Biggar, R.J.Saxinger, C.Gardiner, C.Collins, W.E.Levine, P.H.Clark, J.W.Nkrumah, F.K.Blattner, W.A.2013-06-122017-10-162013-06-122017-10-161984Biggar, R. J., Saxinger, C., Gardiner, C., Collins, W. E., Levine, P. H., Clark, J. W., . . . Blattner, W. A. (1984). Type-I HTLV antibody in urban and rural Ghana, West Africa. International Journal of Cancer, 34(2), 215-219.http://197.255.68.203/handle/123456789/3089The prevalence of antibodies against the newly described human T-cell lymphoma virus, type I (HTLV-I) in two communities in Ghana, West Africa, is described. There was no difference by community (urban, 3.6% and rural, 4.0%). Prevalence increased with age, being 5.9% among persons greater than 10 years old, but did not differ by sex. There was no difference when data were analysed by housing status or crowding. Non-confirmed reactions in the assay system were frequent and correlated with both prevalence and titer of antibody against malaria. Possible explanations include vector-borne transmission like that of malaria, but the relationship is more probably due to a polyclonal stimulation of B cells, enhancing the potential for detecting reactivity in the assay. Because assay systems vary and because most laboratories do not routinely use a confirmation assay, results presented by different groups must be interpreted cautiously.enAdolescentAdultAge factorsAntibodiesChildChild, preschoolDeltaretrovirusFemaleGhanaHerpes virus 4HumansInfantMalePlasmodium falciparumRetroviridae infectionsRural populationSocio-economic factorsUrban populationArticle