Adjei-Nsiah, S.Adu-Acheampong, R.Debrah, K.Dembele, F.Lassine, S.Ouologuem, B.Saidu, A.Vissoh, P.Zannou, E.2018-12-102018-12-102013-10https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2013.811220Volume 23, Issue 7, Pages 857-871http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/handle/123456789/26292African smallholders face few opportunities that can be captured through new technologies alone. Analysis of the institutional context in which they work opens new pathways for innovation. This article synthesises nine studies that attempted such analysis. Using mixed appraisal methods, the studies identify institutional conditions that explain the, often unsatisfactory, outcomes of smallholders, as well as entry points for changing them. Instead of at the farm or community levels, Participatory Innovation System Analysis seeks at higher levels to identify actors, networks and mechanisms that maintain or can change the "pervasive bias against the small farm sector" in SSA. © 2013 The Author(s). Published by Taylor & Francis.enEnvironment (built and natural) - AgricultureMethodsSub-Saharan AfricaInnovation systemsInstitutional innovationScoping studiesSmallholder opportunityValue chainsArticle