully immunized children were 49% (29/59). Most health workers (70%) had a fair knowledge of polio and acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). Forty-six percent of care-givers admitted to using the large drain linked to the site where the cVDPV2 was isolated as their place of convenience and disposing of the fecal matter of their children. No AFP case was identified. Stool samples from 40 healthy children yielded non-polio enteroviruses while 75% (3/4) of the additional sewage samples yielded cVDPV2. Conclusion: cVDPV2 was isolated from the AES site. No AFP or poliovirus was identified from healthy children. There is a need to improve health workers’ knowledge on AFP and to address the dire sanitation conditions in the Agbogbloshie market and its environs.
Emergence of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations in mothers on treatment with a history of prophylaxis in Ghana
(Virology Journal, 2018-09) Martin-Odoom, A.; Brown, C.A.; Odoom, J.K.; Bonney, E.Y.; Ntim, N.A.A.; Delgado, E.; Lartey, M.; Sagoe, K.W.; Adiku, T.; Ampofo, W.K.
Background Antiretrovirals have been available in Ghana since 2003 for HIV-1 positive pregnant women for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT). Suboptimal responses to treatment observed post-PMTCT interventions necessitated the need to investigate the profile of viral mutations generated. This study investigated HIV-1 drug resistance profiles in mothers in selected centres in Ghana on treatment with a history of prophylaxis. Methods Genotypic Drug Resistance Testing for HIV-1 was carried out. Subtyping was done by phylogenetic analysis and Stanford HIV Database programme was used for drug resistance analysis and interpretation. To compare the significance between the different groups and the emergence of drug resistance mutations, p values were used. Results Participants who had prophylaxis before treatment, those who had treatment without prophylaxis and those yet to initiate PMTCT showed 32% (8), 5% (3) and 15% (4) HIV-1 drug resistance associated mutations respectively. The differences were significant with p value < 0.05. Resistance Associated Mutations (RAMs) were seen in 14 participants (35%) to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). The most common NRTI mutation found was M184 V; K103 N and A98G were the most common NNRTI mutations seen. Thymidine Analogue Mutations (TAMs) such as M41 L, K70R and T215Y were found in all the groups; the most common of the TAMs found were M41 L and T215Y. Majority of the subtypes were CRF02_AG (82%). Conclusion In Ghana initiation of uninterrupted treatment upon diagnosis, coupled with drug resistance testing, would produce a better treatment outcome for HIV-1 positive pregnant women.
Establishment of in-house quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay for HIV-1 viral load measurement: Application to evaluate efficacy of ART in Ghanaian patients in an urban setting
(Journal of AIDS and Clinical Research, 2014-01) Barnor, J.S.; Yamamoto, N.; Brandful, J.A.M.; Ampofo, W.; Bonney, J.H.K.; Bonney, E.; Odoom, J.K.; Aidoo, S.; Alale, M.; Ntim, N.A.; Amoah, Y.O.; Ofori, S.B.; Ndzinu, J.; Aziati, I.D.; Addo, N.-A.; Nyarko, A.; Ido, E.; Ishikawa, K.; Yamaoka, S.
The aim of this study was to establish and apply a real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA quantification in patients on antiretroviral treatment (ART) in Ghana, where recombinant strains including CRF02_AG are prevalent. The primers and TaqMan probe concentrations as well as reaction temperatures were optimized to establish an efficient in-house quantitative assay system for HIV RNA, a tool for HIV viral load measurement in patients. Then an already established HIV-specific PCR amplicon (HIV-1 NL4-3) was used as an external standard to estimate the linearity, amplification efficiency, analytical sensitivity and reproducibility of the in-house real time quantitative assay. Finally, the assay was applied to quantify the viral load in clinical samples of HIV patients on ART. The real time quantitative assay was shown to have good linearity (R2=1.0), high amplification efficiency (E=1.91), high sensitivity (180 copies/ml), and high reproducibility (variation coefficient range, from 1.25% to 3.58%). Analytical specificity and sensitivity of the assay in clinical samples was 96.7% and 95.0%, respectively. The established tool is reliable and covers all relevant genotypes including rare and recombinant forms that circulate in the sub-region. It could therefore allow general monitoring of antiretroviral therapy in patients living in resource-limited settings due to its simplicity, rapidity and less-labour intensiveness. © 2014 Barnor JS, et al.
