Browsing by Author "Odhiambo, J.A.O."
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Item Insecticide Resistance in Diamondback Moth, Plutella Xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeuhdae) from Selected Cabbage Farms Associated with Pyrethroid and Organophosphate Use in Southern Ghana(University of Ghana, 2005-08) Odhiambo, J.A.O.; Gbewonyo, W.S.K.; Oheng-Ofori, D.; University of Ghana, College of Basic and Applied Sciences School of Agriculture Department of Crop ScienceOver dependence on insecticides for the control of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L ) has resulted in development of resistant strains and health hazards due to toxic residues in cabbage. The present study was undertaken to evaluate resistance in DBM and to assess the contribution of residues of insecticides used for DBM control on resistance development. A preliminary survey conducted in Accra and Mampong-Akuapem, revealed inappropriate agronomic practices as the main cause of resistance development and health hazards due to insecticide residues on cabbage. Three pyrethroids viz lambda-cyhalothnn (pawa), cypermethrin (cypercal) and deltamethrin (deltaplan), an organophosphatechlorpyrifos (dursban) and a biopesticide- Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) (dipel) were selected for the study. Wild DBM pupae were sampled from three sites in Accra (Dzorwulu, Airport and Madina) and a site in Mampong-Akuapem. These populations were used to establish a DBM colony, which was reared on potted insecticide-free cabbage in a screen house. Early 4th instar larvae were used for leaf residue bioassays for B.t. and larvae immersion for organophosphate and pyrethroids. Compared to the recommended dosage the L C 9 5 of dursban were 106, 74, 193, 114 fold in DBM populations from Airport, Madina, and Dzorwulu and Mampong respectively. Similarly, for Pawa the LC95 to the recommended dosage were 103, 77, 100, 58 fold for Airport, Madina, Dzorwulu and Mampong respectively. In contrast, only 3-fold tolerance to dipel was recorded in Airport and Madina, 2 fold in Dzorwulu and 4 fold in the Mampong DBM populations The study revealed that most of the field-observed resistance among the conventional insecticides might be attributed to cross and multiple resistance. There was however lack of cues for crossresistance between the conventional insecticides and B.t. Molecular studies of B.L resistance using a PCR based method and further resolution using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) showed the B. t. resistant geue 10 nave multiple bands, including the diagnostic band, as compared with bands from the susceptible strains. When the wild larvae were tested for carboxylesterase activities using the naphthyl acetate-diazo blue coupling reaction, significantly higher activities of a- and )3- naphthyl esterases were recorded in the Mampong DBM population than the Accra samples. Compared to previous findings, the mean activity of a-naphthyl esterase had doubled, while an eight-fold increase was registered for p-naphthyl esterase. Although this result has enormous implications for cabbage farming, there was no relationship between resistance levels obtained by bioassay and activities of aand/ or p - esterases. The involvement of other metabolic detoxification enzymes or resistance mechanisms is suggested. Nonetheless, polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic zymogram study using a-naphthyl acetate revealed presence of bands, which are associated with higher resistance in DBM The Mampong population showed higher frequencies of such bands than the Accra populations. Residues of chlopyrifos-methyL, pirimiphos-methyl and pyrethroids (Cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin) were estimated on cabbage samples using biotoxicity to brine shrimp nauplii after fractionation of the insecticide residues using solid phase extractor (SPE). The residue levels of chlopyrifos were found to be higher than the FAO/WHO recommended maximum residue level (MRL). However, residues for pyrethroids could not be detected for most of the study sites due to low brine shrimp mortalities, except for Dzorwulu and Airport B. Compared to earlier findings the residue levels recorded were not only above the WHO/FAO recommended MRL but a 12-18 fold increase was also recorded in residue levels of pyrethroids. Results from this study have shown that the insecticide residue problem for cabbage should be taken seriously in Ghana. Farmers need to be educated on proper use and handling of insecticides in order not to compromise human health. The study suggests that a more integrated approach using IPM principles, careful and selective use of conventional insecticides coupled with judicious use of B. t. could help reduce insect pests and the associated problems on cabbage.Item Insecticide Resistance In Diamondback Moth, Plutella Xylostella L. From Selected Cabbage Farms Associated With Pyrethroid And Organophosphate Use In Southern Ghana.