Osman, A.Boateng, I.Ansah-Mensah, K.Owusu, A.B.2023-06-062023-06-062023https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2023.126411http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh:8080/handle/123456789/39172Research ArticleDepending on planned behaviour theory most studies have assumed a direct effect between socio-demographics and biophilia attitudes on eco-volunteerism without considering prior eco-restoration challenges. Using the expectancy motivation theory, this study assessed the challenges eco-volunteers faced during an eco-restoration exercise within the Muni-Pomadze Ramsar Site (Ghana) and its effects on future eco-volunteerism. The study collected data from eco-volunteers and analysed it using a paired-sampled t-test and generalised linear model ling. Per the results, eco-volunteers face challenges including transportation difficulties, limited refreshment, inadequate equipment, and interpersonal conflict with other eco-volunteers. Ecological reasons superseded social reasons as a motivating factor for eco-volunteerism. Expectancy motivation theory influence of valence played out when the combined effect of transportation difficulties, limited refreshment, inadequate equipment, and interpersonal conflicts on social reasons negatively affected future eco-volunteerism. The study recommends that organisers of eco-restoration exercises should be more sensitive to the needs of eco-volunteers and address these challenges to help encourage future eco-volunteerism.enEco-volunteerismChallengesExpectancy theoryArticle