Evaluation of AFP surveillance indicators in polio-free Ghana, 2009¿2013
(2014-07-05) Odoom, J.K.; Ntim, N.A.A.; Sarkodie, B.; Addo, J.; Minta-Asare, K.; Obodai, E.; Eshun, M.; Ahove, V.V.; Diamenu, S.; Adjabeng, M.; Arthur-Quarm, J.; Barnor, J.S.
Abstract Background Ghana recorded the last case of indigenous wild poliovirus in 1999 but suffered two more outbreaks in 2003 and 2008. Following the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, transmission was interrupted through high routine immunisation coverage with live-attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV), effective acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance and supplementary immunisation activities (SIA). This article describes the results of a five-year surveillance of AFP in polio-free Ghana, evaluate the surveillance indicators and identify areas that need improvement. Methods We investigated 1345 cases of AFP from children aged less than 15 years reported to the Disease Surveillance Department from January 2009 to December 2013. Data on demographic characteristics, vaccination history, clinical presentation and virological investigation on stool specimens collected during investigation were analysed. Results Of the specimens analysed, 56% were from males and 76.3% were from children less than 5 years of age. Twenty-four percent of the children received up to 3 doses of OPV, 57% received at least 4 doses while the status of 19% was unknown. Core AFP surveillance indicators were partly met for non-polio AFP rate while the WHO target for stool adequacy and timeliness was exceeded over the period of study. All the cases were classified virologically, however no wild polio was found. Sixty-day follow-up was conducted for 56.3% of cases and 8.6% cases classified as compactible with polio. Conclusion Both laboratory and epidemiological surveillance for AFP were efficient and many WHO targets were met. However, due to the risk of poliovirus importation prior to global eradication, longterm surveillance is required to provide a high degree of confidence in prevention of poliovirus infection in Ghana. Thus, efforts should be made to strengthen regional performance and to follow–up on all AFP cases in order to establish proper diagnoses for the causes of the AFP leading to proper care.
From research to health policy: The Noguchi story in the past, present and next 25 years
(Frontiers in Tropical Diseases, 2023) Yeboah-Manu, D.; Odoom, J.K.; Osei-Wusu, S.; et al.
The Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR) is a semi-autonomous institute of the College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana. Legon. Founded in 1979, the Institute was built with grant aid from the Government of Japan as a gift to the people of Ghana in memory of the renowned Japanese medical scientist, Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, who died from Yellow fever infection while conducting research on the disease in Ghana. The The institute has a three-pronged mandate to conduct health-related research, build human capacity and provide specialized diagnostic and disease monitoring services in support of the Ghana Health Service. Over the past 40 years, the Institute has grown to be a leading biomedical research institute in the African region. It has strong and long-standing collaborations with scientists and institutions in Africa, Japan, Europe, Australia and North America on several projects on diseases of public health importance. The Institute also hosts several regional and national centers, such as the Regional Influenza Laboratory. The The institute's research activities are relevant to the control and prevention of infectious diseases in Ghana, particularly HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Buruli ulcer, Polio, malaria, and emerging infectious diseases. The Institute also plays a technical/advisory role to government through collaborations with disease control programmes and has since inception provided the country with needed critical evidence in support of health policy as well as laboratory diagnostic services, among others. Going forward, the Institute seeks to expand and consolidate its activities in areas of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), clinical trials, genomic surveillance and academic programs, and in the next 25 years, NMIMR hopes to approach every research area using one health approach.
Genomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 reveals local viral evolution in Ghana
(2021) Ngoi, J.M.; Quashie, P.K.; Morang’a, C.M.; Bonney, J.H.K.; Amuzu, D.S.Y.; Kumordjie, S.; Asante, I.A.; Bonney, E.Y.; Eshun, M.; Boatemaa, L.; Magnusen, V.; Kotey, E.N.; Ndam, N.T.; Tei-Maya, F.; Arjarquah, A.K.; Obodai, E.; Otchere, I.D.; Bediako, Y.; Mutungi, J.K.; Amenga-Etego, L.N.; Odoom, J.K.; Anang, A.K.; Kyei, G.B.; Adu, B.; Ampofo, W.K.; Awandare, G.A.
The confirmed case fatality rate for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Ghana has dropped from a peak of 2% in March to be consistently below 1% since May 2020. Globally, case fatality rates have been linked to the strains/clades of circulating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) within a specific country. Here we present 46 whole genomes of SARS-CoV-2 circulating in Ghana, from two separate sequencing batches: 15 isolates from the early epidemic (March 12–April 1 2020) and 31 from later time-points ( 25–27 May 2020). Sequencing was carried out on an Illumina MiSeq system following an amplicon-based enrichment for SARS-CoV-2 cDNA. After genome assembly and quality control processes, phylogenetic analysis showed that the first batch of 15 genomes clustered into five clades: 19A, 19B, 20A, 20B, and 20C, whereas the second batch of 31 genomes clustered to only three clades 19B, 20A, and 20B. The imported cases (6/46) mapped to circulating viruses in their countries of origin, namely, India, Hungary, Norway, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. All genomes mapped to the original Wuhan strain with high similarity (99.5–99.8%). All imported strains mapped to the European superclade A, whereas 5/9 locally infected indi viduals harbored the B4 clade, from the East Asian superclade B. Ghana appears to have 19B and 20B as the two largest circulating clades based on our sequence analyses. In line with global reports, the D614G linked viruses seem to be predominating. Comparison of Ghanaian SARS-CoV-2 genomes with global genomes indicates that Ghanaian strains have not diverged significantly from circulating strains commonly imported into Africa. The low level of diversity in our genomes may indicate lower levels of transmission, even for D614G viruses, which is consistent with the relatively low levels of infection reported in Ghana.
Human enteroviruses are not the cause of neurological impairments in children at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital
(The Pan African medical journal, 2014-07) Tettey, P.; Badoe, E.; Adiku, T.; Obodai, E.; Odoom, J.K.
Introduction Convulsions associated with fever and acute onset of unknown aetiology with case fatalities have become a long observed medical condition at the Child Health Department of the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital. Children admitted to the department with seizures of undetermined origin and fever has been a source of diagnostic confusion. Studies from the Asia Pacific region suggest a link with non-polio enteroviruses. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between non-polio enterovirus and acute encephalopathy causing neurological morbidity in children. Methods One hundred and fifty cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), throat swab and serum samples were collected from participants at the Child Health Department of the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital for virus isolation and characterization. Samples were cultured on cells and positive culture assayed by microneutralisation. Direct PCR as well as multiplex PCR were used to detect other viral agents present. Results Enterovirus isolation rate was approximately 0.67%. Intratypic differentiation by molecular characterization identified a poliovirus from vaccine origin. Further screening by real-time RT-PCR identified the virus as normal Sabin and not vaccine-derive poliovirus. No arbovirus was however detected. Conclusion Non-polio enteroviruses and chikugunya virus were found not to be the etiologic agent responsible for the convulsion with neurologic morbidity observed in the Ghanaian children. Investigation for other viral agents is recommended.
Human enteroviruses isolated during acute flaccid paralysis surveillance in Ghana: Implications for the post eradication era
(Pan African Medical Journal, 2012-07) Odoom, J.K.; Obodai, E.; Barnor, J.S.; Ashun, M.; Arthur-Quarm, J.; Osei-Kwasi, M.
