University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh !.lCYEI<1 1iI3UJKtilJ.. C.1874 ... 1943: 1.. Sl'UDY OF THE IMPAcr OF MISSIO}T!.RY !..Cl'IVITIES J.ND OOLONI.AL RULE ON ."" TRADITlON1J., gJ!mE by Robert .Addo-Fening Thesis sul:llittod for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Ghana, Logon. Accra. -jpril, 1980. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh I hereby declare that a:cept for references to otller worlcs which have been duly acknowledged, this thesis 1s the result of my own original research, and that this study baB not been presented, &1 ther in whole or in pe.rt, for another degree elsewhere • .~ ( Candida. te ) .. ~ ~ .or) University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh AB9I'RACT ThiS thesis is a stu.d.y of the nature and extent of the pressures - social, eoonOf.lk and political - that the Buel Missionaries and Bri- tillh colonial Adininistn:. tors b~t to bear Qn Akyem Abualcwa society during the Jeriod 1874-1943. The atudy a180 examines the state's res~ pon. .a to these pressurec and the extent to which they were condi t10ncd by her pre-european hiptorioal experience, her ethos, the strengths ard wea.knesses of her insti tu tional arrangemen ts t the quality of her poli- tical leadership and her resources. 'lb.e gaoetal conclusions tha. t emerge fl:Olll this study SrQ that miaaionary aotivities and colon\&l poliOies brought a great deal of material progress to Akyern AbuaJcwa society: the qua1i ty of lifa was improved by the spread of we. tam-style eduoa.tIon, by the adoption of new skills, by improved medical care and by infrastnlctura.l develop.. ments; changes in the cU8t~ry penal. sytJt8lll made the adm1n1stmtion of justice more huma.ne~ while tha evolution of a modem-style bure- aucmcy at the courts of the chiefa and the adoption of oertain administrative routines enabled the complIcated and diverse fUnetlons of modem gJVemment to be effectively d1sob.argeci. 'lhe.e poe1 tive resu1-ts ware, however, (ltt.aet by nep.tive and ba:mful results: the spiritual foundatiClJ18 ot A1cyem Abualr:wa were nriOlaly undemined by widespread and wl1M violation ot time- honoured customary taboo8 by mi ••i onary oonverts in the name ot reU- giOll8 !reed.QI1 as wall as by 'the introduction ot a dlohotca;y between 'aIunnh, ". . ~ ·-"-.tee , betveetJ. nUs10n and politic.; 1he cob.don University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh and solidari ty of Abuak:1-· ... society suffered great dUlage by the orea.- tion of salams whose christian inhabitantR ~eld al~of from the life of the wider oO!llJlUnity; existing sooial conflicts were sharpened \ClUe new, more serious r.nd hamful ones were introduced by the 00:'- cept of territorial jurisdic~'ion as embod"tl'Jd in t>e N.J.O •• by the distortion of the chamc ~:r and role of chieftaincy, end by the des- truction of the reli{riOt" (onfOxmlty of the state; the wakening of extended family Ues. th·c growing emphasis on indiw.d1al1sm and the failure of christianity to deal adequately with the trauma. of :ra.piu sooial and. eoonomic chan,e created problems of security which e:Iql1'(,f3ed thamselvea in a.lcoholieo nd neurosis; above all the e%J)loltation of AlNakwa.' 8 11m:: ~ rJO renoll' . 18. - h'U!'1a.n and na tuml - for the greater benefit of ',e:' r-;'len :I""r':s reeu1ted in the undeMevelopnent of the state. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh PREFaCE This thesis is the outcooe of part-time research into the history of Alcyeo AbuakWa begun in 1 '!73. First and foreoost I am indebt.ed to Professor lu M.u-Boahen. ny teacher snd, subsequEmtly, colleague who not only suggested the topic of this thesis in the first place, but also supervised it with great diligence and anthusiaso. His critical remarks and suggestions were nost invaluable. I thank the staff of tho Ghana National Archives, lltlcra, the Regional Archives, Koforidua and the Okyeaan .A.t'chives, Kyebi. for their help in gathering cat erial for this work. I an obliged to DY colleague Dr. A. Van Dantzig for helping me with the transla- tion of issues of tho Dar Eyangelische Heidenbote. To all those who granted me personal intel"V'iews. I on nost grateful, particularly the late Osagyefoo Ofori Atta III, Okyenhene, Opsnin Samuel Ofori Dei, TwuI:l Bnrioa. Odebyee Apeakoran, Ohenaba Kwaku LI:loa, Opanin Kofi J.gyei, - all of Kyebi; Barima 1Jntwi Jarua III of Bogaro, Barimll Kwakye Abllbio II of Kwaben, Bar1na Snkyi llkOOlea II of Taky:iman, Nana llPakyewaa of .6bweneaso, Barima APagya Fori III of A:Papam, Barima .t.Bucan llliu of Wankyi, Baafoo Anin Kwatia II of lldadentnm and Mr. A. M. Koj~Aboagye, ox-Api.rumanhene. Finally, I thank Mr. S.N. Adumuah and Miss Mary Asaah of the Department of If';~ory Legon, especialJv the latter, fOl' the :tarlal usiatance twy pY"OVided. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh CONTENTS Page Preface iii List of Maps vii Abbreviatims ix Introduct ion xi I Pre-Oolonial Abuakwa State and Society 1-105 II The Church-State Controversy and the Impact of Colonialiso 1874-18frf 106-167 III Loss of Sovereignty 1887-1 900 168-231 IV JikYEIll Abuakwn Socioty and the Missionary and Colonial Challenge '232-3CJ7 v 1lIoonocic Rovolution: lUssicnsry and Colonial Impact VI Institutimal Change and Innovation VII The I.fissionllry and Colonial Impact: J~ :final !lssessment ~ 461-525 APpendix 526 Bibliograpb,y University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh LIp OF KAPS .lJr;yem .A.bualara - P!:G"sical Jl'Mtures and Boundaries. p.. 527. Politioal Divisions and AlUatoo- mensa Towns. p.528. AbUa'k:we. Islands (in l'elat1.Qrl to Ko1:oku.) ,.529. "" .... University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 1l.BBREVIATIC~S A.D.R.O. 1l.samankesc Division Roguluticn Ordinanco A.G. ll.ttorne,y General A.R.P.S. Aborigines Rights Protection Society C.S. Colonial Secretary C.C.P. Comoissioner, Central Provinoe C.E.P. Commissioner, Eastern Province C.W.F. CO[JJ;Iissioner, Western Province C.J. CIlief Justice C.P.R. Central Province Railway D. C. District Commissioner G.N.Q. Ghnna llotes and Queries National Archives of Ghana, Accra. 'i.I• • G.R. National Archives of Ghana, Koforidua N. 1..0. Native ~inistration Ordinance (1927) N.J.O. Native Jurisdiction Ordinance N.C.B.W.A. National Congress of British West Africa S.N ..~ . Secretary for Native I£fnirs. T.H.S.r.. Transactions of Historical Society of Ghana T.G.C.T.H.S. Transactions of Gold Coast &: 'logolond Hiotoricnl Society. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh INTRODUCTION Both by reason of its econaoic importanoe and the political stature of its paramount ruler, ,Akyan AbUllkWa was by 1920 already being regarded in official circles as the 'most leading md pro- 1 gressive of alL •• nativG states in the Gold Coast'. It was at Kyebi that Clifford 'held the first neeting of chiefs' ufter his assunpticn of the governorship of the Gold Coost in 1912; and it wo..s with Ofori Attn I that he 'first had on opportunity of discussing the affairs of the Gold Coast'. 2 Kyebi was the first state oapital to be visited by Guggis- berg in 1 91 9 and the Abunkwll people were 'the last to whom 5e wcrniJ to stJ.Y good bye' in 1927. In fact during all the tinG he was in the Gold Ooast it was to Kyebi that he repaired whenever he 'wanted to hnveBfrestful and pleasant visit'.' 1;T.J.l. . Jones, District Cocmissioner for JJryen ll.buakwa fron A:ugust 1915 to l(arch 1924 liked to !'ft\"iait the state as he found thnt 'argunents with afori Attn invariably stinulutes one's reasoning faculties'. 4 Notwithstanding the crucial role which .Mcyeo Abunkwa, through its paraoount ohief, played in the fornulation of oolonial 1. N. 1.. G., .Adn 11/1778 Speech by His Excellency the Governor at Kibbi, May 11, 1920. The N,tive States of the Colony numbered 61. See N'J'..G., fldm 11/1/gr4 Protest by Conferenoe of 1I..R.P.3. to Governor Slater 13 Feb. 1928. 2. N.1I..G., Adm 11/1776 Palaver at Kibhi 23 Lpri11916. ,. N. A.G., .l.dn 11/1778 Speech delivered by HEat KibbJ.· 7 1..pril 1 9'Z7 • • • , .4._ w.,.. • - 1- "5' c. C.P. Jones dinries 6 1·loy 1928 Quoted ), Oorntmlers. Chiefs and Colonial Govemment, University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh INTRODUCTION Both by reason of its econooio inportance and the political stature of its pa.:ranount ruler, lIlcyon AbUllkWa WaS by 1920 already being regarded in official circles as the 'nost leading and pro- gressive of all ••• native states in the Go 1d Co.".. 'st ,.1 It was at Kyebi that aI.ifford 'held the first neeting of chiefs' after his assunption of the governorship of the Gold COllst in 1912; and it was with afori Atta I that he 'first had an opportunity of disouss:ing the affairs of the Gold CollSt'. 2 Kyebi wns the first state oapital to be visited by Guggis- berg in 1919 and the Abua.kwa people were 'the last to l'Thom 5.e weni/ to say good bye' in 1927. In faot during all the tine he was in the Gold Ooast it was to Kyebi that he repaired whenever he 'want ed to haveaLrestful and pleasant visit'.:; \'1. J .1.. J on as, District COI:llIlissioner for fk:/en Abuakwa fron A'!J€;ust 1915 to 11arch 1924 liked i;o revisit the state as he found toot 'arguoents with afori Attn invariably stinulntes one's reasoning faculties'. 4 Notwithstanding the crucial role which Mc:yen Abuakwn, through its parllDount chief, played in the fomulation of oolonial 1. N .l...G., Adu 11/1778 Speech by His Exoellency the Governor at Kibbi, May 11, 1920. The Nn.tive States of the Colcm.y numbered 61. See N.1• • G., Adm 11/1/t:]'f4 Protest by Conferenoe of A.R.P.S. to Governor Slater 13 Feb. 1928. 2. N.A.G., Ado 11/1776 Palaver at Kibbi 23 1.pri11916. 3. N • .A..G., MIll 11/1778 Speech delivered by H.E at Kibbi 7 .April 1 9Z7 • , ./L N'. f'I • - 1- "53 c. C.P. Jones diaries 6 Hay 1928 Quoted ClmInc:mtere, Chiefs and Colcmial Govemment, University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh polioies and in the direction of the course ot the history of Gold Coast Colony, schollll'S until recently have paid but only scant attention to its history and culture. The first important work on the state, Major W.F. Butler's book, 5 is eseentinlly the autbor's reminiscences of his contacts with the thr~o ~em states - Abuakwa, Kotoku and Bosooo - during the mobUizlltiOl'l 0': their people for the Sagrenti Wnr. The next set of writings on Altyem Abuo.k:wa nre those by J .B. Danqunh: Cnses in Jlkllll LaW (London 1928), The llldo AbllDl:.wn Handbook (London 1 928), l.kan Laws and Custolls (London 1 928) , JpCGstors. Heroes and God (Kyebi 19,8) l!n Epistle to the Educa·~.cd Youngnan in JJcill Abt'".h'n (Accrn 1929), lllmn Doctrino of God (2nd edition) London, (Cnss) 196'3. Useful as these liorks still are, they lack n true historical perspective. The most often consul- ted of these, nooely, the 1Jlrm Abunkwa. HlIndbook, for instance, was intended as a. reference book for tho general reader in soarch of smple, basic infornntion nbout the Stnte. It is now out of date and needs to be used with reservat ion. The others are mainly ccn- eerned with Abunkwa's religious beliefs and customary law praotices or with exhortations to tho people to be patriotic ::md self- disOiplined. l.part fron the works listed above there are scattered reta- renoes to Akyem Abuakwn to be found in works such as those of C. c. Roindorf', W. E. F. Ward and M. A. Kwamena.-poh. 6 --------------Po_lly H i_ll's .. -- University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh polioies and :in the direction of the course of the history of Gold Coast Colony, scholars until recently have paid but on~ scant attention to its history and culture. The first important work on the state, Major W.F. Butlcr's book,5 is essentially the autbor's reminiscences of his contaots with the thrf:C Ak;y'em states - AbuakWa, Kotoku and BOSOI:le - during the mobUizaticn oJ.' their people for the Sagrenti War. The next set of writings on .AkyCl!l L.bUllkwa are those by J .B. Danquah: Cases:in ~ Law (London 1928), The lJkil:l Abupl;Wl1. Handbook (London 1 928), lJean Laws and Custocs (London 1 928) , Ancestors. Heroes ond God (K"yebi 1938) fln Epistle to the Eduoo:t.Y.£. lowman in l.kin Abt'''b,n (/.cera 1 929), 1Jcp.n Doctrine of God (2nd edi tion) London, (c.'\SS) 1969. Useful ns these l'l'orics still are, they lack a true historical perspeotive. The most often conaul- ted of these, nanely,tho lllcin .t..bull.kwa lfundbook, for instance, wns :intended as a reference book for the general reader in search of smple, bnsic inforoation about the State. It is now out of date and needs to be used with reservation. The others are IlIlI.:inly con- cerned with Abuakwa's religious beliefs and custooary law practices or with emortations to tho people to be patriotic and se1£- disoiplined. l..p:trt fron the works listed above there are scattered refe- rences to l!kyec Abunkwa to be fomd in works such as those of C. C. Rc:indor.f, W. E. F. ward and M.l.. KW81:lenn-poh. 6 Polly Hill's :---------------_._-- University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh polioies and :in the direction of the course of the history of' Gold Coast Colony, soholllI'S tmtil recently have paid but only scant attention to its history and culture. The first important work on the state, Major W.F. Butler's book,5 is essentially the author's reminiscences of his contnots with the thrEiO /ikyem states - Abuakwa, Kotoku and BosonG - during the mobilization 0: their people for the Sngrcnti Wnr. The next set of writings on f.kyeI!l l.buakwa are thoa e by J .B. DanqUllh: Cases in llkan Law (London 1928), The Akin Abu&wn Handbook (London 1928), J.kan Laws and eustocs (London 1928), /ilcestors, Heroes and God (K'yebi 19'8) 1m Epistle to the Educnt.sS Youngoan in IJdc !,bt~--ha (Acorn 1 929), lIkp.n Doctrine of God (2nd edition) London, (C:\ss) 196'3. Useful as these l'lorks still are, they lack IJ. true historical perspective. The most often conaul- ted of these, nncely, tho llkiIl Abuakwa Hnndbook, for instance, WIlS intended as a reference book for the general reader :in search of sicplc, basic in/oroation about the State. It is now out of d~te and needs to be used with reservation. The others are IIll1inly con- cerned with Abu.~a's religious beliefs and customary law practicel or with exhortations to the people to be patriotic and self- disoiplined. l.part fron the works listed above there are scattered refe- rences to Ilkyec .A.bunkwa to be found in works such !:LS those of C. C. Reindorf, W. E. F. ltAlrd lllld r.i. A. Kwamena.-Poh. 6 Polly Hill's :---------------_._._- University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh polioies and in the direction of the course of the history of Gold Const Colony, scholars until recently hnve paid but only scant attention to its history .!lIld culture. The first important work on the state, Major W.F. Butler's book,5 is essentinlly the author's reminiscences of his contacts with tho thrElO Jllli ti os in the Akuapen state., 17300-l85O, LOD8nan 1973, p. 43; Fraser Otori-Atta, ~td.G!l.Gll, p. 28; Ivor Wllks snys that KWllben was still an Akwaou town by 1710. See 1. WLlks,IAkwaou, 1650-1750' K.A. ThesiS, &!Igor, 1958. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 12 Indeod fron oid 17th century to 1826 the rci.son detre of tho Lqro l.buakWn state was warfnre. In the 17th century the state fought no less than three Wrtrs, and in the 18th oentury no less 35 th.'l1l five wnrs, ngcinst Altwoou. Agoinst l.s::mto, ahe fought no loss than seven wars in the 18,t6h century and five in the first qUlll'ter of the 19th century. The fundnoentnl cause of £.bu/lkwn-Akwoou hostility wo.s relentless rivalry for control of the auriferoUS la.nda of tho 37 Birco valley as well as of the trade routes to the ooast. At the tine of the re-establishoent of the Abuakwa state at Banso, the grcnter port of present-day !kyen f~uakwa was included wi thin the l.kwoou kingdon which lay at-hwart the Atewn rnnge and extended eastwards, probllb1y os fnr as the ,a oiddle reaches of the Densu river. Fron their original bone in the bo.sin of the Pr:l and Orin, the ancestors of the .t.kwoou o.re snid to httve o1grated under the leadership of bgyen Kokobo end settled at KuDkuoso about thirty nUes inland bahird Eloinu at the beginning of the 16th century. 35. The dates were 1659, 1682, 1699, 1700, 1719, 1722, 172' and 1730. 36. The dates for these were 1707, 1702, 1717, 1742, 1764. 1765, 1TI2, 1811, 1814. 1816, 1824, 1826. '7. Ivor Vllks, 1llanDu, 1650-1750, p. 8. 38. See Mop 1; Also IVor 1ILllm. !,kwllDU,l650-1750, pp. 1-2. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh In the course of the 16th century they drifted slowly east- wnrdn till their 7th ruler, Akotia, founded Nyannwase, rrbout twenty miles north of Accra at the end of the century. By tho middle of the 17th century .Alcwomu had ostnblishcd her authority 39 over the 'petty states lying on the trade routes to Accra'; and their role 11.9 mia410men in the trade between furopenn mer- chcnts on the co oat and the gold produ.cers of the intorior gave rise to the gold nn.rt of i.bonae in or noa Nynno.w[1Sc. Ultirtntely NyanawN3e toTo.G trnnsfomed into the centre of 0. power- ful kingdOD~O The :.k¥co 1.bunkwo. stnt~ found tho growing po~Ter of iJ::wrou, :md especially her control of tho trNl~ routes to I.ccrn, into- ~ larabIe, .".11d sho wns forced to build up n strone amy to chn- Hengo tho l.lafrou .~eeMnncy. In 1$9 IJryco l.bunkwn fought her first nnjor war cgcinst i.kwcrlu C!l cllies of thc Ga., a.nd 41 nft(;r n trucc which l::sted till 1681, hostilities nerc renewoo. In October 1682 the 1Js:;ycn .t..bunkwn nroy mmboring nbout 12,000 Den confronted an !.kwaou crny of identical strength 'SODO thirty 42 nilce north of i.cora'. 39. K. Y. Dat'lru, Tr~lc nnl Po 1it i os, p. 153. 40. Ivor Wilks, 'The: Mossi nnd tho 1..kr>.n st:'.tcs 1500-1800' in J.F.l.. :.jc.vi end M. Crowder (eds.). History of West f.:fricc Vol. I, Longonn. 1971, pp. 365-367. 4:.. K. Y. Da.clru., Tra.dc and Politics, p. 171; K. l.frifnh, l:kyao, pp. 35-36; 1. Wilks, l,kwonu, 1650-1750, p. 31. 42. Letter f'roo Ralph Hl::sncl, M. Oct. 16, 1682 in Copies ot ~!!:~ ~~: ~.~ctora of tho Ra,ycl l.tricnn Co. to tho ~~!:!:::= __ .L ..... -:'t!:i.PC Coast enstle fron 1 oSerpti t 1682 - -q T,,++__ ~=: ':l Barbot, L Dpscription ~of' ~~tt:= ~=: ~ p. 294; I. W1lks. - nOlA, -pp:' 51-52. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 14 Given such c. formidn.ble J.buakwn arrrry it is not surprising that by the bst decade of the 17th Caltury !kwamu power wns 'very 43 terrible to n11 their meighbouring countries excopt 1\ki.m.'. Indeed according to Bosmnn the llkyem dynrtSty wus by the bagin- ing of the 18th century already 'pretending a: Feudal Right over the JjJr:.romi/ nnd subsequent thereto dElllllLIlding nn Jmntt'l Tribute ••• ,44 Fi'om 1715 the Kotoku stnte now firmly based in .Asnnte- lJryem, nllied with Akyem lJ"Ul.kwn against 1l:kwamu, md together they overthIew the J.kwnmu empire then ruled by }.nsn Kwoo in Nov- amber 1730. The oonquered !Jcwamu territory, including the ccpi- tnl NYanawnae w~s partitioned with the lion's share going to IJ!:yao J.bunkwa. In addition to its overlordship of Jrnnes Fort, Cravecoeur and the i.dnngme ~d l.kunpem districts, the otori 45 dynasty integrated tho Nyo:nawnae kingdom with .nltyem !.bunkwo.. The Abuokwa-lJtwnmu wars ovcrlc.pped the Abu...'1kw::c-f.snnte wars of 1701-1826. Unliko the former, the latter originnted in 1.snnte vindictiveness - the desire to punish the 1.buokwn for proferring nllinnee with Denkyirn during the l.snnte-Denkyirn 43. William Bosmnn, L New and Accurntc Description, p.65. 44. Quoted in W.E. WtJrd, 1. History of Ghana, p.l08. 45. Ivor Willat. Lkwamu 1650-1750, pp.l01-112; K. l..frifnh, !J<:;.yem, c.1700-1874, pp.80-84. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 15 46 War of 1699. In 1701, J:..sontc defeated J\qeo l.htk'1.kwn but in th~ following year, 'With the help of her allies, l.bul'kwa talpa- rnrily reversed the Aaante victory nnd 'caused constornntion 47 end panic nt the courts of Akwt'Ilu and /.sante'. Although Osci Tutu avenged too /,.'lante defent a fow oonths lnter, the two Al. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 18 the effectiveness of the centralised control thnt hnd charnc- teriaed the Okyenhene's cdoinistrntion in the pre-17;O period when the ilBOnD. lived in close proxinity to the state Cllpitnl at Bc.nao. For instance, at the beginning of the 19th century tho newly built l.son:J. settleoent of Begoro frcn the safety of her distance, defied Oqenhene Attn W\lsU Yia.kosan over an order to surren:'.cr an elephant tusk seized fron l.siakwa, and wont to vcr with Oqeoan. The war coincided with the Manto invasion of 1811 nnd it is probable that the. ~orce used by the llI3ante Resident CoLlIlissioner, TnrKloh, to expel Attn \\IUSu fron his kingdoo If;1S provided in part by chief Kwan Kotoko of Begoro 59 rllther than by Queen Bruku of f.siakwn os s.uggested by f..:f'rif'nh. 1'hereafter the Begoro and their Ka:1ann subjects oigratod to cqaki. ti in present day AkwllOU and returned only under an Asanta guarantee of protection agninst Oqeonn. Bogoro was only rc- 60 integrated with l.Jr:yon Abuakwa around 1820. AnothGr i.eonD. 61 sett1enent, Apinslan. olso tended to be recolc:itrant. 59. Interview with Bl'.rioo. ./Intwi Awun III, Begorohene, Dec. 1976. K. J.:f'ri.fch, /Jra'm, p. 170; Also i18nes Aieloo. ·Politicl'.l Crisis. and Socilll Olnnge in the J.snnte Kingdon, 1867-1901'. Unpublished U.C.L.,A. Ph. D. 1975, pp. 1;8-39; \'111ks ois- tnkenly identifies l\siokwahene Tano killed in lS2' by the Aoo.ntOdholtz report in J.pril 1870. He died in 1881. 94 ~. Interview With Odehyeo Apeakoran and Oheneba K. mea 5 Jan., 1m. 91. Civil Records Book 28/8/07.,5/9/07 No.3 p.262. Kyebi Pall'.ce Archives. 92. See Paul Jenkins, I&batrc.cts, p.538 Eisonschnid's Report , oct., 1868. 93. See p. '8. 94. Peu! Jonk:ina, Abstracts. p.642. Buck's Report 8 Sept. 1883 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh '2 The G,rnosehcne was resp::msi ble for tho direct supervision of the IJlOdocfoo (f'unctione.r:iGs ) of the Otori Stool. These included the .'lkYeauc, (linguists). Fotosanfo (trensury offici:.l::» Nkonnwnsoafo (stool carriers). Kradw1ll'efo (souls of the king) Nsenocfoo or f.kunini (court criers of hornlds). l..sonnfao (carriers of the ld.ng's person), Tuotufoo (gun boarers). 1~2 !£!Q. (fnn-bearers), Ufencgsonfa (sword-bearers), ,'.I3okwgfoo no l.kjyerennntuo. 23 July 1 9:>6. 109. Of'ori A~a(ed.} Ab~QDan Iltlanee, p.12; N.A.G. Mn.11/1/ 1094 Regula VB. Cudjoe 1Iopofo. Tao Bek;ye etc. E'atlanuel Ynw Ro'llrv-srao.-YD.""loIIlbavo acted for sone tiDe. in the cape.~ ~~I. 'rreaaurer before Anoa Ymr's appoint- University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh treasury bag) was kept at Kyebi. It contained gold weight, scn- 110 les and scoops used for weighing gold. On tb'; eve of colonj a rule tho ~ (masury) at Kyebi consisted of three treasury chests ~) blsides the fotokase. In the ches+.s was kept E!,olJ dust tied in several bundles end weighed every eight days. The sanaahene or Fotosonfohone was responsible for tho socuri. ty of . ht 111 the sonna. He slept in the treasury rOOD evory nl.g • In thi first decade of colonial rule the }{yabi treasury contained 437 112 predwan (£3,500) ondo up of gold tiod up in 48 bundles. The socond inportont institution of Centrol Governoent, thE: ~antoooionsa, also acquired Dore responsibilities, power and privileges in the half-century that ela.psod between their cmfrantation with Dokuan end tho beginning of colonial rule. By Did 19th ocntury tho N".a.ntooniensa wore attoDpting to consti- tute the~olves into a sort of pressure group and claining ccr- toin prerogatives. In October 1861 for instancc, the IldtJdiontan asafo which was said to hnve 'cone to nn agreol1cnt with ll.Papan against tho Kibi poople' forcibly slaughtored two shoep at Kyebi and took then way. On joining Teto (l.siknn) to fom the nuclouo of tho ./Jlan tooniensa in the 18th century, APapan was assigned 110. Intorviaw with Ohoneba Kwaku /Jnoa ox-Sanaohone ond 8th in line. Tho previous holders were ll.poa ~ruanll lInoa YalY' l.pon Doto, Lpeanin, Apeanin bafranoa, NlOa and L.poa Gyeno: 111. N • .A.G.. bin 11/1/1094 Evidence of lInoa Yaw before C. J • Hector Macleod. 8 Hay 1887. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh the special ,tuty of guarding and 'bl.oeldng the path to Ki'ebi whenever necessary. lIS such they becBOe knOWl'l DB 4sinkwanfoo. Their role survives today in the O'Il8ton of blocking tho Ol~on­ hone's access to the Stool House until he hUs provided then with a li.,e sheep.11' :rerhn~ Adadienton as part of the Apa- pen sub-group wns by their action seeking no extension of this privilege to thcoselves. To a.ve:rt n bloody confrontation between the two towns, okyenhone Obuon availed hinself of the 114 good officos of Basel Missionary Kronor. If as suggested above, this sort of confrontation with Kyobi ~T~S intcndec~ by the lInautoooienaa towns as ono of the strategies for pressing the'.r clams to greator pol! ti cal recognition and privilege, then it paid off, for it becone nn established practice froD the Did 1860s to invito the l:.nantoo- oienaa to pnrticipate in the energency dcHberntions of the 1.{yebi Exocutive Council. In 1865, for instnnoe. n serious bnd dispute iuvolv:i.ng tho stools of Manse, taato ond Kukura.n- "!;ud was referred to 'the King's Elders, 12 fron Ki bbi and 30 !'rOll , neighbouring pIn.cos t;hoJ function M the peoples' reprasentntives' .115 lignin in 1868 the .lInentooniensn 113. See Fraser Ofori Atta, i.l.lantoonicnsa, p.36. 114. Paul JenkitlS, 1.bstr:lcts, p.505 Stronborg's Report dd. 1 Hov. 1861. 115. Paul Jonk:iJ:ls, Abstracts, p.521 Christaller's Report 30 Bout - 1 MS- .",!~~! ~puted lands lay between J.hnbanto ::::::: ~~~e (near KWnno8o). University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh f.dikrofo of Apapon, Tete ond Apedwn were hurriedly sUOIlonod to Kyebi at night to invostigtlto a charge of ossault pressed by Okyenhene '.ooako Attn I against Duko, a. christian servant 116 of Gyaaschene Kwasi monko. 'rhe Acnntoociensa acquired other inportont roles in tho political affairs of tho state. 1-,/3 soldiers of the Ofori Stool, they were entrusted with tho security of the bla.ck stool at the death cf the King as well as the consecration of a new stool to the Denary of the deported King and the Ilrrangeoents for the election and enstoolncnt of his successor. 117 In that role they were known ns ~renpefoo. According to tradition, the duties of liaroopefoo were originally perfomod by the people of Apedwa who nigrated into Aqoo Abuakwa froo the village of Krobo in Dcnkyirn after the l.sante-Denkyira war of 1699-1701 nnd founded Krobo now Apedwa. 118 Presuoably the inclusion of Apedwa in the security network of the 18th century which lnter blossoned into the !.nanto 001 C IllS a, and tho lapse of tine, blurred the special role of Apedwa as \(erenpefoo nnd resulted in its being inperceptibly subsuned under the general security role of the Anantooniensa. i~ccordi.ng to W.J.A. Jonos, however, the 116. Paul Jenkins, Abstrncts, pp.5,8-539, Eisonschoid's Roport 30 Oct. 1868. 117. Soe Fraser Ofori Attn, J\nnntooniensa., Appendix 5B. fn.20. 118. IbicL. 1).26. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 40 123 In Akwamu the head of QyaaBe supervises werempe rites; while in Atlanta the G:vuse consti tute6 the core of the 124 werempefoo. It is highly likely that the duties of W8rElllpe in Al5' N 1 G MIll 11/1/1096 Cb:I.ets' letter dd. 27 Nov 1 912' NAG' -. • ~ ~ ~ ~1 ~~ Cl>~ ~f'.a-smd Captaina to A«. chI. Se~. 1 6 N~. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 42 Prosecution while the Mpakanfo COllSti tuted the panel of arb1- trators. '29 In the event of the Oqenhene being foUl'ld guilty and sentenced to deposition, the execution of the verdict was left in the hands of the Amantocmionsa. '30 The role of the Amantoaniensa in enstoolment and destoolment enhanced their influence over the Okyenhene. Indeed they constituted a poli- tical barometer of sorts, for as pointed out by District Commis- sioner tf.J.il. Jones, an attack by than on the Okyenhene invari- ably 'proved as 1 t were. a skirmish preceding a general asaQul t 1 by the ahonto'. 13 It was in thil sense that Jacob Simmons described the AmantoomienBa in 1886 as 'really the King's mas- ters and advisors' .'32 The Amantoomienaa vas indeed an interesting and unique Akan institution. Created in the 18th century to deal with a miltt .ary contingency. it evolved through the yenrs to become an important political institution for exerting popular pressure and control over the Central Governnent at Kyebi and ensuring that deaision-making did not become the special prerogative of a clique in the cap,ltal. 'The institution proVides a good 129. R.A-G., Adm 11/'/., F.T. Ricketts to Capt. Irvine 31 Dec. 1 ~; Acin 11/1/1096 Chiefs letter 27 Dec. 1 912. 130. ~~:. Adm 11/1 /, Ag. Col. Sec. to Ag. Governor 21 Nov. B.A..G •• Ada 11/1/738 Meeo b.v D.C. Kyebi 28 Feb. 1922. "'.LG• • AtI ... 11 11 It 1)94 J. Simmons to Bon. Col. Sec. 28 Dec. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh illustration of the dynamism and innovntivemss o't the Akan tradi tional system and shows that it wa.s far from being foss i- lized or static. The last important insti tlltion of central govermnent in Akyem Abuakwa was the state (Okycman) CounciL Composed of 'all the stool oocupants of the Abuakwa state', it constituted the supreme governing and legislative body in the state, with competence to deal with 'all the affairs concerning the st/lte frOl!l the Omanhene to the least or smallest child '.' " The real po,ler of the State Council rested with the fiv a wing chiefs, MJIlely ,\dontenhene, Nifahene, Benkumhene, Gya£lsehene and Oseawu- ohenc.13~. The civil power of these chiefs derived directly from their predomirumt role in the military affairs of the state. Indeed attendance of the five wing chiefs or their aCcre- dited representatives or deputies was necessary for the validity of major deciSions of the Council. 5 By mid-19th century " the offices of DiVisional chiefs had become hereditary. ,". N.A.G., Adm 11/1/1105, Award, 1929 parag. 60. 1 '4. The first 1 9th century holders of these respectivo offi ceD are believed to have beon Apean.yo, Awua Panin (0 1821-1863), Tano (0 1815-1823), Ofori Ware (0 1807-1830) and Kwakwa Tiefun (1826-185'). Oral Traditions of Kukurantumi Bogoro Asiakwa, haben and Wanl:y1; tJ.so Paul Jenkins, Abstracts, ' 135. Interview With Odehyee Apeakoran and Oheneba !.mOil 5 Jan. 1 m. See also F.l:"aser Otori Atta. lImantoomiensa, p.l0 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 44 Flanking with the five wing chiefs, but without control of separate divisions of their own,were three other Chiefs promoted to tho status of Divisional Chiefs as a reward for 10yo1 services between 1830 and 1873. These chiefs were otweresohene, llSllmlln- koeehene and ~oa8ehene who ranked socond to Benkumhene, Osea- wuohene and llsiakwDhene respectively. In addition to being .'1 reward for services rendered in the po.st the promotion of the three former Adikrofo whose villages were situated in the western extremity of the state might be viewed as part of the process of bureaucratic evolution touched off by the exigencies of the Akwamu and hlnnte wars. The object was not only to insulate these chiefs against the temptation of secession, but alao to entrust thED with the supervision of villa&£ls in the western extremity of Abunkwa which were far removed from their respco- tive divisional headquarters.1~6 At the head of the Central Government of the state was the Okyenhene. He was distinguished from his Divisionnl and sub chiefs by bis exclusive use of golden sandals, a palanquin, swords with golden hilts, golden headgear or crown, and two Frail 1861 to 1871 a state of war prevailed between newl~ ostabliohed Kotoku state Wi th its capt tal at Nsuaem (Oda} and Abualara. A few Abuakwn villages seceded to join Kotoku. See M.A-G • .Adm 11/1/1126 chpater from Kotoku and AbUllkwa history; Hull to lIg. Governor 26 Oct. 1893. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Boman drums. '37 The Okyenhene-in-Council was a lXlwerful mnn. In 1852 Zimmerman observed that King Attn Pallin had 'strict control over his ~ople ••• ' 138 Gya.asehene basi lmoako was fined a total of ¢~.OO (about £20 5/- or ¢40.50) by King hnoako 139 Attn I's Court for negligence of duty in 1868. In 1870 Benkumhene Kwaku Fening was fined heavily by the sme court for violating the ban on salt trade with Asnnte. '40 Nevertheless, the Okyenebne's J:lOwer was cirOUlllscr.i.bed by custom, that rcs- trained him from becoming an absolute ruler. Amoako Atta I sum- med up the Okyenhene's J:lOsi tion under the Abuakwn const! tution when he said in an address to the Okyeman Council in 1886: You chiefs here know that I om the nng, but you are the people who rule the Government of this Kingdom. You are tho River and I am the fish 11 ving in it who can do nothing without your aid and council(sic) ••• 141 The Okyenhene WllS liable to removal from office for persis- tently iB2lOr.ing advice of his oouncil or violating the customs of the land. Wb11e in office he worked hand in hand with 137. N.A.G.K. Adm 29/6/2 Kafi 'l'wum's case; J.B. Danqunh, llkim Abus.larra Handbook p. 120; Paul Jenkins, Abstracts, p.14; N.A.G. MIl 11/1/H05 Atto.fua's Statemmt 24 June 1888 Bomaa dl'\lllls are the huge 5 feet high Drums. 1:58. Paul Jenkins, Abstracts, p.14 3immerman's ::ieport July 1852. "9. Ibid pp.538-39, E1senschmid's Report ;0 Oct. 1868. 140. Beldenbote, No.11, Rov. 1870 pp.121-122. 141. N.A..G. ldm 11/1 /10~ J. SiJIImons Notes taken at Yvrebi "d University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh the Abakomahene. occupant of the Abakomadwa and the person genernlly acknowledged as heir apparent. This office wns alwoys held by nn odehyee trodoo (3 man of true and pure royal blood) 1dlo more often tblln not succeeded to the stool on the death or deposi tion of an Okyonhene.142 The government at the Divisio- nal and villlJ89 levels was closely modelled on the Okyenhene's goverment. The whole collectivity of pC30ple in the village W0.8 kllown as ~ and its affaire were administered by an Odikro wi th the help and advioe of his mpaninfo (stool Elders or COuncil of Eldore). The Odikro was elected from a particular matrilineal stool (royal) family. The Oman reserved the right to reject his candidature on grounds of unsui tabili ty, such as Jlh¥sical deformity or morru. depravity; and in tlv.3 event of an igpeese between the stool fomily and the Oman regarding the election of an Odikro, the filJlll decision rested with the Oman which could proceed to elect and instal a:ny eligible heir of 142. Between 1840 and 1859 Odehyee .Aanse was lI.bakomahene to the Ofori Stool. He wns, however, passed over in favour of 1.ttu ObJom because of his bad conduct. Odehyee Kwo.bena Dente. son of Nana Dade is believed to have been the IflSt OCOIlpont of the Abakomlldwo.. He was an UllSucoossful can- didate for the succession to Amoako Atta I in 1887. Thereafter the office fell into abeyance o.t IWebi but it continued to exist in several Abualara towns such as Begoro Sld htiakwa. See State Council Record Book 3/10/32- '1/10/-,a Acc. No. 145 p.108, ~cbi Pnlace Archives; Inter- n(e we wit)h Odel\Vee 1.pealcoran (ltobi) and Bo.afoo i.gyeman ABiakwa Jan. 1 'R7: Alao Paul Jenkins, J.bstraots, pp. '5-'6, 529-'0. 690. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 47 14 their choice. ' ihe procedures for the election and installation of Divi- sional chiefs were the samO as for Mikrofo. ~e Divisional Chiefs like the Mikrofo, discharged military, legislative and judicial functions with the llSsistnnco of their respective ooun- ci.ls of Elders reinforcod from time to tille, as occasion demanded, by the co-option of representatives of the villnges oonsti tuting their respective divisions, The Adikrofo in a. division lrere required by custom to attend the enstoolment ceremony of their 144 divisional chief as well as his annual Odwirll festivlll. Like the Oqenhene both Divisional Chiefs and Mikrofo wore liable to destoolment if' they violated custom or persistently ignored advice. The Judicial system The political authority of the lIhenfo (chiefs) in Akyem !.bucltwll as elseWhere in tho llkan world derived primarily from tho fact of their having been 'placed' on Il blackened stool of their predecessors which enshrined the soul of their ool!lI!luni ty. In the relatively peacef'ul era that followed tho Tresty of 1831, the political authority of the Ahenfo CIlIlle to be closely identified not with military coDllland os ih the post but 14'. B.A-G •• J&dm.11/1/4~ J[wabena's answer to Questionaire on election and illStaJ.lation. 144. S- __ A'7.J>O University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh with their judicial functions. The state's judicial system wes olosely modelled on the p:>litical constitution with courts arranged in a hierarchical order. At the bottom was the Odi- lcro's court and at the top was the oourt of the Ok;yeman (state) Council. Between them were the courts of the Opakanni (DiVi- si onal chief) and that 0 f the O~enhene. The Odikro' a court was constituted by the Odikro and his Council of Eldera. So also was the Opakanni's Court exoepl; that it ",'IllS, as and when necessary, strengthened by the co-option of representatives of the villages that formed the Division. The Okyenhene's court was composed of the King sitting with Ankobea, Apesctlaka and Kyidom Md, occasionally, the .Ilmantoomienaa. '45 The court of the State Council was comti tuted by the Okyenhene si tting with all stool occupants in the State. The state Council was the highest court in lUI';vem Abunkwa and exercised both original and appellate jurisdiction. It had power to adjudicate in cases involving differences between the Okyenhene and a chief or subjects. It's jurisdiction in all cases that came before it was unlimited and it had unfettered right to assess pnoifioation and. other fees as well as imp:>se fi ......... s.'46 Ca sas from the oow:ts ot Opakanni and Odikro want to the Okyenhene's court on appeal. fJ.l such appeals were tried 145. See PP.23-24, 30-'5. - ~Ir·""-'~' ~-. ~ ~~:;~;;: ~~~02' t.E.P. to S.N.A. 21 May 1925. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 49 ~ by the Okyenbene. Appeals from an Odikro's oourt could go to the court of an Opakanni. The courts of Mpakanf'o and Mikrofo had cor:l}:etence to hear all O!lses properly brought before them except those involving NtaJ:lkoko or tbe personal oath of the king.147 There were two main prooesses for commencing an action in the various courts: by verbal summons and by oath. In the for- cer ()\lse an aggdeved person approached an okyeame. laid his complaint before him and paid a fee for the summoning of the defendant. Both }XIrties appeared before the court and stated thBir OIlse. Their witnesses were examined and judgement given 'upon the wight of evidence' .148 This was usunlly the process used in cases involving claims of money. 