Browsing by Author "Liu, P."
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Item Formation of melt pocket in mantle peridotite xenolith from western Qinling, Central China: Partial melting and metasomatism(Journal of Earth Science, 2010-10) Su, B.; Zhang, H.; Sakyi, P.A.; Qin, K.; Liu, P.; Ying, J.; Tang, Y.; Malaviarachchi, S.P.K.; Xiao, Y.; Zhao, X.; Mao, Q.; Ma, Y.Two types of melt pockets, closed melt pocket (CMP) and open melt pocket (OMP), are recognized from the peridotite xenoliths entrained in the Cenozoic kamafugites in western Qinling (Chinese Source), Central China. The Haoti (Chinese Source) CMPs have a mineral assemblage of olivine+ clinopyroxene+amphibole+K-feldspar, whereas the Baiguan (Chinese Source) CMPs are composed of olivine+clinopyroxene+ilmenite+carbonate. The components of the OMPs are more complicated. In the Haoti OMPs, there are olivine, clinopyroxene, glass, low modal abundances of amphibole, K-feldspar (Kfs), ilmenite, sulfide, chlorite, perovskite, chromite and phlogopite. The Baiguan OMPs contain olivine, clinopyroxene, glass, chlorite and chromite. Compositionally, olivines in the CMPs and OMPs are both apparently depleted in Ni, and those in the OMPs are also depleted in Fe and Mg, and enriched in Ca compared to the primary ones. Clinopyroxenes display large and systematical compositional variations between the CMPs and OMPs, particularly in Al, Cr, Na, Ca and Ti. Glasses are generally depleted in Si compared to the worldwide glasses in melt pockets, although they still have large variations. Amphiboles and K-feldspars have relatively restricted compositional variations. The petrographical observations and mineral chemistry suggest that the Haoti and Baiguan CMPs were generated by the in-situ decompression melting of orthopyroxenes, olivines and clinopyroxenes, and by the addition of minor external K-rich and Ca-rich melt/fluids. The OMPs formed during the latest metasomatic event in the lithospheric mantle beneath the western Qinling. © 2010 China University of Geosciences and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.Item Geochronologic-petrochemical studies of the Hongshishan mafic-ultramafic intrusion, Beishan area, Xinjiang (NW China): Petrogenesis and tectonic implications(International Geology Review, 2012-02) Su, B.; Qin, K.; Sakyi, P.A.; Tang, D.; Liu, P.; Malaviarachchi, S.P.K.; Xiao, Q.; Sun, H.The Hongshishan mafic-ultramafic intrusion (SIMS zircon U-Pb age 286.4 ± 2.8Ma) consists of dunite, clinopyroxene peridotite, troctolite, and gabbro. Major elements display systematic correlations. Trace elements have identical distribution patterns, including flat rare-earth element (REE) patterns with positive Eu anomalies and enrichments in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) but depletions in Nb and Ta, indicating fractional crystallization as a key factor in magmatic evolution. Petrologic and geochemical variations in drill core samples demonstrate that minor assimilation and progressive magma injections were closely associated with Ni-Cu mineralization. Mass balance estimates and Sr-Nd isotopes reveal that the Hongshishan parental magmas were high-Mg and low-Ti tholeiitic basalts and were derived from a lithospheric mantle source that had been modified by subducted slab metasomatism before partial melting. Southward subduction of the Palaeo-Tianshan-Junggar Ocean is further constrained by a compilation of inferred, subduction-induced modifications of mantle sources in mafic-ultramafic intrusions distributed in the eastern Tianshan-Beishan area. Integrating the regional positive εNd(t) granites, high-Mg and low-Ti basaltic magmas (mafic-ultramafic intrusions), and slightly later high-Ti basalts in NW China suggests that their petrogenesis could be attributed to Permian mantle plume activities. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.Item Olivine compositional mapping of mafic-ultramafic complexes in eastern Xinjiang (NW China): Implications for Cu-Ni mineralization and tectonic dynamics(Journal of Earth Science, 2012-02) Su, B.; Qin, K.; Sun, H.; Tang, D.; Xiao, Q.; Liu, P.; Sakyi, P.A.Early Permian mafic-ultramafic complexes in eastern Xinjiang (Chinese source) are mainly distributed in the Beishan (Chinese source) area, Mid-Tianshan (Chinese source) massif and Jueluotage (Chinese source) belt. Systematic compositional mapping of olivines from these Early Permian mafic-ultramafic complexes demonstrates that an apparently spatial distribution and heterogeneous partial melting in the mantle source exists from the Beishan area, across the Mid-Tianshan massif, to the Jueluotage belt from the south to the north. This is probably consistent with the spatial evolutional differences and tectonic features of these three belts. The decreasing degree of partial melting, as revealed by decreasing Fo contents of olivines, from south to north and from east to west reflects the southward subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean and the south location of the indistinct mantle plume in the Permian. Simultaneously, NiO and Fo-mapping in olivine also indicates that sulfide segregation before olivine crystallization played an important role in Ni-Cu mineralization in the mafic-ultramafic complexes. Olivines with the compositional range of Fo (77-86) and NiO (less than 0.22 wt.%) are more favorable for Ni-Cu sulfide mineralization. © 2012 China University of Geosciences and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.Item Urban sanitation coverage and environmental fecal contamination: Links between the household and public environments of Accra, Ghana(PLoS ONE, 2018-07) Berendes, D.M.; Kirby, A.E.; Clennon, J.A.; Agbemabiese, C.; Ampofo, J.A.; Armah, G.E.; Baker, K.K.; Liu, P.; Reese, H.E.; Robb, K.A.; Wellington, N.; Yakubu, H.; Moe, C.L.Exposure to fecal contamination in public areas, especially in dense, urban environments, may significantly contribute to enteric infection risk. This study examined associations between sanitation and fecal contamination in public environments in four low-income neighborhoods in Accra, Ghana. Soil (n = 72) and open drain (n = 90) samples were tested for E. coli, adenovirus, and norovirus. Sanitation facilities in surveyed households (n = 793) were categorized by onsite fecal sludge containment (“contained” vs. “uncontained”) using previous Joint Monitoring Program infrastructure guidelines. Most sanitation facilities were shared by multiple households. Associations between spatial clustering of household sanitation coverage and fecal contamination were examined, controlling for neighborhood and population density (measured as enumeration areas in the 2010 census and spatially matched to sample locations). E. coli concentrations in drains within 50m of clusters of contained household sanitation were more than 3 log-units lower than those outside of clusters. Further, although results were not always statistically significant, E. coli concentrations in drains showed consistent trends with household sanitation coverage clusters: concentrations were lower in or near clusters of high coverage of household sanitation facilities—especially contained facilities—and vice versa. Virus detection in drains and E. coli concentrations in soil were not significantly associated with clustering of any type of household sanitation and did not exhibit consistent trends. Population density alone was not significantly associated with any of the fecal contamination outcomes by itself and was a significant, yet inconsistent, effect modifier of the association between sanitation clusters and E. coli concentrations. These findings suggest clustering of contained household sanitation, even when shared, may be associated with lower levels of fecal contamination within drains in the immediate public domain. Further research is needed to better quantify these relationships and examine impacts on health. This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.