Surveillance of acute flaccid surveillance (AFP) has been used world-wide to monitor the control and eradication of circulating wild polioviruses. The Polio Laboratory since its accreditation in 1996 has supported the Disease Surveillance Department for AFP surveillance. This study aims to isolate and characterize human enteroviruses from patients with AFP in Ghana. Method: Stool suspension was prepared from 308 samples received in 2009 from the surveillance activities throughout the country and inoculated on both RD and L20B cell lines. Isolates that showed growth on L20B were selected for real-time RT-PCR using degenerate and non-degenerate primers and probes. RD isolates were however characterized by microneutralisation technique with antisera pools from RIVM, The Netherlands and viruses that were untypable subjected to neutralization assay using antibodies specific for E71. Results: Of the 308 samples processed, 17 (5.5%) grew on both L20B and RD cells while 32 (10.4%) grew on RD only. All 28 isolates from L20B were characterized by rRT-PCR as Sabin-like polioviruses. No wild poliovirus or VDPV was found. However from the microneutralisation assay, six different enteroviruses were characterized. Among these, Coxsackie B viruses were most predominant followed by Echovirus. Three children from whom non-polio enteroviruses were isolated had residual paralysis while one child with VAPP found. The non-polio enteroviruses circulated throughout the country with the majority (20.7%) from Ashanti region. Conclusion: This study showed the absence of wild or vaccine-derived poliovirus circulation in the country. However, the detection of three non-polio enteroviruses and one Sabin-like poliovirus with residual paralysis call for continuous surveillance even in the post polio eradication era.
Interruption of poliovirus transmission in ghana: Molecular epidemiology of wild-type 1 poliovirus isolated from 1995 to 2008
(Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2012-10) Odoom, J.K.; Forrest, L.; Dunn, G.; Osei-Kwasi, M.; Obodai, E.; Arthur-Quarm, J.; Barnor, J.; Minor, P.D.; Martin, J.
Described in detail is the molecular epidemiology of wild-type 1 poliovirus circulation in Ghana between 1995-2008, following the implementation of a surveillance system for cases of acute flaccid paralysis and poliovirus infection. Molecular phylogenetic analysis combined with a detailed evaluation of epidemiological indicators revealed that the geographical and temporal circulation of wild-type poliovirus in Ghana was determined by the quality of the implementation of global eradication strategies. The transmission of "indigenous" wild-type 1 poliovirus was eliminated in 1999. However, a drastic reduction in national immunization campaigns resulted in the importation in 2003 and 2008 of wild-type 1 poliovirus from neighboring countries. Both outbreaks were promptly interrupted following resumption of immunization activities. The results detailed here provide scientific evidence that supports the feasibility of polio eradication in Central West Africa, one of the remaining endemic areas for the disease, provided that comprehensive immunization campaigns and sensitive surveillance systems are in place. © The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.
Occurrence of influenza and bacterial infections in cancer patients receiving radiotherapy in Ghana
(PLOS ONE, 2022) Arjarquah, A.K; Obodai, E.; Anie, H.A.; Osei, M.A.; Odoom, J.K.; Bonney, J.H.K.; Behene, E.; et al.
Abstract Background Influenza co-infection with bacteria is a leading cause of influenza-related deaths and severe respiratory infections, especially among high-risk groups like cancer patients undergoing treatment. However, acute respiratory infection (ARI)-like symptoms developed by uppertorso cancer (UTC) patients receiving radiotherapy are considered as side-effects of the radiation. Hence influenza and bacterial pathogens implicated in ARI are not investigated. Methods This prospective cohort study examined 85 in-patients with upper-torso cancers undergoing radiotherapy at the National Radiotherapy, Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Centre (NRONMC) of Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH) in Accra, Ghana. Eligible patients who consented were recruited into the study from September 2018 to April 2019. Influenza viruses A and B in addition to the following bacteria species Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis and Staphylococcus aureus were detected from oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swab specimens collected at three different time points. Presence of respiratory pathogens were investigated by influenza virus isolation in cell culture, bacterial culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and next generation sequencing (NGS) assays. Results Of the 85 eligible participants enrolled into the study, 87% were females. Participants were 17 to 77 years old, with a median age of 49 years. Most of the participants (88%) enrolled had at least one pathogen present. The most prevalent pathogen was N. meningitidis (63.4%), followed by H. influenzae (48.8%), Influenza viruses A and B (32.9%), S. pneumoniae (32.9%) and S. aureus (12.2%). Approximately, 65% of these participants developed ARI-like symptoms. Participants with previous episodes of ARI, did not live alone, HNC and total radiation less than 50 Gy were significantly associated with ARI. All treatment forms were also significantly associated with ARI. Conclusion Data generated from the study suggests that ARI-like symptoms observed among UTC patients receiving radiotherapy in Ghana, could be due to influenza and bacterial single and co-infections in addition to risk factors and not solely the side-effects of radiation as perceived. These findings will be prime importance for diagnosis, prevention, treatment and control for cancer patients who present with such episodes during treatment.