149 The oath was the principal means for bringing an action before a court. Whenever a dis pute arose between two parties, one of them swore the Ok;yen- hone's onth, WUkul.1da De Kwanyllko in support of his case. Almost invariably the other party did the stille u.s failure to reply to an oath was normally held to imply a t-ac!t a.dInission of guilt. The swearing of the ldng's oath rendord the case a criminal case triable by the court of an Odikro, Opekanni or the 147. Sec pp. 53-54 148. J .B. Danquah: The Akim Abualara Handbook, p.SO. 149. N.A.Q.., AdI:l 11/1/1138 X.J.O. Bill Critioiso on by Omllllhene BD1 the Chiefs of Eastern /.:Idm. 31 Dec. 1 9;>6. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 50 150 Ok;yenhene. It WIlS tho duty of o:ny by-atander or p:lsser-by who henrd the oath sworn to arrest the swea.rcr (fa no deduo.) and take hiD before on Okyo/lJ!l.e who in turn took the prisonor before the court. Thl person who perfomed the arrest demanded and received ~ bodee or ~ (arrest fee) trom the sweorer before bringing hio before too Okyelll1le. In the OflSe of the Okyenhone's court llpaBobodee was prolXlrtionate to the distance between Kyebi and the place of arrest. Failure to arrest the swoo.rer of the 1 ldng's oath was an offence punishable by a fino.15 At the beginning of a trial each of the parties to the case provided n surety (okyigyingfoo) who, in the event of the judgooent going against him was to be held as security against pa.yoent of the necessary fees and costs. In other words, if the litigant failed to pay the necessary court fees himself or fled, the security becane liable and might be lwpt in custody until 152 his relatives arranged to hnve the fees Poid. Before giving their respective statements, the parties were sworn on abosoo (£Ods) in addition to taklng tho state oath. Swearing by 150. J. B. Danquah, Cases in Akan Law. p. xxv; N. A. G. Ado 11 /1 / 1138 N.J.O. Bill, Criticism on ••. " Dec. 19)6. 151. N.A-G., Mtl1~/1/,¥)9 il..J. Walker to C.E.P. 14 oct. 1924. 152. N.A.G •• .Adm 11/1/1096 Rev. Molph Mohr to Hull S.N.f.. ~:~ 190'; haoako A,tta II to Colonial Sec. 26 Karch University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh aOOsoD (nsedie) involved invoking the curse of a god against one 's life should ono's testiI:lony be false. Witnesses were sioilarly sworn.15' l~er both sides to the dispute had bean heard, tho oourt retired to consider the verdict (leo Ml£ine,). 1,11 councillors and functionaries present oxcept Nkonnwllson- foo, ~niyetU!oo and Nseneetoo wor~ eutitlad to participate in agyilllltuo (La. consideration of tho verdict). The above-cen- tioncd functionaries renained behind with tho King. Delivery of the judgoo.ent was mtrusted to tho Okyeame who first whispered the verdict into tho King's e::ll's and obtained his concurrence before deliv oring it. This was n mere fomaH ty OIl more orten tlwl not the king acquiesced. In delivering jud8ement the OkyellDo stood foeing the loser of tho action. Behind hio stood all the Nscneofoo cnrrying byiro (white clay or powder) in their plln. JudgCl!leut was greeted with an exolomation of approval - Hoe!: but in political or tl'OtlBonable cases judgement in favour of the king wna greeted wi th the beating of drums, firing of guns nnd Do dAnce by the ldng.154 The Naeneefoo marked the wimer with I\Yire freD the forehend over the centre of the hend 153. J. B. Dlmquah, Cases in lJean Law, pp. xxi:,., XXV: Ci. vll Record Book Vol.1, 1 ~5. l.oc.No.1 p.27', Kyebi Palace l.rvbivee. 154. Of~ri Atta(ed.) AbuakwlElan l.nonee, p.16; J.B Dnnquah, Akim Abuakwa Handbook, pp.80-82; Paul Jonld.n8 Abstracts, p.5)8 IisenscbD.1d's Report ,0 Oct. 1868. ' University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 52 to the nape of tho neck. After that the Okyeame nnnounced the ~ (thanks-uoney) fixed by the t.gyinntufoo. This WllS imrori- 155 .1.b4r reduced atter much pleading by tho loser. The court charges, apnrt froo aseda, wore epata (damllges, pnci.fic..'1tion or claio), epoeatuo lllld oath fine. The Opntll was payable to tho winner of the action and was subject to bnrgain- ing. Mpoelltuo woa an oasessncnt on tho ~ (or abonee) poyo.- ble to the OkyellOe. It was OBsessed at the rato of 4/- in the pound or 2W,. other chnrgos included n fcc for Nsenccfoo asseS- sed at the rate of £ii on every tbl!lI!1a (8/-), 1/- on r:rvary' Nsano (12/-), and 1/6d on every ~ (,£1) of the a.seda. The aseda which WDS deoanded originally fron the winner of the action wos 156 recoverable fron the loser. The Dllin neans of onforcing judgcncnt wes inprisonnent or detention in ~ (log). The cpa consisted of the trunk of a fe1- led coconut tree to which the prisoner was secured by !:leans of an iron staple driven in over the wrist. 157 rtant slave- ~fl_"lI'dli58 o~ ~~'~'.fftJo. £8 in the 1a50s to University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 72 The internal cnrirets were liDked to one another, lU1d to the const ~d north by well-defined and well-patronised trado routes. The norkets in western half of the state were linked to :.ccrn by paths leading froG Knde through Osennse, :;SODankesc Snd Okorosc. 230 This path linked up with the Apedwn - Old Snnsnci - Nkuntanuo - KWeisinun road which was the onc cost used by traders going to •• cera. The wholo journey took 41 hours to complete. 2~1 l.nother went fron Wnnkyi through NsUIlG:l (Oda) , Nsnbn :md l.gonD. 3wcdru. Western 1.bunkwa was linked to It:UI:l."l.sc through the NSl.laeu-Br(mC3,~-Prc.3 0 path ..... 00 to Saltpond via IJcyoo Swcdru nnd ~.kyc.'1.sc. 232 Thc cilatern h:Jlf of the state IN'n connected to L.ccra by two routes r::dinting fron !{yebi. These were the ~bi - Apedwn - Nkunt,'lnun - Kweisin311 rond nnd the Kyebi - Kukurnntuni - f.dweso - l.hcbnnte - .Lburi - I..bokobi - Legon rO[ld. Tho latter rond: becane popular with :Jcyeo traders fron 1854 onwards. 2~3 Fren Kyebi the trade routo wont north via /.sinkwr>., Nsutnn, Fnnkyenelro, Dweru:.se, !.bonpe, l.dnsawase, Knnknn to 230. See Mnp 1. 231. N. L. G., Ado 11/1/1265 Notes taken at Kibi 21 Doc. 1898; n.L.G., :.an 11/1/1094 Governor's ~finute to C.S. 22 Nov. 1 1888; Statcncnt by Chief Yaw To.wio. of Kude 26 Doc. 1888. It took 8 hours to go fron Kude to Osenase; 6 hours to JIBm:lo.nkose; 12 hours to Okornse nnd 15 hours to Kwoisinan. 232. Paul Jenkins, !.bstrn.cts, p.169 Mohr to R'lsel 1? nay 1882. 233. Ibid, p.21 strmgcr'lJ ~'\rter Bericht for 2nd Qucrter 1854. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 73 Kw[!wu.234 In ~tc:rnativc route to this r~ fron Kyebi Vin Teto, Sogyinnsc, Nsuton, Fankyenel:o, Done, :JrurUIl, 1.topnsin. Begoro and thence to Kwcwu. The journey to Kwnwu by this route took 4 days to conplete. 235 L.. brcnch route of the Kyobi-Kwawu roc.d went off fron l.nyinDI1 to :.bonosu which was only five days journey fron KUIl~e.236 Until 1874 when slaves were conncipated they continued 237 to fom the core of the trnde cnr[!vnns. Wi th mnncipation, freeborn . .kyer:, KWawu a.nd New Dwaban joined freed slaves as 238 porters c'.nd carriers of trade eSp3cially the palo oil trnde. In 1875 carriors charged up to 1.2.00 (about 9/-) to go to the coast fron Bogoro which wt"..B about four and n half days journey. 39 The currency in use in l.k;yen 1.buokWn. nlso underwent chan- geB between the 17th and 1 9th centuries. During the 17th centu..ry the principal curruncy in use in the stnte nppccrs to have been cowries. John Bm-bot recorded that the Akyen sold slaves at Ley 1; .... G., .'.do 11/1/1094 I •• Ph. Bauer to Col. Sec. nov. 21 1895. 235. Paul Jenldns, i.bstrncts, p.52 J.dolph I'lohr to fusol 2a Jhrch 1875. 236. Heidonbote No. 11 Ifev. 1870. 237. Soc p.64 238. Paul Jenkins, l.bstracts. p.516 Kroner to Bllsol 1 l'. .u g. 1864; p. 12 9 Uohr' s He port 26 L.pril 1800. 239. Ibid p.53 Mohr to Basel 26 Dec. 1875; N.:• . G.} 1.dD 11/1/ ~QW. j!.7'??-no"J: ~~n. Co!'. Sec. 13 ilfm-ch 1887. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh '/4 to European3 tfor cauries ••. 1240 In the course of the 18th centtll""J the eclipse of the gold trade by the slave trade made gold a rare commodi bJ, anc', ipso facto, a nedium of exchange of growing importance. 241 By 1840s gold. hOd established itself as the 'coLnerci!l1 currency of the colony I : 242 and in 1857 Basel f.Iissionary, BrnlI!l blamed the reduction of trade at Gyad8.!!l on tho predooinnnt usc of gold dust aD currency even fo~ aUl:lS /lS snuJ.I as 4td• In the absence of standard weights buyers suffered 10s8es through fl-aud. 243 In ordor to alio.inl1te fraud, the r·jisDionnriC:3 tried to introduce and populariso the use of silver coins in 1860, by requesting for payoent of half of their nllowances in silver. The Okycnhene, however, proscribed the usc of silver coins so that by 1868 gold-dust was still the predofainunt and most popu- lar currenc,y in the stute. 244 Muller rcourked: 240. John Barbot, A description, p.186; N.:• • '::. Adm 11/1/1265 Evidence of Kwuku TIlda 21 Dec. 1898; The :~, 1929 purng. 31; 241. See IC. Y. Daaku, Trade and PoU ti cs, pp. 36-37 242. J.J. Crooks (Meljor) Records rel\ting to the Gold Coast Settlements 1750-1874 Dublin 1923 p.308. Lt. Governor Win- niet t::) Report for 1.846 showed thnt all large payments in the Colony were o.ade in gold dust. The net value of <'.ll ounce of gold dust (480 groins) remi ttcd to England ave- raged £3 12. 243. Paul Jenkins, Abstracts, p.31 , BaUt! to B..1.Sel :3 Jo.n. 1857; p.502 stronbcrg's letter 28 Sept. 1860. 244. ~ Jenkins, Abstrllcts, p.S37 E:l.senachcJ.id's F.l!)0rt 14- University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 75 Gold is the currency in Akin - Silver is now used a little, following the introduction of silver by the llission, but His gold which has to be used to buy provis ions. 245 In spite of the ban on silver coins for the internal trade, they were favoured for the external trade. In 1869 Shrenlr, the Bosel Mission cashier recarked that he wvs now hllving to collect English money for the .'\.kim Missionnries because the Ald.ms Geril wanting English coney for purchases in Cape Coast whero the SlA'lnish dollar LW'ni! worth only 4/20..246 On the eve of colonial rule, silver coins were coning into increasing use in Akyec Abuukwa 11m were circulating side by side with ~ld 247 dust. Cowries were, howevor, disapPOClring. SoOial Institutions Pre-coloniul tbuakwa sooiety was nade up of three distinct groups of peoplo. l.t tho top of the social ladder were occuponts of stools: Mpuknnfo, Adikrofo, and l!lOusuc:nanin (heads of familios). These wore persons who exorcised politicnl nuthority. 245. Ibid, p. 541 J. l'Iullcr t s He port June 1 865. 2l~6. Ibid, p.544 Schrenk's Subscript Jan. 18G9. Other curren- cies in circulation in tho COlony at this tine included British gold, and copper coins, Spanish nnd South fnericnn doubloons, dollars and hnlf-doll~rs nnd a few 5 franc pieces. 247. Paul Jenkins, Abstrncts, p.585 (c) Hernc.nn Rottncn to &.sel 30 June 1875. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 76 Next cQOe the free-born cocnoners. On the lowest rung of the social ladder stood slnves ond pawns. Up to the early decades of the 19th century slavos were noro often than not co.ptives of wnr (donuo).248 Subsequently, howevor, indebtedness OOCDOO the oajor cause of slaV~ry in [$yon hbunkw~. Litigation, funcr~s and consult~tion fees for the priests of tho various gods, put onny people into debt. tmd such dLbtors were often forced to pawn thenslcves.or relo.tlves, or in vo 4axtrcne ()!lses, sell thonslavos outright into sla r,v.2 9 Kidno.pp1ng wr:.s ~lso resorted to on a snall ac:l1e for the procuro- nent of slaves for so.le outside the state. Two aggrievod ncmbera of tho Kyebi royal fatlily nre l:nown to have settled in ono of tho i.ocr::! villages e.nd o'1.dc ita habit of soizing and selling !J.tyon trndors into slavcry.250 Pr:wns differed fron slc.ves. They were persons placed in 'temporary bondogo' to other persons. u3ually J"lcnbers of tho snne oonnunity, by thoir hoads of fanili0s either to pay a dobt or to ohtnin c 10:'.11. Pawns were rodoennble upon the pnynont of thoir 248. Soe pp. 56, 64. 249. Int()I"'licw with Ohenobn Kwaku [>Don, Dec. 10/76; 1.ls0 Paul Jenkins, Lbstrocts, p.25 SUss to Basel 27 I-l<::y 1855; N.!• • G ~si:i85~/5/1 Crininnl Record Book 2/1/79-4/2/84, pp.173, 250. Paul Jenkins, Abstracts, p.35 Bo.uu to Basel Subscriptions froo 22 & 26 July 1857. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 7"1 debts and were usually pledged to well-known persons who were 251 likely to treat then with considoration. In tho 1860s, the Basel llissionnries reported severnl oOSeS of pawning. t..t Kukuran- tuni, for instance, one of the Christian converts, Moses Yaw Budu, who hnd been p..'1wned for ¢18.00 (c £4.0.0) to p~ funeral oxpenses of 0. relative was saved fron bondage by So kind-henrted nan who advanced hin the money to pay his debt and work it otr.252 Sonetines oreditors seized debtors nn~ nnde p..'1wns of then. If they were unable to poy their debts, such pawns lapsed eventually into slavery. 253 Slnvos and pawns were a great econoni c and poU ti cal Mset. Erlensive usc wn.s nelda of their labour by the llbunkwa gold- digger and long-disbnce tro.der. 254 Bosidos providing lo.bour slnves :lIld p:'.wns helped to enlarge the size of f1.nilies which, ooong the ,'.kan, was en inportant deteminant of social status nnd power. There W~.s no fnrrily of note that did not incorporate doocstic slnves and pawns, hecnUEe the power of a fnnily w~ 251. J. E. Cn.sely R.'1yford, Gold Const Native In.sti tutions (Frnnk Cnss 1 970) p. 83; A. B. Ellis, Tho Tshi-Sooa}r..ing peo plcs of ,!he Col(1 Coast of ''lest Mricn, london 1887, p.294 252. Paul Jenkins, Abstracts, p.522 3isensclmid to Bnsel 31 Doc. 1865. 253. Ibid. p.5t1, Stronborg to Bnsel2 I~~.rch 1863; 1;.,-so J.J. Crooks Recorda Relating to the Gold Const p.273. 25<.. See pp. 64-65, 73. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 78 measured not only by the o.mount of gold dust in its fotoo, or by the exteI.~ of its landed property, but also by its n'LUl.lerical strength. Indeed stools were rarely created for people who did not command a great following. William Bosman observed correc- tly when he stated that Kings are obliged in this country [J.e. Gold Coasi] to preserve their power by dint of force; wherefore the richer they are in Gold and slaves, the nore they arc honoured and esteemed; and without those they have not the lcnst cOlllIland over their subjocts ••• 255 It was not by accident then that Kwasi .Amoako of !{yebi was appoin- 256 ted GYMsohene in tho 1840s or 1150s. Another groat slave o\41'ler wns Amoa Batafo, father of King Amoal=o Atta 1. He won the hand of Odehyee .Ampofoaa in mnrriagc becauae of the great influence whieh his following gavo him. Upon his [,arriagc to lwpofoaa he placed his slaves at the dis pa- sal of the otori stool. 257 The importonce attached to nuneri- co.l strength partly explains the reluctnnce of the /l.'.:yeQ to sell their slaves in the early 18th century. 258 In his day Ol<;ven- Mne l.ooako Atta I (1867-1887) was the greatest O\41'ler of slaves 255. Willian Bosoon, I. }lew ond !l.ccuratc Description, p.188; 25"6. See p. 31 257. Interview with Oheneba Kwaku Amon. grandson of !.raoa Batafo Dec. 1876. 258. See p. 64 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 79 and pawns. Hany of thcn were inherited froll his fathcr and his predecoDsors. 259 others were bought by hio;260 while a signifi- 261 cant nunbar were persons indebted to hJ·.IJ in tribunal fees. Sbves and pawns were, generally spealdng, wel1ootr(3Clted. Sone of theIJ bocane so integrated into their masters' faoilios that they often narried their owners' daughters and in time 262 ceased to be regarded for all practical purposeQ as slavus. Eisenscbnid noted the cnse of a prosp;!ctive convert of Kyebi who, though born originally us 'a house-slave', endec1. up as a slave owner moocIf'.263 A slave could becooe so integrated into his naster's cl".nw to becooe eligiblo to inherit family property. 264 NoncthelcQ,'], a slave was in the eyes of custooary law the proPJrty of b.i.s ol.utor and subject to his \-lill. Unlike pawns, slaves could not sever their ties with l;hcir oastcr US rtnd when they pleased; nor did they have legal title to property. The children of a feoule slave werc the property of her ouster. 265 259. !JJ.G., S.C.T. 2/5/1 Crininal lfucord Book 2/1/79 - 4/2/84 p.182. l.Ilong slaves inherited. were Cwirudu l.pen 01 ra., !.nohan, Kwalcu Janes and KW.:ld~lc Poah:wa of D\.,onase. See also N.:. • G., AdD 11/1/1095. 260. n,l. . O'., :.do 1/12/3 Lees to Hon. Ag. Soe. 22 June 1872. 261. N.;~.G., S. C.T. 2/5/1 Crillinal Ilccord Bool: 2/1/n - 4/2/84 pp.182-1 B5. 262. I!J,terviow with (lheneba Kwalcu .'noa Dec. 1 CJ76. 263. Paul Jenkins, ! ..b stracts, p.514 Eisonschoid to Bnsel "" N 1863. J ov. 264. J.~. ~llSe~ey IInyford, Gold Coast Native Institutions, p.82. in lIktm Law, PP. xxix, 17. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 00 Defending hioself cgainst charges of ourdor of three of his slnves in connection with the C0lebrntion of the funeral of Nita hone Duodu in 1874, Chief Kwaku i.IJO successor and brother of Duodu stated in 1880: During his {i.r;. Duodi/ tine we were in the habit of buying slaves and could kill them if IJXlY onc offends - 2t t~1..'1t tine whiteDan had not prevented Gil froo buying slaves and kill theD (sic). 266 Religion was another iDportant social institution in pr0- colonial society. L1ke other :.l,an p;lo ple, the Abunkwa had, 1'.6 the basis of their religious beliefs, the assunption that nan wos surrounded by n host of spirit beings, sane good and others evil. IUlJfortlmcs such as deO-th, illness, barrcness and other hnrdships, n conetant source of bewilderncnt and insecurity, were ~ttributcd to thJ nachinations of evil spirits. Of these the 267 connonest ond nost vicioua was witchcraft. vTitchcrnft invol- vod belief in the exist"nco of supornatural forces which could bo h.::rnesaed into the service of nan for good, or for evil, purpooes. Protection against tho evil oachinations of practitioners of witchcraft (abpYifoo) could only be provided by spirit forces 2S r,. N.:. • G., S.C.T. 2/5/1 Crininal Record Bood 2/1/79 - 4/2/84 p.220; .Also Paul Jenkins, !.bstracto, p.36, Baun to Basel 14 July 1857~ 267. In 1866 ~ WOIlllIl of l.1.booosu wos 'clubbed to death' on sus- picion of' kn Hng b~ witchcraft. See Paul JcnIdns, ;,bs- ~~hr~stnller's L~lX>rt 28 l'larch 1866. nD' University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 8f especially the gods (nboson). Hence the 1.bunkwn people were steeped in abosonson (worship of gods). ilS lnte os 1882 Bnsel MiDsion J):)ncon Theophilus Opo1..-u found the peoplQ 'too ouch bigoted cnd deeply rooted in heathenisn'. 268 Other Hissionc.- rics hnd previoLmly described Kukurnntuni. Kyobi ~d Oson~so 269 cs the strongholds of nboson. 1.pnrt fron IlbolJon, other objects of religious worship nnd veneration were sunnn (fetish) end Nkonnwil tuotun (blackened Stools). Aboson wore I nni::,['cte powors' or spirits believed to inhnbi t incgcs or idols, shrines, rivors, tr·~-es and other natural pheno- nonn. 270 l.nong then were well l::novm ones such as Birc:1. 1,!...,n}:o bi, BrC8.:'::. Tono and Anok;ye. Theso gods wore essontil:llly to.m gods. 'rho gods wore supposed to CO"lC 'into boing' originally through spirit }X>Sooosion of tho bodies of individuals ellronrked for tho rolo of :L:2.:.4~. (priests). They ,'lore subsequently I ndopted I by tho town which thenceforth nssuned responsibility for their 268. Paul Jonl:ins, :.bstr.:lcts, Thcophilua Opol:u's Lnnunl 1q:ort fron Kukur:mtuni, Dec. 1882. J.11. Danqunh. ~'lnccDtors, Rer- 000 ond God, I(ycbi 1938 pp.20-21; IJ.L.G., 1• . dn.l~/1/1096 Growther to 3.1; •••• 14 lI.:-.y 1906. 269. Hoidenbote No.12 1880 Huppenbnucr's ~port 21 July 1880. In 1863 Stronberg reported thn.t Kukurantuni hnd 'fnx nore fetishes thm ••• Kibi' soe Paul Jemlcino, Stronberg's Report for nbi Stntion 24 Jan. 1863; N.A.G. J.dr_l il/1/1095. 270. ~ Tutu ObOsoD,for instQllce, consisted of Co bress pan ~oth the contents covered with grey baft U.!.,G. 1.i!n 11/1/ 94. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 82 propitiation by means of periodic sacrifices. When Theophilus Opoku arrived at Oeecm in 1882 the Chief Dnd his elders were no wbare to be seen. They bad 0.11 'left on a hunting oxpedition to find gcJ:18 as their annual festivol for their fetish was nenr,.271 The 'fetish' in question was Obosom TDno. At different periods, depending on their record at perfor- IIJllllce based on their oapacity to expose and pmish evil doers, foretell the future accurately or nvert danger, tho gods were adopted by the State and their servicos employed during nationol emergencies or for diplomncy ond the judicial process. During the early part of DOkuaa's reign for instance, the lending national god of Ak,yem Abuokwn was Tano. The obosom is said to havo predicted the birth of twin sans during the Ohomn.o. 's pregnoncy. Following the fulfilment of the prophecy, Tano's reputation rocketed. It was adopted as u state god and its Okaa:t'o prosented with a pnlonquin and the regalia of Dn Odikro in recognition of its signnl servioo. Z72 The displElY of thc:se regalia becooo the highlight of too festival mentioned by 271. Paul Jenkins, Abstracts, Theophilus Opoku's Annual Report Dec. 1882. 712. Interview with Opanin Kwndwo Mumu and Nana Yebon first cousin of Okomfoo Yabon Aku, the first Okomfoo of Tano who ori,g:iJlBlly brought the Obosom from Bnntamn, 5 July 1 gr7. Yaboa Aku, SOll of Nana Oyie and Oseemheno Opoku was n war captive in ABnnte. The Tano shrine wos first built nt TI".fo and subseq'lWIltlY trons:f'erred to Oseem to enable Yebon Aku fntbsl'. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Theophilus Opoku. During the third decnde of the 19th centur,y, Brosnn IS reputation outstripped tha.t of Tano. In June 1826 DB the lIsanto invading nro:! nunbering sone 40,000 Don advanced t01;~rd3 the const, p3!lil>-stricken subjects of Dokulln abandoned their villages 273 and fled towards lkuapen, the Accrn plnins and the VOltc. In desporc.tion the Okyeoan Council consulted Tano end Brcsun of Ap~p~o. Both predicted defent for the stnte ~ but the letter promsed to turn defent into victory if Okyenan would give up 11 prol.linent citiZen for sllcrifice. Odehyee llpngya Ofori, heir to the vncant ApnpDn Stool, offerod hinself to be sacrificed ana ~ter being duly installed CB Odikro, the necessary sccrificilll ri~~s were perforoed. 274 The fulfilment of Bresnn's prophecy did not only nc.k:e her n nntionnl god. It also secured the leadership of the l.IJnntooniensn for .ll.pn.pnl'} Stool. 275 The vInn- kobi wns used ns the national god in the '1Jqmten eccord' of Jon~ 1871 in which the .:.bunkwn Md Kotoku states 'drank gods' (noD ubosoo) to oork the end of eleven years of 'feuding' ':~-" -g, ~.~" ~;.y~ betwoen theo. 276 ') ,',,7'1., 273. C. C. Roindorf, The History, pp.196, 198, 199. . . . (. 't!> ~ : 274 • Int ervJ.ew nth BnrJ.Oa .ll.pagyc. Fori III nnd l:TI..ders, !.pnpnn 9 Jan. 1 CJ77 • t:pngya Otori is acid to have left n dnwutll (go~ong) at the spot where he vanished. Thill i;-;.url ebel'l.8hed tIEl part of the st 001 regalia of l.pc.pno. 275. See pp. 23-24. oerenony sec Peul Jenkins, Abstracts, Bnse15 Jan. 1871. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 84 By the beginnin[: of colonial rule, the !lOst renowned natio- nal god in .t.kyen Abuu1'::Wc. was .hnokye of hsD.IlllIla near Abonosu. It's chief priest, Otobo, W'1.S described in 1879 nO 'chief priest in .lIlcin'. 2T7 Indeed since the 1870s till todDY /Jlokye ho.s been the oboson invoked in nse die in judicial trials in every tradi- tional court in the state. The fomul.1! is: Meka Wuln;[!da. nek~ KWflAY"c.ko. Anokye nlru!I Be osen n neeka yi nC)ca nokwnl'O! (I mVOQr by the oath of Wednesdoy nnd Kwo.nynko, Jllny linoqe kill oe if I do not spe ~ the truth). 278 It is cleer then that Akyen Lbtk~CWn did not bnve one single 'nl'.tion~' god throughout its pro-colonial history. Nntiono1 gods were i'd hoc. Nonetheloss tho gods at Kyebi such :\s Biron, by reason of their idtJntificntion with tho Capitol, took on the chcrnctcr of pe~ent nntion.'1l gods ond featured proninently in national festivals such ns Odwiru and Ohun. 279 Whichever god or gods were adopted ns 'nntioncl' gods P.t nny given tine enjoyod royal patronage ond were bountifully naintnined and used for 280 political, diPlonntic, judicial rund religious purposes. 277. Paul Jenkins, Abstrncts, p.610. Buck's Report 30-31 Dec. 1879. Otobo's successor wns Koranoa. Interview with Bo.rino Lstu::l&1 fAu, Osec.wuohene 1 9 June 1 CJ77. 278. See pp. 50-51 279. See pp.87. .8 9. 280. ~e. ~.A~G., JAn 11/1/1094 Notes taken by Jacob SiDDOns at University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh -,...~ of ~ or 'Ulitional' gods could cost tl :ruler ........... ~ !Plat,."" _lI8 relied upon b:v the public to avert fEIOino aDd ep1a.u.cs. Tbey were abo available fOJr private oonsultn- ,.,. '" individual cit1llon., through their lkocfoo. In 1866, 1\11' ___ • Olqenb&ne A'ita CbUOIl invoked the aid of the godo o~ ..... in an atflept 1;0 discovor the ca.use of II aerio'Q8 -'-. -~dfttot.d hiD by' asaecibling several JlkoDfoo at ~. - Jt IIINR '. ~derable Bun of coney tor private ~ te GQII8Ul. t /Jwu!oo.28' 1Jcnrntoo were oasily reooe- ............ of the eolll:N'D.ity by their hair s.le (long .. ~) ..... u d;req of wbite calico and the white olay __. all.. . · .. ~ .. 264 .APut from 't..,.· or 'national' gods ••:• •4 1-~. ~ or familY' gods known as ~ _,*,•_.•,;." '_~e. t. abosotl. 285 King AJooeko Ath. ~._.of the ~~i palaeo __ tem '~t 29 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 86 'ru-i:~'~aa !$I Stuak.we. religious worship wns onoes- _(~P 1Jj'd1C11i8ed by ~ration of Nkonn. tuntuo (blnoke- 3IIfII ~la). • ~d stools were stools a.otually used .......' iU'e'fl:t.me of the __. tors t:md blllckened or oonseora- ___ • p!88erNd as objects of veneration atter their death- _, .... ~f objeots in the idly or clan. the 8too1s ... ~:-* ~ate the spirits of ICinBs, Chiefs an~ !lliUlltft .....,,17 1mftn to haW'e lived md died, nan who were loved. If.,. .. 'leaNcI, .. of whon reigning k:::Lngs or chiefs were ...... .r.._.. .,.",t.I_e . . mbod:lJ::l9nfr or a reinca.rna.tion. 287 Thds.p'" ~. _~ X_s and Chiefs in tbe society . ~-\\, .~_ .. 066 .. eotJiIdclewed to be the grelltest oatt '\liI_',~ rrt ~ political OODent such mil orbet~~'. __. a ~t. the oJ.'d~ ~ ~..ol._'b ~_ftd to 'Ire .~i st~Q.'Ito;'" tallllt.. TlIis iJr.IrolvH'~ in~3k"'~"'~~d." ~" ~';'~.f...\:."'r"ii:L _,~;, '.. , 'judicial Ol"~.', ,,.,.. .. ~ ~mi!1t':' , ..- •• I. t • • 05 1.Jf/lrd, 1929 PlU"ag, 72. ~ Lhuclara. Handbook pp,8'I-88. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ~~,~i.' , .' __ ~ ~ ita biCbeSt expression in the 1l8tlY t'~.-. pl'iod.icallT :in tile stat£ no.noly liiia$, Ohuo and ~. tile. _%'0 two kinds of Adao: Awukudae (Wednoode;y ~) 2"0 ,.-~ (SuQda;r J,4ae) oeIebrnted at intervale of 40. do;y'a. - _ ..... featiirnl WQfl a legnQY fron. tho a'boriginol KaDnDn people .. ,t0me4 pa1't of the AJLwa:ou tipire. The celabration of the _ti'Ql. ~med tha supposed eoergenoe of the KntlII'Ila froD .... .,..at Mar Beao.291 In pre-oolonial days its celebre;tion :. ...t .. __P M beirag :restrioted to to~s and v1l1eges !lllbat le_ ~ 131refl 1"."1:'. Lim Mae there were two k::inds - ...... ,~, tuwt Ollun) _ ~ (tho tem1nal Oh1at1). ~ ... ~1IM 'Il8'I2all:y in June, begimliAg on the &. '·1··1",.,...... ~~; and the latter ei«htr '~~_'" ....., . s.J'!IIiI'IiGIIf~ at all the festivl1ls :fA 'ffl!l8 111511• • - ~relJil. .... _ gl'endest. . It ft8: CIl9l. .. W01;7 thre~L~'~;~::.~ .8 ,.d ~ fqC,t ~ ninth ~ Qf'''~. The celebra1iion took "I l'" "' .~ Into IklceobGl' ~ • ..,. ~~:~ 'I&f. ..., ~ ," ('~. ,~\~,- f" t:,ff.. ·~.'';c' ,. ': c __. .o cs c new Okye~'Q8'lred tile thi»&t ~_·W.8 ori l.tto. (ad.) J.bu8Itwenan ~ ! 29'1. 'he ~n people o~al17 f 17 • ~ 'the ~0lJU ~Pir: .:n" . lived in the nrea c ,_ boa Bwasu $d Ttlfo 1stncts Ul the wast, to Bcgol"&- , _t,. 1'bo ~jo- .J~' ty of thelJ lJovcd ~we:y during tile tIIfjOond ~ of' tho '''~,:., 9th century lD'lc1 now liva in Gyo1d.'¥ on th8 Volta. G p.18, University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 88 292 :Installation ,"ith [>. fornru. outdooring called Od,"irg.tuo. The purp:>scs of ::\11 these festivnls were poli tico-religioUB: to invoke the help of the ancestors for thG prosperity of the stnte and the punishnent of snboteurs I1lld ncl.a-fllctors; to purify the stools or venor~tc tho ancestors; to strengthen soli- darity cnong the ohiefs ~d poople and renew onths of nllegi~co; nnd finclly, to provide opportunity for as IlllXlY stool IJccupnnts ns possible to pnrticirnte in the discussion of inportnnt end outstnnding politicnl issues. The venGrntian of the rncestors nnd inv(Jc~:ticn of their help were done in the priv;'.cy of the stool house (nkonnwnfieso) throu~h tho pouring of libation end the 'feeding' vf the blackened stools. Solidnri ty W:1S pronoted through conpulaory nttendnnc(;, nutu:l1 exchanges of presents ::m(~ oaths of olloginnco;293 while trnnsnction of inportnnt business of state wcs fncilitated by the congregation of the v~st nnjority 292. For details of the various festivals, see Ofori lI.ttn(ed.) J.bunkwnnnn !.n'lIlee. 293. Okyenhcno entcrlnined his chiefs with drinks ..: tnd food. During Odwirntuo, especially, the Ol;venhene distributed cloths and noney. Chiefs .:>.ttending the festival nlso brou- ght presents of sheop nnd foodstuffs. Lt the Odwirduo ceremony, the ~lpakanfo swore onths of allogio.nce to OkyC3n- hene on behalf of their divisions. Tho Ol;venheno in turn swore the onth of ollegianco to thon. Tho Odwiratuo was also the occasion for a newly installed Opnkani who had not been fornally presented to tho Okyonoone to go to Kyebi to be presonted and to swenI' the oath of clloginnco. See N. .... G. l.dn 11/1/3. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 89 of stool occupants ~t Kyebi. Indeed it wOS custonary for the ~enhene to detain his Mpakonfo at K'yebi for sc~ forty days tlfter the celebration of Odwira before giving then }enve to depart.294 These festivals were nnrked by great public feaSllr ing and rejoicing. 4buukwa-Europcan relations up to 187-";- Until 1826 lJfyon Abuakwll. suffered no EurOPOM intcrvcnticn in her inteI"lUll affairs. Bar sovoreignty w~ respected by her European custoners. ~nonrk ovon paid financial inducenents to tho O1qenheno to ensure tmintorruptod flow of gold and slaves to its fort at Christiansborg.295 Evon aft}r the abolition of tho slave trade these financbl inducel.lents continued to be paid 296 and took on tho chnracter of tributo. l:£ter the fJcnntnnnnsu war, however, the Danes succeeded in ostnblishing 11 def~cto suzerninty over 1.buakl-m, by cleverly invoking tho spectre of renewed t3nnte donin£tion. In offect, tho states lying in tho hinterland of the !;.ccra-Vol ta coastline were told thut the 294. Ofori :.ttn(ed.) l ..b ullkwnrmn l.11tllwe. 295). Extructs fron Governor Cnrsternsen I s Dim 1842-1850 ~ranslatod and Published by I.A.S. Leeon n.d. p.31. 296. Ibid. Fron 1730-17/r2 JJcyen .l.bunkwn enjoyed hogerJony over tho Gn-.l.dangoe coastline with Owusu AkYOD as Govornor fol- lowing the overthrow of l~mnu nnd cnpture of the Notes. Inspite of tho loss of the Notes to l.sante in 17/f2 the paynent was oaintninod for several decades. For details of J..buakwn-Danish relations in 18th century :md early ~ ~~ century see K. J.frifnh, Lkycl;l chnpter 3 nrd 4. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh '~"~_' tilt.' __e tlan and safety of the COlmtry ••• .....t '~. attacks troo the llsbantees' was dependence on .. ~ ~t. 2$ In this way they naneged to exercise *~ orerlordship O'II'er Ak;yen Abuakwa. !,~. ..., Atto.. Panin (c 18:55-1859) referred cases of theft, nurde't' ... tc:ti OIrri.at1atlttborg tor triDl and in 1842 he travelled to Osu to 1"&cei'fe the fOranl :I!i&OogJ'lition of' the now Danish Govornor ~ Qe1I....,m}9B !be Danes were, hOWGver, unable te enforco 1IIIII't:r 09'erlot"Uhip. Despite their paynent of 'stipends' to the ...... 1r'beJ' were unable to enforce the prohibition llgninst tho Ill ... 'tNfte er 8~ Abunkwa fron trnd.irlg with tha British fo:vte .~. 299, l'rl 1842 K!trJ« Lttn Pmin defied an order 01 GClVornor _JllII.'~ liIIi'a in no 40ubt about the tenuouanoss ot ~;l;'~n' ~~l"t' ~t SM• •, oe ,~':" ~'''''''':DEIII' aUow the Isniah olain Cfl SU8e~ University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ~'~. '. Ii tlil.Ot ID red'uoed the role of the Danes in _,~"t'! .~ ~ ..t tle 'lIo that of nere nercenar1. es. ~ In 1842 '1,)"" •i••t ~ and Cot:nnnder 'lopp ro-opened the question of c1aiDe to SUZGl'l1inV C1'1er !.bunkwll., and the lhnish GC1'1errL- ,"1ftIS t:IOD8i4ering a tronty with Dlg1o.nd for I joint soverei- ~f wbaD ruinous costs of adoinistration forced her to abandon , .Irw ~Q'I1 poss.essions. At the beginning of :March 185'0, Car&- ten.en ~ ove.r the fort of Christiansborg together with his ~~~fS ill-defined rights of protectorate over lCrobo, Aknapeo _.~ alakwa to GO'\I'cmor Winniet.'02 " '8r7era Qiualtwa's relations with Brita.in were not boeed on '_.__'1 'OiJ". ir!II ilftatiOl1. Sbe wad not a signatory to tits hd of oI1tlwsiuo fOll: .~ protection arose tron a. '. . iDt'P&tit1a4e to .. DeflOr,; of S:tll' Chal'les IIcCarth:/ as well Ldt of .,.. aJ.Ued 1't~r, of 1~6 Q'ltd'MNlte. 34.";"'~"t o interfere in his wnr against tbs ~ku Stote, ~~ the ""!i0~p" ~ 505. N.l. . G., IAn 1 $... PUle ~ "I!hs'.~,ai.P 22 l.pril 1 .... .fGJdM _.bstrncts, p. .~t.~. .. July 1857. )IX. yo-: • P-,ul Jenkins, Sub3cript3 frIll 29 Oct. 1857. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ~';~_id'iel1 GoTe·:nment, conceiving thnt it D .~ a thing to 'speak of f and tbD.t the Q.ov~t has. no power (It\.pable of eonpellillg hin at hi.s distance to accept its verdict3, 0a0 t least not one given on... "his own soil". 'rl1e 01qfmheno' s sovereignty over his state was not diapu- W 'Iv tbo Governoent. Govem.or Pino took the view tho.t the dlt;yenllmle '8 0 bediancc to the Governnont t s orders W{lS required fa the light of a voltmtary act... and as a pledge of his *cerity in wishing to reoain under the shield of the English ~'.M. 'fhe Governor went on to explain British polioy '~. the Protected Chiefs tbua: .. ~• .t1on of Jihgliah OYer these settlenents ',{~" ~ .... ~Q of tho ap1rlt of coercion; and ~~. ~.0l'8 .e&l1 the tiO'ken of good will and '9~C9',~ of tbe .native tribes toyard the h9'~_~~'~' in~ a course of action ;"~·~·~·l~~~':t,· ..... ~. .•, > •.•. ~II ....~ ;;.'·~t t:Jt tail1l goliq;r, no Brid." ...-ts ......." 'iIit-,.al~'• ••. t~~,.... '/ill' tbe dpriWs ~.pa at jdr:lLWilt.orf:Of '~l¥~'~ 300. C.o. 96/47 ftl;l.J,QoI'. .••w tm .Ah· .A,ft~or :Bi.'rt1 B March 1860 :p.~~. 309. N.1..G •• .t..do 1/11/9 ·~.ta,.i:n·de 1_1- gIlea /g. Comandallt ~i • ,10. Ibid. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 94 . 311 Both the Supreme Court Order-in-Council of 4 April 1856. Ordinances of 1853 and 1856 fully recognised the Protected Chiefs' right of jurisdiction over their subjects. The 1865 Comission which enquired into the judicio.l systeo then in operntion in the Gold Coast Colony advised th...1.t the Chiefs shoulJ 'rather be left to exorcise their own juris- dictions with only ~ nppenl when necessary to the English Magistrncy'. The conoission criticised the Judicial l~sessor for superseding the authority of the Chiefs 'b,y decisions according to bis own sole judgenent' nnd for introducing 'needless techni- calit ies and expense in connection with the enploynent of Attor- nays ,. Up tc 1872 the policy of the British Governoent renained ono of allowing tho Chiefs 'to exercise jurisdiction without con- trvl, except that provided by appeal ••• ,312 In 1874 Lord Carnnvon rcfusod to countenance an !lttenpt by the officer l~inisterine the Governoent to abolish the juris,l.iction of the Protected Chiefs. In n despatch, he Uc'1de it clear th'1t he was 'not disposed to consider tho exercise of civil jurisdiction by King Tackle as a usurpntion on his pnrt'. 31 3 311. r.l~.G., :.dn 11/1/1706 Report of Connitteo on Tenure of Land in West l£rican Colonies and Protectorntv. 312. N: ,·_G •• l.do 29/6/32 History of Legisl.".tion in connection nth Native Jurisdiction by 1J. J .1.. Jones S. N. ;_. 313. ll. : •• G., Ado 11/1/1706 Report of Co,u:u. ttee on Tenure of Land. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 95 Wi th their right of jurisdiction over their subjects recognisod and no British Resident COflDissioners or Courts established in tho interior, the Protected stutes obeyed the Briti~h Governnont only when it suited their purposes to do so. For its part the British Governnont relied norely on threats of withdrnwnl of 314 protoction to secure obedience fron tine to tino. On tho eve of Colonial rule, therefore, no oatorwl chnnge had boon oade in the b[L3is of the political relationship between the 315 British Governnent and the OkyOnhano. Abuakwa's soveroignty hod in no w:ry been iopaired. Tho beginnings nt Church-State Controversy The seeds of chmrch-state controversy were sown in ~on l.lmnkwll in Septenbor 1853 when the Br>sel Mission ostablished n nission stati,m nt Gyndao and began propag:1ting n new and aliGln religious fcith in the state. 316 The controversY which siI1lJe- rod. fron 1868 onwards uroso basically fron the irreconcilability of the nttitudes of the Basel rUssian and tho trnditiont.'~ nutho- ritios of the Stnte towar(~s the role of relic;ion. Politics in f~en Abu3kwn. cs in other Akan states. wns insopurnbly linked 314. See N.I.. . G., l.clll 1/11/9 Col. Soc. to !.e. Chief Civil COillM- ~~nt tecra 31 JDn. 1861. 315. H.!. . G., hln 11/1/1706 Iteport of CO:1I1ittec on Tenure of L;'lld, p.13. 316. The first atte~pt to introduce christianity into l~~n waa oade ?y 1'.nd;reas Riie in 1839 without succoss. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 96 with religion. Traditional religion provided powerful sanotions for political authority as well as solace and seouri ty for the ooor:nmi ty as a whole. 317 The Ol!yenhone was bound by his oath (f offioe to preserve all the inatit utions bequenthcd to hin by his oncestors including tho traditional religious heritage. Tho B.'3d llissionnrics, on the othor honl1 entered 1l.1qcc JJ>uokwc. with the ulterior intention of cnsting .... "uakwc. sooiety in the nould of on Europeon sooiety. They nioed at introduoing the concept of a secular state as well as freedon of worship for individual subjects irrespective of thoir duties to the State. Until 1868, this ulterior intention wns not onde nanifest to the traditional authorities. During this period tho Missiona- rics wont about thoir work oautiously ond unobtrusively, refrnin- ing fron ~cts of overt provooation or interference in looal politics. Consequently they enjoyed the patronage ond goodwill 318 of tho political authorities in the Stnte. Okyenhene Atta Obuon did not nerely n..9.intain friendly relations with the Basel Missionori.es at Kyebi but o1so counted then anone his politioal ~17. Soc pp. 84-85. 