Browsing by Author "Kumar, P."
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Item Achieving global mortality reduction targets and universal health coverage: The impact of COVID-19(PLOS, 2021) Mao, W.; Ogbuoji, O.; Watkins, D.; Bharali, I.; Nsiah-Boateng, E.; Diab, M.M.; Dwomoh, D.; Jamison, D.T.; Kumar, P.; McDade, K.K.; Nonvignon, J.; Ogundeji, Y.; Zeng, F.; Zimmerman, A.; Yamey, G.Item The interplay between environmental exposures and COVID-19 risks in the health of children(Environmental Health, 2021) Sly, P.D.; Trottier, B.A.; Bulka, C.M.; Cormier, S.A.; Fobil, J.; Fry, R.C.; Kim, K-W.; Kleeberger, S.; Kumar, P.; Landrigan, P.J.; Carlsen, K.C.L.; Pascale, A.; Polack, F.; Ruchirawat, M.; Zar, H.J.; Suk, W.A.Background: An unusual feature of SARS-Cov-2 infection and the COVID-19 pandemic is that children are less severely affected than adults. This is especially paradoxical given the epidemiological links between poor air quality and increased COVID-19 severity in adults and that children are generally more vulnerable than adults to the adverse consequences of air pollution. Objectives: To identify gaps in knowledge about the factors that protect children from severe SARS-Cov-2 infection even in the face of air pollution, and to develop a transdisciplinary research strategy to address these gaps. Methods: An international group of researchers interested in children’s environmental health was invited to identify knowledge gaps and to develop research questions to close these gaps. Discussion: Key research questions identified include: what are the effects of SAR-Cov-2 infection during pregnancy on the developing fetus and child; what is the impact of age at infection and genetic susceptibility on disease severity; why do some children with COVID-19 infection develop toxic shock and Kawasaki-like symptoms; what are the impacts of toxic environmental exposures including poor air quality, chemical and metal exposures on innate immunity, especially in the respiratory epithelium; what is the possible role of a “dirty” environment in conveying protection – an example of the “hygiene hypothesis”; and what are the long term health effects of SARS-Cov-2 infection in early life. Conclusion: A concerted research effort by a multidisciplinary team of scientists is needed to understand the links between environmental exposures, especially air pollution and COVID-19. We call for specific research funding to encourage basic and clinical research to understand if/why exposure to environmental factors is associated with more severe disease, why children appear to be protected, and how innate immune responses may be involved. Lessons learned about SARS-Cov-2 infection in our children will help us to understand and reduce disease severity in adults, the opposite of the usual scenario.