Bosson, J.K.Jurek, P.Vandello, J.A.Kosakowska-Berezecka, N.Olech, M.Besta, T.Bender, M.Hoorens, V.Becker, M.Sevincer, A.T.Best, D.L.Safdar, S.Włodarczyk, A.Zawisza, M.Żadkowska, M.Abuhamdeh, S.Agyemang, C.B.Akbaş, G.Albayrak-Aydemir, N.Ammirati, S.Anderson, J.Anjum, G.Ariyanto, A.Aruta, J.J.B.R.Ashraf, M.Bakaitytė, A.Bertolli, C.Bërxulli, D.Bi, C.Block, K.Boehnke, M.Bongiorno, R.Bosak, J.Casini, A.Chen, Q.Chi, P.Adoric, V.C.Daalmans, S.Dandy, J.de Lemus, S.Dhakal, S.Dvorianchikov, N.Egami, S.Etchezahar, E.Esteves, C.S.Felix, N.Froehlich, L.Garcia-Sanchez, E.Gavreliuc, A.Gavreliuc, D.Gomez, A.Guizzo, F.Graf, S.Greijdanus, H.Grigoryan, A.Grzymała-Moszczyńska, J.Guerch, K.Sendén, M.G.Hale, M.Hämer, H.Hirai, M.Duc, L.H.Hřebíčková, M.Hutchings, P.B.Jensen, D.H.Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.Karabati, S.Kelmendi, K.Kengyel, G.Khachatryan, N.Ghazzawi, R.Kinahan, M.Kirby, T.A.Kovács, M.Kozlowski, D.Krivoshchekov, V.Kulich, C.Kurosawa, T.An, N.T.L.Labarthe, J.Latu, I.Lauri, M.A.Mankowski, E.Lawal, A.M.Li, J.Lindner, J.Lindqvist, A.Maitner, A.T.Makarova, E.Makashvili, A.Malayeri, S.Malik, S.Mancini, T.Manzi, C.Mari, S.Martiny, S.E.Mayer, C.Mihić, V.Đorđević, J.M.Moreno-Bella, E.Moscatelli, S.Moynihan, A.B.Muller, D.Narhetali, E.Neto, F.Noels, K.A.Nyúl, B.O’Connor, E.C.Ochoa, D.P.Ohno, S.Adebayo, S.O.Osborne, R.Pacilli, M.G.Palacio, J.Patnaik, S.Pavlopoulos, V.de León, P.P.Piterová, I.Porto, J.B.Puzio, A.Pyrkosz-Pacyna, J.Pérez, E.R.Renström, E.Rousseaux, T.Ryan, M.K.Sainz, M.Salvati, M.Samekin, A.Schindler, S.Seydi, M.Shepherd, D.Sherbaji, S.Schmader, T.Simão, C.Sobhie, R.De Souza, L.Sarter, E.Sulejmanović, D.Sullivan, K.E.Tatsumi, M.Tavitian-Elmadjian, L.Thakur, S.J.Chi, Q.T.M.Torre, B.Torres, A.Torres, C.V.Türkoğlu, B.Ungaretti, J.Valshtein, T.Van Laar, C.van der Noll, J.Vasiutynskyi, V.Vauclair, C.Venäläinen, S.Vohra, N.Walentynowicz, M.Ward, C.Yang, Y.Yzerbyt, V.Zanello, V.Zapata-Calvente, A.L.Žukauskienė, R.2021-12-202021-12-202021https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022121997997http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/handle/123456789/37335Research ArticlePrecarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data from university samples in 62 countries across 13 world regions (N=33,417), we demonstrate: (1) the psychometric isomorphism of the PMB (i.e., its comparability in meaning and statistical properties across the individual and country levels); (2) the PMB’s distinctness from, and associations with, ambivalent sexism and ambivalence toward men; and (3) associations of the PMB with nation level gender equality and human development. Findings are discussed in terms of their statistical and theoretical implications for understanding widely-held beliefs about the precariousness of the male gender role.en-USpsychometric isomorphismprecarious manhood beliefsambivalent sexismambivalence toward menArticle