318. Paul Jenkins, 1.hstracts, p.32 Bnun t (0 R:wel 1 f.pril 1057; p.t'3 Kroner's Quarterly ?.eport 29 July 1859; p.46 l.uer's Reiscbericht 5 Mny 1859; p.502 Stronberg to Bnsel 20 Sept. 1860; p.502 Kroner's Report for 3rd Qu.c.rter 1860; p.48 Gyadao Station Conference Protocol 27 Unroh 1860; p.514 Eisenschnid to Bnsel :; Nov. 1863; p.50";' Stronberg's Report 2~ Ml\,Y 1861 P. 5Cf1 Stronberg' a Report 24 Jan. 1 863 ; ~senschnii!" ll ... __t .._1" ?_ ..... University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh advisers. On 15 .1orch nnd again 30 March 1863 the }otissionaries were invited to sit with the KYebi Executive Council to delibera rnto on pressing political issues. In 1065 theY' ~Cb' IfS ndvj- sers to the Okyenhene in the land dispute between Kukurnntuni and Asafo. 319 Obuon's nephew and successor, Kwasi Panin nlins .Anoako l.tt.::l I (1867-1887), C~le to the stool with a fund of goodwill townrUs the Bc.sel ltission. As a school boy at the Kyebi Basel 11ission school, he hnd lil~ed the Christian. religion very nuch. He nttondocl religious sel'\l'ice every Sunday I and paid subscription to the nissi,~n'. 320 The friendly roll'.tions between the &eol I'tiseion $d tho politic:>..l authorities in Aburl]:wa began to undergo oevore strains fran 1868. Fifteen years of Ilctive proselytiZati()n h...'1.d yieldocl rliS:lI=ptinting results. Mission stations nnd churches had been buil t at grcnt cost ;321 Sevorn!. preaching tours hud been mde of neighbouring villages;322 and yet the nunber of converts 319. Heidenbote, No.7 July 1863, p.81 Eisenschnid'o Report 4 April 1863; Paul Jenkins, Abstracts, p.526 Christaller's Report dd 28 llarch 1866. 320. N.A.G., 3.:::.T. 2/4/12 Civil. Record Dook Vol.IV B. p.526. 321. In 1859 a Netl llission Station WNJ started on the Diedu hill near Oeino at an estimated cost of ~ 30. 0.0 or 576 rrhnler. The Kyebi ~1ission House was conpleted in 1863 at a cost ~f about £537. &:le Paul Jen1:ins, Abstracts, pp.40, 509; 1. . A. G. Ad.I:l 11/1/1440 Notes of Evidence 23 July 1.906. 322. Paul Jenkins, Abstracts, pp.502-5~ University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh retlllined very soall. 32' Converts were recruited fron tuo main categories of people: school pupils and slaves.,24 because free born subjects of the state tended to de~d pecuninr,y inducenent as n condition of becotling christians. 325 By 1868 the Missiont.- ries Here convinoed thnt they could not rely to any great extent on school pupils ns n sourCe of recruitrn.ent of converts as paren- tal opposition led to irregularity of attendance and to ir~tabi­ lity of enrolnent. 326 Fren 1868 onwards the Missionaries becaz;lEl less discreet and cautious in their nttitude to traditional soceity. First they showed contenpt for the traditional judicial systeo and the sovereingty of the Okyenhene by inter.rening to shield a convert, Duko. fron justice ~~d threntcning to report the Okyenhene to the Governor for punishment '1f any harn should cone to Doko,.327 323. At Kukurnntuni tho strength of the congreITntion rose fron 12 in 1862 to 20 in 1868; at l:yebi fron 13 in 1863 to 42 in 1868. Soc Paul JonHns, Abstr.l.cts pp.508, 525, 535. 511, 518. 324. Paul Jenkins, Abstr::lcts,list of school pupils in !(orresp. 1885; Also pp.39. 92, 99. 100. 325. Paul Jen1:ins, Abstracts, p.l',3 Ho.so to Besel 1 Doc. 1859; 326. Pnul Jenkins, Abstracts, p.3 Ho.ss to Basel 1 Dec. 1859; p.503 Stronbcrg's Report 20 Jnn. 1862; p.508 Report Kibi Station dd. 24 Ja~. 1863; p.515 Einenschnid's Report on the SChools in 1864 dd. 27 Doc. 1864. 327. Paul Jenkino. Abstracts, pp.5338-539 Eisenschnid's Report dd. 3 Oct. 1868. Duko was accused of stri]dng e blow at t~ Okyonhene during a night brawl involving palace func- ~~onaries. In t'U<:1±t)nary law this was a trcllsOD'lble offence. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 99 ,. ...f ~ ,.,. at 0.a...r..i es bectJ.tJe less disoreet in their recruit-!he eor13aat all.lVe converts had been rocruitec from .. .... ot 1"G1ieened pawns and I:IlI%luoi tted slaves or frol:l ., . '--' :328 .,.... ~ .olle OWl'lers were Christians. But now they ,~ aU slaves. including thoBe of the royal household, .-p~ti.al cCXl.Verls to ch:riaUsrdty and directed their rali- ,**,. . )Q'QQI_ "'81 indiliKH'inin6tely towards then all. Third the ...Q aariee _~d CQ.FC:i1~ts to the christian faith to aban- ~ . _.~ ..... the na:i.n township and settle at the Slllen, ~ ...... tM Christinn Village or Oburop.ikrol:l (t.M ~~f. '9:iUage). '29 , ;br. .. ..,ti.oa. Gf the Clrlr~ And his chiefs to t~ ...., .." ......... pert of the JasellUssion was 0118i 01 .•• _ ...~ ~ to Qtu.od.stiaas to lI!fIJ!I_III• .~ .I*,~~-s:ta.~_ ","J!IIIIC1Rid te be adEl'. ..... . ':"'-,,1:' _' .. ' att8~'~i~'~.-t£s .~ tlla ~ii _:is'ti'lil. coa:rt&,..· a$.& ,...'. .... ~~. 328. Paul ' .' • .' . ..a. '•1 .... .: . ~. _f 1851._ p.92 to ; p.523 ~,. '. ...~p~. .JtI:fltU~!~' 1 9 Aug. Eisonschnid'. Re~·fOft-1_ . ,. -"'- 8 Jan. 1867.. '. . -.' . . 329. At ",cbi """"tWa were encour__ l•l•~ e.," if"," 1m .... Mission Station .. anrly us 1861. At ,-, , ontuni the Christinns took a decision ut the end 65 to resettle thDcselves on ~sion Land. Seo Pnul 1l!l. Abstracts. f_: 5.0..4.-...so t-ProonnlbJ1el rg •8 i Report cd. 1 Nov. 18 p • 5r.7 "'traM-'J o.J u- ~._-'--" __U Uuel~'8 I. 1861 ~ p.518 Kro .. " Be1i~ to tho ~::~:~~~~it:8 IaDcernlllg Kukurant. • 15 J.:!Il. 1866. :,~::" : University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 100 the eventual creation of a dichotorv between church and state. lls early as 1863 Stronberg reported that there was an assuoption on the part of the local people thnt they 5.e. Missionariei! intend to set up a state within a state - withdrnwing people fron their nomal alleginnce.330 The cncouragenont of christians to live in ph¥sical isolation froo the general connunity wos not only alien to Akan conception of social organizntion; but also intolerable to n connunity that f ounrl security in greater nunbers. 331 The policy of segregating Christians wes evan nore dangerous in so fur as it applied to State functionaries. It wns genuinely feared that if such functionaries Wt.re allowed to be baptised and eventually enticed to reside at tho Salen they night be per- suaded to give up their nomal dutios at court in connection with ancestor worship .:md the propitiation of tho gods. Okyen- hono Aoonko Attn I could ill-afford to risk the loss of too ser- vioos of hio drunnero, horn-blowers, sword-bearers, stool car- riers etc. as they 1iere the nninstny of the politico-religious festivnls and cereoonies doened ess(lntial for the stability .-4- 330. Paul Jenkins, Abstracts, p.508 Strooberg's Report for Kibi Station 24 Jon. 1863. 231 Jn1879, for inatonce Chief Obunban of ilnyinan nade it a condition of a grant of land for a ~ th:,t it 'should not be ai ted too f nr DlfDY froll the town as this nigh L ru~ the ,town' soe Paul Jenkins, h,ootra.cts, p.116 Mohr to Bnsol U~ t=: :~::: ~:::~ University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 101 ~nd well-being of the state. Acoordingly he docided to act to nip the thrc,'lt in tho bud, after his council hed tried unsucces- sfully to inpress upon Rev. Hass th3t it 1ms poli tic ally inex~­ dlent to baptise roy~l slavos and pawns. Early in 1870 ono Sa,kyi, ~ funotionary within tho Gyanso sub-division at Kyobi wr.s fined t'-TO sheep by his osnfohene for 'bUng bnptisnal instruction nnd intending to be bnptiserl'. The Okyenhone's court disnissed an appeal filed by the lJIissionn- rios on bohnlf of Szikyi and Gyonsohene Kwusi APoo.ko reprine:nded trw nissionaries for giving bnptisonl instruction to his slaves without his knowledge and pL;I""lission. He wnrned that he would prevont such infringoncnts of his rights in the future. Ho stressorl that his slaves wero his 'sons' cmd he would insist on their ooodioncc to his orders. Most of the King's courtiers spoke in the sane voin. 332 The Okyenhcne w~.s no less deternined to prevent the 'seduction' of his sl~ves and functionaries. For the first since his enstooloont ns King, ro publicly rebuked the nissionn- rics end declnrod his irrevocable opposition to the proselyti- sation of his slavos and sCI'ITnnts becauso of its veiled throat to his uuthority, his personal prestige and the politico-religious 332. Paul Jen0k:i ns, Aootro.cts, p.554 Lodholtz leport for 1st ~~~~ ~~?~, April 1870; Rev. Haas succoudod Eiscn- University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 102 cerGnonies of his stnte. With indignation he queried: Must I let r:t9 horn-blowers, r:t9 drur.mers, r:t9 pirJJrs •.. cry sword-bearers and executioners, oY hnLOock-carricrs etc. bccono christians? If I do, then I can no longor carry out - r:t9 ••• corGnonios. nor can I receivo foreign enbossies worthily. Who ever hns an obligg- tion to servo DC will never be nllowod to 333 bccooc n Christian. Aooako Attn I rejected Kroner's accusation of ingratitude to God for his deliverance of AAyen Abuakwa fron the llsante yoke by retorting: 'Do you eean, Kroner, thnt if you go nwny I shall have to co.rry stones fron M;cra to Kunasi like r:t9 fathers?' He then got up tmd walked out of the court in grcnt anger. 334 It is clear fron the King's speech that he was not opposed to the proselytisation of his people as a whole. He specifi- cally objected to the conversion of state functionaries who porforned duties considered crucial to the political, socio.l and spiritual well-being of his stnte. Unfortunately the llissionaries failed to appreciate the reasono for the ICing's concern. In their ethnocontricisn and ra.cia.l arroganco they insisted that thoro nust be free dOD of religion for all tho 33'. Paul Jenkins, Abstracts, p.554 Lodholtz's 1eports. Eophruiis added. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ~.~.iYe 335 ',,. .*..'. .' . of their daf;ies to thEl stato.~ tllat s:Imice f aloost every one I at Kyo bi had 'Gone p1l ottice at 80l'le OGll'erlODY to perfOl'O' acquiesce1')ce in the ~IS ruling would reduce thoo to dependence on their \oarding ~ intake tor comrerta. ,'6 !be 1Dtranaigen~ at the Missionaries increased hostili~ ~,$s-'~ lIQrlt 111 the state froo the end of 1870. Vidle the • ' _. .~ ~ b:Le Inders t1l,zmed a deaf ear to a.ppeals froo 'lihe W,~P''IlQ08t* DOW pupil~ for the I{yebi Boarding school, ~~.....,~ ~ * }'Vi0US gods prohibited tho Basel Uission ., . ~ ~ in ~rel villages. '37 Indeed b,y 1812 ~,~ ~"A"C~-&tio at~t to pl'OTant aIWone, slave or f .... ~ ~t;,~1¢,,. ~,rmafo ioposed sanctiOll.s 1n t~ ~w~(f ~ at' :'~l'AL ~ .d.nat DlJy f'l!'EIeoan who tried w .... ,. ",:~r~t~"':'·?;..jr.{;'--·";r' """'.1<., " . ..,,r ~. be 0(81, .' .... '!~ f'e«# CIt 'beW put into ~,\tt etfeeti_lT "" :;;::itf!.', , "~ , ' , ' , " curbo4 -,,~~ of pfta"p ec~_~n., __, irll1i,',bited t_ g~h of the c~Qtiaaa"Jql to ~ vlWr ctelJ:lll.1al rule Was ~a- ted. 339 '4 335. Ib1d p.559 336. Ibid p.554 337. Paul Jenkins, Abstr~ct3, p.552 Lodhol 18703 Jan. 1871. p.565 Jahrosoorich 1~2; p.572 Ross's Report 15 April.1 Did to Beael, 2 Oct. 1873. '38. ~ Jeakin.. Al._"-acts, p.572 Lorlhol '11-••' 'D-••' :::::~ 'nets. p.572 Lodhol ~~~! University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 104 In this chapter DIl attenpt has boen nade to describe briefly tho polit icol, econoDic and oul tural aysten of .iU<:yen l\.buakwa before the inpositian of colonial rule. It is clenr thnt the state iTith its capital ,,_t K,yebi was a. far ory fron the Banao days. The state WM governed under well-ostablished and wall- tried institutions and conventions, sanctioned by usage, tho gods DIld the DIlcestors. Power T,fD.S shared between the cnpi tal and the five political diVisions, between the Okyenbene and his chiefs sitting .~ the State Council. Most of the ioportant offices of state bad becono hereditnry in certain fnnilies and the Okyon- hane had no say in the seloction of an incunbont. Sinilnrly, at Divisional level, tho Npnkanfo shared power with their subordin- ate chiefs - tho udi:~rofo - whoso election and dostoolrlGnt were the prcrosntivos of their own fanilios ond subjects. The decentralisation of political power and the liabilit,y of chiofs to rlestoolnont uade traditional govornnont in the state, as elsewhere in the l~an World, essentially denocrntic in cha.racter. Political sovCiroianty W1'.S f1rnly anchored in the tr".ditic nal religious belief systen. lIS occupant of tho ancestr::l Ofori Stool, the Okyonhone "ms regarded by his subjects ;:>.s the rcinco..r- nntion of the 'founding fathers I who together with tho gods cont- rolled their destiny and protected then fron evil. The people his chiefs to propitiate tne uncestors University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 105 and the gods to banish evil and bring prosperity and happiness. Hence they not only showed the Ol-torm goal of aubverting the autonODJ' of the Proteoted Tei'ritOries. 2 As far as /JI\1em .t...buak:wa was concerned the iIapact 1. David KiI!lble, A POlitical Bistm of Ghene 185Q..1926, Oxford 1963 pp.,02-305. Jolm Grace, m,Ue Slavetv in Jest Africa 1896-1921 &.me. and N.oble N.Y. 1975 p.,G. The first Ordinan- ce aboliahed all foms of. alave-deal1Dg; the seoond, 'An Ordinance to Provide tor the Abolition of Slavel'7 in the Protected Territories'. fell Short at complete abolition. Clauae 3 dec attar 5 .0.-. lared all bam in the Gold Coast Protectorate 1874 tree 'persUl8 to all intents sd purposes; ~aWJe ... stated that no claim or allesed right over or stfce- tms b 11l1erty ot .,. pereClll-ehould be allowed in fJIIJY' court ~~~. Clavae~. pro'T1decL.for the puniabment of srry ::J8 another• .•. " :~ ~t017 pp.:502-,. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 107 of the above-oentioned oensures, especially of the last one, oanifested itself iooediatoly in the escalation of the church- stato controvorsy which had beon sirJooring in the state sinco 1870. :3 BefoN the passage of tho Eoancipation .Acts, Governor Strahan had sunnoned the ICings of Eastern and l>1estern Districts of tho Gold Coast Colony and Protectorate to a meeting. The obvious purposo of the meeting 1ms to an ticipatel:1lld eoasoulate opposition to a OCasure that struok at an iooeoorial institution,_ which 8S shown in Chapter one, wns an ioportant corner-stone of troditionol society.4 At the I!leeting the ICings were assured that the Ordinance was not 'intended forcibly to separate house- holds or disturb the old relations whilst the oenbers theoselves desired no change'; that ovory eoancipated slave was free to leave his fo:n:ter noster's household if he so deSired, but was not to be forced to do so if he was happy and contented to rennin in tho service of his fomer oaster. 5 Notwi thBtanding this spirit of the Ordinance, tho Basel llission was deteminod to soa it enforced to the letter; for her agents in Jllcyen Abuakwll 3. See chapter one PP.95-10'3 4. See chapter ono PP.77-78 5. N.A-G., S.C.T. 2/4/12 Civil Record Book Vol.4B. pp.557-558; David Meant! vs. King Atta 18 ~c. 1877. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 108 considered it as providing then with a leverage against the traditional ~uthorities and a rare opportunity or advancing the cause of the Uission which had stagnated sinco the ban on convel'- sian of royal slaves in 1870. 6 :&v an irony of fate the person entrusted with tho task was ~v. David !sante a cousin of Ok:yenhene /lPoako Attn I. Born on 23 Doce:lber 1834, !.Santo wns the son of Qwusu f.kyen a forner King of 1\kUapen. He entered the f.li.ssion houso in Basel in A1lgI'st 7 1857 and returned to Ghana in Juno 1862 as an ordained liinistor. Bafora his transfer to Kyabi he worked at Lateh, ,Akropon and Kukurantuoi. David 1\sonte's appointnont to the headship of the !{yebi Uission pleased Okyemhene Alloako Attn I very nuch; for he had every reuson to hop;! that David Monte as the first Afric.lXl head of tho Kyebi Mission, nIl llkan, and the son of a fomer Okuopenhene night be reliad upon to protect and help defend the cherished beliefs and custoos of the Kyebi court, ospecially when one considered the cultural affinity between Al!yen l.bunkwa and likuapen ~ well as the consanguinity betwoen the Ofori Panin dynasty of t{yebi and the Otori Kuoa dynasty of 6. See Chnpter One pp.100-10:;. 7. Heidenbote No.2 Feb. 1878 p.n; Paul Jenkins, Abstracts, pp.2::lacon Math Date 1 July 1882; N.l. .. G., S.O.T. 2/4/12 Civil Record Book Vol. 4B p.549. other converts included Obeyan, Denkyira, .t.pori, and Ap3tJ8Yei. 18. N.lI..G., S.C.T. 2/4/12 Civil Record Book Vvl.4B, pp.513-515. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 113 about the throat to the stnte posed by the conversion of state 19 imctionarics. The loss of YI :!.W Boaltye IS aervicos in particular wlJS a bit - tor pill for lnooko 1.ttn I to swo.llow. 1. patornal nephew of King .'\soSo N!;yei of Dwcb_n, ElJ!lQIluol Yaw Bonl:ye sottled at Kiyebi in the 186CD nnd was lJpooko .... tta's 'bost friond before he got to the Stool,.20 On his accession to tho Ofori Stool in 1867 hooDko r.tta I appointed Y::.w Boal:yo as 'lroepor of /J{ii! Privy Purse', with responsibility for 'a portion of tho penalties on b:roach of King's oath'. 21 Bookyc wo.s &11so entrusted with varic.ua suns of noney and coonissioned to trade on behalf of the KinC'.22 By 1870 Yaw Bonkye had recooe a londinG stato drunoer 23 and a close confidr'Jlt of lll:loako Atta 1. In approcic.tion of his loyalty and friendship the King {StWO hin his first cousin, l.kosun Buo Gyankorooaa, in onrriago. The conversion of Ynw 19. See Cho.ptor One pp. 100-101 • 20. n.J..G., S.C.T. 2/4/12 Civil Record Book Vo1.4B p.580; Paul Jenkins, Abstracts, p.630 Huppcnbauor's Report 31 l-ioy 1882. 21. N. :~. G., S. C. T. 2/4/1 2 Civil Record Book Vol. 4B p.576. Yaw Boakye,ooy we1l have been n. sub-treasurer of sorts in chnrge of the Y~ngls strictly private financial affairs. See Chapter One p.56 22. See Cllpntcr One p. % Probably Bon.l~e WIlS Bntnbeno hond of the royal traders. 23. N• .h..G., S.C.T. 2/4/12 Civil Record Book Vol.4B, pp.576-578. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 114 Boakyc ~part fron straining the rel~tionship between bin and tho ICing opened the W[):y for inroads to be nade an tho solidc.rity .:md l'.ncostral faith of tho royol fanily. In fnct it directly led . . 1877 24 to tho conversion of odohyee Gyankorono.n l.t1 • J...pnrt fron tho 'soduction' of the Ol<;yenhene's slnvos and trusted serv:m.ts, Davi,l 1lSnnk olso interfered with tho Okyon- hene's jurisdiction. Sinco the late 1860s, the Bnsel Hissionn- rios, as olreo.dy pointod Gut, hud nnde no secret of their con- tcnpt for tho lll<;yen Abunkwn judicinl syston. 25 Nntur~ly they viewed the procltlIllltion of authority and the Order in Cmmcil of 6 l.uguat 1874 !l.l3 presaginG the i1Uinont abolition of the Okycn- hone I S court and its subs ti tution with 0. British Court. In ant i- cipation of this chnnge, Davir'. lIsnnte, ncting on his own 2/f. Puul JenLins, }.bstrncts, p.592, l.sante's Report for the yonr 1E n7 dd.28 J nne 1878. Gynnkorona was baptised under tho nODe of Susannn Gyankoronnn. 25. Sec Cl:~r One p. 98. In the six years preceding the esta.- blishnent of the Gold Coast Colony tho r.iissionnrics never nissec :m opportunity to vilify tho Ol<;yonhene .:md. his court. It 1ms alleged that 'soall nisdoods I in the state wore 'vi- sited qy hoavy and of ton cruel punis~~ont'. Tho Ol~cnheno's court wns olso accused of bonding 'the.! l['.w to suit their CWll needs'. Exploiting tho Govcmr,r's sonse of outrage felt agcinat ilnoako l.ttu I for pornitting h'UIlDn secrifiec during tho funeral of his Pt'odoQOssor in June 1867, the r1issiona- rillS urgod the British GrJvornor at C!.."\po Coast to appoint u Resident to tho state to sUICzvise tho ndninistrotion of justice in 1J;:yon Ahl.llkwa and: hnrnoniso the Stato's custon- DrY laws with British law. (Paul Jenkins, Abstr:-.cts, pp.538-9 Eisonachnid's Report 3 Oct. 1868; p.528 Chrisb- ~~~::~ ~~~~~ ! ~t. 1866. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 115 responsibili ty, set hiDsell' up virtually llS 0. rivnl judicinl authority to tho Ol~nhcno 's Court'" He nrbitrated disputes oot~c:n Christions; persons l'mnted for trilll for vi· lr.tion of tho K:ing's oath consulted hin beforo nolang up their ninds whe- 26 thor to l1pJXlnr before the KinG's court or not. hsnntc wrote lottcro of roconnendatian for people who woru e~rieved qy the judgencnts of the Okyenhone's court ond wlllltcd to appeal to the SUprono Court in Accr::!. In one particulnr caso adrdttod by hir'., he gavo n letter of reconl~en(~[l.tiOIl to 11 Kyebi Christicm called l~one~ to take to Jonathan Pa1ncr, a court interpreter at Accra, when tho christian decided to appenl to the Suprene Court against II fino of two 01.mCCS of gold (about i:{. 2.0) inflicted upon hin by tho Ol~nhene's Court. 27 So successful wns JlSanto in hiding behind the cloak of colonialiso to crea.te 11 oyth of invincibility a.ro1.md hinself thnt he could evun interfere with cnsea cot~~ly being heard beforo the King. In 1876 ho interrupted the .trial of certo..in school boys of Kyebi arraienod bofore the Kine on a charge of aasnultine Okoofoo Abokyi smply by throaten:i.ne to report tho Detter to the Governor if they were punished in nny way. 28 t.scnte's inter- 26. !~. : .. G., s. C.T. 2/4/12 Civil Record Book pp.527-531. 27. Paul Jenkins. I.bstrncts, p.6C!7 .wante' s letter to Basal 4 Jllll. 1878. 28. N.A.G., S.C.T. 21411') Civil Reoord Book Vol.4B, pp.539-540. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 116 ference l'lith Oln the Kine while his wife said: 'The King's hoad shall be cut off'. The King personally intervened cncl disIOrsed the crowd nfter telling then thn.t he hnd 'no palaver wi th anyboc1.y only bJaenti'. lu-a. Date Was subsequently r~elivcro4 of twins but neither of thon eurvived. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 120 were acquitted for lack of sufficient evidence; Kwasi KUllIl was given the benefit of doubt. 38 In his judgeI!len t in re s IS ct of the Okyenhene, the Chief Justice found as a fact that D9.vid .Asante had acted injudiciously and provocatively, and that most of the charges levelled against hin by the King were proved. He was also satisfied tho.t the quarrel between the King and ./iIante was a political one and thnt the Ok;yenhenc had no intention of 39 destroying the work of the Basel Mission in his State. In view of the provocation which the Okyenhene and his Chiefs were found to have suffered 'from the injudicious, swag- gering and unconcililltory demeanour and conduct of l-lr. Asanti', Governor Freeling reconmended that he 'be removed and at once to another District not under King Attah'. 40 He tlade it clear that if tho Local Committee of the Bnsel Mission kept David Asante at Kyebi they would be .... r full responsibility for any future trouble arising from his tactlessness. '').1 Fearful of 38. N •. i• • G., S.C.':'. 2/4/12 Civil Record Book Vol.4B. p.505. 39. Ibid pp.554-5G2. to. I:.A.G., Adm 1/9/2 Governor heeling to Rev. Dieterla 26 Doc. 1877. 41. Paul Jenl~ins. l.bstracts, Fr. Chris. Dieterle and D. Eisen- sehoid to H.:::. Freeling 3 Jan. 1878; N. A.G., Mn 1/9/2 Governor Freeling to the Local CotlOittee of tho B.tl.S. 16 Jan. 1878. The Local Committee impugned the verdict of the Chief Jus tice and unsuccessfully tried to re tam Asante at Kyebi. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 121 losing the goodwill and protection of the Government and unwil- ling to risk the withdrawal of its annual subvention at £100, the Basel Mission Local comnittee transferred Asonte to Akunpeo in !larch 1 f!78. 42 The vindication of King !Doako Attn I b,y tho Chief Justice and tho tl'OJ}sfer of David !.santo fror.'! f.hy'en Abual:wa were a great souret: of political satisfa.ction and a norllle booster for the Ol~nhenc and his Chiefs. Nonetheless, there cnn be no doubt that the King's su'bI!lission to the jurisdiction of the SUprElU0 Court over a purely dooestic ~atter that was well within his conIXltcnce established a. dangerous precedent and coupromised his sovereignty over his state. It iIJpliod a tacit ond defacto recognition of the Suprenc Court's jurisdiction over AkYen Abuakwn. The precedent established by the trial was to be resor- ted to ngain and again Q.S a practical ncthod of eroding the Okyenhone's sovereignty over his state. In the noantine, however, the verdict of the Chief Justice put the King in the proper psychologicel frane of nind to atte~pt to curb the pretensions of tho Basel Mission and regain tho political initiative which he had temporarily lost. In the next few nonths following the departure of !.sonte, tho Okyenhena took 42. Paul Jenkins, 1..b:ltrncts, p.60?; Heidenbote No 7 July 1878 :J3ante preached his farewell sermon at Kyebi ~ 17 March ' !~~ ~ ~~: ~=~ ~ch via Kukurantuoi where he spent 1 CJl'7I> --> ~ - -~ --~~ .l)tber Deacon Koranten. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 122 stern and disciplinary &lOnsures againSt leading members of the KYebi Christian Cocmunity who had collaborated with !sante. Notablo ru:long then WIlS Jitloanuel Yaw Bonkye who had been a key prosecution witness in David M3ante's case against the Ol~enhene On 5 February 1878, shortly after his triumphant return frQm tho Coast, Jlpoako Attn I enforced a decroe of the Supreme Court which he had obtained against Yaw Boakyo for the recovery of '153 i and £1.1.3 or .£35.9.6 1.43 He had Boakye's property. including all his furniture and clothes, a farm and a 16-room house, sold by public auction. 44 Indeed the first thing noticed W Rev. Karl Buck on his arrival at the I<¥ebi Mission Station to assume duty as Asanto's successor was: a heap of household goods exposed to the !:lUn outside Boakye's house. Upon enquiry he Was told that they were YtIW Boakye's property seiZed by the Okyenhene. 45 Im-ing 1878 and 1879 tho Christian Comunity in Akyem Abualcwo. felt a backlash from Jlaante's confrontation with the King in the forn of popular resentment against them. At Kyobi people 43. The amount represented the balance of a sun of 7 Eendas or .£50.8.0 which the King had entrusted to Boakye' s C;:;;;Whilo he was a personal servant of the Oky<"'llhene. 44. N.h.G., S.C.T. 2/4/12 Civil Records Book Bol.4B p.576 King Attah vs. Yr:!T17 Boarkee ~ Jan. 18'78; IT .A.G. ,S. C.T. 4/4/13 Civil Record Book 30 June 1879-6 Jan. 1882, p.66 llrnoako Att(l. va. Yaw Boakyc Nov. (i, 1879. 45. Haidcnbote, No.7 July .878 p.SO. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 123 boycotted street preaching for fear of incurring the wrath of the I:ing. 46 r:lsewhere:in the state the asafo and Monroo settlod old scores with the Olristinns in thoir nidst. At Aaio.'"~m, four local baptisinal C311didates were assaulted for fish:ing :in a forbidden streao. near the town; at Begoro Okonfoo Kesowan bln- %:led n typhus-fever epidenic which claimed 170 lives in ~ceDber 1877 on tho ioportation of pigs and the folling of Oduo trees by the Christinns. 47 Consequently an outraged nsafonkye. Abo.o, mobilised the locnl /.¥larO to stop the Nissionaries fron felling any norc Oduo trees and threatened Rev. Mohr with expulsion fron Bogoro. 48 FrOD other parts of Akyec Abuwkwa reports wore received by the Basel Kiasion of harasSI:lent of Christions and prospective converts. Eo.rly in 1879 D. renale ex-slave in the service of the Okyonhene at Tete (~ikaL1) who was suspected of having an inten- tion to becooe a chr:iDtian wns coepelled to n'l:ljure her intentions by swooring the Okyenhene's oath. 49 The Chief and Elders of 46. PnUl Jenkins, Abstracts, p.608 Eisenschnid to Basel 28 FOb. 1878. 47. Ibid p.601, Bucks 1st Quarterly Report frol21 ICibi Z7 Iiarch 1878; p.104 l1ohr's Report to Basel 10 April 1878· Heidon- bote Hc.7 July 1070. The pigs were ioported from' Kwl!WU nnd l.kuapen. 48. The Odw trees we:rc felled for tiobor. Hohr took chl1l'ge of ~goro Station in 1875. 49. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 124 AnYinan alaroed by the recent conversion of Johanneo ICani and Jacob Opon, druLlOer and 'carrier' respectively of the loonl Oboson TrolO, banned further conversions on pein of S'3vere penal ties. 50 By f:::.r the nost serious incident oocurcd at .l'.aunat'o durinG' the E[l:;ter of 1 ff79. Regarded llS one of the strongholds of Chrif tionity in north-western lJ'YQo .ll.buakwa, fJ3unafo was situated on] a fe. . cilon fron !J3D.D.D.D.ll, the donicile of Oboson J.nokye, then tr 51 cost powerful and noot vindictive god in ~n Abunkwn. During Easter of 1ff79 Okonfoo Tobo, priest of l.nokye and Chief Priost of the State, led a protest deoonstrntion of <:\11 the nkon ~ in the State ag/liDl3t the Christians at Muna.fo. In the cour: of tho denonstration Tobo knocked down n pipe fron tho oouth of II Christi::m pnase:r-by because s!J.oldnC was n tnboo to his god. :. riot nenrly ensued and 0.11 the Christians fled into the bush. The irate priosts attacked and destroyed the local Chapel.52 !I3 tho ::mti-Christian posture ossuned by the Chiefs, nsgro and gkoofoo threatened missionary work in the stato with extinc- tion, the Bas~l Mission WeB coopelled to turn to the Colonial -'..,. :"':1>(/ Governnent for nctivo support ond protection. In 1878, for "! \ 50. Ibid, p.115 Uohr to Bogaro 28 Oct. 1879. 51. Soc Cbnpter One p.S4. 52. Pnul Jenkins, .ll.bstracts, p.610; l.lao N.A.G •• S.C.T. 2/5/11 Crininal Rocord Boolt 2 Jan. 1879-4 Eeb. 1884. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 125 instance, the President of the Loool Comittoe of the Basel Mission on the Coc..st, Rev. Dieterle sought Gavernnont's gucronteo of protection for Rev. Hohr and other ~7issionariC:D at Beg-oro. 53 In July 1< 379, Rov. Karl Buck, heCld of tho Kyebi Mission. travel·- led to 1.ccru to persunde tho Gavemoont to cooo out openly decisively end publicly in support of the Ba.eol Uission's cause. He called €or legislation or proclaontion to abolish certain custOlJcry taboos in the State of AkyClJ Abunk:wn. He wanted the Governnont for instance to legaliso the cultivntion of nfnse (wntl:r yon) nnd the renring of pigs, arguing thnt this would not anly benefit tho Basel Hissicn but also the country at large by incrcnsing food resourccs available to tho peoplo.54 Govo~~cnt Intervention and Exile of l~onko Attn I Up to 1879 the Governnent had not intervened decisively and unequivocnbly in favour of the Christinns in their quarrel with the politic...'1.l authorities in l.kyon Abunkwn although it had dooonstrated o:pon bias tOl'l'tlrds tho Basel Z.assionaries tine and again. In 1877, for instance, Governor Freeling prejudged tho q\U!.rl'Ol between llsnnte and the Okyenhene bef ore Arloako .l\.ttn I 53. N.I• • G., lJdn 1/9/2 Froeling to Chief la1tshi 24 Ho.rch 1878; Paul Jenkins, .1\.00 tracts, pp.1 06-1 07. Copies of Letters in English between Mission Authoritios and Governor Froeling about events in Begoro. 54. P~'f Jenkins, Abstracts, p.610 Buck's Report for 1879 :50N1 ~c. 1879. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 126 had had n chonce to tell h:is side of the story. In n letter dated 1 Novcnber and'bosed on l~Qnte's report tho Governor wnr- nod that he would 'not allow the Missionaries to be ill-treated in OIly way or driven out of tho country I and that Governnent w,"J] ready to s~nd II force of constabulary to punish tho State if it did not refrain fron harrOl3sing the 1'1issionaries. 55 NJ already shown, the Chief Justice's subsequ~nt verdict vindicated tho State. 56 Sioilnrly, tho Governor condenned the Bogoro people and Chief Kvosi f..ntwi without 11 hearing ovor the nl1eged throat to oxpol Rev. I-lohr in 1878. He throntenod: I warn you that if' thoro is any interferencG with tho ltissionnrioa or any unfriondlineos shown then I shull sond :md fine you end tho people of Begoro ver,y heavily.57 FrOD 1879 the Coloninl Gov(.;rnnent bogan to id8ntify itself openly with the cnuso of the Busol lI1ission in l~en .fi.bunkwa. Tbare nore nt loast two reasons for this chnIl8'c of c.ttitude. Firot, WIlS the G.Nornnont IS growing conviction th,~t Jnonko :".tkl:J consCI'\T['.tisL1 placed 'obstacles in the wo:y of civi- 58 lization and progress l • Th:is conviction wna based largely 55. N. .· "G., Adn 1/9/2 Governor Frealing to K:ing l.ttnh 'Z7 Sopt. 1877. 56. Sec p.120 57. !:l.A.G. lI.dn 1/9/2 Governor Freeling to Chief Quosi l\ntshi, Begoro 24 Mlll'ch 1878. ~R Q~~ __ • __ • __ University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 127 on adverse nissionary reports. In July 1879, for instance Buck alleged, during his interview with Governor Ussher that slnvery persistod in the state of /J..uthori ty and pave the woy for the uninpeded spread of Christinnity, western ideas mel British influence in Akyon AbunkWn. This conclusion is roinforced by the fact thnt although convicted supposedly of n crine against tho lnw, King llDeMo ll.ttn was not treated os n corm on crininal in exile but rother'll> n political prisoner .m(l grnnted certain Fin ".lly the trial .fas voxnti&s ~ two of the principal chnrec:s of uurdor ['.Jvi slowe-doaling arose fron incidents thnt were prncticnlly no offonces under the state of tho lD.w in Lkyen Abuckw:l nt tho tine they took place. 02 The econOIlio, political and social consequences of tho Kina's axile on iJt;:ycn AbUllkwa were profound. The living expenses of the King and his retinue, resulting frou his long de ten tion in I.ccra frOtJ January to May 1880, together with legal fees saddled the 80. N. .... G., 1.fJ.n 1/5/1 H.T. Ussher to Lt.-Gov. Griffith 15 tIDY 1880; tT.A.G., fAn 1/9/2 R,K, Barrow to Chiefs of !.kiu 25 Sept, 1080; N • .: ... G., Ldn 11/1/1096 llinutes of Sept. 15 1884. 81. N.J..G., l.s1n 1/5/1 H.T. Ussher to Lt.-Gov. Griffith 15 noy 1880. Ussher's instruction roquired th..'1t the King should not be put 'to nnnunl labour'. He was to be allowed 'extrn food' ••• in conDidorntion of his position' ond pemittod to retain his 'own clothes'. He w.~ also allowed to have the coopony of one of ltis Wives, the nother of Bnrina llDoo.tia (alios Papc. Young) the present !..bontendonhene who was born in exile. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 135 state with considerablo debt.03 To raiso noney to dofrGY this 84 debt tho King had te ploogc stool property. This dobt wns to influence the scnle of fines inflicted in the Ol~GnhGIw's court in tho innedinto futui'o, especially in the first ~10 years of the King's return froD exile. The ionedinte inpnct of the exilo was, however, politicnl. Within a yenr of l.nol'.ko l.ttQ's exile three key political figures in his a0ninistration died. The first, .&lantonhono llPpnw, died in June 1880 only four weeks after the Kine W(1J3 put on tho British warship bound for Lagos. OhcollCo Sokyornu, tho King's mmt, died n few weeks Inter. In the Diddle of 1881 &a:f'oo basi 1\t:loMO, GyallSohene of Kyebi nnd a faithful councillor crt the King, nlso died. 85 .nlthough the CllusoS of the deaths are not stilted in tho records it is not unlikely thnt these persons died of erief, possibly by their o~m 8'3. Pnul Jcnldns, Abstructs, p.618. 'l'he King was defended in the urson cu.se by E. Bannemon. I. couputntion even un the official rates of daily subsistence of 5/9d and lodging allowances of 2/6d payable to Divisional Chiefs waiting on the Governor would put the ICing's living expenses alone at noro thon £50.0,0 Beo N.A.G., k~1 11/1/3. 84. N.I• • G., liln 11/1770 intclView at X'bor{3' 18 Feb. 1885. 85. Paul Jenkins, Abstracts, p.615 S. Koronton's Report dd. 28 June 1880; 1'.613 Buck'll Report for 1000 (1d. 15-18 Jon. 1881; p.641 Buck's Report for3l'd Quartor of 1883 dd 8 Sept 1803. • • University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh hnnds.136 Under the irresolute leadership of young, iopulsivo and inexperienced Kwosi Kur:J['., who hinself narrowly os~ped conviction and exile in 1880 the royal fanily and the King's court fell into discrrny, resultinG in tho acceptance of baptisn by several nen- bers of the royal f anily end tho Court. In October 1 001 Huppen- bnuer gleefully reported the baptisn of ccrtnin unnnned nenoors of the roynl fnnily nt Kyebi. 87 Their alC/lllplo wns followod by several cen and wocen 'fomerly owing their solo allegiance' to the King and the Roynl fanily. lDong then wcrQ Salono l,npofo In sub-chicf' nnd relntive of Joseph Bosonpel1, and f.brnhon Bosontwe, n long standing ~ (soul) to tho Ponna Stool. They 00 were baptised in July 1004. Evon nore synptooatic of the atrophy of central nuthority in the State end oninous for the futuro Was the accession of Joseph Bosocpen to the inportant offico of Kyobi Gyaosohene in 86. A preccdcmt for this oocured in 1811 When Okyenhone J.tta ~1usu YinkoolUl died of snall pox :in October nonr Kwanyo.ko after c. vory successful cnnpnign age.:inst the 1;snnte general Apen Dankwa. Overwhelned with grief several of his princi- pal chiefs who were with hin coorJ.ittod suicide. See G.~. Metcn1fe Great Britn:in and Ghena: Docunonts on Ghana His- t~ry 18<17-1957 London, 1964 pp. 17-18; Brodie Cruickshnnk, E:Lehtoen Years, pp. 92-98; J. B. Dnnqunh, l.kin l.bunkwa &Jld- book p.19. frT. Heidenbote No.2 Feb. 1802. 00. Paul. Jcmldns, .t.bstrncts, p.652 Ofori's leport del. 5 Jun. !~~, !!.I...G •. liltL11/1/1096 D.C. !.J.lQn to Col. Sec. 4 Feb. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 137 l.ugust or enrly scptci1ber 1883. B08onpen, nlias Ko.nire, was the son of ./lrJDD. Bunban/l!l (nlsl' lmown us Dentuo) of Kyebi. Ho was born 3t Jlpedwa in 124& and lived there ~ II boy with his fathor till the 1860s whcn he noved to Kyebi :lIld cn.tered the service of King llnO!lko !.ttn I. He, howevor, left in 1876 to becone II Christian nf'ter he hnd taken offence nt ll. fine inflicted upon hi: 1 by the King's Court in connection with n case involving snails. He was one of the witnesses whose testinony helped convict lJ:loako lltta I of arson. 89 Within sevcn.teen nonths of the King's exile, Bosonpen with the active support of Christi:m converts within the J:nkobe.:l, llpescnnka end Kyidon, as woll I'.S the encourngenent of fu:v. Karl Buck, bocone Kyebi Gyacsehcn.e in succession to his uncle Kwasi !.nonko on his own torrlS. Ho chilled axenption fron the obligr>.tion to pour liba.tion to his :lIlCCS ~ors, option to judee cases according to 1!hClish rather thnn custoDary law, froedon to resettle his uncle's ox-slaves in the salcD and convort then to Christianity, and the arant of custody of the GYQ.llBe stool to the Basel russ ion. 90 It WaS n sad reflection of the ext en t of the poli ti cal docay end lack of realisn in f:kyen l..bnakwn during the in terregnun too t 09. B.L.G., IAn 11/1/1265 Notes taken nt Kibi 21 Dec. 1898. lJ.ao p. 130 fn.70 90. Paul Jenkins, Lbatrncta, p.642 Buck's Re~ort for 3rd Quar- ter ad. _8 Sept. 188]; N .A. G.. .t.dn 11/1/1096 D. C. al4ltn t,) Ve. u4". 