Occurrence of influenza and bacterial infections in cancer patients receiving radiotherapy in Ghana
(Public Library of Science, 2022-07) Arjarquah, A.K.; Obodai, E.; Anie, H.A.; Osei, M.A.; Odoom, J.K.; Bonney, J.H.K.; Behene, E.; Kotey, E.N.; Aboagye, J.; Nyarko, S.O.; Bentum, J.; Yeboah, C.
Background Influenza co-infection with bacteria is a leading cause of influenza-related deaths and severe respiratory infections, especially among high-risk groups like cancer patients undergoing treatment. However, acute respiratory infection (ARI)-like symptoms developed by uppertorso cancer (UTC) patients receiving radiotherapy are considered as side-effects of the radiation. Hence influenza and bacterial pathogens implicated in ARI are not investigated. Methods: This prospective cohort study examined 85 in-patients with upper-torso cancers undergoing radiotherapy at the National Radiotherapy, Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Centre (NRONMC) of Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH) in Accra, Ghana. Eligible patients who consented were recruited into the study from September 2018 to April 2019. Influenza viruses A and B in addition to the following bacteria species Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis and Staphylococcus aureus were detected from oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swab specimens collected at three different time points. Presence of respiratory pathogens were investigated by influenza virus isolation in cell culture, bacterial culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and next generation sequencing (NGS) assays. Results: Of the 85 eligible participants enrolled into the study, 87% were females. Participants were 17 to 77 years old, with a median age of 49 years. Most of the participants (88%) enrolled had at least one pathogen present. The most prevalent pathogen was N. meningitidis (63.4%), followed by H. influenzae (48.8%), Influenza viruses A and B (32.9%), S. pneumoniae (32.9%) and S. aureus (12.2%). Approximately, 65% of these participants developed ARI-like symptoms. Participants with previous episodes of ARI, did not live alone, HNC and total radiation less than 50 Gy were significantly associated with ARI. All treatment forms were also significantly associated with ARI. Conclusion: Data generated from the study suggests that ARI-like symptoms observed among UTC patients receiving radiotherapy in Ghana, could be due to influenza and bacterial single and co-infections in addition to risk factors and not solely the side-effects of radiation as perceived. These findings will be prime importance for diagnosis, prevention, treatment and control for cancer patients who present with such episodes during treatment.
Plaque and growth characteristics of different polioviruses isolated from acute flaccid paralysis in Northern Nigeria
(East African Medical Journal 85(3):137-41, 2008) Sule, W.F.; Oyedele, O.I.; Osei-Kwasi, M.; Odoom, J.K.; Adu, F.D.
Objective: To determine some virulent trait-related properties of poliovirus isolates from children with acute flaccid paralysis following vaccination with oral polio vaccine (OPV). Design: Six polioviruses earlier characterised into wild, vaccine-derived and OPV-like were studied using the plaque morphology and growth kinetics at supra-optimal temperature. Setting: Department of Virology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Subjects: Polio isolates from six children who developed acute flaccid paralysis following vaccinations with various doses of OPV were used. All the children were located in the Northern part of the country where poliovirus is still circulating. Main Outcome Measures: The two vaccine-derived polioviruses acquired wild type characteristics. Results: All the six poliovirus isolates developed different forms of plaques ranging from tiny, small and large. The plaque formed could however not be used to identify the different isolates. Growth of the different isolates at supra-optimal temperature showed that the three wild polioviruses grew to a higher titre when compared with the Sabin 2 control. The two vaccine derived isolates behaved like the wild poliovirus while the OPV-like virus acquired an intermediate characteristics between wild and sabin. Conclusion: The wild polioviruses represented in this study are among the last vestiges of the circulating polioviruses found in the world. It is possible that the observed biological properties of wild types 1 and 3 described in the study are typical of the West African polioviruses. These properties will provide useful previews to the final identification of some important clinical isolates especially type 1 which may grow rapidly in cell culture.