(University of Ghana, 2005-08) Odhiambo, J.A.O.Over dependence on insecticides for the control o f diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) has resulted in development of resistant strains and health hazards due to toxic residues in cabbage. The present study was undertaken to evaluate resistance in DBM and to assess the contribution of residues of insecticides used for DBM control on resistance development. A preliminary survey conducted in Accra and Mampong-Akuapem, revealed inappropriate agronomic practices as the main cause of resistance development and health hazards due to insecticide residues on cabbage. Three pyrethroids viz lambda-cyhalothrin (pawa), cypermethrin (cypercal) and deltamethrin (deltaplan), an organophosphatechlorpyrifos (dursban) and a biopesticide- Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) (dipel) were selected for the study. Wild DBM pupae were sampled from three sites in Accra (Dzorwulu, Airport and Madina) and a site in Mampong-Akuapem. These populations were used to establish a DBM colony, which was reared on potted insecticide-free cabbage in a screen house. Early 4th instar larvae were used for leaf residue bioassays for B.t. and larvae immersion for organophosphate and pyrethroids. Compared to the recommended dosage the LC95 of dursban were 106, 74, 193, 114 fold in DBM populations from Airport, Madina, and Dzorwulu and Mampong respectively. Similarly, for Pawa the LC95 to the recommended dosage were 103, 77, 100, 58 fold for Airport, Madina, Dzorwulu and Mampong respectively. In contrast, only 3-fold tolerance to dipel was recorded in Airport and Madina, 2 fold in Dzorwulu and 4 fold in the Mampong DBM populations. The study revealed that most of the field-observed resistance among the conventional insecticides might be attributed to cross and multiple resistance. There was however lack o f cues for crossresistance between the conventional insecticides and B.t. Molecular studies of B .t resistance using a PCR based method and further resolution using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) showed the B. t. resistant gave way to multiple bands, including the diagnostic band as compared with bands from the susceptible strains. When the wild larvae were tested for carboxylesterase activities using the naphthyl acetate-diazo blue coupling reaction, significantly higher activities of a- and p- naphthyl esterases were recorded in the Mampong DBM population than the Accra samples. Compared to previous findings, the mean activity of a-naphthyl esterase had doubled, while an eight-fold increase was registered for p-naphthyl esterase. Although this result has enormous implications for cabbage farming, there was no relationship between resistance levels obtained by bioassay and activities o f a - and/or p-esterases. The involvement of other metabolic detoxification enzymes or resistance mechanisms is suggested. Nonetheless, polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic zymogram study using a-naphthyl acetate revealed presence o f bands, which are associated with higher resistance in DBML The Mampong population showed higher frequencies o f such bands than the Accra populations. Residues of chlopyrifos-methyl, pirimiphos-methyl and pyrethroids (Cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin) were estimated on cabbage samples using biotoxicity to brine shrimp nauplii after fractionation of the insecticide residues using solid phase extractor (SPE). The residue levels o f chlopyrifos were found to be higher than the FAO/WHO recommended maximum residue level (MRL). However, residues for pyrethroids could not be detected for most o f the study sites due to low brine shrimp mortalities, except for Dzorwulu and Airport B. Compared to earlier findings the residue levels recorded were not only above the WHO/FAO recommended MRL but a 12-18 fold increase was also recorded in residue levels of pyrethroids. Results from this study have shown that the insecticide residue problem for cabbage should be taken seriously in Ghana, Farmers need to be educated on proper use and handling of insecticides in order not to compromise human health. The study suggests that a more integrated approach using 1PM principles, careful and selective use of conventional insecticides coupled with judicious use of B.t. could help reduce insect pests and the associated problems on cabbage.