0 ~P"&. 18Bb. 1885. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 138 'the chiefs and hendnen of flew npprCNe{rJ/ of the appointnent of the chief' on the nbCNe-oenticned condl·. ti ons; 91 f or l·. t wn s inconceivable how a Christian Gynosehone in the oou] d of Bosoo- pen, who Wlls !:Uso the 'first londer of the Kyebi consreGation' , couJ.d be relied upon to sUPlrvise the ohodefoo in the perfornoncc of these duties nssociated with his office ~J1d directed te'Wllrc1s the propitbtion of the gods nIl" the ancestors. The precedent set by Bosonpen was followed by Chief Salooo hnpofo who nnnoun- ced on his bnptisn, thnt he wished to ruJ.e no t 'nccording to heathen usnges but ••• nccordinc: to British lnw u.s Joseph Boson- pon hod done'. 92 The social iIJPl.1ct of the Kine's exile on Akyeo t.bu:-.kwn wns no less profound. In tho I~nG's absence oooncipntion of slaves and pawns occurred on a large scale. ill though the pro claro ti en of authority did spccificnlly refer to the adoption of 'nensures concerning dooestic slavory and pawning'. the institutions conti- nued to flourish in l.:kyco .Abunkwn without any serious interfere- nce. 93 In Februllry 1880. however, While the King WllS awaiting 91. N.L.G., hWn 11/1/1096 l~len to Hon.Col.Sec. 4 Feb. 1885. 92. PauJ. Jenkins, Abstracts. p.652 Ofori's Report 5 Jan 1005' N.ll.G •• 1l.dn.11/1/1094 l,d. lIohr to Le. Col. Sec. 16 De~. 1836, For the duties of the ahQd~foo See Ch ... pter One. 9'. David Kinble.r.. politionl history, p.303; N.A.G., S.C.T. ;~~:~. Crioinal Record Book 2 Jcn. 1079-4 Feb. 1004 pp.173. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 139 trial in Accra, the Government issued a proclamation abolishing pawning and declaring all pawns free. 94 Aocording to Mohr's estimate there were between 1 ,000 and 2,000 Jkyem ,People being 95 held in pawn in the eastern District of }l(yem Abuakwa. Within two months of the proclamation there was hardly any pawn lett in Begoro. One pawn-owner, Ntim, alone freed 60 pawns of both sexes 96 who owed hi.m debts amounting to £450. During the King's exile, the Basel Missi~aries constituting themselves into watchdogs of the Government put pressure on nearly every village chief to 97 implement the order of the Government. While the emancip!tion of slaves and pawns undoubtedly relieved several hundreds of people from what seemed to be perpertual bondage, it is equally true that it ruined several rich individuals like Ntim of Bagoro. 9B 94. N.A.G., S. C.T. 2/5/1 Crindnal Record Book 2 Jan. 1879- 4 Feb. 1884 p.183. The Court's oonnnent on the trial of the king for 'slave-dealing by receiving a pawn' was: 'it is quite a cc.mmon thing for persons to be in pawn at Eastern Akim till about 3 months ngo'. 95. Paul Jenkins, Abstracts, pp.129-130 Mohr's Report dd.1 ()..26 A.pril1880. 96. !!:!;!4 p.130. c:n. Ibid. f.631 MulUng-'s Report dd. J~ 1882; p.628 L. Schmid 8 Report 10 Kay 1881; N .A.G., Adm 1/9/2 Barrow to Chief's 25 Sept. 1880; N .A.G., .M.m 1/9/3 c. D. Turton to Princess ~cherewah 25 .July 1883· .!::~:- :J~; B e'!!m:': Abjracts t p. 5as ~ante & 'Werner to S Ii:. C B. .. ·Go',~"C.T. afS/1 Criminal lleoo:rd &olt • .t = :~: If Tbe.,~g vas also ruined by the liDanoipa- ............ • .&Dl ' University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 140 Kyobi in particular suffered irreparable dllDage fron the aonncip.'.tion of slaves and pawns. WIthin a year of the Kine's exile the town's population decreased sharply. Uith tho loss of their nnin ceononic support, nost of theJ inhnbi tnnts ~bundo­ ned the town to live on thoir farn lunds. TradinG activHy and 91"l!>wI'\.d the gold-jjining industry nlc.ost ~ to:: halt. A siGIlifi- cont nunbar of those left behind in the town uere stnte-funo- tionnries nccuatonod to earning II living through the perquisi- tes of their offices und the l~rGess of the Okyenhene. SOrle of those ~.f.22. found it difficult to adjust to u different life- style ond took to brigand ago and crine to nnintnin thcnselves. 99 Uore thnn rrny others it was the Bnsol I:ission which profited nost by tho King's exile. Throueh their inporhm.ity they got the Governuant to cone out nore stronr,ly in their fc.vour. Not only wero they given fim guarantees of protection and free exercise of their religion, but ioplncnble foes of Christimity like Q~efs Yoboa of l~IlPruo and Lkyea of l~edwll were actually pres- sured directly by the Goverrncnt into selling lands to the Mis- sionaries for the erection of nission stationl:' (Salons) mld pemittine schools to be opened in their towns. 1 00 At the anna 99. Heidonboto No.4 !.pril 1001. 100. N.1...G.,lAn1!9!2 R. lCnnpp Barrow to Chiefs of Lld.o 25 Sept 1880; Puul Jenkins, Abstracts p.614 Buck's RepoLt for the' ~~:~~~~::~~~ Jan. 1001 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 141 tiDe the Governoent coopelled the l.buakwn Chiefs to relnx the enforoeoent of the observance of the custoonry taboos in the state and oake it optional. In October 1002 for inst:mce, the Civil CoDDalldant of the Volte. District, R.n. Runsey. was instru- cted by the Governor to seo Chief Bunbcn of llnyinao and inforn hin that His Excellency cO'Uld not 'D.Ssont to his binding any of the people of llNYIN1J.1 by such laws ••• OS insistence upon then cust necessarily be highly injurious to tho peoplo ••• I The inatructiom continued: If any of the people of ANYIN~1 chooso of their own froe will to observe any of the custons referred to they are perfectly ut liborty to do so, but the Governor distinctly forbid any attenpt b,y the Chief, or any oth-:;r person, to cODpel nny one living at :.Nynu.N to conply with tho laws •.• 1 01 Chief Buaben was sUDDonOO to lJcropon by the Civil CoDDandant in J anunry 1803 and given 'Il good talking to t .102 101. No1~.G.,fAD 1/9/2 Brandford Griffith (Pr.See.) to Iluosey, 1Jcropon 20 Oct. 1002. Eophasis added. The custODnry taboos enforced at hnyinao and indeed elsewhere in Akyoo l..bunkwn included the following: (i) Prombi tion on the carrying of a blIDdlo of fire- wood into the town. (ii) Prohibition on the use of a brass pen to fetch water froD a local strollO. (iii) Proid-bition on the carrying of a blIDch of pclD nuts into town. (iv) Prohibition an the keeping of goats in the town. IO? 'D.-. ..... , "1" __ •• =: ~:ractB, p.167 Begoro Station roar's =::dd. Jan. 1883. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 14~ Believing that the absence of a popular uprioine in lJ!rye) , :.bUllkWn over the King's exile showed I toot the King hnd very 1i ttle ground under his feet I the Basel Iiission decided to pro3s their o.dvcntage. 10 3 Everywhere Nisnionaries treated the Ilutho- rity of the Chiefs with disdain, ond tumed the salena into on 'inperiun inJ?9rio' of sorts. In the four and a haJj' yoa.rs of the Kinets exile the congregations in his state increased their neobership by leaps and bounds. By the end of 1800 the strength of the Kyebi district congregation stood at over 600 with the Kyebi congregation proper nunbering 204. These fieures rose to 7fJ5 and 770 respectively at the end of '001.'04 The nunber of houses in the salon at Kyebi also increaaed fron 12 at the end of 1079 to 21 at the end of 1000. :. new Chn pel was begun in 1880 and during 1881 the two-storey Kyebi r'Iission house was con- pleted by Huppenbauer and llunz. Elsewhere in the state also the erowth of Christian congrc- e-ntions was phenonenal. l.t llSiakw:l "There the outstation was founded f'Illy in 1 f577 the nucbel'S reached 105 at the end of 1882, on in<:rease of 130%. The corresponding figures for Kukurantuoi, Lsunafo, l.bonosu and l.papno w.::re 106, 45, 58 and 48 respectively. 103. Paul Jenkins, 1.bstrncts, p.615 Buck to Basel dd. 23 l.fay 1000. 104.. Ibid p.613 Buck's Report dd. 15-10 Jan. 1881; 1).619 Hup- penbauor's Report dd. 10-14 Jan. 1882; p.62911funz's Report dd. March 1883; Heidenbote No o.4 li,pril 1881 .• University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 14' ~hc Begoro cangrogntion increased in ne:~b0rship fron 61 .-;t the end of 1800 to 75 :J.t tho end of 1 G'J1 .105 School enrolnel'lt sho- wed a sinih.r tJ.'l)nd. In October 1800 n provisionl'.l eil'ls' school W:1S started n.t !{yobi with 16 pupils, 'lIld shortly n.ftor Cot Becoro with girls rocruitod fran Kulrurtmtuni. 106 So encouraging w-;s tho onthusirJ:Jrl for school th."..t on :mllual school foo of 2/3d .1n§3 107 inposod in 1001 d Kyebi, J.;:lill~:J\Tn nnd Bogoro. By the borrinn- inc of 1GG2 onrolnent ~t the Kyebi prinr.ry school stood at .',2, r:nd soon thoro woro suggestions that the boarding school OystO:l should be discontinued for the prinory school, 'since such plncos wore necess'lry in tho period when puople did not renlise tho inportnnce of educdion '. l.lre.,dy tho need Il".O beine' felt foz: n Diddle 0 chool nt ::yebi to propnre IJf;yan pupillJ for training C'.B toc.chers. In 1003 tho Kycbi Mid.l.1o School Wns uotnblished fol- lowed shortly by tho ostnb1ishnont of tho Begoro I1idcllo Boarding --~----.--.--------------- 105. Paul Jenkins, 1.bstracts, Pl).613-G14, Buck's Iloport dd. 15- 10 Jan. 1001; EDau Ofori's suppleoont to yenrly 1oport of tho [yebi District 29 Doc. 1806; p.619 Huppcnbnucr's Report for 1081 dd. 10-14 J,Ul. 1002; p.629 Htm.z's D.eport for 1002 dd. Unrch 1083; p.166 'rear's iloport for Hegoro dd. Jnn. 100'; Heidcnboto No.10 Oct. 1':-;QO. 106. Heidcnbot~ No.~ ~pril 1001, HUPI~nbnucr's Report Jan. 1001; Paul Jenlans. 1.bstracts, p.127 Jnhrusboricht for Borroro Stntion dd. 16 Jnn. 1801. 107. P::ul Jenl::ins, ll.bstrnct0 .).619 HUj?pcnbauer's i101JOrt for 1001; p.631 Nulling's ko port, July 1002; i). 1 'Z7 Jllhrobo- richt for i3egoro station dd. 16 Jan. 1 C01 • University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 144· 3chool. 100 The baptlslnl candid:-\tcs recruited by tho Nissionarios durinc the King's exile coy be divided into two uain cntoeories. In the first group were persons who considered rloobol'ship of the church DB offering 1nounity fron the jurisdiction of tho tradi- tione.l :Jcyon courts. Such i)Qo?lc were Ilore of ton than not }er- sons who bore personal Crudgcs ocninst the traditional courts. 1iJ obsorved by l'ohr. :'rospuctive converts at nee-oro beHoved that 'the Christian coonunity is politically sepnrntc frof' Bee-oro town,.109 J.lthough tho Uissionnries nay not have1i·l "tC.t~ encou- roeed this .:-.ttitude their mm c. .. al'lJc~ing dtitudc towards the Chiefs nnd their continu.."l interference with chiefly jurisdiction with ('. violl to shielding christinns fron justice cortninly con- 110 tributod to tho prevalence of that bolief. The other cntcgor,y of bnptisnal ~~didntes wero ex-slaves. ex-pawns end other poor and noedy people ~lho wero attrncted by 100. Pnul Jonkins. f.bstr:'.cts, p.646 liinutcs of the Achin Synod 6 Feb. 1003; p.6£19.'. Potition fron :Jdn Niddlu School pu- pil3 at JJ.croponc 16 JIlIl. Wc.:3; ?6'~3 J. r~uller's RO~Jort dd. 20 Dec. 1803. By June 1803 there were 17 pupils inclu- dinG 6 eirls enrolled nt Jl.bODOOU school. See p.641 !JlO hnh 's Rep ort 1 J.ue. 1 00'3 • 109. Paul Jonkins, !.bstrllcts, p.10S Uobr to :.:>...sel dd. 10 !.pril 1070. 110. In 1003 for inst[!lJ.OO Bucl: nnd nro lUssionnries called on Bcgorohene end liternlly reprincnded hir~ for ordering o. presbyter Jacob to uproot ~ which he bud grclln. They also dcotm.ded the lif':ting of the ban on roaring of nit:s ~ ~ou?,. See Pal11 J en'kins. .6lJs tracts, :;. 1 C1 aupp~n bau- 1003. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 145 the nonetnry induceD011t offered. During 1000 Bucl: lent nanoy Jut of locru. church ftmds - the so-COolled Poor Fund - to priv~tc, persons, nanely 'converts who in th~ :1roccss of conversion hOod lost everything end could not !larry, pc-ople who vorc being held ~ 11 b:-.ck fro:~ convers ion by S;lll.l1 debts theY owed '. Such lOllns of up tu £3 wore a llowerful :!nduOGncnt to T1DnY persons saddled with dobt to offer thenaelvcs :'.S buptislJul candid['.tcs. Indoed the iQ?rossion oxisted fron 1077 onw~s th~t 'to becone a ChristiClll is to be looked nfter' :md several persons oponly denanded tho ,:'l'ynent of their debts f'J3 a condition of boconing Chris tinro. 112 The rel..'1tivoly hi~h rate of crolfth of church nonborship betweon 10CO tUld 1005 ~ve tho nissionarics a fulse sense of sue- cess :md security. It una clenr, however, thllt tho gains nude by the D:'.Sc.l lUssion were ccmfinod to the enstern hl1.1f of tho stute only. The tour reports of Huppenbnuer, ~~Jsoyer, Mohr IlJ1d nuller show toot tho people of Uostcrn Lkyen Abu31avn roin- tnmed their hostility to Christian influenco. Durinc: his ten- day tour of that rOGion in July 1000, Hu:.??enbauer learnt at f.stlOlJ th..~ t tho locnl Akonf 00 were I annoyed nnd enhittcrcd' by nissionillry 111. l'~ul Jonkins, :.botr:'l.cto, :' tj2J I:uck to ~rulel 13 1.l'ril 1001, 112. Paul Jenkins, !.betr:>.cts, [-.72 nohr's Report dd. 28 Eny 1077; Deacon Hath Date's Report to the Evangelical Bnsel Nission SOciety 1 July 1002. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 146 intrusion into the tOlm, Md he found the: people of Osenase to be unenthusinstic about tho gosl1Cl. In 1002 l1cnsayor, ii,)hr end Hullcr fOlIDd no one at 1\suon willine to bocone rl Chri,s .-ian. Fron what his host told hin, Muller concluded that the local 1;001)10 had aet their face resolutely '1.r;ninst tho Christian L'.i t:l.113 The Basvl I-1ission indced under-osti'l,'1.tcd the loyalty of the l,buo,};:wa j)Cople to their exiled King os lL;ll tlS their ,~ttachnent to their institutions. Behind the ff'.cade of political disarray and se.tc the Kine- 's coneilintory gestures. Belioving that Ynw Bookye hud 'been nade the sC~l'" goet unf'~irly' they, with tho encour~onent of r1ohr, subscribed tc a fund to send 11 deputation of ~uon christbns to i.cern at tho end of July to prefer chnr- 148 (;08 OC:-:in:Jt Chief Fosuheno. Inspite of tho restorati 1n of Yew Dollkye's property nt the end of :1.Ug'ust followed by the set- tlcnent of the J'>suon cnso by the ..l nuntoonionsn ::mel f.nl<:aben, Apoacnokn and KyidoTl curly in Septonber, tho Christinns rennined unrolentin,: ,wer the 1.suoo incident. Indeed the TInsel ~Iissicn:l- ties resisted the Governor's inclination to let 'the whole thing ••• lie in abeyance' by rressine for the prosecution of Yaw Boakye's assn.iL~ts.'49 147. Pnul Jenkins, l.bstJ.'Mts, 1'.663, 678; lleic.enboto No.1 1008. 140. Pnul Jenkins, l.hstr·lots, p.672 Hohr to District Prases 29 July 1006. 149. tT.L.?, UIn 11/1/3 .t.P.ocl:o l.tte to H.E. 9 Sopt. 1006; ..... oror~ to ,.,Mohr 9 Sept. 1006. Pnul Jonltina, Lbstrr'.cta, :).602 Rohr to . .i.Josel 3 Feb. 10 E17 • Loal~e' s property Was broUGht to K7cb~ on 20 Aue. 1006. Except for the loss of £31.16/- end dcnoge to a tow c1cthcs everything was ir.tN.t. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 160 Fron August 1006, the (bristinns of !{yebi toolc to preD.chin~ on tho public streets, outsicle the snlen, I'nd in c. nood thnt beccne a grent source of provoc:'..tion to the non-Christi.:cnG. !lB r,:ce~lcc by 1)12.1:.u l;fUIJ l:1ter: In th"ir preachinG they used to buso (sic) the livinC os well ::IS the lC"1J. They spcnk of the Kines of l.ldn who wore killed in wnrs with tho llahnntoes or otherwise betrayed i.'ntl thereby net their death .'-6 if they were the worse (sic) Ijf all Akins, knowing tTh~t the sort of pre2chin6 will only irrit~te tho people ••• 150 The cond'ct of the Christinns prer1ictnuly led to n stenay clete- riorntLn of relations between thon nn(l the politi.cnl authorities in the stnto. The anforcenent of th'-' ban on work on sacro(l days which h:ld b"on rchxl-cl in October 11")05 ''1nS revived with vicour. On Sopte:]bor 9, for inst1.DCC, church lenders fron Kyebi, f.sinkwn. ;.lJ'lr<-":, ,"'ll(' Tote inforned Mohr about oumous siens of trouble 1l1r~ cnlled fer Govern:1ont's protoctil'n. In enrly Deccnber 1086 Ou'istians of lJ'l.-mankeae reported th,nt they hnd been forbidden to work on their farns for throe days in overy week and for e1aht ooya 151 after the death of~ny person in tho town. On 14 Doconber, Mohr, IlCOOT.lponieJUlouncell tho theft of /)olJ.-dust. velvet cloths ~d sono trinklets fron his trec.sury on tho norning of 16 Deccnber. 1. public neeting wns h['..9tily conve- ned at which KWE'.siwl'l tho Okonfoo of ~ Tutu identified Kwa- dvo J.npofo M the thief. Under torture, /.npofo tmu his r:ccon- plice Kwaku Kyei nnc.e sb.tenents th.'l.t inplicated Gyar..sehone Joseph Bosonpo':, who followinG the detcrior'ltion of reb.tions botweon the Christians :md the ChiefS, h::,:(~ eiven uP his stool ~(1 153 returned tc live on the Hission Station. DoSODpelJ was r:rrost'J", "Ilr'. detninetl with Devernl other christians inclu[1ing J03hu..'1 Kwal:u !.dne, Ei.lDIll1uol Denky'irn Snnnnhyin, Ynw lmDlm nne. Tht..:taa :."c:'. "lUau the Kine' s nephew. 1 51 Tho dotention of the r:.rrJsted persons lnate~l ti~l Saturday 26 Decenber 1006, dur:ing which periGO. the Christians at Kyebi suffered Duch privation being confined to tho UiSsion Station and donie(l, access to their 152. Pnul Jenkins, l.bstrllcts, p.675 RosIer's letter to tho District rrases 23 Doc. 1086; Ofnri's lloport on Kyebi District 29 Dec. ~ 006; 1l.lso N. A. G., .an 11/1/3 l10hr to H.:. 9/FO/b. 10m; Uoh:\:' to ILE. 15 Dac. 1006; Also N.A.G., 1..dn 11 1 1094 stllteoont by IJ1;yon Christians. 153. Peul Jenkins, l:.bstl'Mts 1'.667 Hohr's Report )1nrch 1007. 154. ~.A.G., IAn 11/1/3 Kohr to H. I:. 16 Doc. 1006; i0003k.J ....t tn to B.D. 19 Dec. 1006; N.I• • G., 1..dn 11/1/10')4 llkyon Affnire stated by Den. bnbenll. . A.L"U1rn a+n .......... ~ '\..-- University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 155 roms ,~r~ to the rivers. In tervcntion of the Govornnont rnd the King's d, nth 1.::. in 1U77 the use of vic,lance ocninst the Christi8Ils at Kyebi led to ,~irect Governnent intervention in !.bunkw3' sinter- nal ni'f~.ir3. Upon receipt of reports about the n.n ti-Christinn rids ::ct Kyebi, .~sist.'l.nt Ce10niEtl Searetnry, Charle:s D. Turton presente,l the Governor lfith 11 stronG ninute in which he descri- bed lmake ;.tt'l I as huvin[" 'reverted to what he wns before ho was transported to Leges, o. i. (sic) l1. drunken SP.vllee borbnr- inn ••• ,156 Turten recor.U:londcd to the Governor to stand fir- ~11y bvhind the Bnsel Uiosion in the interest of co10niul rule. He urGed: llpcrt fro:! the conplnints which lkWC been received of the f)'l.nnd in which this native kine atlllinisters justice, nIl" of the n-bitrnry way in which he treats .~,is subjects there is n Brent poli tionl quostion at issue .:md th"'.t is tho strugGle bettwen Christimi ty Dnd /jenthanisri/ which sh[\l1 prevf'.il ••• Hatters hnve now cone to ~ crisis OJ:).cl it is for this Governnent to eay whether Christioni ty with its nany blessines is to be aupprossed onel by the 155 ... IT. :. • C.. JIM 11/1/3 l-lohr to n. ':. 16 Dec. 1006; .t.ooako l.ttc to ~. E. 19 Dec. 1006; li. : .. G., 1.dn 11/1/1094 lJryen Affairs ~tuted by Donjonin KWl'.bCllI:'. and llotes to.ken by J~cob •.. i.T.e-no 20 Dec. 1...:.06. 156. N.l• • G.,;.dn 11/1/3 Col. Sec. to H.E. 20 Dec. 1086. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 163" ~ecution of those who belong to the Chris- tian Churches. 157 Turton's ninute typified the prejudice which colonial offici.:lls entertained D€!l.inst ind:igenous i'.friClln institutions in the G:lld Coast during the 1 OBOs. 158 Christianity was rtewed 11 priori as being superior to trlldi tional religion. But oore inportontly, it was seen as on instrunent of c.cculturation to be htJ.rneesed for the adv::moeoent of the econooie and poli ticnl 'objectives of ooloniaJ..iso. !J1l Executive F·leeting was cnllod to oonsider Turton's reoonoenM tion to arrest the Okyenhene nnd brine; hin to lJJorn under the escort of a force of HnUS£IB led by an officer of the O:mstnbulnry-. 1'13 there was no offioer to spare, Mr. Sinons, Registrar in the Secretariat was ap~inted to go to Kyebi and bring down the King and the persons accused of the theft of his ooney. Siams was aeoonponied by 'n -oorpornl I.ll1d three oonstnbloo by wny of adding weight to his nission! 159 Jnoob SiIJOns arrived c.t Kyebi on Snturdc.y 26 DeeenbGr lllld spant the next dAy interrogating the prisoners: Kw::rdwo Aor:ofo, Yaw Bek;ye, Kwoku Kyoi, Kofi fua, Joseph lbsoopen and his nether NJr:Ja Bua.beoan. 157. Ibid. 158. See Chapter Three pp.170-171 159. N. A. G., lldtl 11/1/1094 Extracts fron Minutes of Executive ~~ held. at Goye.rnIlEllt House, Chris tinn.s-borg 20 Dec. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 164 Tho J~toonicnsn felt greatly irritated by the continual intervention of the GovernrKnt in the affairs of lJs:yan .t...bunkwa Dl'ld in porticUlar, the huniliatiol1 of the Okyenhanc. They trtt4 to o rcnn is 0 resis tDll co acoins t tho arres t of ..' \noako I1ttn I by swoa.ring tho eroot onth 0f \'I\lkUt12£. to provent nny one fron ttl.kine hin to 1.ccra. On 30 Dccenber 1006, 20 non left secretly for . .., 160 Salt pond 'for the purpose 0 f purclmslIlB' nnnUrll.tWl1 • In the end the attenptGd resistance collapse-:1.. Thore were two reasons for this: First, the pJ.l'.ns of the l.nnntoonicnsa were betrayed by a Qlristinn, !·:r. Gyina, who GOt to know about then throu,,':'h his brother, a pulnco sorvrnt. UlX>n receipt of tho infornation Sinons sent un oXJ)rces !lassoge to the Governor that the King intended to resist 'c.,'l'~ \mIcas foroo is used he will not cene to Accrn'. 161 Q:>nseqUGntly a force of Hn'USos then waiting ut Lburi vas alerted to hold thcnsclves in renuino3s to take the King by force if 162 necessary. Second, the State lacked adequato supplies of gun- powder to StJSto.in a long resistnnco. Only six nen were actuAlly seen to have 'purchnsod 41 oonaidorubly qunntHy of amunition 160. N.L..G., .Aan 11/1/1Q94 Simna to Chl.Seo. 6 Jan. 1007 Con!; D. C. Saltpond to Col. Sec. 10 Jon. 1007; J. Sinens to llon. Cc'l.Seo. 20 Dec. 1006. 161 • ••. '-.G., Ado 11/1/1094 Simns to :. on 2 February 1007, Okycmhene J.noako Attn I died frOD 166 lexhaustion troD double pneUDonia'. King 1.ooako Att::t IS death was not only tragic. It wa.s also inoppor.tlme. for it occured nt a tine when the state of .ll.bUc....J. . 'w~ wns at I...... cross roads: the Ebnnciplltion l.ets were seriously disturbing the social, political and econooic stability of the state; an alien faith with adherents representing only 0.05% of the State IS population WtlS s ceking, with the backinb of the colo-- mal regino, to inpose its dogna and noms on the rest of the society; the solidLlri ty of the roy.ol fanily had been shnttered by religious polarisation; the traditional systeo of justice was in donger of being superseded by tl1'l. ulien systeD inspitc of the tacit recogniticn oocorded to the traditional oourts by the .- 167 ~ijt Supreoe OJurt Ordinc.noe of 1076. In short 1!ooako .Atta I ~( died at n tine when tho Colonial Gcvernnont WD.S actively ~ I exploitine its role as proteotinB' pCfWer a13 well sa its undoubted :III nilit ary superiority to usurp thiil sovcreignty of .hlc,yeo .ll.bUll.kwa. The state could ill offord. at such a critical stage in her history, to lose a ruler who syoboli.sed..her struggle to onintain her freedoo and independence against crlernal encroachoent. 166. N.,,:"G., IAn 11/1/3 OJIJJ.issionere to H.E. V.D. Griffith 7 Feb. 1007. ],g. Hedtcnl Officer to Col.Sec. 2 Feb. 1007; Paul J EIlkins., !.hBtrn~, p.602. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 167 jooako httn I bad ~ abiding fnith in, and dee~ respect for, the custcns and. beliefs of his forefnthers. His whole roign h:'.c1 ceon ono long struccle against Eur'iJOa.l1 pretensions to DOr~tl and institutic-n:1l suporiori ty. The Okyenhene did not hate Christinnity or its :J.C uts, the r~issionaries. Liko his prcdocc::wor, he fully npprecic.ted the bonefits of western eduO-'1.- tion which the lliscionnrics were introducing to his people, and he eave then overy possible cncournger1ent :: nttestod by the Hissionnrios thonselvcs. He was disposed to tolernte Christitl- ni ty ~ one of tho 'fuit hs' in his Stn to, but only if it nban c:ov-trt . . doned its overt ant' ~ Ilttenpts to destroy the sp~r~tun.l foundations of :.l:yen Abunkwa. society. lllJoako Attn waS also irrcvocc.bly opposed to cissionnry interference with his undoub- ted jurisdiction ovor his own subjocts in his State. By his clcdh, lJs:yon Ablk"..kwa lost a courneoous leader ond an inplllooblo foo of inperialisn while the Ghanaian public :lissed an opportunity to know the true and funrlanental issues in the church-St.."lto coptroveroy Which had beon rneine: in lkyen Abunlarn since 1e nO. lnocko l..:tto. I boquenthed an uneasy inbori- tIlnco to his youngar brothor nnd successor, Kwasi Kuna. In tho ne%t chnptor an o.tteopt Will be uncle to cxllIline the ir.lpnct of the King's denth on 1Jhe course of Akycn J.bunkwn's history nnd basi K1:Icn's response to tb.o continuing prossures of oolonin- ~ .n ChristinnH. .. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 9HAPrER THREE Ll'o 40 ~,: nany Christi.:ms l'lore f orced t 0 abJ"ure the Christinn f:Cith. J.t Kukurantuni thirteen (bors ::nd eiehtecn l'linrl0l-1S of hOUSClfl on the Mission station were reooved tho~h nono of the houses ware deoolished;'~9 while nt Deeoro thrt 0 Apl'il 1(}'}7. lihIhasis added. 58. . ~ .A.~.. .Adn 11/1 /HYR Lethbridee to /:JJ. 001. Soc. 2 May University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 190 Under the circUfmt[!!lCeS it was strnngo that the Christi:ms wero not strongly robuked ~ublicly nnel also nade to enter intn [! bond to be of eood behaviour. Second, tho conponsution dennndod w~ in excess of tho estinnte of thD d:u:ngc causc(l object of black nlliline: the trnditionnl authorities into \~uarnntoeine tho Christians againot future oolcstution on the lutter's own 65. U.:. . G., l.ibJ 11/1/1094 Lsst. Insp. Gooree Drennan to Hon. Col. Sec. 17 IIaroh 1 Ou,",? • University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 19~ 66 terns. Although neither Brennan, lethbridGe or Governor Griffith adnonishGd the Basel iiissionnries and their Christinn converts publicly for thGir provocative, indiscreet and intolerable bebu- viour, His Excellency ninced no worda in repriuanriing Hohr' in private. In n letter to the Basel l1ission Society's heo.dquort~r.3 in Dau, he blaned the troubles in Akyen Abua':.wa on 110hr's 'lack of ala. judgenent and ••• tact', and sugee::;ted that he be trMs- ferred out of the state. A'3 in th') cnse of David Asc.l1te a dec.-l.de earlier, he ,mrneu that if r10hr remained at Begoro or elsewhere in PJcyen Abuakw:'., he would. be doing so 'at his own peril' since the !buslls could not be detained in the state inde- 67 finitely for his protoction. After the withdrawal of the Ibusas froD the State Alcyen Abuakwa renained as ~"~onproni)ine as ever in her attitude 611 tow...ll'ds the Bnsel r1i';sion. Oherma Anna Anpofoaa wns r;r: ~f.1..G., JAn 11/1/109-', Chus. D. Turton to ;/.ov. steiner and others, 11 April 1087. 67. N.A.G., Ado 11/1/1094 Chns D. Turton to Rev. r,:'.ul Stainer tuld others 11 !.,pril 1: -;27. 68. Drennan left Kyebi for Accra on t:. April with the gt'eater part of the force leaving Lethbridge behind at Bogoro with 30 N. C.Oa and: nen to obtain the signatures of tho Mpakanfo to the peace Bond and collect the balance of the fine. At the end of J.iny the rest of the llausns returned to the coast leaving Lethbridge with a Dere handful of Hausas. See N. A. G., ,Ado 11/1/1094 Drennan to Col. Sec. 2 April 1 Cr'7; Br~an s Report 0 AJ:n"il 10lJ7; Paul Jenkins, Abstru<-'1.· kwa w~r ccncco.lcd in the oo.th of loynlty thnt was adninisterod to the Okyonhone-eloct, Kwasi Kunll, on the norning of 6 NoveDbcr by the D. C. The: or-tth read: I swear before the District C01:rlist,Jioncr that .L..G!:! under British Lows cn~ ~ill oboy whatever instruo- tic-no GTe {':ivan to ne by the D. C. fren the Governor md J;hc sane will be duly executed ns I an in the roan of the lr.tc !.nonq1.k'1. lAtt'-h.77 l~tcr tnk:Lcg tho above oath the Okyenhene-eloct Wf'.S node to si[~ '1. 1ccl'1.r~tion to obey all the instructions of the Governor 'contained in Public l.nnouncenent Mel .'111 other orders which roy "{8 be sont to ne fron tina to tine by His Excellency the Governor.' 76. There were two c..'1.ndidates for the succession, IUrasi Kuna, Y01mger brothE::r of 1.non.ko l~ttu I t'lllc'l Kwo.bena Dente, their 16-yenr old. nephew. Rosler believed Dente to be favoured by the o..1.jori ty of the electors nncl attributed his failure to win the nooin.."l.tion to the evil influonce of Ohanna i.opofollc'1. end her daughter Kyerewaa. It oust be pointed out however, thnt in insisting on the nonin:}tion of her son, Kuc.si KUIlll:, tho Ohenal.'. W:->.8 nerely adhering to an innenorial ouston which laid it down that brothers or cousins nust take precedence over nephews in nattcrs of succession' (Nniwan 00tl nnsnaye n wofasa nni adoe). Soe Paw' Jenkins .4betre.cts, p.690 RosIer to Basel 30 Juno 1CC7; p.695 1I10hr'S Report 25 Oct. 10m. 77. N.!• • G.,Adn 1097 Lethbridgo to Col.Sec. 6 Nov. 1007 Conf.6 lbp'I:¥lsis ndded. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 199 !:.s n '~k of recognition of his having been placed on the throne' the Governor sent one piece of silk, one European cane tlnd £25 to King lloooko l:..ttn II. Sinultoneously ho receivod 'n wnrrcnt under His Ex03llancy's hond proclnining I.quasi Kuon Kin!, of Eastern iJcio,.79 Between then the ?ublic illUlounCeoont, the oo.th of loyo,lty and the 'warrant' of prociDDntion, practically ended JJryeo Abunlcwo.'s political aut on ony. The first definitivoly resolved the chUI'ch-stntc controversy which hed. boon raging in ilkyco Abuala-re. since tho 1070s in favoUI' of the Dnsel Uission. By the beginning cf 10CO the chUI'ci1-stntc controversy had becoDe a cJ.otld issue. Hanccforth it wns the Governor, rather than the Okyenhene. who was to dotaroine the pero1ssibility or otherwise of religious pt'actices and beliefs in the stnte of tJ;:yeD AbWlkwn. OO The second onr1• third were no less far-renchine in their effect. By swooring the onth of loyo,lty and sienine a declaration to obey nll instructions and orders froll the Governor, the Okyenhene inplicitly gave up his status llS an nlly nnd acknowledged hiD- self us n vassal ond subject of the British Crown; while his o.cceptmce fron the Governor of a wvrront proclaining hin King tll.so inplied that his right to rule hod ceased, do fq.cto, to be iJlhercnt in his stool and becone derived froD Dll external source, 79.· ~;i;;~.: IAn 11/1/1.095 D.C. Bogore to Ool.Sec. 14 & 26 Nov. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 20D nanely tho British GOVCrnIlcnt. Ipso factc, it offered the Colo- nial Govornnent strong grotmtls for interferinc in the internal nffairs of the State. Henceforth lJ<;:yen !.bunkwa becnne exposed to a [loro clircct official interforence, While the Okyenhono was rendered liable to renov~ fron office for violation of his oath of loynlty, nna written O:HI-:itnent, n threat which, like the sword of Dnnoclea, WOl3 offoctivnly used by tho ~vornor to restrain tho O.k;yenhcnets politicd conduct. The circunstanoos of iInoako i.tta II's eleo- tion ~d confinlntion established a precedent which contributed in no srl..'\ll Densure to the pnssing of the chiefs' l.ct of 1904 wdor which tho Governor assUDe<.'. the power of CTantine or with- boldine recognition fron a nGWly-elcct chief in the Colony. Fran thore it wns but a short step to Govem:::ent's nssunption- of power to suspood or depos e chiefs wdor the 1 91 0 Lncndncnt of tho N.J.C'. D1 Finnlly the swearing of un oath of :::.llegiE!!lce to the Governor throuGh the D. C. at Kyebi established n precedent thnt wns followed by 1.!:lonko id;tn III and Ofori Att£!. I. 82 Tho next stop, the fOl'rth in the series, taken towards the subversion of Abunkw£!.'s sovereignty wns the elininntion of 0.11 renainmg pock:ots of rosistance to ensure thL'.t the fint See B.A.C.,J\dn 11/1/424; N.l. . C.K., Adn 29/6/32 History of Legislation parag. 51 (h). 02. !.J... f!., blo 1097 lIcoalto Atta III to D. C. 16 Apr.i.l 1 911 • University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 201 of the Oovernoent was respected throughout the state. This stOll wes to cuJ.oinate in the Governnent's take-over of the ferry and l311d.s adjoining the Biron river at Ns~en and tho Ctoportn.tion of Oseawuohene Kwnbenn Ltwcre, easily the nost inf:uentinl ~hi~ and a sworn foe of coloninlisn. The first show of resistmce to the steady encro~chnont of coloniclisn on lJ.cyoo 1.buckwn. w~s put up in October 1087 by the people of L.sUOLl, who denonstrcttcd open contenpt of the Suprcne Court during the interrognuo. Inspite of tho despa.tch of severa.l ncsscn&ers fron the Court tho fine of £50 inpoaed on the town of J.auoLl in Jnnunry 1007 for contunncious conduct in ccnnection with the (lSsnult on Yaw Boakye rcnainor1 unpuid by October. 03 Kwndwo Fobi and Apea Yeboll of .t..suon continucl'.. to ignore: the denand for the pa.yn<:.nt of fines inposed on then by the Chief Justice in ,,,- suit brought against thCD lly Yc.w 04 Bonkyc. '1'ho instructions of the newly appointed D. C. required hin to eo to Aauon first to execute .:t Suprene Court warrant f0r the arrest of tho two julgonent dettors. He arrivod at llsuon on 26 October to find the townspeople in conference with their chief See Cbapter '!'wo ppJ56-157; liso Paul Jonkins, Abstracts, p.600 l:~bric1gc to Col. Sec. 4 Nov 10C7. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 202 Fosuhene Apen ten. .~ he entered the town the assenbly broke up but the nen retu=ned shortly afterwards with guns hurriedly fetched fron their houses. They par.::..ded the streets in largc nunbers shouting that if the District CODOissioncr 'had cone for the purpose of dcnanding noney they would fiGht before they C5 would allow any to go out of the town'. In view of the hostile deoanstration and the inadequacy of his force the District Comissioner decided to withdraw and ask for reinforce- cent. He wrote to the Colonial Secretary: If' I have to arrest these cen I shall be conpellod to ask His EKcellency to send up reinforcements DB there is every chance of ny neeting with aroed resistance and I Saw at .t.suon that the force I have with ne is insufficient to cope with the nunbers which would be 06 brought against ce. idthout the backing of the entire state, chief Fosuhene realised that resistance would be futile. He col10cted and puid the finea to the District Comissioner and with that the Asuoc 'rebellion' collapsed. The second show of resistance by the Oseawuo division proved to be a tougher nut to crack. In essence, the rebellion of Ose&- wuohenc Klilabena Atwere was a protest against the nounting pro- ssures of colonial rule as nanifested by the progressive declino tJ3. B.J.. G., 1m ll/l/lm fCt_a_n_f . ._.. 1. ."1 n •_. -___ Lethbridge to -2 ____ , Col. Sec. 4 N<'v. 1C07, I ,-,-...... : ~ :::: ::: 'l/lcm --I Lethbridge to n it' which would hnve brought 'ruin to a thriving 93. N.l. . G., Ldn 11/1732 W.B. Griffith to lord Knutsford MI:'.y 17 1000. 94. N.1I..G., l'..dn 11/1771 Governor Griffith's interviotr with 1.tw(]L'c 6 Jnn 1000; N.1I..G.,.Adn 11/1732 W.B. Griffith to Lord Knutsford May 1 7 1000. 95. N.J. . G• • las:lu 11/1/1095 D.C, Easte:rn "dmto ~ .Am-il. 11'M. " , .&1,1..I',,". "t''"l.' .l • c::"c ~- • University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 6 and prosperous poop1 e ,•9 0", th';"'d nttoopt WaS uade to resolve 0 ..... the dispute with tho departure of ilSsistnnt Colonia.l Secretory. l-h'. Charles Dennoth Turton, for Uestorn 1'J.tyen on 25 ~lpril 1008. Turton's oooting with repros(:ntntives of the tTo(O rulers a~ Mosoneo on 0 May broke up in confusion and o.chieved nothing. "lor between .t..bunkwn and Kotoku now seened iL1"1inont but Atware did not intend it to be just n locnl.wnr. He intended it to be a rebellion against the colonial Governnont o.s well. Ever sinco his occting with D. C. Spilsbury Snith at the beginning of ..:'.pril Kwabcna l.twcre had lost fro. th in the Colonial Governnent.ls sonse of justice and fair play and was c.etcroin<:d to repudiate its o.uthorl ty. He a.ccusod the D. C. of bins against his stool ond told hill ns he passed through Nonkyi to BeB'oro on 5 l.pril toot 'he would never allow hie people to cone to Bogoro if [the D. CJ wanted theo at ~ court,.97 96. N .I• • G., Ldo 11/1/1094 Report by C. D. Turton on his Expedi- tion to l'1eetcrn Ald.o 17 July 1000; N • ,A. G• • i:.dn 11/1732 '\>1. D. Griffith to Lord KnutsfortI Mny 17 1000. In 1000 /Jcyeo Kotoku I!Itnte conprised 39 towns with a total populntion of 40,440 distributed as follows: 1 2 to~8 with n po pulat ion of 1 /1., 300 between Soab onrd and Biroo ~i. o. Wnnkyi lands). 14 towns with 0. population of 13,520 between Biron and I'rn 1 3 ".. "of 1 2,540 in .l'.snnto .t\kyoo (i.o. North of the Pro.). Sec N.A.G., .Mo 11/1/10C}5 Turton to 0,1. Sec. 5 May 1000 9'1. N.l.;G.,.'iln 11/1/1095 Spilbury Snith D.C. to 0,1. Sec. 1..pnl 12,1000 o,nf. No. 2/00. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 207 1.twere wns no less defiant tom:u'us the i ..' 3sistnnt Cbloni.nl Secretary. Before the appearance of his representa.tives before Turton ~t Moscoso on e Hay, tho Osoawuohene haQ already sent Turton a nesS age that he would not be satisfied with any decisLon short of recognising his ownership of the Diron and its adjoin- 90 ing lends and expelling the Kotoku. The i'lnnlqi ~epresantn- tives appeared before Turton on l>iny 0 looking I sullen, insolent and irritating' and ns they loft tho nooting they 'defied tho Governncnt' and the Kotoku shouting tlk".t they would seize tho 99 Biren and expel the Kotoku fro~ wankyi stool lands. Dvcn beforo Turton's arbitration, Ltwero had startod pre- paring for war. On 1 nay he sent J:1ossenG'ors to !{yehi to request roinforceocnts after negotiating a secrot alliance with Bosono- heno Kofi l..henkorn [l!l,l purchusing largo quanti tios of powder, 1 guns and 10M fron SGltpond. 00 Friendly Kotoku towns like Kusi were given Ilrlequnto notice to evacuate their v:ii.llages which lAy on the line of [lareh of t' 0 ineaning reinforocnonts to avoid hllrn 'because it g. e. tho iopcnding wail was only a palaver in 90. N.LoG., l ..d n 11/1/1095 Turtcn to 0:>1. Soc. 2 May 1000. 99. N.I. . G., IAn 11/1/1094 Rellort by C.D. T'lArton on his Expedi- tion 17 July 1(;00. 100. N. L.G., IAn 1'1/1/1095 Turton to 0:>1. Sec. 5 tby 1000. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 200 conccrn -" I .101 Clearly then what had which white nen wore c:u started as a 100.:11 ois'lIDderstand:ing wns grow:inC :into a. robellion against the colonia.! Governocnt. Indeed by 9 nay a large Abun- lara forc,J :includ:ing non fron Kyebi hru.~ tal~en up a p0si ti jn on the northern (Uankyi) side of the Biron 'with:in 2 hours journoy of Insuinr.'. 