Poliovirus antibody levels and lameness among individuals in three regions of Ghana
(HUMAN VACCINES & IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS, 2019-07-25) Opare, J.K.L.; Odoom, J.K.; Akweongo, P.; Afari, E.A.; Pappoe, M.
Introduction: Ghana recorded the last case of poliomyelitis caused by wild poliovirus in 2008 and the country was declared polio-free in 2015. Polio-neutralizing-antibody levels in the population of three geographically representative regions of Ghana was determined, to identify possible immunity gaps. Methods: Cross-sectional, hospital (1–70 years old) and school (primary, 1–15 years old)-based studies were undertaken in three regions in 2016. Individuals who visited the three teaching hospitals of the regions and were referred for haematology investigations were invited to participate in our study. Neutralizing-antibody titers to polio serotypes P1, P2, and P3 were assayed by WHO-standards. Antibody titers of ≥8 were considered protective. In the school lameness survey, clinical and epidemiological data were obtained from parents and their lamed children. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted on subject characteristics, to assess potential factors for failure to seroconvert. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Neutralizing-antibodies against poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 were detected in 86% (264/307), 84% (258/307) and 75% (230/307) of the samples, respectively. Overall, 60.1% (185/307) were seropositive for the three polio serotypes and 2.9% (9/307) were seronegative. Polio neutralizing-antibodies (P1and P2) decreased with age (p < .001). Low seroprevalence of polio-neutralizing-antibodies was significantly associated with low school attendance of mothers (p < .001). Prevalence of residual paralysis was <1.0/ 1,000 among the school children. Conclusion: Our study population is moderately protected against the three poliovirus serotypes. However, immunity appears to be lower with a higher age and low mother’s education. This may suggest the need for young-adult booster-dose to minimize the risk of wild poliovirus infection
Poliovirus neutralizing antibody levels among individuals in three regions of Ghana
(Ghana medical journal, 2019-06-02) Afari, E.A.; Opare, J.K.L.; Akweongo, P.; Odoom, J.K.
INTRODUCTION: Ghana was declared polio-free in 2015 after the last polio case in 2008. We determined the poliovirus neutralizing antibody levels among individuals to identify possible immunity gaps. METHODS: A cross-sectional, hospital-based study was undertaken in Northern, Ashanti and Greater Accra regions of Ghana. Individuals referred for haematology at the teaching hospitals' laboratories were invited to participate in our study. Neutralizing-antibody titers to poliovirus serotypes 1,2 & 3 were assayed by WHO-standards. Antibody titers of ≥8 were considered protective. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted on subject characteristics to assess potential factors for failure to seroconvert. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Poliovirus (PV) neutralizing-antibody serotypes 1, 2 and 3 were detected in 86.0% (264/307), 84% (258/307) and 75% (230/307) of samples respectively. 60.1% (185/307) were seropositive for the three poliovirus serotypes. Neutralizing poliovirus antibodies for PV1 and PV2 were higher than for PV3. Seroprevalence of poliovirus-neutralizing antibodies among males (PV1=51.9%, PV2= 51.6% and PV3= 52.6%) were higher than in females. Seroprevalence rates of poliovirus-neutralizing antibodies (PV1, PV2, and PV3) were highest in the Northern region (90%, 81%, and 77%). Poliovirus neutralizing-antibodies (PV1and PV2) decreased with age [p< 0.001]. Low seroprevalence of poliovirus-neutralizing antibodies was significantly associated with low school attendance of mothers (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our study population has some protection from polio. However, immunity appears to be lower with a higher age or low Mother's education. This may suggest the need for young-adult booster-dose to minimize the risk of wild poliovirus infection.