102 Turtcn Was greatly agitated by the prospect of an Abunkwa- Nsuaen war. First it Wlls unlikely to roroin localised. f ...t ta- flItl 's subje cts beyond the ITn in llsantc-;,;k:yen bud begun prepllI'a- tiona to OIlI'ch south to assist their KinG and had. been barely 103 restrained at the roquest of T1'xton. Second, it WD,£3 not inconceivable that tho i.:J:,ntC;1''.',;lC would sook to fish in troubled waters by mkinc connon Cltl'f;ie with the rebellions Osemruohene in nn effort to entel the Protectorate in pursuit of f.dansehene Kwnku Nkansa then resding at r,]uh and in furtherrolce of his aobi tion to reg:rln I:. . :!:lU. 1O ~ Atwere's pro-f~te syopathios could not be ignored. 1.3 J. young nan living at Obogu, he had joined the Ooogu croy ;in resisting Capta:in Glover I s con t:ingent 101. N. 1• • G., J.do 11/1 /1095 stc. tooent of Effa of Kusi 1 5 May 1000 102. N. J.. .. G., 1.dn 11/1/1 09tf Repert by C. D. Turton on his Expedi- tion 17 July 1000. 103. N~J• • G., f.dn 11 /1/1 09<~ Report by C. D. Turton on his Erpedi- hon 17 July 1 rOt;. Soo also p.206!n. 96 104. ~·~O~~1~~1/109J. Report by C.D. Turton 17 July 1000; University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 105 1 when en route to Kumase in 1C 73. He wos likely to we cooe llll nllill1lce with ,Asante in an effort to overthroli' colonial rule in Altyen Abunlcwa. In view of the gravity of the situation, Tur- ton decided to act fast and decisively by adopting pre-eeptive l!leosures. On May 13, he personally nccepted fron Att.:rl'un the tronsfcr of ownership of the Nsuo.en ferry 'together with the IDl'"d abutting on each bunk' of the Birem and measuring 600 feet by 200 feet. 1 06 Attafun sought by the trnnsfer to ensure that the ferry at NSllacn. did not fall under the control of his enemy but rocained available to his subjects of Nsuaec for crossing to their fares on the northern side of the river. The take-over of the Biree at Nsuaee and its adjoining 1ll1lds was yet unother link in the chain of acts of injustice pcr- pctrated ngainst lIkyee Abuukwa by tho Colonial regine. It pro- vides further illustration of the arbitrariness of colonial officials in the 19th century. In the first place the action aoounted to expropriation as there wns no shadow of doubt about \ilnkyi stool's ownership of those lands, a. fact which, given the will and a little diligence. tho Colonia.l Governeent could havo oscorta.inod. The fact that Attafun asked to be resettled should I.A-G., Adn 11/1/1095 Turton to Ch1. Soo. 25 March 1090; statQlletlt by Kwabina Kesso of Insuioo 24 .Tuly 1000. 106. N.A.G"J MIl./ 11/1/1095 .t..ttofw to Turton 2 Jlm(l 1000; Ii.J.G. .&do 11,1 1094 Report by C. D. Turton on his Expedition 1. '1. -!uly 1000. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 21 () hnvc been anough evidence that the lands occupied by his people aromd Nsuaon did not be10ng to then. Indeed in 109;, King Attn- fua himulf', :in D. petition to the Governnont nsIting for leave to return to resettle :in llSD.ntc-l.kyon, odnitted thnt 'the lands on which umy of his towns were built did not belong to hi::l'. 1 Cf7 In spite of cnreful anquiries node by Hull in January 1 Cg,~ he 'could not dis cover that the Kotokus owned any of the lo.nd' which they occupied. His report r!;:nd in part~ I do not believe ... , thnt the lund was over sold to then, and at the present I:lOncnt I 0.0. nloost certain that the land on which InsuiniD stDJ'lds 1 belongs tr: vlanki. 00 Indeed it wns not mtil after 1911 that the Kotoku negotiated for the purchase of the Wankyi stool londs occupied by then. To have accepted tho transfer of the river DJ'ld its adjoining lands fron sonoono who had no title to then was tnntanomt to aidUlg and c.oo tUng fraud. Throughout the negotiations tho Cblonio.l Governncnt tolo- rated the intransigence of King f.ttafua and rnther put prossuro on I.wero to renit his e1o.ioa or nnlte concessions. It is diffi- crult, tor instance. to understand why tho Colonial Governnent tailed to apPl"ecio.te '\he logic ot Atware' s nrguoen t that the 107. I.A.G. Ado. 11/1/1126 H.t-I. Hull, T.C. to llg. Governor 26 Oct. 189;. I It 126 Hull to H. E. Govornor 22 Jan. 1094. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 211 Wankyi stool, :lS lawful owner of the Biron river, wc.s entitled to at loast part, if not the entire revenue, nccrulnB' froD the forry opcr:--tion in nuch the anne wny o:s l ..t tafun took tolls fron trndcrs crossing the Pra by virtue of his clain to ownership of that riwr. Ono Ctlll only oonclude thnt British policy in this oatter wcs not dictnted by a sense of jootice and fnir play but by political expediency. In hi3 obsession 1,ith the Dllintennncc of stability in western Akyon it did not £latter to the Governor if the property rights of the Wnnkyi stool were infringed. 1.:3 plrt of the prc-enptive noasures adopted by Turton, he r~qu06tcd nnd received a detc.ehncnt of the Const.'lbulory con- sisting of about 256 non on l'lny 10. Two dnys Inter Lssistnnt Inspector Brcnn£ll1 lod his troops into Wnnkyi to arrest [. .t wore and his principal oollnborntors - 1.suonhene Fosuhcne md Abono- suhene Kwadwc Dmso - but found the town I Ct'owded with arned Den' who- were prcp'll'ed to resist hin by ams. Tho three lJlenfo rafuaed to obey his order to ncconpnny hin to Accro. and Brennan 109 oonsidarod it arp,jdient to rotreat to Nsuaon. His report rcoogniBed the crisis for what it wo.s: a rebollion ogninst tho ooloninl Govornnent. It read in pert: 109. N.l..G., JA:l11/1/1095 Report by C.D. Turton 17 July 1000; :;; ~~~1126 !.:3st. Inspector Brennan to C. D. Turton 22 ..... University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 212 It is not tl Ck".J3e norely of a threatened broach of tho peace, but of an insurrection against the govcrnoent, nnd the sooner the govcrnnent. takes irlDodiate steps to provide nn cdequnte force to 110 quell the insurrection, the better. On 22 Hey Turton sent nn urgent telogran to Governor Griffi th 'rOfSUirlng ['.11 the available efficient Houses who COUlll be soot to hint. He ostiouted thct the Oseawuohonc had in his village between 2,000 and 3,000 aroee men 'who showed C!'/ery dooiro to fight, while nore Enstern !JciDs wore cooing in hourly• •• ,111 The Governor wasted no tine in nuking nrrcngeocnts for 'ell the Ilvailo.ble trained Housas that there wero rooaining on the coast to pro ceell to fir. Bronnnn' s assistance' .112 Seventy-five Den went down to iofinneba by the stoonship "Lagos" frOD i.cera on the corning of 25 May and D[!Xched to NsuneD by I~. 30 p.ll. the anne dny. J..t Did night on the sane day sixteen nen left Elnina for NSUllCn to inCrc119c the strength of the British force at Nsuuen to 347. Further reinforcenent8 consisting of seventy two N.C.Os and nen arrived on 29 May to raise the nunber of Hnusas and carriere under Brennan's cOIl!'l$d to 419. 113 11 O. II ..... G., •. d:l 11/1/1126 Ins po ct or D~ennnn to" C. D. Turton 22 !'lay 1000. 111. N.:• • G., i.d!:l11/1732 'i.B. Griffith to Lord Y.nutsford Jmo 11~. 112. Ibid. .. '. lI..G., lAo 11/1/1094 Report by C.:. Turtcn 17 6..0., Ado 11/1/1095 Turton to .t Elninn, he ""CG sent off in the "Shebro" to Loeos where he was later joined by his wife !.dwoa t.kndniwD,r.. He rene.ined in exilo till August 1894.115 The Nsuaon ferry crisis of 10eO Was tho nost effoctive and widespread dononstrntion against tho pressures of colonial penetration into llkyen Abuakwa. It offered tho state n 1.mique opport1.mity for 0. state-wide uprisinG. Thnt the stnte iniled to 114. N. A.G., [..drl 11/1/1095 Brennan to Turton 4 J1.me 1000. 11 !7. N.:...G., Ldr: 11/1/1095 Turton to Evnns 3 June 1000; C.r:.D. Stewart to ~I. SEJc. 1 Aug. 100e; .t.sst.Insp.-Gen. G. C. C. to ObI. Sec. 29 S~pt. 1000; N.L.G., fAn 11/1/1126. Ltwere orrived in l.ecra on 6 June 1000. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 214 toke c.dvOntage of it was duo principally to thL. lack of effective leadership on,'. direction at the centre. FroD the very bug-inning 1\ooako Attn II encouraged t.were in his rebellion wtil he lost his nerve. By 9 nay a force fron J\ycbi \'7".s clrendy at l'l!nkyi ord wna followed by forces fron Asuoo, :.bo~:()su, Kode, i.danl:rono md elsewhere in the OseaWtlO cliviaion. The Akyeosehene also reoei- ved tho Okyenhene I s ordors to blo ck the route fron Nsuooo to the Fanto const tCl prevent oros and powder fron rcr.ching the Kotoku state. The !.bunkwn forces WCrL. buil,ling a C<.'1l1P neDX Gyndno Bircnsc when the Ol::yenhene yielded to throats froD Governor Griffith ['..'1(~ sent nessengors on 23 nay to reenll his troops and ordor t!IC others to diSpC~'''H.. On 24 Nay the f.suonh.cno an(l Abooo- suhane returned tc thoir toltms. 116 The collapse of the rcbollic.1 was nlso c.ue in part to tho excessive decuntralisation of the Abu.'lkwa DXny which left oobi1i- sation uno. discipline 1nrgc1y to the whirlS and caprices of indivi- dUla chiefo. Apart frc!1 a sDall fot"c3 fron Kyebi, the t:our rennining wing chiefn appear to hove given little or no support to the Oseewuo division. Turton nade a perceptive observation whm he wrote: l()uro strength is becnuse they have not tmited Mtic.n - Each chief bci.'1g 0. 1er.der'. 117 Kwabena Atwere I s atteopted defiance of the Colonial Govern.~ent failed not for want 116 ....L .G., Mn 11/1/1095 Report by C.D. Turton 17 July 1000 • .. ..... v at ...... \W..,, lWJJ t t'l / llUU I I • 1 1 09: !'urton to Evans (Private) 3 June 1000. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 215 of anergy, courage or o0IJDi1a:lOnt but for want of active and detcrnined involvenent of the whole stnte. He \'10.8 a skilful oilitnry coonander and, us Turton conceded, 'no fool in nilitnry tacti os '. 110 Wi th the exile of Jtwcbena Atwere colonial rule in lJ.cyen hbunkWn for all practical purposes becone a fnit nocoopli. First, it rerIDved fran the stnte one of the nost deternined /lIld ioplncable foes of colonialiso, a nan whoso 'capacity' to sub- vert colonial rule wr..s 'only linited by opportuni tics and the force under his control , • 119 Second, it precluded the possibi- lity of an nnti-Govcrnncnt allitll1ce being forged between Ltwerc and Kokofuhane Ceei l>sibe /lIld Yt!W Atwerobennna, the unsuccessful exmdidnte for the flscntOhm1o's stool, who lived IlS exiles at ]$yOkyosu in ~eo Kotoku. 120 Above all, the ncquisition of the Nsu.:lC::! ferry seoured the Govcrnr.1cnt control of 'the nnin north castorn trado route lending froo the sen board of the Gold O::lnst to lIaCnte l\.ld.n, Kwnhu and the territories lying further 11 C. Ibid. 119. N.J..G., Ado 11/1/1095 C.M.D. Steward flsst. Insp. to Col. Soc. 1 Aug. 10m. 120. N. .\ . G., 1m 11/1/1095 TU1'ton to Col. Sec, 25 Mo.roh 1090; ~es A. 1.1000, Politioal Crisis /lIld Socinl Cbnnge in .t.sonte Kingdon PP.!i193- 5~. Oaei l.Bibe and YaW Atwerebonnnn liver~ at Akyekyesu fron 100(), By 1 090 the Kokofu refugees were on bad taros With Kotoku. ~d the l',gona through their frivolous use of the o~tlw of Attafun nnd Kefi Kyinto Tho t.o ~tG leadors' wore Jlever allowed to return to J.a~te, ~~"=:: !~~~a 'prisonc.r m /~ccra in FcbrUllry 1095. Ymr - - ............ ~ .Lwnn< 1i8Ul:\eO :In JlDlO 1 900. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 216 inlcnd'. ~ fron incroased fc.cilities for the developnc;nt of the coDDercinl resources of those areas afforded by Governncnt control of the NsUllCO forry, the Govcrnoont, through its control of wh[!.t was considered to 00 'the lMt of tho grec.t trade route!:. to the interior', waS enabled to ascertain 'tho supply of nl'OS 'l.!lr~ nrnunition passing by this route to 1i.shnntee' and western 121 lk:!c;:. Between tho doportation of !.twero nnd tho ond of the century, th_ Colonial Governnent brought into play it's lc..st strategy for o.dninistcring the ooup de &o.ce to tho Okyonhene's soveroignty. The strntegy involved interference at will in the nffnirs of lJc:ron Abu-'.l:wn., delinootion 0f tho Okycnhono's judici,'1.1 authority nnd dict~_ticn of trir'.l prococlurcs an". scales of fines. The ain of nll those WaS to undernine still further the authority and inago of the King and reduce his court ultiontoly to on nppendogo of the Supreno Court. Since 1004 the Co lonial Governnon t hnel boen looldnC 'with oonsider~ble eisfnvour upon tho Courts and Prisons of tho Chiefs' md 01 tho ugh no active netlSures wore tabm for their innedinte md outricht suppression, tho :powers of the tro.ditioool oourts inaronsingly becnne obscure. Unny 0. law offioor held tho opinion that traditional oourts ::md prisons in statO$like .l'lkyoo AbUDkW':,. which ware not proclained under the N.J.O. 'had no legal stnnd.1ng' ~~=::::----=-. /1094 Report by C. D. Turton 17 July 1000. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Judges repeatedly told the protected Chiefs and Kings fron the Bench thnt outside the N.J .0. they held court ane. ioprisoned people 'at their peril'. On oore thon one occasion the Governor 'inti :~tL,l that he could not recognise judicinl power in the Chiefs except under the Na tiv e Juris di ction Ordinn.nce'; whilo D.C's refused 'to recognise or give any effect' to the judgenents of such Chiefs' courts. 1 22 Under the circuostmces IJllny of tho Protected Chiefs exercised powers of jurisdiction and iopt'ison- nent 'wi th considornblo npprchension ond doubt'. 123 The Supreno O:>urt' s j udgeLlont in Opon v. Ackinnie, nlrendy referred to,124 notw1thstnnding. the Coloninl Governoent stuck to its {5UIlS. Its officialr ignored the Chief Justice's inter- proto.tion t~,t n Protected King or Chief wns entitled to exercise over his subjects in his court tho jurisdiction which belonged to hio 'according to native law, inclw1ing the power to enforce his judgcnents in the oonner authorized by nntive law ••• '; ~d the Eilglish courts continued to regnrd tradi tional cour~not regfstered under the N.J.O. ns arbitrators' courts only.125 122. N.I• . G., ildo 11/1/1477 W. Broodford Griffith's Mono on Nctive Prisonc 3 Dec. 1007; }T.l~.G., Ado 11/1/1095 H.E. tc 0,1. Sec. 23 Nov. 1091. 123. Ibid. 124. See Pp.169-170. 125. ~.:',G., Aclo 11/1/3 0:>1. Sec. to K:U1.g llnoo.qua :.tta 17 Sept. 006; B.A.G., M:t 11/1/1095 Chief Justice to Col. Sec. ~lMm-ch 1009,. N.JuG., Adn 11/1/3 W.P,. Griffith to J,g. ~.' ~c. ~ ~_I''1l'ah 1000, University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 218 Ipso fl'.;.cto. the English Courts considered thenselvcs 'bound to henI' every case properly brought before then without regard to its hllv:ing been decided by the King ••• ,126 In 1\ll:yen AbuokWn this atti tucle of the Colonial Governnent found expression in the banning of tho use of logs or h.:l.ndcuffs for purposes of trial in tho Okyenhcne' s court; in the enoournge- nent of the King's subjects to tnke thoir cases to British courts as court of first instnnco or on. appenl, and to bring orininlll suits against the King personally; nnd in interferenco with the Kine'S prison. Fron 1006 tho Okyonhenc was wnrned repeatedly not to usc handcuffs supplied to hin fer any other purposo thnn 'for sending to Accra such prisoners as nny be char- ged with the cOIT:ission of serious offencos'. 17/ In 1800 l'.oonko t.ttn II sent his coesengers with hnndcuffs to arrest Da.afoo Bonnai of J.sllIJllJ:!B. for ignoring his sun,ons to answor chnrges brought agninst hin by Okonfoo Kisiw"n. The townspeople obstruc- ted the IC":ing's nessengers il+ their duty and seized the hnndcuffs which they subsequently returned to the D. C. In spi to of the Full Churt's ruling thnt the :Protected Kings had IX>wcr to enforce their judgments and ordors 'in the nonner authorised by native 126. N. A.G., Ldn 11/1/3 1.3.1I. to t;ol. Sec. 20 Dec. 1891. 12']. N.t• • G.,.h1n 11/1/1095 .r.ooako Attn I to H.E. 12 A'Ug. 1lE6; 0:11. Sec. to J.ooako Atta 6 Sept. 1006; Atlooko l.tta II to Chl. Sec. 20 May 1000, B.A.G., Ado. 11/1/3 J. Sphils'bury ~!! ~.~. ~ ~. Q)1 .. Sec. 7 l(nrch 1000. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh lllW' the )).C. gave judgenent in favour of Boansi and cwardod hiD £1 0 daoages. 120 In Scptenber 1090 Kwadwo &lsel went to Accrn to conplmn thnt he hnd been assnulted and wrongfully inpriscneri at Kyebi for 27 dnys. In a uinute to the Colonial Secretary the Quean's Myfoatc recoonendod: The amplest plan to put tl stop to these prc.cticcs is to have tho oottcr decided in court. The oon- plllinnnt can bring an nction for druJagos against the parties who inpt'isoned hin - assault and false ioprisonncmt. The King hllS been warned over and over aenin Without avnil. The cla.nngcs should be laid at Il sun not less than £100. I think this Would bring the cose before the District CoJ:lIlis- sioner •.• 129 Kwadwo Essel declined to preas chnrges against the King and PereusSl1ll wa.s caked to warn lJloako Attn II to refrain fron nllXl- hnndlinC his subjects or bo prcplrcd to face prosecution. The King wa.s inforned thllt such severity WllS not ':mly ill advised' and intolerable but rendered hin 'liable to be brought before the Court t • IIe was also asked to toke no te that 120. N .l..G •• l.do 11/1 /3 ~. S. Fulabury Sci th to l..g. Col. Sec. 7 llarch 1 oac. 129. N. A.G., Ado 11/1/1095 Q,1roen's ldvoclltG to l.g. (hl. Sec. 0 Oct. 1090; stateuant of Kwadwo llssel tokCll at Victorin- borg 16 Sept. 1090. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 220 had Cudjo Essol abo;en to take out 0. sunnon(sic) sgoinst hi.o to appecr before the court at Accrn to onswer for his nction it would hnve been the duty of the governncnt(sic) to have seen toot 130 the sunnon(sic) was obeyed. Barely three years later, 1'.. subject of the Okyenhene did tcke out sunnons aGainst thQ KinG for erininal assnul t. On f.pI'il 12.1093 Kwclru Mabra 2'10rC an nffidnvi t alleging that ho hnd been 'flor;gcd and stDllped' by servants ncting under the King's orders. The Kine hinsolf ~ras ulleged to OOve held the cooplninant's wrist.131 Hr. J .Il.. Phillips D.C, for 1.ccrn decided to OOvc the l:inc lcrc2ocutr/. L crininnl S'l.lD!":lOns Was issued ~G'ainst hin with the D C. dotominod to enfo~ce it by tho issue of a wnrrnnt in the 'ordinary way' for his IJI'rest if i'.noako Attn II failed to attend court upon the sorvice of the sunnons. The Okycnhenc WIlS tried in June and convicted of 'assault occasioning actual bodily harn'. Ho ~las.fined .£25.'32 Interference with i.noalenIlSO. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 225 146 Kotoku. Chief Kokoo of Dweno.s0 nlso begged the ~ec Governor in DecEmber 1899 'to renove hin froo the power of King bako !.tta and place hin directly wder the Colonial Governoent' . 147 because of allegod injustice suffered nt the hands of the King. Happily for the state the Governor refused to cowtcnance these petitions. b:Ioako Atta II was grently worried by the stendy decline of the Olcyenhone's authority and prcstigG. In 1000 he reacted 1 indignantly to the verdict in the Boansi case, ~.8 by rushing to Bogoro to enquire froo tho D. C. 'if he was a King? and if so whnt war;; his powors' .149 Throughout the first decade of his roign, Okyanheno /itloako Attn n persistently called the Govern- oent's attention to the progressive collapso of his authority and appealed for support. He protested to the Governor thnt although he, os King, had 'a right to hold a court', y(;lt defan- dIlnts when s'UDOOned, 'refused to cooe Dnd disobeyed his lawful cotlDlIlds', Ho begged the Governor 'to assist hin in enforcing 146, N. 1• • G., Ado 11/1/11 26 IJnonko Atta II to Gov , Griffith 22 Oct. 1892; Governor to .Aooako Atta II 24 Dec. 1892; Governor to King llttafua Z7 Dec. 1092. The Odikro allegod intrisonoent for challangiJlg 3 verdict against hio in n land dispute with Baafoo Cbnne of Kwne and expressing in- tention to appeal to the British Court. 147. N.J..G.,!Jln 11/1/1095 Chief Koko and people to (hl. Scc. 14 Dec. 1899. 148. See pp. 21 8-21 9. 149. I.A-G. • , jdo 11/1/3 J,5. Fuls'bury Snith to 1.g. Col. Sec. . ~.~o.i sao-",I University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 226 justice in his dooinions and naintaining peace and good order throughout the cowtry'. 150 In l-brch 1009 he wrote to the , 151 Governor asl:ine for advice 'as to what to do • inooko Attn II felt so exasperated by the nounting disregard of his autho- rity that he sent a oessenger to i.ccru to find out fron Governor Griffith whether he had 'given any directions to the Eastern ./Jd..r:Is not to obey their King' .152 1\nooko i.tta II suggested thrue ways in which GovernDent could help hin to retrieve his lost authority and respect. First he asked for the lifting of the ban on the use of hl1l1d- cuffs for arrest in civil cases and for pernission to use then in the cose of those who refused to obey sunnons fron his court or to pay court fees. 15' Second, he asked to be allowed to resort to long terns of inpriaonnent as n deterrent, for as he explai- ned to Hull, if h:: could do nothing to nnintnin authority, the AlQae were wild people and would take the very cloths fron the backs of people in the streets of 1 Kibbi unloas held in check by the fear of the prison. 54 150. N• .t..G., l.do 11/1/1094 Statonent of !.oooko Atta's Head Ling- uist taken by Turton 22 Nov. 1 008. 151. N.:. .. G• • luin 11/1/1095 nst O:>rrespondonoe 1 B9~ Vol.i No.5; Mobrls Report tor 1080 dd. 113 Jon. 1009. ::=betrr.:.ct.. p.585 A. Eisensch.""lid to Blulel 25 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 23S 19 e%panding work in South ljcye:1' was opened; and with tho est.:1blisbnent of en outstation at i.pinunl'n in 1009, 'the nis8io- nary occupation of ;.ken Sri! conplete, nt least for the tine being,.20 Indeed by 1090 tho Basel Uission, 'soDowhat contrnry to oxpectdions' h ..., cl been ~.hle 'to purchnse lnnd and start work at all the Olljor towns in !..ken'. 21 ~ list of the Mission's iDDOvnble property drnwn up in 1093 showed effective nissionary 22 presence in sone thirty-one villages. In ileeoro, Kyebi and Kukurantuoi districts, only Nsutnn and Sncnan had no nission land. 23 The spread of the gospel ,",:8 [latched by roo.').I'kablo grorrth in church ncnbership. l~S nlrefldy pointed out the first phase of grol',th w-:.s the perio(l of Okyenhone [.DOnka i.tk's exile. 24 During thd tine 'hccthenisrl' seened to be on tho defensive us tho total ChristiC!l'l population in the state rose to 1413 at tho end of 1006. 25 In that yer:rt: Mohr estirUltoc! thnt 360 out of 19. Paul Jenkins, i.batrncts, (Suppleoent 1800-1914) p.2 Nohr's ReIX>rt for 10ne dd. 10 Jan. 10139. 20. Ibid. p.21. Mohr's Report on tho fornation of outstation at t.pinoonng dd. 10 .l.llg. 1 009. 21. Ibid, p.15. Mohr's 1snnu..~1 Report dd. 13 Fob. 1890. 22. Ibiel. pp.67-69, Mohr's Report for 1093 dd. 20 Feb. 1093. 23. ~,p.55 orari's l.nnu..~l :Wport dd. 9 Jan. 1093. 24. See Choptor Two. 25. Pnul Jenkins, 1.betrncte, p.613 Buck's Report for 1 COO del. 15-10 Jm. 1081; pp .. 6f54, Mohr' 8 Report for 1006 dd. March 1007. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 2~9 ' 26 Th t' Kyebi's populntion of 700 wore Chri StloanS. e an 1.- obristi."n riots of 1006-7 resulted in n loss of 147 in tho 27 total l1enbcrship of tho church; But fron 1080 the churoh entered Mother pil.1Se of expansien. By Mny 1088 c. 'deep pence' existed between l.ooo.ko L.ttl'!. II onc1 the Christio.ns following the gUD.ro.ntoe of freedon of worship anshrined in the Public l..nnCWlceoont of Novcnber 1 CB7. 20 Except fer Kyebi, !..podwn, l.suou, Osecn and l~yinnn, the Bo.sel Missionaries were 'welconed in 0. friendly wo.y everywhere ••• ' in the 1D90s~9 .Mohr's mmual report for l0U9 sto.ted cntegorico.lly: --' No truce of ennity reneins in the nissionnries' recaption in lJt;:yen tOl'ms - they nre everywhere regarded as friends. 30 The 'thn.w' in rol..'\tions between chris tiona ond non-christiOlls aided the spread of the gospel in the b.st docnde of tho 19th century. 26. Pnul Jenkins, i.bs tracts , 1'.671 ltlohr's Report to Br:ael June 1006. 2:1. Pnul Jenkins, Abatro.cta(Supplenont) p.~ r~ohr's Roport for 1000 dd. 10 Jon. 1009. 20. Sse Chnpter Three p. 194. 29. Paul Jenkins, Abstra.cts, (supploncnt) pp.24-26 Rossler's !.nnwl Report for 1090 (!d. 17 Deb. 1091; P.47 lInnunl Raports froD the loca.l Pastors in i.k:yen (Mullings, Of"ori rmc1 l.noba.; p.57 Of"ori's l..nnunl Report ;~d. 9 Jon. 109~. ~. Ibid. p.15 Mohr's .Annual Report ,1d. 1~ Feb. 1090. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 240 J..t Kyebi, people continued to cffer the!1selves for baptisn 31 inspite of the bnn on street preaching inposod by the Okyonhene. \lithin n year of tho Public l.nnotmce:::loot severnl of the Okyon- hene' s s~rvnnts were bnptised whilG others becCllJe bnptisonl C<.'l.n- didntcs. 32 Kwcbena Dente, Abnkonahane33 Il!ld :m tmsuccessful cnndicb.te for the succession in 1007 visited the Kyobi ltission Station 'at all tines of d~y' during the last four nonths of 1889. Early in 1090 he uttended church service occt'.sicnnlly and showed []Jl inclination towo,rrls conversion. He nttnched hirnelf closely to Cnt0chist D..'l.niel Ofei, heud teucher of the Boys Donrding School, received n gift of n bible fron hin mld learnt to reed 34 .. me! write, nuch to the disconfiture of King !.no':lko l.tta II. In the f allowing year tw, of the King t selders, one of whon was describod ".S 'the otmer of the Kyebi Innd' joined the congregnti tion. 35 Prince ~'1illi!J.[l Oforid;)o, u fomer Mise ion school tea- cher nod secretory to Kine lInonko Attn I ut tho tine of the nnti- 31 • Ibid, pp.2-4 Mohr's Report for 1000 dd. 1 0 J aJ.. 1 009. 32. ~p.4 Mohr'a licport for 1000 dd. 10 Jun. 1009. 33. Soo Chapter One p.46. 34. Pnul Jenkins, Abstracts, pp.16-17 Mohr's /.nntull Report dd. 13 Feb. 1090. 35. Pnul Jenkins, t.bstrncts, (supploocnt) p.50 Sitzler to B..'\Sel 1 June 1 O~. Tho desCl'iption nny well refer to the Kyidon- helle or Kyidon pon1n. both of the .I\opnbaoe clan believed to have been tho first to discovor the Diren in' the Kyebi oren. (See Froeer Otori Atta, .Aoontoo-Moiensn, p.30). University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Olrlstian riots also quit the King's service nnd waS re-nCL.-:litted in tv the chtlt" ch. 36 The conversion of non so close to hin seened to hnve undcr- Dined [nonko 1.ttn II's will to continue his rosistMce to the nmr sccinl order which Christianity was secking to CI'ento in [Jcyen Abu..'l.kwn. In .~pril 1092 ho decided to reconcile hiosolf to evnngelicnl work in his stnto cnd co-exist penceftuly with tho &sel Kiosiun. He wrote thus to hohr: It will please De exceedingly to shake hc.nds with you whenever you nrc hero nnd I nn very glc.d to any tho christinns hnve coDLliserntcd with DO by paying ne visits nl:my n tine n:ftor hnvinc lost ny ruther .•• I solennly nssure you to have no erudgo with the 37 Christians nt Akon. ouch loss with you. In 1093 J. Huller wns 'received with groat friendliness' by the ". Okyenhcno. ,0 APart fren the seeoine futility of trYitl{; to chock the spt"eod of the gospol, thero were othor considerations which influenced hnonko Attn's friendly disposition townrds tho Basel Mission. First was his anxiety to ensure tho nvailability oJ ~ . • 36. Paul Jc:mkins, l;.bstrnct;s, (Supplonent) p.47 J.nnUlll Roports fron the local Pastors in 1l.kyeo; 1..180 Thonas Yao Koni Kristofo T[k'l.. p.15. • '7. Paul Jenkins, abstracts (Suppleoent) p.60 Mohr's Report dd. 10 J..pril 1092. 30. ~. p.OO J. Muller to Basel 4 Morch 1093. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 242 the christians I help with I rending end wri tine letters I , cspecinlly since he had difficulty in obtaining tho services of Po secretnry.39 Sooond, he wc.s 'concerned to h:lve Europec.ns bc.ck in !{yohi in order to check the decline of !(yebi's status vis-'l.-vis Bogoro'. 40 l.nonk.o l.ttrc II felt so grateful to the Presbyters of the Kyebi con£jre£j:J.tion fe,r ['.v"rting an nttenpt by the !.oontoomensll to destool hin in Dccenber 1392, thnt he lifted 11 tho bon on stroot prcl1.chine in Kycbi as Cl. token of appreciation. The liftinG of the ban rmovod the gr-.Jntect stuobling block in the way of the Kyobi Mission, and paved the V(['.y for uninpeded t1l'orth of tho local congregntion whoso strength stood at 209 adults nn~ 226 children nt tho beginning of 1 :93.12~ The conversion of ncmbors of tho ruling eli to or their display of friendliness towartls tho church WP.B not confined to Kyebi. At Kulrurnntucl, tho new ll.dontonhene Kofi l'.berantee(1oo9- 1900) hnel beon Co christian before his c.ccession and was friendly townr,'_s the loonl Miss ion. 43 In 1093 he offered no resistnn co to tho conversion of his brother Yt:!JA Boo, a nemer of tho 39. Ibid, p., l,ohr's Report for 1000 dd. 10 JM. 1DC9. ,~o • .llli£1., p.75 Pfisterer'e note 12 July 1093. 41. Pnul JOllkinS, t.bstrncts, (Supplonent) p.55 Ofori IS l.nnunl Report dC'• • 9 Jan. 1093. N .I..G., l.dn 11/1/3 Iii Io{ohr to !lIr. It> ttr.lonn 29 Jon. 1 905. 42. Paul Jenkins, AbsUncts, (Supploncmt) p.?1 Mohr's Roport for 1093 dd. 20 Fob. 1093. 4'. Ibid ' ~.!! ~. ~uller to fusel 4 Mnrch 1093. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 243 Kukurontuni royal foni1y.44 l.t JJ30kwn near Kwabon a Christion who left tho church in ordor to beCOlle chief considered 'eivine up his stool in order to rejoin tho oone;rc[;lltion' in 1 891 :~.5 One of the very few converts nt Osennsc in 1092 w."J1 '~o ld !1..'1ll who cught to have token avcr the stool ,,46 The Bogorohone continued to be favourubly disposed townrds the Dnsol Mission. In 1091 he wcs invitu,l to the l1ission '3 l.nniversnry celobrnti. . n ~7 ( U!oopatrow) and ~ttanded 'ccrenonilllly'. The church ~chieved 3 nore rennr~~blc growth in tho 20th century. In 1910 thero woro 2.300 oorl.'lunicont nonbero of tho Presbytori.:m (!losol) Church in l,kycn l.bun,kwn. This nUTlber 40 ropre3cntol only half tho total Christian CO Jl!1unity. The fieure rOSe to 0,000 nonbers in 1926 of whon 3.774 wero coo- mmicants. These wur,; .1istributed .:mone six princip~l st-.~t- ions and fifty-one outstations llS against 1413 nonbGrs clistri- butfJ(l. 'u".onc three princip.:W. stations ond 1 2 outst~ in 44. Ibid PP7,D/1-D2 Dauer's letter to Dnsel dc~. Uny 1093; N.l.,G •• Ado 11 1 1122 Notes taken by E. C. Ilrinndt nt Koforidun for Hull 29 Lug. 1095. 45. Paul Jooldn3, Abstrncts (Supplenent) p.45 Sitzler's Report for 1891 dd. Jnn. 1092. 46. Ibid ]1.60 Pfisterer's Lloport on Woot Akycn in 1092 dJ. 13 Mnrch 1093. 47. I?id p.54 Sitzlor'a Report on ~Tission lmniversa.ry Colobra- hons !!egoro 31 Oct. 1 C91 , 40. tJool Snith, The Presbytcri~n Church of Ghonn 1 C35-1 960 1'.ccro. 1 966 p. 217 • University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 244 1006. 49 -" III inportnnt sidelight to evenGolicul work in ~co Abuakw~ was the rise of suburban Christi.~ sottlcncnts cnllod §,".lcn cr Oburoniia'oq (white'S town) by the local p0ople. 'rhesG settlencnts wore oriGinally intendcc'!. in the 10606 to protect the l-tis:::;ion.:::; first fow converts :1gD.inst ruligious t contncinntion ' by reducinG their intcr~ction with the non-Christian population to the b:u-ost possible nininUD. The anti-Christinn 30ntinents :-.r<)used by tho bncklnsh frOLl Dnvid ",.sante's confront:-.tion with tho Okyenhone lod to en incre~sing anxiety on tho P,'"'.I't of Chris- tinn con(Tu·:'.tions throughout; tho stnte for isolation and nutonony of sorts. Fron tho Christians of ApapllD, f.sink\'1n, Abonosu and lJ3unclo ccne requl!sts in 1077 for 'land to be beueht for thor.' so tInt th~ CDD ollke s cpn.rnte villages'. 50 In 1COC Christinns all over ;.kyen Abu..."l.kwn busiod thcosclvos wi th 'clcarine and re-oarlci.nc' the boundnries of their IUssion 51 lmds with 'living hodges' and ntooc. Ily 1009 all tho Chris- tims of Asinkwn and Sndwuoaso were livine on I1188ion ltmd. 49. J .1;, Donqunb, tho Akin l.buokwc Hnndbook p.91; Paul Jenkins Ahstrc.cts p.671 Mohr to the Locnl ConIJittoo 17 Fob. 1006. T(he)su: prinCipal statims were Dcgoro(6) Tofo(O); Kwnbon 12; Kyobi(O) ltsOllankeso(7) otu..."1i (10), 50. P.:lul Jenkins, Abstracts, p.592 ilsante's Report for 1877 dd. 20 Jan, 10 73• . 51. Paul Jenkins, Abstrncts(supplcnent) p.2 Uobr'a l:roport tor 1000 dd. 10 J nn. 1009. Ntone is n kind of tree usu...'1lly used far nnr~ boundaries in Aknn countries. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh At Kyobi also all the ChristiPlls were resettled on ~lission lane. .' , 52 'np[l.l."t fron [>. few Christion wonon oarrl.od to heathen husbands'. The I~~ re~~on for the tendency anong Christians to want to live nt the soleos WtlS to gain innunity fron tho 'fetish' prohi· bitions IJgainst k0Cping goats or workinc on tho fam on specific week_J.ays.53 :Cy the 1090s salens hnd boccna inportnnt lmd- norks on tho nissionary landscape in Akyoo Abunkwa. The Salens stood in oorked contrllst to the non-christian sectors of the townships. The houses in the non-Christian sec- tors were nade of swish ond sticks "lith the interior ualls and flo.-rn of the better ones 'plcsterd with c shinnine rod clllY' Md the exterior walls dnubod with white clay.5tJ. The roofs con- sisted of banana leaves or 'Daha' 0. type of palo leaf thatching which lnstorl. only two or throe years. 55 By contrast tho houses of the Snlens usually sited on hilly ground within five to ton oinutea wlllk were an iopressivo siGht. They wore not only 'l."l1'ge' r.md 'henlthy' 'llld nade of tiober nne'. stono in sooe oases but were roofed with shingles or corrugated iron shoots which 52. Paul Jenkins, Abstracts (Supplcnont) p.1 Mohr's Report fer 1000 dll .• 10 J:m. 1009. 53. Ibid. p.1tJ. liohr's .l.xlnuo.l ~port del. 13 Feb. 1090. 54. Paul Jenkins, 1.bstrncts. p.540 J. I-luller's Report of a Jour- ney to 4Jio in March 1060 dd, 3 June 1060; p.5 lVicl.!::lrom cmd Hat1er to BIlaol 5 lIarch 1052. 55. Paul Jenkins, l'.bstrncta, p.43 lInes's 3rd Qunrtorly Report for 1059 dd. 29 Oct. 1~. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 246 lasted ouch longer than the 'Dnhk~' roofs. Thv Lbonosu salen 'with its well-lDid streets and lnrge 56 heal thy houses' W:lS alrc,'\dy n nodel Christi['Jl villacro by 1000. The !~obi salon h"d 'several rond (sic) and straiGht streets' constructed in 1070 with the labour of tho pupils of tho Bonrd- , .. 57 in{; School under Buck s superv~s~on. Dy 1092 tho Kyebi Salon hed beGUn 'to look really iopressivc with oo.ny good swish housGS, sane of then of H· stories'. 50 In 1093 it had 'the look of Il pL'\ce whore ardor 1lnd consciensciousness rcic;ns '. 59 hi. nnount of £2,000 hed been spent on the Bogoro so.1en by 1807 DD.king it I Dll exceedinGly fine one 5it 'i/ II very fino russian hO, Chcpcl and schools .•• ,60 The village Wc.s provided with a coss pit;61 and in 1093 the Hission House Wt~S Given a now roof of corrugated iron sheets. 62 The houses nt the Sale:os were 56. Pnul Jenkins, Abstrncts, p.614 Buck's Report for 1000 dd. 1 5-10 Jan. 1 C01 • 57. Pnul Jenldns, Abstracts, Nath Date's report for 1070 dd. 31 Dec. 1078. 50. Paul Jenld.ns, I.bstrllcts (SUpplenent) p.56 Ofori's Lnnucl Rcp:>rt dd. 9 J£lll. 1093. The nuober of houses in the Salon rose trOD 12 in 1070 to 21 in 1000. 1.t K'l1la.lrnntuoi the housos incronaed troo 6 in 1074 to 15 in 1001 • 59. Pmll J enki.ns, Abstr net s , (SUpplcmen t ) 1>. 70 J. Huller to Iklsel 4 Uarch 1093. 60. Paul Jenl:ins, ... bstrllcts. p.614 Buck's Report for 1000 dd; 15-10 Jan. 10m. 61. Pnul Jenkins, Abstrc.cts (supplonont) p.50 Dauer's Report aD Desoro Mission School. Feb. 1093. -., T_u._ "lStracts (suppleoent) p.62 ll:ohr to Basal University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 24'/ 63 fitted with doors with hinges and locks. The SaleDs offered 8 codel of inproved architectural styles, sanitation and town planning, and soon these innovations, sape- cinlly architectural, caught on. As early as 1075 Okyenhene Aooako Atta I started the construction of 'a two-storey stone 64 house' presunably with technical advice fron the nissionaries. The ho'll3e with eleven rooDS, was intended n.s a nG\'1 palace. It 65 was not conplcted till the late 1890s. Huppenbauer was accon- I!lO cia ted at l.suon in 1 800 in '11 beautiful liv ab l e house wi th vera- nda tmique in l.kyeo'. 66 By 1093 shingle roofs could be seen 'everywhere' in Akycn;67 while houses fitted with 'well-built doors with locks', instead of nats, were be coning a connon sight. 60 The establishnent of Mission schools to provide western- J style education also had a trenendous inpact on the social 63. Ibid p.9 Sitzler to Basel 5 Hoy 1800. 64. Paul Jenkins, Abstracts, p.583 Uuder to Bosel 21 April 1075. 65. Paul Jenldns, Abstracts, p.620 L. Schnid's Report 16 nay 1001; J .B. Dnnquah Akin Abuakwll Handbook p.29; N. A.G., Mn 11/1/1095 llr1oako J..tta II to Col.3ec. 27 Oct. 1092. 66. Hoidenbotc, No.1 2, 1000 Huppenbnuer' s Report fron Kyabi 21 July 1000. 67. Paul Jenkins, Abstracts,(Supplenent), p.35 Sitzler to the Mission's he outive Coccittee in Ghana June 1090; p.77 J. Muller to Basel 4 March 1093. 68. Paul Jenkins, Abstracts, p.51 Adolph Uohr to Basel 22 14arch 1875. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 248 attitudes and values of the people of lJcyen Ab1lll.klofa • Mission education waS originally conceived as a hand mrl.d of evangelionl work. School pupils were not only regarded as potential recruits for the Church but also as agents of religious propaganda. In 1D67, for instnnce, an Okonfoo of !(yebi urged the Okyenhene to close down the Kyebi Elenentary Boarding School precisely becauso its pupils were being used to spread 'tho seed' during their v8.cntion. 69 Up to the end of the 19th century school pupils con tinuod to be us ed as po.rt- tine evange lists. 70 Tho y were also available for conversion to the Christinn faith. By the end of 1870 tho 'mst pert' of the 44 pupils of the KY0bi Elenento.ry Boarding School were bl1ptised Christil.l1lS. 71 By and largo, Mission school education was not well patro- nised till the 1890s, even by Christions. Of tho estinated 879 children of Christian parents in lJcyen 1.buakwa only about 240 were attending scbool by the beginning of 1891.72 School enrolcent rerudned low up to the 1890s. l.t Bogoro, tho Mission had great difficulty getting children to anl'ol for school in 1079 and despite [\ ruling which l:Ulde it obligatory for Christilln 69. :.)id ~.532 Chrioto..l1er'a :.L'p::.rt for 3rd Qu..'11"tcr1066. 70. Soo p. 237. 71. Paul Jenkins, Abstracts, p.390 !.sante's Report dd. 11 Oct. 1076; Hath Date's Report dd. 31 Dec. 1070. 72. Paul Jenkins, Lbstrncts(Supplacont) p.25 Ph. Rosslo~'s Jamunl Report for 1890 dd. 17 Fob; 1091. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 249 parO'llts b send their ch "ldr l. en to school, the onroloont stood at at tho end of 1noO 73 The enroloent at tho Bogoro Middle 0 uu. School rose fron 16 in the 1006-87 llCD.deuic year to only 19 in the 1090-91 acadenic yocx. 74 The Kyc: bi Boarding School expo- rienccd only a rino of 2 in cnrolnent in tho twolve nonths 75 between Docenber 1001 nnd Dcceober 1802. By the 1090-91 acadomc yoar it had a totnl onroloent of only 57 pupils includ- ing 15 day pupils froo Kyobi. 76 Tho Kukurnntuni md 1.pnpan schools had 11 tlnd 10 pupils respectively in Juno 1001 ; 77 the 713 IJx)[loSU school h:\d 17 in 1003. The: reo.sons for such 1o~1 figures of enroll'1ent were varied. First w~s the inpedioont pl."'..ccd in the way of [limy n prospectivo , pupil by slavery and pnwninc before 1074. Pupils were tnkon 79 ClIay froD school whenever their parents wanted to pawn thoD. 73. Pnul Janldns, J.bstrncts, p.l'Z7 Juhresbericht for Bogoro station 16 Jnn. 1001. 74. Pnul Jenkins, f.bstractG (Supplcrnnt) p.73 Stations Confe- rence in Bogoro with subscript by HcrTV'J! Rottoonn dd. l ..p ril 7, 1093. 75. P~ Jenkins, Lbstrncts, p.621 D. Huppenbnuor's hnnunl Report 'n Doc. 1001; p.643 J. r1ullcr ' s Report on n Jour- ney nro1IDd Akco Dec. 1003. 76. P.:!.ul Jcnldns, 1.batr::l.cts, (Supplcoont) p.50 Hirsl'luller's Report on the Kyoh1 Boarding School ond the Bogoro I.fiddlo School for 1090-91. n. Paul Jenkins, i'.betrncts, pp.626-27 J. Mullor's Report 14 June 1001. 70. Ibid. p.641. l.nobah's Report 1 /JJ(5. 1003. 79. lbi4 1).574. M""+'~'S lieport on Kukurantuoi Geooinde, 19 Jan. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 250 In tD73, for instance Rov. Eisenschnid applied to thl' Slave Fhancipction Cl'lmission for ¢27. 00 to redeen '['. good pupil' of the Kyobi Boarding School - Kwaoe l.yirebi of l.papnn - l-{he had ~.,~.OO bean tl1kcn c:way by force ~J. pawned to pay 0 f f n l '-'<'>'<' The ennncipotion of slaves and pawns resulted in a tecporary boon in education as the libernted YL'uth of IJcyen took advantngo of the prevailine ntnosphere of personal froedon to start atten- ding school. 01 At Kyebi the rIissionaries had to turn nway twenty ,::x-s1 'Wes fron the school in 1075 for want 0 f plnces. 02 The boon in education "las however, short-lived. Parental opposition, strictness of discipline nnd inpositlon of school feoa soon led to stagnation or decline in school enrolwnt. Mest non-Christian parents of Begoro, for instance, equotod school with convorsion nnd feared thc.t they would incur the wro.th of the gods nnr! ancestors if they sont their children to scho"l. Besides they disliked the tondency of literacy to .-:lio- n'1te tho youth f'ron their fnnilies too quickly or onke thon 'no good for tho ordincry way of l1fe,.03 Other parents regarded 00. Ibid p.577 Eisonschnid's Applic..'1.tion to S.E.C. 1 sept. 1073. 01. Paul Jenkins, Abstracts, p.591 :.snnte to Basel Frauen Voroin 10 Oct. 1076. 82. Ibid. p.505 D. lisllllto, Mohr nn<.l vTemer to the S.E. C. 26 June 1075. 03. Ibid p.102 Uohr's JlUlresbericht for 1070, 21 JM. 107C; Supplooont P.G Bibler to Basel 5 nay 1000. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 251 their children as economic assets, especially in lieu of slave;:,; and pawns, and ware reluctant to allow then to go to school unles9 the Mis:Jionaries agreed to conpensate then for the loss of their children's services. 04 Parents who allowed their children to &0 to school withdrew then as and when they wished, to help with tho collection of snmls, cola-nuts, guncopal or rubber and with the 85 conveyance of these colJDOdities to Acora or Sultpond for sale. Excessive use of the cane by sone teachers as a neans of enforcing discipline also undernined enthusiasn for school. The unpopularity of the Begoro school, for instance, was due to Tou- 06 cher Jndrens M' s frequent flogging of the school children. Teacher Elias Ofori was guilty of brutality towards the children 07 whon he flogged and kicked at the least provoClltion. In October 1077 Jonathon Ofori left the Kyebi Boarding School for hone, his 'only excuse' being that 'Teacher hcs flogged bin'. 013 Bu:\; by far the nost serious ca.use of stagnation or decline in school enroloent was the in!X)sition of school fees in 1001 04. Paul Jenkins, Abstracts, p.127 JahPesbericht for Begoro Sta- tion :in 1000 dd. 16 JM. 1001. 05. Ibid. p.641 1!nobah'a Report on 1.bonoau Congrogation dd. 1 .Aug. 1003; p.105 Mohr':3 Report on Begoro 1 0 J~pri1 1070. 06. Ibid, p.130 Mohr to Basel 26 Oct. 1000. 07. Paul Jenkins, .Abatracts,(Supplcnent) p.10 HirsDUller's Report ~n the Begoro Middle Scho 01 ond the Kyebi Boarding School l.n HlO9 dd. 3 Feb. 11390. 00. Paul Jenkins, l.b¥ra.ct:s, Bath Date's Report for 1070 dd. " Dec. 10713. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 25~ 09 at e. tine when cash was extrenely herd to coDe by in the state. Children of 'heathen' parents at Degoro. for instance, were expected to my 3d per annuo as school fees Mel deposit 2/- per atmun as a g1l3l'antee thnt their children would nttcmd school regulnrly.90 lJ3 only few parents could afford school fees, oost 91 childran 3tayod away froD school. At !,sinkwn thoro wtlS no school in 1002 'on nccount of sohool fees'. 92 Deccon Theophi- Ius Opolru observed at Oseen in 1002 thet n.s n result of the eEaggerntion of the cost of educ:ntion by deserters fron the l:kro- pon Middle School, pnronts wero scn:ood fu send their children to sahool. l.t Tafo, tho chief and his elders were prepared to su~ ply pupils for a school only if tho Bnsel Mission would under- take to bear all expenses.9; The durntion of the eleoentnry school courso :11so bothered onny pupils. In 1000 the pupils of the 4th class of Kyebi Boar- ding School overstayed their christons vao.'1.tion in protest ll€ninst Rov. Buck's announcooont that they ~10uld hnve to go through the 5th and 6th classes before qualifying for acloiea ion 09. Ibid. p.619 D. Huppenbnuer's Report dd. 10-14 J£lll. 1082. 90. ~, p.127 Jllhresbericht for BegOl'O Station 16 Jon. 1OC1; p.621 Hu.ppenbauer's /Jmual Report on Schools in Kibi Dis- trict ':t1 Dec. 1001. 91. .!JWl, p.621 D. Hu.ppanoouer' s llnnuol Report 27 Dec. 1 COl • 92. ~ p.631 Mulling'/J Report July 1002. 93. llliW" Deacan'J!heophilus Op:>ku's 1Jmuo.l Report 31 Dec. 1002. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 253 94 to the Teachert' Seminary at A)a'opong .Akuapem. The tendency of teachers to use pupils for their 'own private purposes' was also resented. 95 Lack of employment opportunities for school leavers other than nission employoent undermined willinBl10ss to continue in school for long. In 1008 Rev. Sitzler conoented: ••• ~mother problem is that people believe when a boy has gone to a fiission school, he is the m.ssion' s for life, and cannot understand what is happening when the ~liS8ion 96 later refuses to give a stupid boy a jOb. stephen Apeatu had to leave for Sierra Leone in search of a job ·Of -;(, , &I1'tor his educ!ltion in Basel r!ission Schools in the 1800s. '~C. .- .: ;;" After working in that country for several yeurs ho returned to Kyobi to work for the Basel Mission in 1890. CJ7 In order to sustain and increase interest in mission educn- tion, the Basel Nission offered several induccnents. First it introduced freo supply of clothes, food and books. 98 At Kyebi, the prionry Boarding pupils received half-yearly supply of clothes froe of charge. 99 In addition the pupils were presented 94. Ibid. p.612 Buck's Report on Kibi Boarding School dd. 29 Barch 1 880. 95. Paul Jenkino, J.bstracts (Supplenent) p.66 Bauer's Report on Begoro Mission School 1 Feb. 1893. 96. Paul Jenkins, Ilhstraets (SUpplel!lOnt) p.8 Sitzlor to Basel 5 Hay 1888. fJ"f. ~, p.29 A Report fron Eisenschtrl.d ••• 8 FGb. t890. 98. Ibid. p.8 Sitzler to Basel 5 May 1888. 99. Paul Jenkins, Abst::acta, Nath Date's Annual Rop<-,rt 31 Dec. 18'ZB· -~1..3'~""·f\ the Kibi .... -t lt 28 .., _. ._ _ • ......,.. ... .. , ............ 0 Ul.l:t 11 J WJoJ .800; Report =~~ ~, ... ~ .. ~:~l Kyebi 1005. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 254 with Christnna gifts. The presants for Christnas in 1892 cons is- ted of 'cloth for · sc"~ts ,.1 00 S D. suit, and soD e bl. .-. eoon d, opo r ond needy children were offered free tuition. 101 Third, a four- day school week was introduced at Bogoro whose object was to gi'li e young children 'a liking for school rather than to teach then a grent deal'. 1 02 In futherance of this obj cct the new teacher Hr. Snkyi was 'specifically ordered' not to beat the children. 1 03 P:Jrtly as a result of theso inducenents and partly owing to the quality t.md dedica.tion of u new crop of teaclters, the lIiDoion Schools begllll to show a nurkcd inprovonent in enrolnant frot! Did 1880s. Dan Aboagye, Ofei and Gyino. succeeded in nrros- tine tho loss of pupils at tho Kyebi prinnry school through sheer force of personality, while at Kukurantuni the school got 'n lot 104 botter' under Tencher Oforidoi. The renewed interest in oducation was also n reflection of the growing appreciation of literacy due to :incrensing voluoo of correspondence md other 100. Paul J ankins, Abstracts (SuppleoGnt) p.59 Bauer's Report on Begoro l1iddlo 3chool and Kyobi Prin.a.ry Boarding School :in 1892 dd. Fob. 1893. 101. Pnul Jcmkins. Abstracts, p.621 Huppanbauer's i'.nnual Report 2 Dec. 1001; p.634 Munz to tho Twi Distric-'~ Inspector of Schools 20 Juno 1882. 10a. Ibid p.130 Mohr to Bnsel 26 Oct. 1800, 103. Ibid. 104.. Ibid p.6~6 Marquart's Re,art 14 ~1arch 1884. The Kukurantuni tenchcr :m 1002 wna described llS being unintar~sted in his job. See Paul Jenld.ns, l.betracts, Op:>ku's Rep:>rt. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 255 105 The 1.kyen people were also peeved by forns of paper work. the taunts of the IJrua.pen people who, considering theosolvGs as living near 'civilization' and having nnny 'educated' people, thought 'thcuselvos additionally superior to those further inland' • 1 06 Throughout the 1000s there were incessant requests fron sevornl Chiefs for tho opening of schools in their vill- 107 ages. In Jon'WU'Y 1003 the fow Abuakwn pupils studying at the /Jkropon luddle School petitioned for n !lliddle School to be oot:l- blishod in their st.'1.te for two rensons: first they contended that the Aku..'1.pcn teachers in the school displayed bins cgoinst then; second, that 'likuapeo fufu was too snnll'. 1 08 The petition wns fnvourD.b~ received, for several Akyen Christians shared Huppcnbaucr' s unhappiness nt the ina.bili ty of nost l'Jcyon pupils to continue their education nt tho lJaoopon Puddle School for financial rensons. They fenred that if tho tondency of Lkyen pupils going to the Toachors' Sooinnry instend of the Middle School continued very fow nntive l.buakwa pupils would 105. See Chapter Six 1 CX:i. Paul Jemkina, Abstracts (Supplenont) p.lO Hirsiluller's Report on Begoro Mid·lle School and the !{yebi Boarding School in 1009 dd. 3 Feb. 1090. 107. See Paul Jenkins, .t.bstracts (Snpplooent) pp.12, 22, 26 78. 108. Paul Jcmlcins, .Abstraats, p.649 Petition fron tho J.kin ltiddle School pupils at ./Ja'opong. 16 Jan. 1003; p.656 Killi stations Cbnterenoe Protocol 10 Sept. 1004. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 256 109 fNcr becouc Cntechists. Indeed by 1003 lJ.cyen AbUtlkwa could " 110 bonst only of two Cn.techists including Snnuel Gyinu of Kye bJ.. 111 There wcre less thrul a dozen ./J!;:ycn tcnchers; while the nuo- ber of IJ.cyeD pupils ~t the Akropon laddle School nunbored only four. 112 In supporting tho petition EvMgclist Ennonuel Yc.w l3oakyo argued that ,1. Diddle school in llkyen would encourage her youth to stny on longer at school in the hope of training to 113 bccono tellchcrs. In ltlrch 1ac3 a lIid'~ Ie Boc.rding School was opened at Kyebi followed by n socond one nt Begoro in 1 OOS.114 The Kyobi Hidclle School cc~ed to exist after only one year possibly clue in part to the renewed nnti-chirstion santiDents toot followed the 1 09~ Ibid p.621 Huppenbnuer's l.nnual Report on scho01s in the Kibbi District 27 Doc. 1OC1. 110. Ibiel, p.505 Eisonschnid to Bnsel 25 June 1075; p.591 ls:nte to the Bnsel Frauan Vercin 18 Oct. 1876. Saouel Gyirm, the first l.kyeD Catechist WllS consecrated in nay 1075. In 1863 George Pahi of Kukurantuoi had left tho ento- chists Seuinory because he found tho discipline to be too exncting see Paul Jenkins, Abstracts p. 511 Eisens chLLid I s Rcpcrt 10 Jan. 1064. 111. These were Ewi(1865), Jonathlln f.sunon(11J76), Joncthlln Ovaro(1879), l.ndroUB lldu(187S), So.kyi Stephon(11J79), Dnt:!.ko (1879),ond Oforidoi(1083) See Pnul Jenkins, 1.bstrncts, pp.102, 111, 1.30, 518, 509, 612, 636. 112. ~hese included Eooanus,l f~ei of Kyobi and SiDoon leynnko of Begoro. Soc Paul Jcmlci.ns, Abstracts, pp.612, 632. • 113. Paul Jenkins, Abatl'llcts, p.646 Minutes of the Achio Synod 6 Feb. 1883. 114. Ibid p.6~ Kibi stn1:ions (hnferenco 10 Sept. 1004; p.64' J. Kullcr B Report 20 Doc. 1003; Short skotcho3 of the University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 2',)7 115 repatriction of lnoako i.tta I. By contro.st the one at Bogaro ourvived end prospered. Dy FebrUD.I'Y of 1886 the onrolnont. 116 in tho three classes of the &goro Biddlo School stood c.t 21. Tho Bogoro Uid-76. 1·13. Paul J enkills, l..bstracts, p.5G1 Asante' a J.eport for 3rd QUZll'tcr 1074 cld. Oct. 18'14. 144. Paul Jf:II1kins, Abstrn.cts, p.611 Duck's Report for tC79 dd. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh deonnd for 'heo.d-noney' (Tri-sika) which invnrinbly sl'.ddled younG prospective hUEbDllds with debts. 145 The JUcyeo S:ynod of 1CC3 attributed the prevalence of indebtnesG mong Christions 1:1 the state to whllt they rolled 'the) dowry probleTJ' .146 The re;·.edy prOlX>sed by the D[IJ3el Uission for its oonbers wns inai.:Jtence on nnrriage under the Ibrringe Ordinance of 1 Df'A; and for this purpose it got four of its chapels - Kyebi, Bogoro Kukurantul:U. :rod _'JlYIDcn - licensed to perforn nnrriage cereoo- nies.147 b view of the fnct thnt there were nore Christian young nen thnn girls, prospective Christian husbands were pornit- ted to narry non-Christian girls but only on condition th."t such Cirlo prod.sed the presbyters 'bofore hnnd' thnt they would 'live on nission land with their husbnnds and obey the regulations for congregations' .14C "'.lthough relatively chen per , narringo under 1 the Ordin:mce lX>sed 0. sorious prohloo for Abunkwn Christbns. Ir9 1 '~5. l2il! l,.1 06 Stntions Conference Protocoll 1 Nov. 1D7C. 146. ~ p.645 Minutes of the Achir..: Synod held 6 Feb. 1CC3. 300 also p.505 D. :Jlmlto, nohr and l'Terner to S.E.C. 26 June 1075. Hood-noney or Tri Sik..-l Wns 0. kind of loon nl'.de by 0. prospective husbnnd to the bride's fonily at the tine of nnrringe to enable then sottle 11 pressing debt. The noncy was :llwnys recoverable with interest whenever the wife askod for divorce. See J.D. Danquab CEU'le in lIkon Law p.xxviii. "'.7. Paul Jenkins, Abstrncts (Snpplenent) p.05 lllohr to nasel 21 July 1093. 140. Ibid p.49 Ilegaro Station thnference to Bnsal 11 nay 1091. 149. Maniage Licence cost only 7/6d• University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh To obtain 11 narrbge licence without which the Hiss.~~a:ies eight ~".I~ not carry out a oarriog3 cerenany, a prospective bridgogrooo had to go 'twice to Ah.-use' personally as the process of obtaining the licence lasted three weeks. 150 Consequently 01ll1Y Christinn couples sioply i8nored tho law 1ll1d oarried ',nthout either 1 licence or Christian cereoony' .15 The penalty for nan-conplinnco with ChriDtinn oarriage laws woo expulsion fron the church. In 1 800 two Bogoro Christians were excluded because of their involvonent in oarriage difficultieEl. At T\ltlfa oost of the early Chriati1llls were exluded at the end of 100r., 'bec::1use their oarriages did not correspond to church rules 1.152 Nony of the Christians excl.ul(ld at Bogoro in 1890 were 153 narried coupl(;s who had decided to separate. Continual quar- 154 relling with eno's wife eould also lead to expulsion. Adul- tory and sexual pernissiveness were sioilarly punished with expulaian froo the church. Several teachers, Catechists 1ll1d ordi- nary church DCnbers were expolled now 1ll1d again for coooitting 150. Paul Jenkins, Abstracts, (Supplenent) p.56 Ofori's Annual Report 9 JDn. 1093; p.85 Hohr to Basel 24 July 1 09~. 151. Ibid. p.56 Ofori's P.nnual lteport 9 Jan. 1893. 152. Paul Jenkins, l..bstraeta (Suppleron t) pp. 2 & 4 Uohr' s Roport tor 1800 dd. 18 Jan. 1 089. 153. .!l!!A. p. 25 F~~. Rossler's JIllnual :J.eport for 1890 dd. 17 leb. 1891. 154. l!!14.p.43 Sitzle:r's Report tor 1891 dd. Jan. 1092. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 265 adultery or fornl". cnt "l. on. 155 other forcs of conduct punishn.ble by expulsion were drw.ko- ncas, and participation in traditional fw.eral rites, dancing and druming. Of the eight Chr:_stiano Gxcludal. at Degoro in 1879 3 were charged ,"ith drunkcneon. '56 Teacher C. Ofei W/lS disoil::- sed froo his job at l~pinn.Grul in 1891 'for drinking too Clueh ,.'57 In 1093 it was laid down at Kyobi thnt a Christian who drank schnapps should be expelled fron the congregation after n serios of Wl'.rnings. '58 It was also forbidden to Christi311s to dcnco to the ttUlOO of the traditional dt'llnS or take part in burinl rites for non-Christians. 159 In Hl09 .acssler was told about a Christinn of Banso w}l.o Wl'.S excluded for painting 'hinself with red earth' during n ftUlornl. '60 Nine years carli0r a Fankyenelco illristian had aloo ~een exel uded for t::;Jdng part in the 'euston' 155. l.nong the teachers and Catechists Were lndreas _'.du(1879) Saouol Gyinn(1C76 ), Joshua Gyanera(1090). Dnn Ofe1(1090). See P~ul Jenl:ino, I..bstrnets, pp.60 & 154; Supplenent, pp.201 , 202, 222. 156. Paul Jenkins, Abstracts, p.l11 Bohr's Jaircsberieht for 1879 ddt 22 Jan. 1000. 157. Paul Jonkins, .l..bstrncta (SuppIEmont) p.43 SitzlGr's.Report for 1091 ddt J:m. 1092. 150. Ibid, p.79 J. iluller to ksel 4 Barch 1093. 159. Paul Jenkins, l!.bstraoto, p.141 Years i/o port of the (Begoro) Station for 1001 ddt 2 J(al. 1002; !..bstracts (Supplooont) p.79 J. Muller to Basel 4 ilarch 1093. 160. Pnul Jenkins, 1.bstro.ots,(Supplencnt) p.1l Rossler to Basol 29 Ha;v 1009; Paul Jenkins, Abstraots p.72 Hobr's 2nd Quarter aevort for 1fJ77 ddt 20 May 1077. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 266 161 of II deocnsed reL1.tive. l;issionory pt"ejudicc against traditiona.l cul ture ~lI.ls i::10ibcd by canvertn nnd nonifested itself in violation of taboos or cus- to;l.'lI'Y prohibitiOns.162 It .".lso was responsible for the violent confrontatian!3 thn t occurod in tho 1870s and 1080s betwoen Chris- ' 163 tians and non-Christit:ms nt /..sio.kvn, i.sunafo, l.suor' and Kyo bJ.. Tho aloofness of Christians fron trndition~.l cultural practices grew stronger in tho early decedes of tho 20th century. Tho TInsel Missionaries also did a lot to popularise scion- t:if'ic nedicino in 1Jcyou l.bu::U.."Wa. Before the 10 90s the Ilkonfoo of tho various gods hold sway in the field of curative nedicino, 1 h4 as illness W~.S invariably seon ns the work of ovil spirits. Tho ~ as nativo doctors charged a lot of noney for their sarvlccs. In 1874 Ol:onfoo l:ooafo of Osino collected ¢27.00 (about £6) fron the people of Bogoro as his foo for nedicine given to tho townspeople to protect th.:n against disease and all kinds 16 ot niShnP. 5 Treatnent of n sn...ul wound could cost a.a ouch as 0/- plus n sheep.166 By tho 1890s the Dasel lIissionaries were 161. Paul Jenkins, Abstracts, p.112 nohr's Jaircsbericht for 1C79 dd. 22 Jnn. 1000. 162. Sec <2lapt or Two 163. See Chapter Two 164. See Ch:-.pter cae PP.eo..81. 165. S.C.:. 2/4/12 Civil Record Book Vol.4B pp.852-053 .bPoafo ve. QtJas1 l)Jroh and J,.bbon 10 June 1870, lI... .. , ..T_. ... __ :ts(Suppl4nent) p.83 Bauer'e lotter to University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 267 successfully treating cuses of wounds ~d ninor niloents without nsking for paynent for their 'tirw and trouble' except for their drugs. 167 In 1090-91 F.irSnuller cured two persons of dys entry at Dogoro with 'HoHenstein' pills. The first wns a pupil of the iiiddlc School nnd the second, 11 little girl brought to hin 'after n nntive doctor h3d failed to do anything for her ••• ' ,~coording to Hirsnuller, his success helped 'to get the whitonan n better reputation as a doc :"·or' t~1.~ n the bl~ck ~'J~C~ ..'. , .160 In 1093 U Bnuor reported th~t he W~ 'very busy us 11. dispenser, with ()!riat1n.ns I1lld non-Christians coning fron all pnrts of Lkyen to ask for his help' .16') The BllSel Ili3sion wns indeed a veritnble propagnndn outfit. Through ito congregations and sulous, its schools and bonrding aystc:--" its catechists nnd tcachers, it sought to inculcc.te new vnluee, c.tUtudes, beliefs and habits. In the 20th century, tho Cblonilll Govcrt'lI:Xlnt ::md educn.ted :.burikwa citizens sought to coo- plcte the super structure of tho noW social order whoso founda':" tiona had boon laid in the provioua century by tho Bosel Mission. 167. Paul Jt.'nldns, abstracts, (Supplencnt) p.03 Bauer's lettor to BllSel ll.:ly 1093. 160. lJ:l.Y!, p.51 Hirsnuller's Report on tho Kyabi Bo::1.I'ding School ::md the Degoro Biddle School for tho ll.oodenic Ye,'ll' 1090-91. 169. .lP.1.&. p.67 Bauer's 1oport on the Bogaro Middle School and tliSK¥ebi (Prinary) Dom:Oislg School in 189'2 dd 1 Feb 1093. ~. • University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 268 The Colonial Governnent In the 19th century the Colonial Governnent pl!lYod seoond fiddle to the nasel Uission in the oottor of social chnngo and developncnt in f.kyOr.l 1.bunkwn. Its iIJpnct ,'ns felt mainly in threr::l directions: in the eOllllcipation of slaves and pawns which paved the way for the growth of an egalitarian society; in the Public .Announ~oent of 1007 which guaranteed freodon of religion and lIOrship to the Christians, and in the intinidation of Abuakwa Chief's into grnnting lands for the establishoent of nission stationa. 170 In the 20th century. however, the Colonial Govern- rnent played n nore positive Ill1d direct role in bringing about social change through its support of oducational expanoion, itS progro.rr1C of health and nedical care, and tho lJuppreosion of what it considered to be obnoxious cuatons. The estabUshD3nt and financing of (3 c11o01s in Akyen Abu.a.kw~. in the 19th century had boen largely left to the Basel m.ssion. The Basel ~Iis::lion' s education.'ll budget was lnrgely financed fron its neagre 1occ.1 resources supplenented by grunts from Bnsol. In 11392. for inat:mce the Mission's incone from its congregations in Ak;yoo Abuakwn totnUed £142 of which £119 was sot aside 'to cover the sa.lari08 of tho pas tors, cute cbiate nnd t eachors I .1 71 In the 110. Sec OlIlpter 'ho pp.14Q-41; . Chapter Three, pp.184--88; 194-195. \.71. Paul Jenkins. Abetructa(Supplenent) p.56 Ofori's hr.nunl 13. Of too ~cone .£50 cane fron sunday University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 269 first two months of 1893 the Mission obtained an ineooe of £24S of which £21 9 was earoarked for p!lyo~nt of sa.laries of its 31 172 local agents in the state. In recognition of the inportanco of the effort which the Uission was rnking in the field of education, the Colonial Governoent nade token annual grants to the lIission begim1ing fron 1874. Between 1 C71). and 1802 the Baoel Mission received an !l1Ulual grlll1t of £100. 173 Under the Dduc<;'1. tion Ordinances of 1882 nnd 1887 the Governoent paid the Ilission grants-in-aid which were basod on the Iloadeoic pcrfomance of the individUD.l schools.174 For the 1890-91 school year, for instance, tho Inspector af Schools, r1r. "Mark. reconoended the following grants- in-aid for the Alndod favournbly to Ofori Ltte's request for tho estnblishncnt of Governnent sch- ools in the 3bto, Though hioself a product of B."lSel russion ec:luontion, the Okyenhene believed thnt the standc-:.rd nttained by 'scbolnra of the Govornoent schools' was superior to toot of Misllion school gxT.duntcD .170 In 1916 Governor Clifford accepted tho Oqanhono':J offer to erect tho school buildings crnd instruo- tod tho Director of Educ;~tion to nake provision in the estinntes for 1917 for tho establishoont of a Goverm1ent Prioary School at Kyob! ,179 By thu ond of 1 916 c. sit e had been cleared and 'the S1Il of .£600 voted' for the Proj oct. 100 175. Paul Jcnldns, Abstrncts, (Supplcocnt) p.36 Hirsouller's Re}X>rt on the Academe Yeor 1089-90, 176. Ibid, p.5t HU-souller's Ro];X>rt for the Acadooic Year 1090-91. 177. N.1l.. G.I.. 1.dn 29/6/4 Birrin Qu.'ll'terly Report for quortor ooded 31 March 1919. 178. N.:~.G., Ado 11/1776 Clll'ford at Kibbi 23 April 1916. 179. !lzj.d: /~ Clifford nt Kibbi 1 2 Feb. 1913; N. 1• • G.. Ado 11/1776 C'l1f'to:rd t.lt Kibbi.23 J.pt'il191G; N.:• • G.K., !~do 29/6/10 C.ti.P'a bmual Ro}X>rt for 1916. 100. N. ~ t'!. .". • .a... ...... ' I~ I. ~ D. C. Birrin' s lmnunl ReJX)rt for 1 91 6 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 271 Tho olficin1 opening careDony of the school wes perf'orDod by Governor Clifford on 4 January 1 91 9 on the 0 cco.sion of his visit to KY.:lbi to invost Ofori Attn. with tho Orde;(" of Cowonder 101 of the British Ebpire (C.B.~.). Tho first batch of fully qUlllified stDndnrd VII 'grndootes' pn.ssed out of tho ochool in 1922. 1132 In the saoe yov.r the Govern;:lent established a Trnde School o.t Kyebi in response to an appeal by Nona Ofori l..tta for 'nora pr:innry and trade school::;' :in his State. '133 The Kyebi Trade School bec£l.De a show-piece ond was one of the plncos visi- ted by His Royal Highness Dnd Prince of Wales during his visi t 184 to the Gold Cc,ast in l.pril 1925. By 1927 tho trade school under the hen-dship of Mr. Bov!:!n had Dade good progress md Ofori kttn W~3 colling for the addition of facilities for rudioentnry training in libgineering .'85 The Govarnnent's Eduootion Ordinance of 1925 gave a great bo cst to educo.tional explUlS ion in JJryeo Abunkwc. as in other St:ltos. Under the Ordinance it beclJ.De possible for any school 181. N.A.G., l~dn 11/1/790The King's Med..'1l for Native Chiofs; N .1• • G. K., !de 29/6/4 Birrio Quarterly Report 31 ~fnrch 1919; N• .1.G., 1.do 11/1/1420 tlativ0 J£fnirs Dept. !.nnUllI Report 1919. 182. J .B. Dsnqunh f.kin f.bunkwo. Handbook, p.126. 183. N.L.G., lilrl 11/1778 HoE's Reply to Petition presentod at Kibi 25 Jan. 1'922. The school was opened on 1.pril 12 1922. 1134. N.A.G., Ado 11/1 .r8m Visit of H.R.H. Tho Princo of Wolos to the Gold Collst t..pr!l 1925. 185. • • .A.G •• Adz;l 11/1712 Meoo on lfutters Su1xrl. tted to H. E. nt University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 272 1;0 qualify for n gront subject to the attninncnt of certnin pre- scribed of eJ.1..>L.11>C., stnndm-ds l.ency. 186 The D"l"l1Ilt, bcsed on the 0- J!I't1l,nry bill of n school, encouraged the various Dissions 0 per:l t- ing in the Stnte, to open DOro schools in reDOte po.rts of the St:"te in collaboration with the Chiefs nnd people. In 1927 0. tot:~l of £1,030.16. 9d was paid in AkyeD Abunkwa in respect of 107 Govemnent grants to nssist schools. The nunber of Mission schools in the state in 1920 stood at 62. Ldnissions to the 100 Trade School to da.to totalled 163. The offorts of the Governnent and the Basel Mission in par·· ticulnr, in the proDOtion of western-siryle eduootion gonerated an 'eduoo tion fever' wi th whi<;:h the 1.butlkwa po pulace was seized in the 1920s end 1 930s. Under the influenco of the l.buakwa Scholars' Union fomed in 1916 to pronate the develop:.wnt of the State, the Okycuon Cotmcil passed Il bye-lc.w in 1910 which obliged Chiefs to give stool heirs the benefit of western Gduoation. 109 In the non siz years. nt leo.st two chiefs were destooled partly beoauso of their lack of enthusinSD about education. 1.pinOIJllllhene Kofi 106. W.E.P. Ward [. History of Ghm1u p.407. 107. J.B. lmlqunh, [Ildn Abunkwa Handbook, p.100. 1 no. Ibid. The brenk-down of the schools were as follows: Presbyterilln Mission 47 (with 15 assisted); Wesleyan 13 (with none assisted); L.M.n. Zion 2 (with none assisted). 109. If.A.G.,!do 11/1721 .t..piro.no.n Native l.t'fnirs. For nore discussion on the !..bunkwo. Scholnrs' Union see 1'p. 304-307. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 273 Boaton W:1.S forced to nbdirotc in May 191 B pn.rtly beC<-'l.use of his neglect to give 'the Heirs to the Stool the benefit of educa- tion' .190 Silulnrly Takwnhone Kwnsi Danko was destooled in 1 9~ 192/, because he neglected to support the schools in the town. With n view to increasing the existing educdionnl fncili- ties nnd onllbline 'I;he onny yout'b.::: in the Stnte who were eager to go to school to cl0 so, the Jlkyen !.bunlcwn Scholars' Union \Dlder the influence of J. 3. R'lIlqw::h, prevnilod upon tho OkyenDll O:>uncil to collect 55; 'on all proceeds fron lond alienO-tion ••• to be specifically set nIXlrt for national neecls' .192 1. Bonk Account wr.s opened in 1920 in the none of OkyoD-.'1l1 for tho fund and a oirculnr issuerl, to all Chiefs requesting then to IXlY up 193 their oontributions. Indoed in the 1920s .:md 19308 po.rt of the revenues Ilccru:ing to each stool fron lond soles or royalties W".l3 applied to educational purlXlscs. The people of Lsinkwn spent ~1,000 194 :in 1930 on a four clnssroon block. In Septcobor of the sane yenr the people of Kyebi also ooDpletod 190. Ibid 191. I1.;. • G., t..dn 11/1/371 D.C. Odu (J.H. west) to C.C.P. 26 Jnn. 1925. 192. n'i~.G., :.cb 11/1/1105 bl llnswor by Hon. Ofori Attn to Peti- tion of Bari na Kwclru •. nOD. 4 Nov. 1921; Lwnrd Published at Nsawao Sept. 9, 1929. 193. ~ The Asu's original roconnondation wr'.s 10% 194. N.l..G.I:.,.t.ctn 26/6/49 D.C.'s Dinry for Aug. 19:;0. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 274 _""_ 1 bUJ.·ld.in"'s for the Govornnent school out of wer): on new SuuuO • .." ooncy voted by Ofori l.tta.195 The totul school cnroluont in the stnte in ~ce:_'ber 1931 stoo:d at 3,552 with onintE'nnnCC costs cstin.'l.terl at .£10,726 for tho yeor.196 The thirst for educetion wns not r'.Ssungod by the build:ing of pl'l.nnry schools. The ris:ing oduCl:'.tod elito shared afor! 1.ttr' '0 belief that education up to Stond.urd III did nore hnrn th€ll1 good, ond that rurnl prinary schools would be purposeless '\mless provision wns '1:o.Jc for ru.ddle (senior) schools to absorb their products. 197 In 1935 c. Govorncent rtiddle Board:ing school was sot up at !{ycbi through tho :initiative of Ofori Atta; 190 nnd fron then on it beonne the fashion for towns end villages to ask for the opening of Diddle schools in their localities. Fron 1 l);.r:; to 1943 the Takwnhene, for instance, inport'Gned the supor- visor of Presbyterian schools, Mr. L.L. Creedy, for help to establish n Dir.<:.:lo school llt Ak;feS3o.'99 The request for higher educ~tion in 1Jcy0ll :.buakwa culninnted in the estublismant of the first seoondary school in the State at ./mn:fo through 195. N.J..G.L, 1m 26/6/49 D.C's. Diary for Sept. 1930. 196. H.t..G.X., I.dn 29/6/32 S.H.A's Mdress delivered to the D. Prov. Chwcil of Chiefs !lec. 1931. 197. N.L.G.K., fijI" 26/6/49 D.C's Dinry for July 1930. 198. N.L.C.K., I.dn 26/6/49 D.C. Beeton's Diary for June 1935. Tho school WeJiI o;LlOned by tho Governor on 5 Juno. 199. N.A.G.K., LiJn 29/5/101 Minutes of Birrin District Educa- tion Finllllce Sub (hunittoo 14 Fob. 1944. ~ University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 275 priv".te initintive in 1935. In 1937 Ofori Attn hn.d it trc.ns- fered to Ky~bi ~nd tl'.ken over by the Stn te • 200 The stntutory establishncnt of stool Trc.:c.suricl;] in 1940 G'_norr>.ted DOre rcvenue for the finnncing of n progrnnne of eduL'a- tionnl eX}XlIlsion in the Sbto. The Birri: Distri ct Education Ccc,ittee estr.blished by Governnent in 1943 under the ChD.imm- ship of the District Cor::..:isoioner wa.s chn.rged with the speci:Jl rosponsibility of pronoting nnd supervising educa.tion in lJ:::yen .'.bW'.!:\m. 201 A special levy c:~lled 'education rate' was levied by the Stc.te on all adult citizens. The levy which wOoS pnid into the Central Treasury nt Kyobi was used to neet the educational needs of the St::t(;. state nssiotnnce was grnnted 'only to non- nssiste(l schools excopt in spocial onaes'. In 1943. for instance, gr'1.nt of £:300 towards the Prcsbyteri.-:n a clx>o 1 building nt I.deis o. 202 The uost .. ,-,rious flail in e(!ucf'.tion in fJryen i.bunlafa in the 20th oantury as in the 19th century wns the over-concentr1'.tion of effort on educntbn for boys. Tho result wa.s thn.t tho ris- ing cducn.tu; elito o:>uld hardly find suitable wives. Ovur the 200. The ochool now known no i.bw.l:m: stc.tc Colloe;e io ono of the well-esta'IJ.ished sccond.."l.l"y Schools in GhanD.. 201. l·T.E.F. ~TGrc., f. History of Gbn.nn. p.400. other nenbers w~re Ok;ymhene, the ':Jeputy Director of Eduoation, the Supervisors ot ~sbytcri3n, Methodist and Ron:m Catholic schools nnll \f.E .... Ofori J~tt:J., St::lte Treasurer. 202. N.A.G.K., f.dr.. 29/6/101 Minutes of Dirrin zn&t~ict Eduoo- :f:iln"'~• • • L.w.~ ~4J07I)b. 1944. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 276 yenrs the :bIprossion had gained ground that formal aduc:~,tion for girls wcs not essential so toot there wns not 'a single girl' in 203 the state in 1 927 who had possed Standard VII. In order to (~ispol the dangerous notion that female education was a wflStc of effort and money end nwrt I ~_ n~tion['.l disaster' Ofori Atta called on Government to establish 11 girls' bo['.rding school in f.kyem t...bun- larn. 201- Owing, however, to lack of sufficient famale tonchcrs in the cotmtry, the Government found itself unnble to grant the request. 2C6 By 1943 the state wns still without a girls' boar- ding school. 206 Tho spread 0"£ educntion aided the Government's efforts to build upon the modest success scored by tho Bnsel lllission in the popularisaticn of scientific medicine. Between 1912 and 1923 the Government maintained a Dispensary at Kyebi. !. medical officer W0.8 :uso stationed there intormi ttently, mainly for the benefit 203. N.ll.G., Adm 11/1'712 Memo submitted to H.E. at Kycbi 13 Aue. 1927. 2o.~. N.l~.G., I..dm 11/1770 Speech delivered by H.L. at Kibbi 7 April 19 27. 205. N./. . G., lIdm 11/1712 Memo submitted to H.E. at Kyobi 13 1.ug. 1927. 206. The first girls' boarding school - !lid Tnf'o girls school - was opcnod in 1 ryj1 • University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh .~ 207 The outbreak of of the 40 Europeans in the Birem Dis t rJ.c~. 'a lot of sicknaas' in the State, and pe.rticularly of 'a strange epidemic' at J.siakwn in 1913 underscored the need for a hospital in fJcyam .:.bUllkwn. In 1923 the Governmont established the Kyobi Hospitnl under the chDrge of Do Resident ~Iediclll Officer. That the peoplo of the state had come to apprecillte the benefits of modern medical science w~s evident from the fact thnt the Kyebi hospitnl continued'to be Ol'owded' throughout the 19?OA. 2OO In 1929-30, for instance, the hospital wns kept busy doaling with an outbreak of small pox which 0 ccured espocinlly 209 in villngos along tho Kukurnntumi-Apedwa rond. To remedy the low birth ra.te among the State's women which WI''s attributed to 'diso(!.BQB thnt Dffect tho womb' tho Chiefs nnd people of IJqGJl1 Abunkwa appcaled to the Government to aPlX>int a female mcdiClll officer to the Kycbi hospital OS the woman felt 2(J'f. The Medical Officer was withdrawn in January 1913. With:in a few months the D.C. Mr. Hob1:e, his llSsistnnt and 3 European Minors at Pusupusu became ill with fever. At the some time on opidemic claimed six lives nt .llsiakwa. Kyebi again had 8. Medical Officer briofly in 1 915. From then till 1919 the town wp..s without a Resident ,,:redical Officer for all practical purposes. See N.:. . G.K., Mm 29/6/3 1l.<1a 29/6/4. lAm 29/6/10. ' 206. N. A.G.lt •• .t.dm 29/6/t 5 Report on Birrim District for Quar- ter Ending 31 March 1 924. 209. B.A.G.K •• MIll 26/6/49 D.C. Warrington's Diary for January 1~. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 278 210 inhibitod in the presence of a male doctor. The growth of medicnl consciousnesS in hkyem Abuakwa. Wo.s not IIIll. tched by the Government's CIlpaci ty to provide mooical facilities in tho State. Modical OIlre in the State in fact remained inadeqUlltc end unsatisfnctory up to ln sacrifice which had been practised in JJ.r;:yo'O Abunkwn, :l.S in other fJQ!n St:1tes, fron tine innenorial in conne- ction with the doath of I(1ngs.234 Tho proclanation of authority issued in 1074 by l£>rd ntrno.nvon Secret:..ry of state, outlnwed thG cuaton. 235 In 1000 :.aiakwahene IDo, as nlrGcdy indicated, wns convicted of the offence and GXilod to Lagos. 236 1.11 foros of judicial torture weru also outlawed. 237 In 1909, for instnnco, when Kofi l.oorum coonittod adultery with one of the wives of Okycnhcne bako Attll. II cnllod Abena FD.ll!JUa, the ancient custon of 'atopre I could not be invokod for fear of thl) law. DoscIi.bing the custon as witnossed by hi:1 in about 1859 Eor.lanuel Yaw Eon!.l following undo up of slaves and pawns, to thw rising stntus of the neW educnted olitL: and neveaux: riohes, t:!Ild 1 to their growing indigence. 2:; Fron 1910 for instance, chiefs otber than hOC!.dchiofs (i.o. Pnruoount Chiofs or Kings) did not qunlify for the issue of 'peruits to withdrl'.w nrns of pl.'ocision and conunition' for their use except 'with the Governor's appro- val'. Q1 the other l'k1ll.d 'qunlified nativo I3D.rristors, DJctors, Engineers nnd Surveyors' as well as 'Clerks in the Govcrnnont or Morcnntilo service with sularies of not less thnn £100 per nnnun' did not roquire the Governor's approvel for such per- Dits. 242 ;J.30 noticonble :-IS nIl inportant sooial chongo in the 19th contury wos the growth of a new spirit of egalitarianisn geno- rated largely by the eDllncipntion of slavos ond pawns, ond by tho spro~d of tho Christion oossago of oquo.1i ty of all persons before God. The aoanoipation not only enabled e:x:-slnvGs to 241. For a cliscuasion of the novollltt richoo. 30G ChaptoX' Five. 242. R .1...(;.., JAn 11/1/104 ucs nnd l.nnunition 1 .... N A , Clrcul.or 26 Sept. 191 O. - ',g. .::>. • .... s University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 28/ attend school on equa-l terns with children of free born parents. but also enoouraged then to develop self-pride. In 1076 D(1.vid .hsnnte reported tho story of an ex-slave boy of tho I{yebi Print1ry Doarding School who snid to a boy fron a royal faoily sitting next to hin at tho dining tablo: 'Kosp.W nsu bro. nfoi yon nyinaa ~' 2'~3 ( Go rmd fetch wnter, we nre nll oqua 1 now) . In 1002 an ex-slave pupil John J:.yebinin froo Snlngn w~ sponsoroo. by the Basel !1ission to further his educo.tion at JJku's i.nnunl Report " June 1002. 247. See J. D. Imlqunh, c.-.ses in Ako.n 1£1)1' pP. 17 & 24. 240. Soo Chnptor Two p.116 249. Paul Jenkins, l.bstr:1.cts, 13.505 (:.) l.Do.nto, Mohr nnd ~'lorncr to S.B.C, 26 June 1075. 250. Pnul J~, Abstracts, p.503 Hnder to Basol 15 }Ioy 1075. ~. l1B4. p.593"Mllllte's IfcJ.l)rt on the Second QuartOI' of:1CJ77 dll. July 1877. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 289 scattered theosolves in fnroing villnges. 252 Tho choice of Begoro lIS the residenoe of tho District Cbrrtissioncr for lJ1;yon Abu.'lkwa in 1D C7-1 000 struck ['. further blow at the stntus and 1.oogo of the stnte cn~litnl. By 1093 Christi[ms fomed the Iltljorityof Kyebils population and with his restricted group of servonts the Okyonhene had difficulty keeping tho nron :1Xo1.md his palllc(': clo~ of grass. 253 The growth of the lJ1;yon Hiddlo school nt Bogoro, tho exodus of pupils fron the Vyebi Prinnry Boarding school in 109'3 over catoring fees and the addition of ebss VI to the Begoro PrWc"lry school incrensed th.:. obscurity of Kyebi '1!3 "['.l"onts in tho Stnte sent their children to tho Bogoro Sch00l lin preference to tho one in Iwobil.254 To reverse the trend, and check the declinl. of Kycbi IS status vi&-n-vis Bogoro tho Okyl.lflhone added his voice to tho plea of his elders thnt Kyobi should. onoo Dore bocono the residence of Europenn nissionn- rivs. 255 Kyebi, however, had to nWllit the reign of Ofori Att,". I to regain her trod!t ional status as the nerve-can tre of 1\.'kycn J.buclafu. 252. 300 Ch.o.ptcr 'two ;>. 140 253. i'nul Jcn!:i'ElZ, !.botr:'.cto, (;:U:i.l~lClr~cm.t) i:.11 Uohr' '0 ReIX'rt for 1093 dd. 20 Feb. 1093. 251,.. Ibid Mohr's ll>te dd. 0 J1.me 1093. 255. Paul Jenldns, .ibstracts (Supplooent) p.75 Pfisterer's Note 12 July 1093; p.OO J. Muller to Ensel 4 l1nrch 1293. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 290 Also aignific~t as an event of soci~l c~gc w~s the reconcilintion of ChieftnincY to Christinni ty. In the 1070s the two mati tutions hnd been regarded :l's inconpntible end nutually exclusive, but the precedents set by Jose ph BosonpeD nnd salono l.opofo dUl."ing the Okycnhcne I s axile rmd the conver3ion of roynls and str.te functionaries underninecl this attitude. 256 Grnduc.lly people cone to see little or no centro-diction in n Christinn occupying n stool. In 1090 tho pee ple of Kwo.ben in petitioning the Govenment to persuade Jonns Ownre, tbm resident in Accrn, to accept tho stool of Kwnb..::n stntod: Now it 11."..6 plenaed the cldors of the nbove-nentioned town to plo.co ono of the nephews of the deceasod called Jonns Vo.rc who is presently at :~ccrD. on that stool; 1:01 hopes thnt, he would as nn educatod Chris- tign youngpgn bring Jere sivilizntion(sic) to tho country, and also give all necessury ndviso(sic) to King l"rloo.ko Attn II wb? is still young and illite- rate ... that we also night enjoy the benefit of edu- co.tion MIl christic.nit y. 257 By the tut"n of the century Christianity M,' litern~ were fnat bcooDillg the hall nnrks of civiliz:'otion nnd progress. No wonder thnt one of the clauses of the rules drawn up by the Aoantoooiensn in DccaJ}/er 1900 for Ar~c.ko .i.t~o. II I s observance, 256. Soo (hlpter Two 257. B• .t..G.,.Ad1'l 11/1/291 A Petition fron Eldors of Kwc.bcn to LI. 19 Del'· 1~~~ph.:JSis added. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 291 as a oondition of his roinstatencnt enjoined hiD 'to tako good care of the Chriatilll1s'. 258 Indced fron 1900 onwurds there w,')jS n clear tendency in the State to prefer educntod, and or Chris- tian, cnndid.."Itos for the office of chief. 259 lIncng the oduooted 1l11d ChriBtinn ndoh.yoe electod Chiefs in the 20th century were Dnvid Kwnlru l..snre(1902-19Q5). GynnGro.(1905-1900), Tupiri(1900- 1912) nnd !mtwi sut!.(1 913-191 9), 0.11 of Begoro~ John n.."bert OwtLrC (19:;5-191 0) of Kwaboo; o.nd John Kefi Boobo.e(1905-191 0) of 260 J,pinmllll. Of tho oducated I Christian I rulers of IJcyen ~~kwn in the 20th century the nost rootl.rknblo, ablo und fanous \;1(19 Nnn:1 Sir Ofori Att,~. I, KinG of the stnte fron 1912 to 19,~3. 261 25C. N. :~. r.., J..dn 11/1/3 Rules given to ICing l\POnko Lttn II on the occasion of his re-instatollcnt, 3 Doc. 1900. Following tho JJqen dobccle nt Bonnlcra during the Ynn l.sllntowll£1. 'br, tho Chiefs ond poo?lc of lokyen Abunkwn destoolod l.nonko .~ttn II but this wns riisnlluw8d by Governnont. 259. lIore often thm not tho co.nc1idlltes I oenbership of the Church lapsod on boconing chiefs (soe PP. 242-3). In tho cnoo of }.su- nnfohone nnd Tuofo.hcne in 1 904 they retained their nenbor- ship of tho church and follOWing the pro cedent of the Gyaaso stN)l of Kyobi in 1m2 surrendered their stool to tho cus- tody of the BNwl rassi;,n. The Govornnent however disnvo- wed tho notion nnd retriovod the stools for the pooplo of l.sunafo ann Tunfn. For details soo U.A.G., Ado 11/1774 ?alaver Be oks. 260. Gyanora worked as r. 'rel?cher and Catechist (1888-1890) nnd as Prevontive Officer before being onstooled in 1905; Kcti Boaten Wl1.S 0. prosporous tradar resident in ACCIrn before his Ill1stoo lnen t. 261. Soe pp. ,00-303. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 292 The in:pr.ct of the Bosol Hission nl1c1 the Coloni!ll Govcrn,Jent W~S n130 felt in the sphore ef trnditionn.l culture. The Public 1\l'lnOunccncnt of 1007, the nssiIlilntion of Christian cnJ w'cstern othiolJ to Chioftcincy ~d the spread f'f western cduOl'.tion IIndor- Dined il.kyen Abunkwn I B tr:1.ditic·nnl culture. In tho privacy and socurity of thoir snlons tho Christians continuod to violate tho CUtltOltWY t",\;,,(~::; cherished by th"ir non-Christio.n counterpnrtn in the ;:Jnw townships. Indeed the snlLr13 bOCUl1O sorts of i"~'er 1un in iDIlCrio enjoying il1l:runity fron the custonn.ry t:'.boos. In exphinin{; tho !lTlxioty of OSOO1:1 Christians to nove to n sulon, Mohr stated th~,t thoy wore 'not nllowed to keep gonts in Osien, nnd working on tho fnro is also forbidden en Sl)ecific woek - days, both of which prohibitions would not nwly if they livod on nissicn lrnd ••• ,2('2 In tho onrly 19408 it ~11'll comon to soc Christians at Osino, for cxanple, carrying bundlos of firewood I:ll1d bunches of Imlo nut to the J:lis.Jion Station. Tho Christians olso bent fufu nt tho nission stntion 'during the Ohuu fostiv~l contrary to 263 custoo. On the other hand they did n11 they could to promto allen festivols likCl Christona and cercrlonica liko Ilonorial 262. Paul Jenkins, ll.bstrncts (Supplenont) p.14, Ilohr's l.nn-ual Report dd. 1:; Feb. 1090. 263. This is bl!Sod on the writer's porsonc.l observntion IlS a. school pupil. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh services for the dead. Christian disres~ect for custon was inbibed by sane of the non-Christinn youth. In 1905 when tho Odikro of Nkronso rcpriLlDlldeJ two drunken YO·lm.gnon KU:lbenc. Pnkyi and Kwonc fukoe for DO.king noise on Ohundn Bcnada (Ohun Tuesday) nnd threatened to order then to slaughter sheep, one of thGO retorted: 'if you clain any shoop fron us I will bring you before Conoissicner'. 264 SODO Chiefs, espocidly those with n Christioo bnckgrotmd, also noglected to porforn ccrtc.in custonary rites. In 1909 Odikro Kofi Twun of M:lfo was destooled, inter nlin, for nagle c- ting to 'give sooe foast to the fetish and the stool' during on Odwira festival. 265 inong tho rules dr::wrn by tho Bogoro public in 19(r/ for the observance of Chief Gynnera, an ex-oo.techist, ' was onc which enjoined hie speci£icully to look after tho town 266 gods. GYaucr.".'o successor, Otupiri, was deateolod in 1912, noong other reasons, for 'neglecting tho worship of his own fetish sto.l l 267 • 264. CiVil Reoord Book Vol.i 1905, 2 Sept. 1905-3 July 1907 :.ce. ~lunbor 1 Kyebi Palr.co :.rchivos. 265. N.J• • G., Ado 11/1/79 Enquiry into alleged destooloout "f Odikro Kofi Twuo 25 Sept. 1909. 266. N. JuG., .Mo 11/1 h57 Bye-Laws oade by Begoro People and HU!:lUndu people for tho observanco of tho Chief Degoro 12 April 1 9(r/ • ' 267 ••• A.G., l.dn 11/1/457 Eldors of Begoro to Ofori Lttn 12 Deo. 1912. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 294 Monogncy end oCl"riage under the Ordinance slowly bec-'"tHo an accepted pnrt of Christinn nornlity und ~ way of life for nn.ny .'J~en 1.bu;::'::lf:J, Christians. Evnngolist Ebnonuel Y':'!i7 Doakye and Presbyter SaloDO Dotwe had 5 and 4 wives respectively before their conversion in the 10708 but soon after bocCl1'1o oonoge. 260 nists. By 10D9 thoro wero 00 oa.rri..:;d couplos in the Kyobi con(:rc.g'ation ond 20 cou11108 each in tho Kukurnntuoi, Ilcgoro and Ilsiakwa congreG'o.tions'. 269 In Ja.nunry 1909 on attoopt wns ~l.2do by thC! Bnsel ttiasion Synod sitting nt i.buri to clain Il superior status for ~riugc under th.:; ordinC'.llce by arbitrarily fixing sntisf:lction feo for Ohriai;i.m husbDIlds at £5 instoad of thc~1 4/- 270 to which o.lllJtyon younc;nC:l wero customrily ontitled. King J.noc..ko l.tta succossfully resisted tho claio of the Chris- 271 tiana with tho backing of the O:>loninl Governnont. Tho ChristiDIl ir::pnct on trndi tional cul turo W::lS nlso evidon t fron dep~turos fron th.:; traditional pnttcrn of nn1l:r.i1inet\l inhori- tnnce. Tho tendency wa.s for Christinns to leave a portion of 260. Paul Jenkins, ll.bstrqcta, Nnth Dato's Rep>rt to tho Evan::;c- lienl Basel Mission Socioty K;vobi 1 July 1 CO2. . 269. Paul J onkins, L.bstracts, (Supplenent) p. 2 l~hr' s Rop>rt for 100c dd. 10 Jon. 1 C09. 270. N.:. . G., ~ 1097 Enquiry at Kyobi 24 Sept. 1909. Tho synod was cons.t1tuted by Revs. J.1ohr, RottrUUUl :md others. Tho satisVtlction foe InYablo to Principnl Chiefs in IJrye'O was .c6 plus sheep. See N .ll..G. I hiT] 11/1 /1 096 l.oollko 1.ttn II to S.B.!... 3 July 1909. • 271. B • .t...G •• Adu 11/1/10015 a.m.F. to S.N.i• • 11 Ot't. 1909. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 29~ thoi"l" inheritance to their .TiVt;3 and children, in tho 1930s und 1940s _2 72 The Basel Hiss ion also loft Akyen Abunkwa, and thu Co ld (bast ~t largo, '1 legacy in tho oducationnl structuro which they devised in the 1 060s. This structure survived with h."Irdly nny serious alterations beyond 1943. The r.u3sion oducn.tiono.l ladder hed throo steps: the olenontary or prinary sohool; the nic1.dla school or 'GranDar' school; and the Tenchers' Seninary or Theoio- gicnl soninnry.273 Until tho 1 C9fuelooentnry or prinary school course lasted five or six yoars depending on the o.gc and ability of the j.lUpib. 274 Of these, two years were spent in who. t was cn.l111d concrcgntiono.l schools and three or four yoars in the Kyobi l'rirnry Boo.rding School. 275 In 1093, howovrGr, the duration of the prino.ry school courSe Was fornally extendeu to six years. The six-yenI' priJ'.Ql'Y course, first introduced at Begoro, becaoo 272- The division of proporty wns based on the }.busn principle - t to the decooood natornnl fo.o11y and t to his wife and children. SeG Kwesi Frenpong to Ofori 1.ttn 17 Feb. 1934·: in iteo 200 Caso No.47/!/32 Kyebi Palaeo :.rchivos. ' 273. Thore wns no Theological or Tanchers seoinary in fJrt for 107C dd. 31 Dec. 187C. lJ:Wl p.65Q Rossler's ileport on the lJci.n f!:iddle School 6 Feb. 1ooG. 2f34. Paul Jenkins, Abstracts, (Supp1eoent) p.20 Hirsnullor's Report on the Degoro 14iddle School and tho :'yobi Boarding School in 1809 dd. :3 Feb. 1890. 235. ~ p.50 &uer's Report dd. Feb. 1093; pp.19-20 lJir- soulIer's Report dd. :3 Feb. 1890; p.30 Begoro Station's (hnforence lettur del. 13 ~il 1090; p.66 Bauer's Repol·t dd. 1 Feb. 1093. \ 286. Paul. Jenk:ins, ilhstracts, 1'.646 Minutes of Ach:in Synod 6 !"eb. 1003. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 298 OtISe WtlS oade for the abolition of the boarding systen for pri- 207 IlDl'y school children ns the systerl had outlived its usci'ulness. But the view wns not shared by sone I1issionarics. Hirsnuller, for instnl'l CC. wro to in def once of the boarding syston: ••• the difficu1tios point towards bonrding schools. Ji;ft"r !lll, night falls at 6 1:.1!. and apart frorl our t()achers no single head of a household in .tJlyon ha:3 n lantern. So how co.n children do their hone work?288 Tho bol'r::-ding school systen survivod tho debate :md by the turn of tho century had becone acceptcd as an inlX'rtant and desirable feature of the educationnl structurc in AkyclJ Abul1.kwa. In 1927 the Chiefs and people of lJ"Yon Abuakwn askod the Govornnent for pcrnission to turn 'the present Governnent Pritmry School at Kyobi into a Bonrd:iJl.g school for pupils frorl Standnrd III to VII' bocause they beliovtJll th..'1. t 'discipline ~Dg' children While in sahool in oosential to their future life'; :md in thoir view only Bonrding schools wero cnpablc of instil1:ing the sort of disoipli.."le they anvisaged. 289 It was tho snne ron- son of disciIllino thnt underlay the Okyenan' s roquest for n 2Ef7. .ill9.; /J.so Paul Jonldns, Abstracts (Supplej1ont) p.36 . Hirsnullor's ROlX'rt 28 July 1090. John Huller fnvourod abolition of the Doarding systO!l. 200. Paul Jenkins, Abstracts (supplenont) p.36, Hirsnuller's Report dd. 20 July 1090. 289. n.J..G., Mn 1'1/1712 l1eno on tlIlttcrs Buboittod to II.I:. tho Governor n t ~ebi 13 Aug. 1 927 • University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 299 290 Girln' Boerding School for the State. The routine and traditions of the Boarding school systen [lJJ evolved in the 19th century survived alllOst intact into the 19403. The hiehlights of the routine includet1 the wnking bell at 5 a.n. corning prayers between 6 and 7 a. i '., perfornance of chores, 2ro'Jcf:~st at 9 n.u., exeat tine at 12-1 p.n. and 5-G p.ll., roll 291 call at 1 p.:l. and 6 p.n., and evening prayers nt 7.30 p.D. The pUl'JX)se of the exeat wos to ensure trot pupils did not GO into town without pernission. 292 The 'boarders' wore prescribed unifom. In 1864 the Kyebi BoardinG school pupils narched out into town in shirt and trousers(white) cade by Frau Kroner. 293 lJ.l fancy clothing C:llld shoes were bnnned at the Bogoro fliddle Boarding school in 1092. 294 In the 20th century white drill suit becanc the chllractcristic s'mday wear for all 'bonrders' in /lkyen Abunkwn. 295 290. See j'. 'Zl6 291. Paul Jenld.ns, 1.bstrncts, Nath Date's f.nnUD.l Report for 137D dd. 31 Dec. 107D; (Suppl~ent) p.50 Bauer's Report on Begoro r'uddl", School ond Kyebi Boarding school dd. Feb. 1093. 292. raul Jenkins, Abstracts, p.577 Rasa' lierx>rt to Bnsel 19 July 1073. 293. Ibid. p.515, F.isensohnid's Ropor'.; on schools in 1864 dd 27 Dec. 1864. 294. Paul Jenkins, J..bstracts (Supplenent) p.63 Bauer's Report 12 q. 1092. 295. The ];resent writer was a boarder o.t the llall.fO-1IkyeIJ Mid- ~~ tiL"eaAfi'l: WPi,. .... ~ ...- 1940-49. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 300 Perhaps the Dost significant inr1l.ct of nissionnry nnd colonial nctiVity in IJ!;yC'l AbuD.lcwD. w,~s the rise of on ec1.ucn.ted elite. Largely products of llission schools, the OdUCk'l.ted elito worldng as tenchers, C'ltechistz, traders, civil serv::mts or stat'; ooployees, plnyed no ncnn role in the nffairs of !Jr:1en .~b'l.l!lkwn :!lld of the Gold Coast Colony in c;enernl. The cnreers of N,'l.nn Sir ()fori :.ttn I .:md his cousin Dr. J .'. DDIlquoh best ox0nplify the aocinl inpnct of nissionnry and ooloninl oxperience in lV!:yon :~bunl:W',"-. Ilorn at J:ycbi on October 11,1001 and christenec' },;;;ron Dugano IJoa.kyo Dtlnquah, Ofori Att(l I, :->,s he beeanc Imown in Intol' life, 'fas the son of Odobyec likosun Buo GynnkroL1'ln and Ennnnuel Yaw l30nkye the controv;.;rsial Basel l!ission Evangelist and forncr state drUl':\!ler of Okycnhcnc l.ooo.ko Atta 1. 296 He Wlll3 educated at tho B'1Sel J-Ussion Prinn.ry Schools :lot ilnun, Bepon, Kycbi and J.bctifi ond subsequentlY at the Iloys lTiddle Boarding school nt Bogaro DIl': the theoloGical seoinru-y nt f.kropon l..ktulpen. On lec-v- ine the s o;liJ'lary aft~r only one yonr, he worked with T. Hutton- i:ills .'lS a 80lici tor '0 clerk :in 1099. He Was then need 1 Fj. In 1900 Bookye Dan~wh left Hutton-I:ills' office to toke up an appo:1ntnent in tho correspondence Bronch of H.ll.' s 296. Seo Chaptor Two. JJcoauo. Duo Gyankronllll's first husbnnd, Kwadlro Pipin, Q. nOIl-<1lriatinn, fathered her first son J.loxllJl,der .Donquah, for TlI!I.nY years secretary to l.r:oako l.ttn ~;~ ~~~~::t )e, Abstracts, (SUpp~oo!mt) 1'.42 lli.ra- University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 301 CustODS fupnrtoont in Accr::\. The snne yenr hi") joined the Gold Coast Voluntoer Corps ond ncconp..-miorl Cn.ptnin 'tJlilcox as nIl lJ. C. G. to the Y'1:'. Asantcwall ~l;:;r. Subsequently enployed in thl) Corrospon- rIrene'.; Dronch of Governor N;:;the.n's offico, Bonky-v Dunqunh served as Ilia Excellency's interpreter during his tour of Cape Coast and SQ'~onrli in 1901. After working for the Goldfields of Eastern Alcin Lt,:' in 1902 and Obu..'13c Hines in 1 903 he returned to Kyobi to worle with his hl'llf-brother A.E. A. Danq\.l.Uh '13 joint-socretary to Okycnhcmo .A:lonko Attn II. 297 lThen his brother died h~ held the poot 'llono till his enstooloent as Ononhene in Novenber 1 <)12. 290 By 1909 he h..'ld alrc'1.rly estublished n reputation ns 'tho br.:l.in bchincl the Onnnhene's throne'. 299 Ofori Atte.'s nccession to the orori Stool W.'lS perhaps one of the crcnte:st social revolutions in Akye~.l Abuo.k.wll considered netdnst the kccY.crounrl of Uohr' s judgement in 1090 that 'n Chris- 00 tian King in lilcyoU s cellS nore or loss an inpossibili ty' .3 2(]7. Sec footnote No. 296. For full details of orori Attn's curecr soo J. B. DDllqunh, .Ak:i.:.l AbuD.kwn lfunrlbook; Nlll'gerot Priestley, Nann ()fori Attn I (1.nd Piblic Financial Affairs in Ghnnn 1916-1943 in 1o50n Journal of Huntmities Vol.II 1976 pp.1-14. 2~. J.B. InnqU/lh, .Akin Abun.lGro. llim(lboole p.111; N.A.G •• Adn 11/ 1/1095 C.E.P. to s.n ..... 27 Dec. 1912; N.!..G., !.dn 11/1/1123 Ofori Attn to D.C. 24 June 1919. 299. N.:. . G., l.do 11/1/136 Ph:!llipe to S.N.A. 19 July 1909; Nico- dnnua to 3.n.!. . 11 tlay 1J()9. :500. P!1Ul Jenkins, L.bstl"ncts (Supplencnt) p.n Hohrls llnnunl ~PO~ ~~ Feb. 10qo~ University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 302 A onn of undoubted llbility, shreWdnoss, nnd promsD, his election was popubr both with his own people nnd British Colonid offi- claldon. District Cbmissioner Hobbs, for instance, ccnnended th8 . ,301 while the C.E.P YJ.nc;-'_lnkers for havine 'Dn.d" n wise chol-cO ; rO{::1Xdod Ofori Atta' s thoroueh undorstnnding of Enelish no 'n 0 great asset to any chief at tho present tine,.3 2 In reco/3Ili tien of hio 'conspicuous ~1bility nnd visdo!-~' Ofori Attn Wt".s aplX>intod n J:2enbcr of tho Leeislo.tivo Q:nmcil on 213 ~1:rcl1 1916, bnrely four yeo.rs o:ftor he nsconucc1. tho Ofori stoel. Two ye."1.l'S l.,tor, on 14 Knrch 1910, he was appointed 0. Cbmandor of the r'lost I:xcollent Ordor of the British Enl1ire(r::.l~.E.) not only in recognition of his wnr efforts but also of the suc- 0 cesS he hnd attained 'in the [lfurinistrntion of his Division' .3 3 ;.JJ ['.. nO:lbvr of the Legislative OHmcil (1916 ..1 943), President of the L!lBt"rn I'rovincinl Council of Chiefs und ChD.irnun of tho Joint-. nnd of the Gold O:1nst wee no less spoctacular. He W3S born on l£conbor 21 1D95 to Lydia Okon Kornnten::C'. of tho royal fa:lily of i.cbcli.:mtnn md Enonnuel Ynw Ilonl'Yc, r~(l WI'J3 educato(l nt the Kyobi ;;bsi)n fri: .~:ry and Begoro UiclJle schools. On leaving seMol in 1912 he wor1;ccl first ns 1". l:-twyer' s clerk. then ...1 .8 n clerk in the SUprono Court nIi(l finnlly :1S Court Clerk nIl ,1 Regis- trnr 'l.t !':ycbi fren 1915 till novcnber 1 921 when he left for EnC- l-:nd to study lnw. Frou 1927 wilen he returned to the Gold Const till his death in Februnry 1 90 he rennined in tho fore front of nation.".l nff.-drs. Ho wlla secretary of the Gold Coast and Asante Delcglltion to the Q) lonial Office (1 934). Secretary of the Gold 304. Ofori .'.ttn wns n noninllted unofficial Benber of the Legis- lntive Council 1916-1927. In FobrUllry 1920 ho wns electon Provincial Ueuber of l.knn Section of tho Eastern Province in succossion to the Inte Okunpenhcne Kwasi lJt::u:!fo one1. held the /Jo,t till his denth in 191'.3. In 1920 Ofori 1.ttn bcoa.no Il r.xlnber of the Governncnt Educationist Connittee and of tho Board of lllducation in 1927 following tho passage of the Eduoation Ordinanco 1925 No.1 of 1925. (Soo Metcnlfc GrO'1.t Britain and Ghenn; N.:. .. G.,!.do 11/1/1420 NntivG Affnirs DoIIlrtnent< #~\nl Reports April 1926-lhrch 1927, 1920-1929; LprU 1925-.&r ch 1 926 • 305. I. A. .. G. ~ IAn 11 /1 /1 420 lJnnual Report Nntiv a lSf nirs Do part- !::!:':::T1rer! :{ HHr. .:.ttn YOS kni.ght~d (K.D.r:.) in J~o 1 92'i • University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh CoMt Youth Conferonoo(19313-1946) f01.IDdina Denber of the O:Juasey o:>nstitut1onnl O:Jnnittee(1949) end ncnber of the Legislative 306 Cbuncil(1946-1950) and Leeislutive Lssenbly(1950- 1954 ) • Dr. J. B. LUnqunh did not M{O his ~k on tho na tionnl see;:le only. l ...t the state levol, he served as n nenber of the .3tato 307 Council and Legal !..dviser to the OlcyeDll!l up to J;ny 1935. More inportantly, he WDS the founder of the Akyen I.bu~a Scholars' Union. Founded in 1916 with J. B. LUnquuh till its first Secretary, tho lJcyer~ llbuokwD. SCholars' Union ained prinarily in brin[;ing together all the educatod sons of the State to offor leadership in t\ conpon endeavour to pronate penoe, unity nnd proc'ress in the 3tntc. Its oenbership nppe::u's not to have been exolusive to the sons of :jcyer~ 1J>ua.kwn only. Educated non-l..buukwD. poople donici- 1ec1 in the St:.1.te wero adnittod to neDbershiP.300 Enrly in its existence the Union W[!s uttrn.etcrl to the objectives and politicnl 118pirllti(.ns of tho coastc.l educated elite onil sought to identify itself with the aspirations of the National Congress of British Wast .A.frico.. At ita £looting heLl at Taro on 10 Deoonber 1920, 306. For!l fuller biogrl;l.pbionl aocount of J. B. DlUlq~'lh, soe L. H. O:f'osu Appiah, The Life and Tines of Dr. J.:n. Dllllqunh, Accra 19'74; Innquah Funernl Corni ttee{Conpld.) Dllllquah-.'ln Irno- rtal 0 f flIbena. '07. 1I • .A.,G.K • .In 26/6/49 Dinry of D.C. Beeton for MAY 19'5. ,,oe. 8e9 Hat of ai~tori(Js to the Union'D Resolution on tho !~ ~~ ~A~~~ Gold Coast LegislAtive Council ::::: ~: _ ..... ouu .. u.z,·ion, 25 April 1921 p.219. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 305 the unien pf!3Sed resolutions which threntencd to oondcDIl 'nost highly' any :'ction 'done by nnybody or C'.ssocintion in }jf¥cn , 309 l..bunlom nnd "lsewhcre to frustratc the plrns of tho Contrrcss • Tho sigrwtcries, twenty-two in:'.l1 including the Profndunt, 8.:'. Minta and tho /,Ictine S,_ cretnry, R. Kwcu-:o Ofosu, wore r.rraiL"l1ed before 111 outrngod Ol;ycnan Council on 27 December 1920, repri:IOn-- dod, finod ~d ~~de to publicly retrnct thu 'vivws expresscd in the s'lid Resolutions' because they were 'not oonsonnnt with' those of tho Chiefs. Therenftcr thc Union ns 0. body, beoouo loynl to the Ofori Stool and p<'lrochinl in outlook holding 'the smo opinion with their Elders nnd Chiefs '.'1 0 :.8 a non-~litiC'll body, tho Union functitnod ns nn instru- nent of sl,cin.l cl:lcn~c nnd progress in ;..kyen AbUllkwIl throughout tho 1920s a.nd 19'Os. It was at its instnnce thnt tho Okyeoan (buncil deC!l"eed oonpulsory cducnticn for stool heirs ond estnbli- shod 0. speci'll fwd for social devolopncnt. 311 In 1935 n pro- ~linc.nt :1O:1ber of tho Union, Chnrles E. Olmi of :!Smo offord his bUilding for housinC n privnte sccon-day. At the height of the crisis (Ner the Native Revenue I1enst'..ro and Income Tax Proposal which threatened /:J!::yf1Ll lJ:runkWa with dis- integrntion, the 1I.buakWn Scholars' Union offered to mediate between the Ok;yenhene and the rebellious divisions in on effort to save the unity of the stute. 313 On october 13. 1933 it helG. a meeting with the rebellious M,onten and Gyaase divisions at Kukuruntumi and persuaded them to go to Kyebi for an arbitra- tion. 314 The Union's efforts backed by those of the Secretary for Native !.ffairs who held three meetings with the rebellious divisions at [waban and Bunso between 20th and 30th Oct.ober 1 933 resul ted in the holding of a reconciliation meeting at Kyebi an November 9 1933. 315 Thus. thonks to the Union's initiative, l.kyen J.buakwa survived the crisis with its unity unimpo.ired. In rccogni tian of tho Union's constructive role in the affairs of the state, und in particulo.r of the part it ployed in saving tho wity of l\kyem Abua:.wa, it wns given representaticn 312. See pp. Z74-Z75 above. After the removal of the Secondnry school to Kyobi, its build:ings were used to house tho Mafo Presby'borim Middle Boarding School. The fOtmder and headmaster of the l.safo Seccndnry School was Mr. l'Ado.e. 313. For a discussion of the Native Revenue Ueasure and InCotlO T_ Proposal see Chapter Seven pp. 512-514. 314. N.:• • G.K., lAm 26/6/49 DiW' of .llBst. D.C. October 1933. 315. N.L.G.K., Mm 26/6/49 D.C. Messer's Diaries for October and 1(000ember 19'33. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh on the state Council iron 1933. Its first representative woe • 316 its secretary Gid.»n Kofi Kn.knri. By 1939 tho Union was beinG represented on the State Council by Mr. E. 1.wu['.h Ponsn. 317 n fOlmdin.'_~ nenber. The oiSJionnry and colonial pt'osenco in fUry'.;n :.butJkwn did touch off n vcritnblo social revolution wi th f~tr-rc:1chine consc'- quoncos. H~ t nIl tho socinl ch:mCes broUGht about .vere of course in tho best interest of the StQte. ;. critical eV.:lluntion of the soci.:ll inpnct of !ti.ssionary a.ctivitios and O:>lonilll rule will be found in the concludine chk~rtcr. • 316. ~t() (blmcil Record Book 3 Oct. 1932-31 Oct. 1930. APe. no.145 JI.191 Kyobi. Palace J.rChives~ 317. B.N.L. File No.467/32. SUb-File No.1. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh QEiJlP.rEfl FIVE· igONOMICm R EVPLU'I'IffiT: MISSIOUARY COLONIJU. mPAC'r The traditional econotlY of flJqen Abualrwa, as already indi- oated, experienoed sooe shifts and changes in the pre-colonial period.' For nearly a century the gold-mning industry of the 17th and early 18th centuries was oolilEed by the slave-trade before being revived around tho oiddle of the 19th oentury • . hoo then till 1874 gold-mining renained the predotrlnant econoI!'ic activity in the state lli th trade in paln-oil, gum-cO.p:l.l, 'guinea- 2 grain' bnd sUbsistence farning as supplementary activities. .At this sto.gc in the stnte's economic history, the niss:i,onary ¥ inpnct Wt\8 reflected in four developnents: the introduction of new erononic crops, especially coffeo; the popularisation of sil- vcr roins /lS an alternative currency to gold dust; the creation of a oodest denand for wage labour and the teaching of new skills like cnrpentry, lllllOenry and bakery to n faw of the state's youth. 3 1, See Chnpter One pp, 61 ..7 5. 2. In 106C Eisenschoid wrote: 'The inpact of gold-digging 1s seen in the lack of industry ••• and in the compu-ntively slight amunt of faroing going on '. A docade lnter, Buck ;,.\ regretting the lack of progrcss in evangelical work at Kwv.oon ooQlented: 'The chief OI'lecy is Gold I. (See Paul J onkins, Abstracts, pp.537 and 610; .Also p.114 ~rohr to Begoro 28 Oct. 1fr19. l. Paal JeDld.ns. Abstracts. p.544 Kromer's Report for the 1 at ~o:r of' 1869 ad. 15 April H369. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 309 The Mission's econonic inpr'.ct, as in the cnse of its social iopnct, ronainod rela.tively insignificant till after tho dnJm of colonial rule uhcn the intorpby of nissionary end Governr1ent p:>licy ncnsurcs brought about a radiool overhaul of J.kYcc .AbU1lkwa's trnditional econonic structure. !'.oong tho ~lioy consurG3 woro tho onancipntion of slnves(1074) and pawns(1880); tho dcoonetizntion of gold-dust (1009); the encourDgonent of oosh- crop faming to sntisfy tho exigencies of tho Industrinl Revolu- tion; the pronation of scientifio uining :md the devolopnent of an infr:1Structure in the fom of ronds, rnilwoys etc. The inpact ot each of these censures uill be QxllLrilled in turn. The :&iancipntion of Slaves and Pawns The first significant eoononie effect of the emancipation of slaveD and pawns was tho creation of n reservoir of free but unskilled w£l8e labour force in lIkyon Abunkwa. Until about 1070, the Basel Mission had experienced a lot of difficulty with regard to recruitnEllt of wllgo labour. The connitnent of cost of the oxisting labour to the gol&-nining industry nnd to the oolloction of forest products like guo-copnl nt'fected tho Basel ~tission 's ability to satisfy its need for carriers, naaons, oarpontera etc.4 n"-.J. th0 186O s oxperience had taught the Missionaries that 4. !fhe Kiseion's difficulty in recru1tncnt of labour often arose ~oo the King's hotrtll1ty. In 1864, for instance King a_-_.-_.t !.o..-..'.!.a...i.l.s..·..1..i.I. nnnolelf ' b18 S ubj e ct s to ce:r:ry- loatis b' etwo!lj:' Sec Paul J tmldna, Abstracts p.51 G". ' University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 310 the eQSiest way to recruit labour for uission work wee to buy 5 3lavcs or pay off the debts of pawns. vbge labour wn.S not only hard to cone by. It Was ilso expensive. In 1856, for instnnce, Rev. BaUD wns conpelled to ply ['.S ouch as on~ :I'halor (c4/6d) per 6 corrier for the Hl-nile journey fran Kukurantuni to Gyadan. Tho enancipntion of slaves solved the chronic problEm of sonrcity of wage labour, ~ the freed slavos nugncntod the size of tho existing ,wage lllbo.ur force constituted by Kropf refugees in 1Jkyen fJmp.kw['..7 By Did 1875 hired labour had be co no both ahellP .'l1ld Ilbund"lllt. lV::tg08 for fron going up, had in faot rever- • tad to their prL.-3t:',grcnti wcr level except for those paid to .-nftallon. O The eIl1ll1cipation of pawns in 1oeO added un Gstir~·· t~ll,OOO 9 to 2,000 people to the oxistinB labour force. Not all the freo labour force created by the e:-l.'ll1.cipntion could be absor- bod by the llkyoo Abuakwa ooonorlY. Consoquently JXl.rt of it nigr.:-.tcd to .tJ.."llnpe~ and tho coast where there Wus 'no shortnge of 5. Paul Jenkins, f.bstracts, p.513 Stronbere to Basel 4 Nay 1863; p.36 Bo.un to BC'Bol14 July 1857. 6. Pnul Jenkins, f..bstracts, p.30 Suss to Basol 16 Oct. 1856. That w~a tho rato no~~lly charged for tlw entire journey fron f.kropon to GYudnn. 7. The Krepi refugees entered .il.K;yeo Lbunkwn during tho invasion of thoir country by an Aea.nto o:my led by Adu Bofoo in 1869-70. 8.. fuul Jenldns', Jlbetl'aots, p.505A ELsonschnid to Dosel 25 June 1875; i.sante, MohZ" and '''erner to the S.B.C. 26 Juno 1875. 9. See Chapter Two p.139. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 31 1 anploynent' .'0 rihose who renained in the state oi ther sottled down to agricul:lrure or took to privato trndo. J.griculturc in JU...-yeI1 1.bunkwa cert~inly benefited frOD the ennncipation of slaves nnd pawns. Several of the liberated slaves minly 'foreigners - Kwahus, }.santos o.nd Nnonkofo or poo- plo froLl the interior' becllDe dooiciled in the Stnte and took to farning 'which no-one hinders in viow of plentiful lnnd o.vaila- Their efforts nt food production were suppleoented by Digrant fnrners fron l~cera, .t..bokobi, lJJuri and Akropon who floc- kcd to ... .kyO:l Abucltwa in the 1880s ond 1890s in seo.rch of farn landa. '2 Incroased population roused by the arrival of tho Dwllben refugees and incrcnsmg onrolllont at tho Hissicn' s boarding schools, coupled with the state's growing ilJportnnoo a.s a tronsit area for tr:::dorlJ pnssing to and fro betwocn the coast nnd the interior provided famors with the necessary incentive in tho foro of a onrket. By 1893 there were 'oany patches cloared where ton yelll's boforc only forest stood'.'; 10. Paul Jonk1ns, .abstracts, p.S8S'\' .Asnntc, rIohr and "'orner to tho S.E.C. 26 June 1875; p.585C Hern.'Ulll Rottoo.nn to BtlSol 30 June 1075. '1, Paul Jcnld.ns, .Abstracts, p.129 nohr's Report 10-26 April 1800; p.585A ,Mp.n to, lolohr and "Temer to S •. c. C. 26 June 1075; p.129 lIohr to Basel 7 Jan. 1000. Sec also N • .a.G• • .Ado 11/1/1095 Yaw lli'oni' s natooont 18 Jan. 1009. 12. Soo pp. '523-324 13. Paul Jenkins, l.bstracts, (StQ.>pleoont) pp.75-76 J. Muller to Basel 4 Hnr~l! 1~ ... .... _, A. ..u.. - " ......- •• 'I!l.-__ ' University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh The State of lJcyen !.buabfn sooncd to have outstripped fJt;U.aper: in food production in the 1090s. In (xmtr[lSt to the per- sistent oonplaints of the Bc'lsel Uicsionarico and their agents "'4" about tho sonrcl.ty, and oonscquently tho .cost, of food in tho Stato which lmcI cbD.rnct..:'rised the 1860s end 1870s Uullcr t:'.lkcd of n reversal of food ioportntion into lJcyrted cOlJ[loditics also engaged the attention of the Lbuclam poopll!. By 1070 it lmd becl)oo 'the :.kin custcc:: ••• to go off and trade [\s soon r.JI3 ono has 0. fow thn.- ler 1.27 Fron their earnings fron h..'lnnock-cnrryine and the sdo of kch-nuts, po.ll:-oil nnd rubber, the ikyen traders bOliL,;ht salt, 20 tobncco :'jld cloth fro:'] the O')(lSt for distribution in their state. Cathcchist :nob.,," found it difficult to convene a full aeeting of the .~o:JOsu congregation in 1 eo; because Denbers 'so oft on go to Accra or ~oofo to eet goods to trnde'. 29 I3y th _ Ins t de oade ()f tho 19th cen tu.ry J,kyon il.bu.-"\kw n ' s pnrticipiltion in tho 'econolic ravo lut ion , touched off by the introd1.'cticn of 'legitinnte trado' had Given rise to nn enereent elnes of nnv9AUJ riches. 1.oong r'.~"bers of thio class were Ntin of Degoro, Jooos LI'aku J'Jlm'.OrG of I.3(ll"4.'\!lkosc, John Bonfo of Abonosu, Tlrutl of l~ycbi, Jeehn Wilson Ddobno of il.pinnnan nnd Rofi Jamson ~i~ I~fi Twun of Mufo. ITtin was alro,:>.dy ,,,- weal thy nan by 1000. He had 60 pawns of both soxes in whon he had invested J~450. 30 Jooae Kwoku :.shnore, John Y(N Boafo nnd John Wilson Bcobne, products of :a.']$el 11issicn schools, hnd tnkon to trade nftur their 27. Pnul Jonldns, Abstraots, p.105 i.uhr's :lcport to Boael dd. 1 0 :~pril 1 070. 20. Ibid pp.625-626 ~~ullcr'3 Report 1.,~ June 1001. 29. Ibid p.641 l.noba ' s Report on l.hooosu .. John Yaw Boato of ;.1)onosu lived at Ussher TOlm, Accrn US '0. rubbor- broker' and on agent of 11 EuropelJIl nerchnnt in the 1o 9 0s • Ho DIldo Doney by l'.dVtmcing SU11S of up to £20 to people 'to huy iJdi/ rubber fron the bush'. 32 John Hilson Doobao nnoth~r proninent i.bunkwo. trr.dur resident in i.ccrn in tho 1 09Os, \fns 'l'loll-to do' lJIld ownod c. houae there by 1 905. 3:; It was throU(;h hin that Ofori .:.ttn I, ns :'.c"ll'on Eugone nocl~e Donquo.h, o1Jtnined enploynont 34 as II lawyer's clerk in Hutt on lIil1 ' o office in 1099. Dy far tho nest spuctacular of this enercont clnss of noveaux riches of lSyen Abuakwn was Eofi Johnson of ~Ilfo. Dom at 1.bc,':po nOllr Osino, Kofi Johnson est,'lblishod n. flourishing business 'in rubber nnd spirits at Abonpi' in the 1090s. By 1901 ho 'wos possessed of n. considt.:rable pt'ivate fortune' ostino.ted at 31. N.:. • G., !.dn 11/1/1094 iJ'x>:1.ko Atta II to Col. Soo. 30 ilarch 1009; statencnt by Tong :.:wa.ku [moo nt Victoril:'bur; 0 '-""l.'l 1009. . '" .'J."" :52. N.J..C., J.do 11/1/1440 Jom Bunfo to S. n.!• • 13 Sopt. 1905. 33. N .i• • C., Ad., 11/1/72'1 .\pirn!lOIlg Native Mfa-irs. ~. See Chapter FoUl', 1»- 300 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 317 ' s ~"'d ~ 35 ,000 in "old. out of the ~3.000 £3,000 in silver com .. t, in silver he hnd 'crnnted £1 ,000 to F &: 1. SUt:\Il.zy Ltd. for busi- ness', prcS'\lIl.Obly 3S scouri ty c{;cinst r;,' ('ds supplied, and c:i ven Qut .t:1 ,000 in lonns: K)fi Johnson clni;.od to be l'Tcrth n tot:'.l of ,~:. ,090 besides twol vo bexfuls of cl., th uorth £02.17. G nnd ':10 3(: worth of Xr7'f.Y bt.ads. He clso h.'ld n big f.:lrn :md kept piCr;. In proportion ns the ocononic power :"'.lld status of tho nQve~ux riches rose th.-:t of the trnditionnl ruling elite docJined JJ3 pointed out by EdworJ P..cynol(ts, n noticenble consequence of tho subs tit ti0n of le{jitionto trnde for the slo.v ~.-tr[',de was tho proer. ssivt. declino of the oc' no' tic and 1)oli ticnl pouel" of tho 37 Chiefs of the Protected T; rritorics. In :.kyen l,.',:>U.'l.kwn tho growine indicrol1oo of the Chiefs W1l.S ex~~nted by the enoncipa- tio!'! of slaves and pa.wns. Dy the end of 1000 the OLyonhono and sevoral of hiG ~ w'ore indebted to thoir subjects. Odikro Kwnsi 1.pontu.-1. of Hooso owed a prosper:-'l:3 trader of l.tigy,1,."'.So cnJ.led YrJl Kusi a sun of ':150 which he borrowed to finnncc n lawsuit.30 The Wan!ryi stool had been plodged ns 35. I;d~.G.fT •• fAn 29/6/2 Loyon l.bb1ah to ') C. 30 July 1907; If.L..G., I.dn 11/1/79 Enquiry into ll11eG'<:d dostoolnont of Odi- ):ro Kofi Twun of .l\Safo-ftir' 25 Sept. 1909. 36. N. .... G., 1&,:' 11/1/79 Kof! T churl to Nnrtey 4 June 1 909. '7. Edword Ra,ynolds, TrOOe und Bcononic Cho.n6o, Chnptc.:r Four. 3D. N. A. G, Jijg 11/: /1096 ...:t at en en t by YalI' Kusi ox-Odikro of Knnla:ln 1 0 J M. 1 906. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh securi ty for a lo:m of £100 borrowed fron Jones :..slmore to pay legal f~cs to Ednund Bannornan in connection uith the exile of Oseawuohene Kwo.bcnu 1.. twere. 39 In about 1090 Adontenhene Kafi Abernnto could not raise ::t suo of .£6 L'rOD his own rGSourcea to help pa\Y off the debt of 0:: sub-ohief' and h.:"l.d to borrolf it fron 1'. Bnael Hiasion school tellcher fran Kukuront1lIli called Kwnai El1i. 40 The Okycnhene' s finnnciol exieencies were no less sorious than those of his MOP..!O. The ruins of the nou stone l,Y'.lnoo aha'ted by J.conko Attn I in 1075 stood ::'$ n grin o.dvortisocent of llJ:lollko 1.ttD. II's inpecuniousnoss which grew worse in the course of the 10gos. Tho dellth of the Kine's nother, Ohem:.c. .'.noll IU'lp:lfonn, on 17 n:..reh 1092, added to his finD.Ilcic.l woos, t'lld the don.:ttion of ,tlO frau the Governnont 'P.S a Gl'oat relief. 41 In her very fil~t letter to Governor Griffith, the new Quoennother, ilona ICyerew::tn, could not holp but solioit financial aid for the 'rebuilding LOB on old hot'3e which hud fllllen into ruins'. Tho Govornor obliC;Cd by sonding her .c20.~·2 39. H.:• . G •• IAn 1097 Notes or, Public Enquiry at Uankyi 7-9 I(ay 19C6. 40. 11./".G., l..dn 11/1/1122 I·tooting held at Kaforidu..'l. 20 Aug. 1095. 41. N• .t..G., Adn11/1/1096 lJJoako :.ttn II to Col. Soc. 11 Jtme 1092; Paul Jenkins. J.bst.,l'.cts, :.!p.5C3. 620. 42. n• : • • c ., Mn 11/1/1 095 Queen 1\onn Kyerowll to Governor 17 !.ue. 1092. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 319 j)enonttizaticm of gold-dust In 1009 gold-dust which had beon the nor!.!D.1 currency for nost districts of the Gold Coc.st Colony since tho 1 !hOs ceasod to he I06n1 tender. 43 The first eif)I1ificonce of tho eonsuro lry in the disnp~arance of the lnst of th" traditionnl [ledin of exch::mEo. It nlso led to the aioplification ::md stnndardisntion of currency' in the stn te. VI- Noro ii \l-lOrt[l~1tly, the c1eronltizntion of Gold-dust helped to cryst.'lllisc the shift in tho bc.lnnoo of wealth. :iJ lone !lS aold-dust rammod tbo norenl Cllrroncy of fJ!yel: !.1"u:'.l:w.~. those who lXlsse3sed Iota of it, such £IS the Chiefs nnd nenbors of the tradi tionel ruline elit o, could be cotmtcd :U·lOnr. the rich. m.th dOilone..tiz:c.tion, gold dust lost its ndvantc..3c as n nedi '.'!' of oxchD.nee [,lld wns reduced to aLlure conno di t;y. H,mccforth lfcr>.lth in th" fore of cnsh Wl.S rc-distributod in favour of the new enerRont clnss of trnders, cnsh-crop fnruers ond profossionals, .Tho, incren.singly be cnnc creditors to tho Chiefs in the 1 [;9)s ['.!ld early 20th century. The de"lOnttizD. tion of 6old-duat created an acute shortage of C£\Sh liquidity in the lest d.ecade of the 19th century not only ·D. David Kiublo, i. Politicnl History of Ghana, p.37_ Ir't _ In 1057 Baun conplained: ITho :;re-donin['.Doo of gold-dust as curroncy is. D. chock on trade sine':} it is bound up with so nuch bielrorUlg .:n,d fraUd - oven six years old boys in Gynd- dAn nl'£! taught hew to practise deception with th<:: :mId !ooloo'. Soo Paul Jonld..'1.S, ..\ bstr!'cts, p.;l TInun ~ D£lSol University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 320 for ch:io fs bt't nlso for tho nosS of ordinury IJOople who had to satinfy an ineI'-osing variety of obligations - ncrriago and fune- ral oluu'ces, semal and books feeD, church dues etc. Due to sccrei ty of nonay in the :J.;yo:-'. congrocc.tions, there wer,,; DOllY Christions ~lho could not affc:~d to pay II woeJ.r..ly offerine of 1 d. This coupled with tho insufficiency of tho nunbor of half-ponny piecon circul'lt1nc ~1 tho state kept tho !Jize of tho Church's sunday offoring soon.45 en" i:1portmt consequence of the transition to 11 full rlOdcrn noney oconony in ;J::yc;l--: Ahunkwn wns tho rise of n class of noncy-lenders. In 1ODD-D9 sono noney-lenders charged ns hiGh ::'. rn te of in teres t as 1 ~~. Tho loon of £100 given to the l{nr.kyi 46 Stool by J::-DOS .'\ahnore in 10CD a.ttrnctod 1 Oq~ interest. Dy .he turn of the century loans were heing grantod for periods of up to onc nonth nt rlltes of interests of 50';" 01~ nore. Rov. l.d llohr know people Who took lot1l1s of ,J.'..o ~d had to pc.y ,'.:12 in two W'eeks.47 Odil~ro Yaw Kusi of KIlnk..'Ul stood surlJty for Odikro f.pontua of Iluoso for a loon of ,<::16 at 50% intercst.40 In 19)4 Paul Jenkins, 1.bstrncts.(Supplooont) p.OG De{)oro station Qmforonco to Basel 29 July 109;; p.70 r1ohr's Report for 1093 20 Fob. 1093. See pP.317-B; pJ.ao N .A.G., ~ 1097 Nebs en P\.:.hlic Enquiry at Wonkyi 7-911£W' 1906. 47. R.A.G., l ..d n 11/1/1096 :-:ov. Adolph Hohr to 3.N.I. .. 10 July 15X)3 •. 40. R.f..G., :k 10/1/1096 Cf.SE !To.1070 Chief of Uoorsu l. . i.bunl:w::-.. T~M''''''-''''M-'''P' ~,..... mt of Chief of Konknn Ya:w Kissi. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 321 Banfoo ]Ttl::~.ll :.nin l.gyei of Fnnkyenoko hud to raise 2. lo:m of ,~200 at 50,- intorest to pny a fin~ i~'.poscd on hir: by the Govcrn- Dont as ['. rcsul t of nn assault on the D. C.. :l3.pttlin 8odon t and hj.::; ontou::'aeo Ilt F~oneko.,Ar9 :. c010brnted noney-lender of I"..yobj. in the fi "st di.; cude of tho 20th century 11M Bo twe who D:J.dv II liv ine 'by llnitin;.? in the l)l'in-' cints of the O·l::mhcno's co'Jrt .111,: advancing 'lOno:; ,"J.t hiCh rntc of intorost to tho 1 itic::mts to enable then lXlY thl'i.r fiIlGS ••• ,50 Finally it any 1)0 said that tho denonitizntion of £':'Old-dust Wi.'.I1 llnrtly reaper.sible for the collapse of tho.; indic-onollS ijold-ninillG indUl3try in &:yo;~ "';.bu.~"Wa. 51 Om.: of the l:OSt L:l:lOrt:U1t conseq1.lJ..;l1c"s of uiscionury :J.cti- vity and coloninl r111,. in the 1 9th c~ntury was the co;·1Dcrcinlis['.- tion of land. Land alionutian 0.8 a co'nareinl pt'oposition had been virtU:lll~' tllll:nown. in :J~cr: :'.bunlrnll before the arrival of tho Basel :!iasion in 1053. Dc twoon 1056 uml 1 [\90 tho l.btL.'lkwa Ghiofo woro persuaded 0." fareca. by Govorn~'(.nt ir:.torvontion to ali onate aovcrcl. plots of lnnd nt Gynd....,,;.I, ICyobi. i41lOdl'1:J., 1.]'ycP:Ul, :~'JL,LlTa, Beeoro, .:.nyin."lll, .'"bOflOSU, l.suncfo etc. for the construction of ------~~- 4S. n.:. . c., ;.dn ~111/109G C.'lJ)J no.c;T77 :.nnin :,eye! to ::';.?-!.:• • 12 Sc:pt. 1 W,. 50. jT.:• • ~., l.dn 11/1/10S'( D.C. Crowther to 3.j7 ....... 6 il.ue. 1c;o5. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 322 52 oission stl".tions or saleDS. The Ilininal cost of plots, rt'.n[-:- ine fron lenn.yowa menu' (2 plates) to t25 g.:-. £5. 12.rjJ, ref- lects the low value attached to land in the state in the 19th century. Indeed the cost of an nero of 1.1lld to the ITissioneries averaged $Pout 7/- - 10/_,53 Becinning in the 1060s land-st nrv'"d Krobo nnd AlctUlpOO for- cers seeking to extend their oil pnln-plll1ltationEl joined the Booel lIission in the's crndble' for ,Abunbm lands. Between 1060 emd 1076 the I£robo bought approxinntely 120 squnre niles of Degoro Stool land beyond the Pbnponsu .ivcr which forned the boundnry botween l'.l<;,ven Abunkwn nnd rero bo. 54 Theso purchases ext onded Krobo fnro lands to Bisa by 1 C93. 55 AkunPOLl oil-:t>cln flll'oers leased Abuakwn Innds near Ah .'. \bante fron the stool of Kukuratuni 52. SOlO Chapter Two. 53. N .1..'"., Adn 11/1/1440 Deed dated 24 reb. 105G; Paul Jmldno, jl.bstr1.cts, pp.613, 33 106, 116, 605; lilso Paul Jenkins, :.bstcacts,(Supplcncnt) pp.l, 14,87. The second plot of lond bought in 1G5C at Gyadan, the Diodu Hill, nensured at least one sq. oile and cost 2 plates. Other plots OJot os fo110'''8: 1.b~fJosu(1078) $25 or '~5.12/-; J.nyinon(1C79) $15 orr:5.7.6; Asl.akwn(1077) $16 or ..3 12/- for 6 neres. Tho Local Elders' original dC~land lias for $56 or ,~2. 1 2/- (1. e. £2.2 an acrc) oeninst the lIiasion's originnl offer of t12 or ,t.:2 14/-; l'lirenkyiren(1000) ,£2 10/-; Osino and Tnkyinantin near f.kro- pon(Hl90) .~ each. 'rho Begoro Hissian lnnds OJst 2140. Sec n.w. 'I~brunncr 2ASii:i. p.192. 54. N.J..G., I.d:1 11/1/1122 Hull to ChI. Sec. 25 July 1095. 55. il.A.G., MIl 1'1/1/1"'40 Jnquiry into t'I.lsputod land Question bowcen Jakites and BCf:,'Oro 4 July 1916. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 323 for the cultivation of the oil paIn tree. By 1065 they .vcr€. PllYine !Tona. AnpaW, a tri buto in paln oil for the use of his l!:1lld Kwauo NYll!lto, lineuist of Kin,:: ICwadadc of .l\krorx>n, and on elder of lJlllbanto wes in charge of tl'.(; collection of the tribute. 56 Shortly after 1D65 the lands on the left bonk of the ])lnsu river fro' Ahobunte to l~woso cane into the possession of Okyonhano 57 Anollko l.tto I and were sold outri,;ht to Akuapon fnrners. In June 1001 J. Uullor, after fI.escundinr; the lJcu;:rrcD hills fron rtn:-,ponC 'passed for soveral hours throueh nagnificent paJ.n 50 f'lI':!S' before enterinc tho forest net.ll' Koforidua. Twelve years later, he reportGd: People fron Accra., i.boko bi, ;"buri and Akropone Cl'e all the while (lovinG their fornl] towards lJ-:yca ond onto lJ::yer, soil. r:nny pa.rcels of lll!ld have been sold to people froll the coastal district by the :l!:yens. They aro ooving into the vicinity of Ku]rurautuni and into the Boeoro hills. Il!ld in the south they nrc n day's journoy froo lOSrulon 5. (;. :Isonrmkesi! on tho lJr:y0-:J. side of the Densu. This btter urea is portly being cultivn.ted by 1.ccrna nnd JJorupins, since the orcn around Abokobi Pnul Jenkina, :.bstrncts, p.250 ClL'l'istnllcr's Report for 3rd QUarter of 1060 rld. 30 Sept. 1 C65. 57. n. :. . G., t.Ull 11/1/1122 Heatine held et lCoforidun 20 'l.UC' 1095; :.lBo Chapter One p. 60. • ,. 50. Paul JenJ:illD, Abstrncta, p.625 J. I'ullor's Report on !l Journey around lJdn M. 14 June 1 or.1 • "gurnov _n,mtl .),.~- ,,- University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 324 llIli in the vicinity of the l,liwapin hills is pbntcd with oil palos ricrht up to the vicinity of the Dcnsu ..• There is ••. now n hunger to possess lond QJJong tho people - even our own onployees nre eettinG thcnsolv es :'[l.I'cels of 59 1':!nd ••• This 'lend-hunger' crented by the rospon3o to tho dO!.11U1d. for indu~,'­ trir.l rn.w rl.'l.tcricls (Jnve -',}{yen l.bunkwa Innd n high comercio.l Vlllue. By 1C9G land in tho state wns solline" at £I 4/- por rope or over .£6.0.0, por."crc. 60 The cultivation of the oil palo troo in l,}{yeo Lbuakwn appoars to have boen dor:J.n.J.tod by nic;rnnt fnroers with the :.kyOIJ P001)10 showing little int~rest. Dy 1072 tho Basel llissionnrics wore still urGinG their coneroGntions in fJ.cyeD lJmukwa to crrow oil polo as . 61 an econoruc croll. J.:. Into 3B 1 GQ2 l:uller reported th.:lt though tho cor.st WQS only four to five days away fron westorn IJ!:yen tho people 'do not SOlO to have taken up polo-flll'r.1ing',.62 Indeed 59. Paul J onltins, 1.bstrncts, (Su;?l'leoent) p.77 J. Nuller to Busel 4 Ma.rch 1093. 60. N.l. . G., 1.dn 11/1/457 Evidon0e 0:1 Sineon Edmmd Sackey, Jnn- rn's clerk 13 J/ll1. 190<.1 •.~ ror.o w~ equal to 15 fathoi'.lS or 90ft. That worke.; cd '~hG p!'.co of l1lld alienntion in the state which had been bking phoe since the 18503. In 189:; 4/5 of !.bua.kwn's ter- ri tory still consis~.;cd of 'prime-Tnl or high forest'. 83 By 1933 t of the total f'.crcrS'o of lI.buakwa terri tory Waf3 under cocoa culti- vntiO!l nlone. 64 Throughout the 18900 end eorly 20th century tho 80. N. Ji.. G., 1.dr.J. 11 /1 /1 265 .t.pnpnm-l.pedwn Land Dispute by Hull 26 Jan. 1901. 81. IT.l~.G.,;.dm 11/1/1126 Homo dded 12 July 1892; N.ll.G.,!.d.m 1~/1/1630 .~n]r..o .'.tb II to H.E. 23 July 1898; l.ttafun to Hon. ::00. 2 ,7unc 1898; Hull to Col. Soc. 30 Nov. 1898. 82. ~T.l. . G.::., ;',pm 29/6/10 D.C. Birrim's Jinnual Report for the yCQr 1916 d6... 24 Dec. 1916; See Debrunner op.cit. p.25:;. 83. Paul Jenldne, 1.bstracts, p.611 Buck's Report for 1879 dd. 30/31 Dec. '1879; 1.bstrc.cts(Supplement) p.76 J. Muller to B;1Sel 4 March 1893. 84. N.;. • G.,:..dm 11/1779 Gwernor'a Address at Kibi 28 Dec. 1933. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 329 Kro'bo, for instnnce_ continued their purchases of Begoro stool Innd until the frontiors of tooir fnrm lands extended from Odum0l1l9 nor- thwards to the J.!rrun River and westwards towurds tho fJcrum River 85 which flowed only few milGS ow t of Bogoro. JJcuD. pom migr-f'. ant famera olso bought extensive tracts of forest lrund in western Jj{yom l.buakwa froe l\klU'lten, :.snmankese md f.,papnm stools. By 1933 16 out of the 17-mile !.sll.oankesQ-Suhum rond W.3S covered with oocon fD.rl!J.s owned by f.kunpcm migI'Mt farmers. 86 Second, the recklossness with which the Chiefa and people of !J:yem Abuakwa alienatod land in their stnte to strl1.ngers ulti- mately necessitated a review of tho Land-tGnure system. As already point(~d out, although the p~nmount stool claimed ultimntc OWIlor- ship of J'Jf:ytn Abullkwo. lands it was nover able to onforce this claim in practice, lllld by the beginning of colonial rule, the sUb-stools oonsidered themselves for nll practical purposes to bo tho owners of tho lunda nttnched to them. 87 Of the £400 voted by the Legislative E:»uncil in Horch 1894 for the purchase of additional Klllrur:llltumi stool land for the New Dunben comm'Ul'lity :in /Js:yoo., .AContanh(C.e Kefi lJ.berante ga.ve }Jnollko :.tta the paltry 85. N.!• • G., .'AIl 1111/1453 Q>py of Hinuto by s.N.l. . Hull 16 Nov. 1 ~6; .Adm 11!1 /1440 Begoro-Joldty Land Dispute 4 July 1916. 86. N.A.G.Ie •• 1.dn 26/6/49 D. CIS. Diary on Trek for Jon. 1934. See &p 1. See Olapter ()l.e pp. 58-60. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh :no S\Il!l of .£20 which he rejocted.88 From tho reign of Kwalaf' POlling (1863-1875) to thllt of Kwaku Tupiri(19Q8-1913) the Y..robo as poin- too out nogotiated the purchv.sc of their furo lands from the Bogo!") stool with 'the Begoro only', without prior consultation with, O~. 89 consent of, the OkYCnhone. Wh.m tho abusa principle WC\S first adoptod and Ilpplied in 1885 by tho Ok:yemlln (huncil to agricultural production in tho state, perticulnrly to rubbor ~d Koln-nut collection, the stool's shcro of t wns entirely appropriated by the J\henfo and Ldilo.-ofo with the K:1ng receiving nothing out of it. 90 By 1 900 lfhntevar customary right: the Okycnhcne clnitled to hnve in the Stntc's lnnd wns gradually being oxtinguished by dofnult. In an appanl to the 0>10n1al Governmwnt ~ako Attc. II 'frota: It is the fushion and CWltoonry from beginning of this !JdJ:l throne thnt whenever [)JJY of the .tJd.m13 had to tlndo(sic) a sole of tJXJY land or lulppened to obtain n rook or r:my valunblo notal froIJ .:my part or part~ of f!!ny land the party is bound by our rule to give up C:le third of the said pt'oduct to tho stool, but n.,wadaya tho people /ll'O unwilling to dD 88. N.A.G., J,iJra 1 1 /1/1122 Hull f.e. to Col.Sec. (F.r:. Hodgson) 28 A1J(Io 1895; N.l. . G.,.M.I!l 11/1 /82q 11. File cn/3'3 s.~'. 9 A His- tory of the form.~tion of the bomdllries of New Junbon Set- tloo.cnts by L. C. Tours 0 • 89. N.,A..G., LIm "1/1/1453 PGtit10n from Mete Kole to.~ D. C. Akuse·26 Nov. 1919; Sao Ch:!pter One p.59, N.:...G., Jln 11 /1 h 1?F. ''lon. l'.ttC. II to 1-8. Col. ;'r-..:. 10 !18Y University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ns it is custooary to be dono. Before I shall force the rule I beg to lot you hoar of SaDO, I shall be exceed- ingly oblige (sic) for your advice upon this matter. 91 The Govornoent refus ed to interfere as it wns D. mn.ttcr wi thin the coopetence of the State Council. 92 In an effort to enforce the customary ltmd-tenuro 10l'1s of the State, hnoako ll.tta II sumoned c. State Council !'looting toward tho ood of 1901. This mooting prohibited the nlienation of stoo:' lands in the State 'without the previous consent of the Pnra- !!lOunt Stool' ond ruled thnt the Paramount stool's share of ony revenue fron tho sale of land was to be 'one-quarter of the pur- chaso price, consideration money, rents or profits, instead of ona-third theroof as had hitherto been customory'. 93 H£Jnoc this sossion of tho State Comlcil CllI!1e to be called the 'Qu•. 'll'tor- Keeting' • SoDe of tho Stools like tha.t of Kwnben made 'n per- pertun.l arrangement' with King !..noako Attn II by which it paid 'a special share' of .;. of all concessions money to the Paramount 91. n.A.G •• ;. .d r.\ 11/t/281 .t.ooako J..tb to Hen. Col. Soc. 25 Juno 1901. 92. N.h.G., IAn 11/1/281 19. Col. Sec.(C. Ribw Willians) to J'Donko l.tta II 9 July 1 901 • 93. N.ll..G., l.dm 11/1/1105 /.lrat"d Published a.t Nsnwarl on 9 Sept. 1929 b1 Roger Ev~.s Ball pa.ro.gs. 8. 118, University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 332 stool. 94 Others like the Bcgoro stool ignored tho ruling of tho Qunrtcr Heoting throughout tho first decade of the 20th CEntury • .~ t tho tine of O:t'o ri 1.ttn' s £tCCOS sion to the pnraooun t stool in 1912. the hnroful effects of uncontrolled conmerciulisn- tion of :Jrgeo Abu...'l.kwn lllnds were nlready very ouch in ovidence. For ovcr two decades IJwnfo md Mi1:rofo had boem allowcd by default on thc part of tho PnrntlOunt stool to engage in a reck- loss and irresponsiblo alienation of stool lands 'to tho extent thllt one really trembled and bccnmo nervous o;:l one tried to picturo the near future of the Division •.• ' 95 In corbin vil- loges Ahanfo end .t.dikrofo h:ld sold or given r:tWey so ouch land to oonoossionairoo and b1.\Yors thl'.t their subjects ha.d alreadY becun to frel. llotunlly the prossure for land to cultivate upon or evon extend their existing fnroa, and it was certain that soon, the AbUllkwas. aoong the oiggcst and most profitable land owners in this oountry, would be reduced to a landless and beggarly people. 96 Cases were brotl€ht to Ofori Attn's notice in which lond sold to strangors for £{'O or loss had been resold for over £:"{OO 94. N.J.. G., 1m 11," /2911. Quean Kyawn ond 15 others to l.monko Atta II 25 Nov. 1 910. 95. N.A-G., l.dn 11/1/1195 imrwer by Ron ()fori :.tta to Potition by Barima iwnkl1 lIJOa 4 Nov. 1 921 • 96. ~d l)fU'rur University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh after tm original buyers had reserved a sufficient chl.mk of it for themselves and their heirs. g"( l>tore often than not a Chief would sell or cause to be sold large tracts of land without con- sultation with his elders let alone account for money realisod freo the sale. 9B There were soue Ahenfo whose selfishness and greed had tempted them to sell lands 'including farms cultivated by their own people'. 99 Not to b-' outdone, private citizens 'holding no position or rank' had made it their 'regular business 100 or profcsnion I to sell lands without DIlY authority whatsoever. It was not uncommon for citizens to clear large acreages of forost land undor the pretext of making cocoa farms for themselvos only to sell theI!! after two yeors to strangers. Owing to the lack of proper records about land sales, unsold plots of land left lying forgotten between two sold ones had been quietly and surrep- titiously appropriated by the purchasers whooe la.nds adjoined them. 1 01 The sitootion seetled to be so alarming that {)fori Attc wondered whether his people thought their generation would fJ7. N. .\ . G., AdI:l 11/11 fJ7 Eqllnnatory Romarks relD.tive to the warning issued by Otori Attn in Gold Co£\St Leader 17 July 1915. 98. .!hi9.; 99. N. A. G., AdI:l 11/1/1105 Jlnswer by {)fori Atta to Petition 100. Ibid; ,USO N.h..G., .II.dm 11/11g"( Explanatory Remarks 101. N.A.G., ~ 11/1/1105 t.nswer by Bon. {)fori Attn to Petition University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh only be the last to live in this world which imagination apparently inclines them to des- troy so dangerously the very existence of the 1 fuLlediate nnd all future generation. 02 The reoody fer this unsatisfactory situation seened self-evident: tho prohibition of further reckless alienation of land. Jktract fron'D.C. Birl'in's SoptE!l'.:l- bar Qusr1;er~' a.eport. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 336 of the D.C. the (huncil ruled on September 9 tbnt tho owncrohip of IJryen fb:uaIara lands vested in the Pnranount Stool. The ju(!go- cent explained that it wna in ~oknowledgecent of the Pal'anount stool's ownership of state lands toot in ancient tines the Ok;.yon- hoos received t shn.re of gold nuggets f?lll1.u on ony po.rt of }.buaktia territory, or declared forfeit to his stool, ony Imd that becane the subject of ruinoUS and intercinable dispute bGtweon sub- stools. The judgecent concluded: IfJY lond in IJd.c l..bunIara before its alienation should be known by OmanhenG and his consent obtained before its c.llenation oon proceed. (be,n'!lonG'S nnoe oust appear in every docucent with regard to lond in lJ.t:3ao !.bunkwo.. '10 find that if the ohene of Tafo said toot ho owns the lond absolutely it is a lie. Since the tltlciElllt tine if a chief received logs of groc he had to sand SOOe to Q:lanhene, also shares of snails colleo- ted were Salt to hin - we therefore find that thG ohene's oln1o to be the owner of the Taro lands is absolutely wI'()ng and. not according to !.kin l ..b Urikwa law; ~ know that the C?opWono of ludo Abut:tkwn is the owner of all tJdo Stool 100%. 108 ,r~EOent was accordingly entored in favour of the Okyenhena agamst lC¥adlio :f'ensa who WIlB ord.ered to pay £96 os opatn(pacifica- tion) to Ofori .t.tto.. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 337 The ruling of the state Cmmcil is highly signif:1.cmt. On the one hand it was the first do cunented, explicit ~ unequivocal and unaninous exposition of tho custonary land-tenure systen of .lJklren Abunkwa. Henceforth it oocnne the nain founda.tion of Ofori !.tt:1.' s authority for evolving a new conprehansive land-tenure systen 3l1d rectifying the existing situation under which some strangers had for decades cultivated stool lands 'free, and 109 under no distinct or proper contractuo.l engngenent'. Iil tho other band, it becone the source of rural discontent and the cause of on attenpted secession froo the State by !..sanankese and Akwatin. Ecsily the oost unhapp,y episode in the history of ~ Abuakwa and the oost intrnctnble and trnunatic problen that ot~ri J..tta had to grapple with during his 31-yeor reign, tho !rl;tcopted seceesicn of f..sallankese and !.kwntia represented a vio- lent protest against Okyeo/IP's attenpt to assert the Pnranmmt stool's joint-ownership of all lands in the State. Although n representative of ilsaoankesuncil. Tho Okyanhane intinute(I that he ',[lS invcstigating publications in the Governncnt Gazette of unilateral alienation of l.sanankese Stool lands by Chief K¥aku hooa and if the reports were substantiated . 115 tho Chief would be 'liable to sooe queshon'. The inport of Ofori l.tta's letter wns not lost upon Hutton nilla, who felt n sanse of insecurity about the titlos which, despite his awareness of Okymanls stool lands pol:..CY, he in his own none, Md in the nQ.IJes of others in his behalf, had spasoodically acquired in regard to large tra.cts of l.sanankcs e S too I Lands ••• 11 6 Upon reooipt of Otori Attn's letter, Hutton Mills wrote to confess that oortnin tenants of Asonankose including hinself had lealie agreenents with the Jlsa.n!lllkose Stool 'prepared snd prin- ted nearly five yeal"iS ego' though thoy had renained unexecuted 114. Ii'. : •• G., AdD. 11/1/1105 at. lJlS't10"1J by the Non. Nann Oi'ori Attn to P0tition 4 Nov. 1921; Oi'ori J.ttn to Hutton lIills 19 Dec. 1919. 115. N.J• • G., lilu 11/1/1105 <>tori Attn to Hutton ~l1s Doc. 19, 1919. 116. 1l.A.G:, J,jjo 11/1/1105 1Jl mfIWcrr by Bon. Nann otori Attn to PI:!! !~~ 1 Nov ~ ~ ~. For detnils of Hutton ralls' into- R+'.i +1~'" If 1IT __. ,., fAll 29/6/42 List of thnooasions and :tH~:: ~ 1IT __. ~ ~in D:J.strlct. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 341 bemuse it had not been possible for the Ohene Oll't the tenants an\." h:iDsolf' 'to oeat and execute then'. He pleaded: In connection with the alienation of J.saollIlkose lands which you intinate hnd boen nude by Ohene Kwalru .l.ooah incoDpntibly with the custorlary lllWS of tho Division, I regrettably rllIlk \vi th tho grantees who have accepted titles to lands of tho l.snoankose stool. If the alienatiun of such lands is invalida- ted by tho non-obsorvance of the custontlry law binding on(sic) it would be satisfactory and equitablo in the interests of bono.tide grontees 'l'lho hlld acquired such lands in ignorance of the exis- ting custon that tho point bo raised anl~ settled during tho lifc-tbc of Ohene Kwaku moa as his successor nny not be equally conpetent to explain the disregard of the custoD and to onke conpensa- tory redress as in the case of two agricultural 19nds which he and his chiefs hnd sold /lIld leased to oe personally tl1'ld over which I had up to date expended a capital of over two thousnnd pounds (£2,000) including considl»:ntion noney and rents pa1d to tho gI'antors. 117 In Viaw of Hutton Mills' posit.1on as Solic:i tor and logal AL."visor to otori Attn, his pretended i,..,oranoe of the Okyenhane's stool lands Adninistration policies "as. to say the least. absurd. 117. B.:• • G., Adn 11/1/1105 Hu",cQ Uille to Ofori kttn Doc. 22. 1 91 q. Iihnhn'iis a4deA. . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 342 Early in 1920 infomation reached Ofori Attn thD.t ilr. Hutton Mills w~ negotiating, on behalf of Kwaku 100a, for the renewal of the lonse on certa:in old gold uining concessions whose re- possoBsion by the state for non-paynent of rent hud boon onnoUlH1Qc1 by a public notice issued on bohalf of OkyeTilm CO'lmcil by tho very snne Hutton Hi.lls as solicitor. This infoI'!:1I'l.tion resulted in In sooewhnt heated correspondence' between Ofori Attn and Hutton Iulls. 118 O::msequcntly the two oen beC8ne estranged, and tho next few nonths saw Hutton Mills drawing closer and cloaor to Borirm KWNru lImn for n show-down with Ofori Attu. It wns against this background that Kwnku l.ooa 1-Troto his letter of socession. !.~J\ fro;l hio privntc selfish interests, Ruttan Ni11s also shared the growing populnr nntipatby towards Ofori Attn on ncco'lmt of his anti-nationalist role in the politics of the Gold Coast. Following tho birth of tho Congross of British i'1est Jd'rica in Mr\l'ch 1920, and tho cluins of the e(lucated eli to to the po Ii tical ICllderahip of the Gold Const, Ofori ll.tta cane into sharp CX)nflict with tho Gold Const intel1i~ntsin, He chided the leadars of tho lit.C.B.W.!• • for their political pretenllions and contrasted their 118. The concession concerned, the Apinll.lJ.!Jn (Awoso - Kobiriao) concession uxtended over 10 sq. 1:1ilos. It was orig:innlly granted to Dr. F. Nanka :Bruce on Nov. 2 1912. In 1920 Hutton 16.11s leased the lnnds ':1'01' 0000 Europotms I for a consider&- tion of t300 and nil annual rentol of £50 sao N.!" G., Mn 11/1/1105 hJ. lInswer by Ibn. oron Attn; S.N.I.'s Interview ~~~!:~ ~~~ 1922.. N.:. .G .K. ll.dr.l 29/6/42 Di.-C. _.-.. •.. - •• E.P.5Sept.1923. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 343 ntt1t~do with that of the loaders of the Aborigines Right Protec- tion Society woo enjoyed 'the confidenee of the chiefs nnd people' because they oade 'no attenpt ••• to rtm down or usurp the autho- rityof the Chiefs' .119 Haint3ining thnt the Chiefs were tho 'oost authoritative oxponents of native public opinion' Oi'orl !.ttn prevailed upon Guggisberg to sand n telegrno to :ho 1"11 1921. 123. See Chapter Seven pp.515-516. 124. R.J• • G.,!do 11/1/1451 Statenent of Kofi Abarnnte to D.C. Akuse 16 .Aug. 1899. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 345 aloost shot guns 1.125 Tnf'o lllld Kukurantuoi engnged in n pro- 126 longed land dispute which lnstec1. fron 1893 to 1905. Each side C1ccused th0 other of selling its lands rnd in 1903 during the visit of H.E. Fell to Kukurantuni he heard thllt the Tafo people intended to fight the Kukurnntuni people after his depar- 1 ture fror: the district. Z7 The stute of chronic instability created by inter--villoge boundDry' disputes w:\s describod thus in 1904 by Capt:un Soden tho newly c.ppointod District Comissioncr for :.kyen Ab'\Ul.kwa: In half tho t owns in tho district natives aro 3elling spirits without licences. But by fur the nost serious stnto of nffairs is the very br\,; fooling which exista between nnny of the tcwns owing to the grabbing of each othertn stool lands to sell oonccss i'ms to Euro penns. This' hna now led to sovornl of the towns being ready to tl'.ke up oms agninst each other end thoro is very littlo doubt thnt they would fight if it wore not for ny inuadinte presOllce in the vicinity of their towns nnd the foar of the sevori ty of tho punishoont I have pronised to inflict on tho 128 first that cnuseS n brench of the poace ••• 125. n.ll.G.,.lI.dn 11/1/1096 APoako Attn II to H.E.B. Griffith 21 llarch 1893. 126. N.A.G., l.dn 11/1/1122 Now Juaben Native Affdrs 1882-1913. 127. N.LG., JAn 11/1/1096 R.E. Fell to S.N.A. 16 Feb. 1~:;. 128. I.LG •• Ad!']. 1111/1o~ Capt. G. W. C. Soden, D. C. to S.N ....... University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 346 Inter-villnge h:i~n(hry disputes ware corked not only by corinony but ruse by ruinous expenditures. The 1.pedwn-i.pnpnD lend-disputo (1894-97) cost the forner over £2,000. '29 The Lsnnankese stool 130 s~nt £1,600 on their land dispute with the Gns in 1895; while tho Osino people incurred n debt of £:700 on their dispute 'Ifith Fankyeneko in 1 9:)6. ' 31 In 1921 Ofori :.ttn appealed to Govcrnnent to a:Jpower Poli- tioal Officers in the district to sottle IDnd disputes outside the court b save the people fron 'having to sell privately or by public ~uction our very last wearing cloth to neot liabilities in connoction th"re:rith ••• '. 132 He cccused Accrn lawyers who hCl1lllec1. ::l'.JcD disputes in tho courts of 'absolute lack of synpnthy' cn·1 of cz::cting 'nbnornf!.lly heavy retuincrs and. refreshers (sic) ••• frou everyone that fell n victin at their hands ••• ,133 In 1927 th" Governncnt acted to bring down tho heavy cost of land lit ign- tion by grantin~ tho courts of the Chiefs of the Q)lony and J•o snn t 0 ' axolusi V.J jurisdi ction in lanrl. •.. d•i sputes' • 134 J.nothor iOlX>rtant outcooe of comercialiaation of land, .'ltld of oocoa prQduction in pc.rtiaulnr, was th() decline in food 129. N.!• • G. , L.d!:: 11 /1 /1 265 Hull to f.g.Co1.Sec. 5 llov. 18g]. 130. Ibid "1. N. }..G., .&.,r 11/1/1440 1Inoako Attn II to S.N.A. 1 Sept. 1 906 • .",12_. N.A..G., k~ 11/1/1428 Otori Attn to .4g. S.N.A• 2 Hune 1921. n,4.d 44 Bl'.t1vo Adninistrntion nnd Policy y 1931. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 347 production. .'.J3 already pointed out, lJrycn .t..buakwn began to nchiaV'e an ngrioultural surplus in foed during the lust decade of the 19th century. 135 The State's expcn,ling food production continued during tho first decade of the 20th century as ravonlou 6 by the Kyebi J:gricultural show of 1911 .'3 Unforttmatoly tho state's potentiality (1.S a leading producer of food waD never realised owing to over concentrntion of effort on cocoa as well lIS tho stenc:y influx of iDnigrnnts. Botween 1921 and 1931 the Stnte achieved a population growth rate of 55.!»';, the highost in the Eastern Provinco of the Gold Q)ast Colony.137 Throughout the 1920s and 1930s the Stnte oxperienced food. shortages which rosulted in high prices. Drr:il'lg a visit to ICyobi in May 1920, Guggisberg drew attention to the fo.ct that 'all tho big towns in the south are short of food' end urged Abu.'"'.kwo. fur- nors to take advantage of the extonsion of the rnihl'O.Y through the State to produce food on oormercial scnlo. '38 a The axhor- tnti,.'n lTont unheeded and 1:tho State continued to rely to a oon- siclerablo extent on inportntic,n of food fron Kwawu to supplenont local supply. 135. See pp. 311-31 2. 136. N.l1..G., lifn 11/1l~18 AgrioultU1:'nl Show, Kyebi Dec. 1911. 163 out of 655 exhibits were fe.ad itcns. 137. See Chapter Seven p.463; N.:~.G., Aib 11/1/1077 Chief Census ot'ficer to S.N .1.. 11 J\:~e 1 9';1 • . --- '-~ - ~ch by H.E. the Governor at Kibi Pa1avtn' .'It Mpretla) 8 May 1920. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh m>.oo the (b~hono of Kwnwu, Nan" Kwclru :.kurmoc. V, prohibitec. the cxportc.tion of 'certnin nrlicles of food into lKYEr1' in 1924 ho created a crisis which caused Ofori Attn to retalintc by ban- 139 ning Kwnwu retail tr['.ders fron his state. Even though only t of her territory wnsunder ooooa cultivation by 1934 food pro- duction in !k:/m jJ)unkwn. ranained inadequate. Like other states in the Cblony she continued to depend to n oonsiderablo extant on food iop:)rts .140 The sapply of nent and fish also renained inadequate, portly us II result of certain policy neasures of the Govcrnt'.cnt. Tho first WIlS tho restriction on tho grant of inport licenco for the inportntion of guns. In 1927 for instance, only 6 peroits wore issued for the ioportation of guns into the Stcte. 141 Tho restriction on the purchnse of gun p:;iwder and the pro- nulgntion of bye-laws against 'hunting in coopanies of over three persons with guns or autl~.8ses, wi thout the pcrnission of (59. N.:. • G., Ldo 11/1/1420 Native Affairs Dept. llnnool Report I.pril 1 923-f-L"U'ch 1 924; JJ.Sl) N. L. G.K., JAn 29/6/1 5 Birrin District Quarterly Report 31 lIorch 1924. 140. N.A.G., MIl 11/1779 Governor's Address at KUI:l.asi 26 1.pril 1933. Inong the food itoos ioported into tho Gold (1)o.st in 1931 were rice, flour, boans (fron Nigerill), cooking 0 il, neat and fish. The bill nnountcd to £700,000. The breo.1.. .. down wcs as follows: Rioo over £100,COO; flour over £100,000; neat nnd fish £250,000. 141. N.A.G.,.liJn 11/1772 Mooo on nntters aubJitted to H.E. the Governor at Kibi 13 /JJ8. 1927. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 349 the Head Chief,' also disoourDgeu the trnr1i tionnl htmting expedi- tion::; of we-colonial ti::es celled Atwee, ant: left the poople 142 dependent (In dry fish for thoir supply of protein. In 1927 Ofori jl.ttll nade a special app:Jal to Governnont to considor tho 'ar~viSllbi1ity of taking tho lend in procur:ing a Trawler for pur- POSO,1 of fishing' so as tc satisfy the fresh fi sh nnd prot ein rcquirooents of the rural ~pulati()11.'43 Finally cash-crop fnrning gave rise to the ostnblish':1C;nt of moCl'ous new settleuents in :1l:CY9ll Abuak.wa. In pre-co10ninl :Jcyoo J.bual~n villages nnd settlencnts had boon :few and far be't- ween, with Kukurontuni being tho first JJcyen villago on the roo.d fron l.krop:m. '4'1 Trnvolling b.ck to Ikyw fron Chriotinnsborg through Krobo in 1863 Stronberg noted that BegoI'O wns the first J.kyen town fron Krobo Odunase. The lnncls between tho two settlo- nants were only 'thinly mhabited'.' 45 The total nunber of settlooents in i.kyen Abunkwn in 1881 was estinnted at about Il hundre r.l. '46 142. l! .i• • G., Ii!.;.; 11/1/1492 f..noako l ..t tc. II to Capt. G. ~V. C. Soden 9 lhrch 1904. Soc Clk'lptor One pp.62-63. 143. N.,A.G., MIl 11/1772 Iteoo on nntters subnitted to H.E • .:lot Kibi 13 l ..u g. 1 9Z7 • 1.~;. See Chnpter One p. 61 . 145. Heidenbote Nc.7 July 1863 Stronberg's Report 4 nay 1863. 146. Paul JenJcins, i..bst!''lote, p.625 J. Uuller's Report Jwo 14. 1881. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 350 With tho 2.:~cre:tlS:ing cormcrciclisCLtion of ltlnd lllld the influx of irniG'l'nnts into the stute, new sottlenents begllll to spring up. By 1890, thnnks to tho sprend of cocoa f",)r'. !Jruapcn, 'soveral an:l1l villages /Yeri! springing up at thB NS.'lWan end' 147 of the I~bi-Ns::twnn r(i~v:1.. One of these, Sut~;, was 11 set Ucnent of only'four shelter huts' standing eight ninutes w:::.lk fron the !'on". . 1 ,~8 The nUIlber of settlGlJ.ents in ~cn ll,buakWc. 149 atoo,l at about 330 in 1930 coopered to 100 in 1881. :,,;;.'~,uJ. ~ GCfT '~ho Gold UJnst's reputation for gold caused a 'spccu1a.tivo oovcncnt on the Londcm Steck ExchD.nge' as a result of .'Thicil 'oonccflsion hunter:-:' flocked to the country and bcgon negotiation with :.bunkwn Chiefs. 150 Between 1897 end Deccnbcr 1900 no fewer ";;hn;,1 nine concessions were leased in tho state ----.--.--------------------- "'-7. N.!• • G., !1:: 1097 Road Report by .I~st. Insp. Travers Ion. end ~b. " c'::v. i ,~n. Ibid t4~. N.!~G •• ;.!)n 11/1/i059 Chiefs List 1930: Hoad Chief, Chiofs uncl lio:umen of Towns /lllll Villages in Birrin District (.~cn ':.hunkwn). J. B. Donqu!1h' s figuro of 1 28 towns in 1923 is ',bviou.sly a gross under-ostinnte. Soe J. B. Donquoh .'lkin !.bunk<.m &ndbook, p.28. 150. N .A.G., Adn 11/1/1706 Report of Connittec on Tenure of L.:1Il(; in '.fest M'riccn Colonies and Protoctorates. It was with n vim: to regula. ting the rush for oonoessions that Governor M.uwoll po.sse{ tho Lends Bill of 1897 - 'm Ordinonoe to rcgu.ln.te the n In:lnistration of publio Innds and define certain inter~3tsf and tc constitute n concessions oourt'. 'I'b",_.LB .B..'tI"" ~ Hs, iLy oPlX>sed the Bill. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 351 oostly to Goldfields of Ell:3tel"Il .Akin Ltl'. These included 1.aiakwa and Snooan concessions; 151 Pano (13 Novenber 1899), AhWenease (1 5 Novenber 1899); 1.dudicnt ml (1 5 Novcnbcr 1899); Nautan (24 Novonber 1899); Myeponuc.(24 NOVIDber 1899); Sndwunnse (25 Novcnber 1899); r·luoso(14 lboqnber 19;)0).152 The nunbor of nining concessions in the Stato increased with the discovory of dilllJonda near .;.bonosu by the Director of Geological surveys in 1919.15) The rush for diauond concessions increc.sod the nunbor of nining concessions in 1Jcyan !J.bUllkwa to 57 in 1923:-: 29 gold, 21, dinoond and 4 nixed (i.e. Gold and Precious stones).'54 For ovor thrao decades the I.llning industry in lJ.cyen l.buukw.:'. was !larked by exploitation, discrinination and confusion. First, having 'no conception I of woo t 11 square oile woo the Chiefs hud not 'the slightest idea' of the extent, or any appreciation of the v-:luo, of the lnnds they alienated; While individual subjects, aotivated by sheer avarice, ho.d taken advllntage of tho credulity 151. 'l'hio Was lc.:aaed originnll:, to Castle Gold Exploration Syndi- cate Ltd. in J:muary anc1 Febru.:lry 1897 respectively nnd re- leased to Gold Fields of DlIStern lJdu Ltd. in Nove:lber and Dc oeuber 1899. 152. 1l.:• • G.,·J.i.lo 11/1/1105 ,Jf!ll'd by R.F]. &11 Sept. 1929 parag. 56; N.I• • G.rc. I.do 29/6,'42. 15'. N.!• • G• • :.do 11/1/1420 rntive Ilfflli.l's 1.nnu..'1l Report for 191 9. News of the discovery wns published in tho Gold Const Gazette on 26 JulJ' 1 9t 9. 154. N.A.G..K •• ~ 29/6/42 Idst or Conoessions ~d Options in ~he Birrin District. _closed in J;g. C.E.P. to Col. Sec. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 352 ot concession hunters to sell stool lends without authority.'55 Second, rants paid for the concessions were only a p1ttanoe. The .l:.I3iukWn stool, for instc.nce, received only £12 per o.nIlUtl fron the Goldfields of Enstcrn t.kin Ltc:. 0..6 rent for tho PusUPUR'l concession wh iob en co np.:lSse d 25c,;' f J.°ts 1~"'ds.'56 ~en Nif'nheno 0 ~. Kefi Boaten conpla:i.ned, Govornor Nnthnn told bin tho..t an incrense :in rent would have to wait till 'rw.chinery wus in use'. 157 In lic.u of II specific provision in the Crncessicns Orclinollce (1goo) inposing n tine l10it for the effective dovelo~lcnt of concessions. their holders ,wre centent to hold their options for as long as they cared Witho 11t nny serious effort to work then. ll.port fran brief rlrodging operations carried out in about 1909 :in the Bireo there wo.s virtually no work done on the 5 sq nil€) Pono concession between 1900 (lJlC1 1911. The Kycbi and l..siDkwn conocBSion.J, also about 5 sq nilos euch in extent, were not war- kOl'. till 1911 When thEir owners took out certificl!tos of vnliclity for then.'58 Of the neny concessivn holders only two, Wallis 155. N• •\ .G., Ld.i111/1/1706 Report c)f Comittoe on Tenure of Lnnd. ElriJenco of Crowther S .1; .1_, Hutton Iiillf. and Furley Fob. nne. ~hrch 1 91 2; H. A. G., Mn 1097 :.t cherry to Co 1. Sec. 21 Sept. 1 ~08; N.J.... G. f~., 1.d!:1 29/6/2. 156. N .:. . G., Lon 11/1/747 G.E. Macdonald to i.g. Col. Sec. 16 May 1901. 157. N.A.G., J.d.. 11/1772 Governor Nathan's Interviow ;t .hsillkwn 20 Feb. 1901; Ado 11/1/747 Col. Soc. to Chief Bonteng 11 r:ay 1 901 • '42 !&Irticulars of }lining Concossions D.C. to Hon. 13g. C.E.P. 5 Sept. 1923. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 353 Syndirote and Goldfielo.s of East0rn IJ:i~-: were engaged in nny sort of actunl operations by i10rch 1913. By Docenber the fomer had 159 closed down while the ll'ltter W3B doing 'very little work'. Only 4 of the est1J::lntc(~ 47 ~lining concessions in the State in 1928 wvre being worked, nnnely, .Akwntia(C!,sT), t.sin.i~a(Attn at,ld Coopru:ty Ltd.), !.tiankooa end Atir>.nk.."lDU ":."(''''ust J\fric..'1Il Diauonds SynUictlte).160 ':'he Conocosbns Ordinance worked. to the disadvanta.ge of tho people of l.kyeD I.bUllkwll by inpasing severe linitations on the p3I'ticipl'.tion of londlcrds in the .tining Industry. Section 24 prohibited any person freo searching for D1norals without n proa- pocting licence while sccti,n 34(i) restricted prospective African gold Irlnors to tho use of th0 antiqUD.ted trlltlitionnl nethocls of their DIlcestors, !l restriction which w:'..s extended to cover din- non,~ nining fron 1919 onwa.rds. '61 Tho IIininb Industry reta.rdotl the dcvolopnent of the agricul- turc.l sector of tho /l.bunkwn oconony. Tho existence of vast un- worked concessions, scne 10 sq nilos in extent, deprived the landlcrds of the use of tbcir 1,-:11 1 for ogriculturul PlI'posos. ---------------------------------------------------- 159. N.l. . G., ],(11 29/6/3 Birrio District Reports for Qunrter fuding 31 Uarch n:n: 31 IRc. 1913. 160. N.L.G •• AdD 29/6/42 1.g. Oo.JOissioner of k'1Ilcls to Hon. C.E.P. 11 Jan. 1930; D.U, Kycbi to Hon. C.~.P. 23 nay 1928. 161. n.i_G.L. JJJn 29/5.'42 otclli J.ttu to Hon. Col. Soc. 17 Oct. 1 sts at Osonnse-Boaduap. road junction, SUpon Punp station, 1 !.dnnkrono, Boaduua and To prcn1.1ll. 67 166, Qmsolidntcd Uri can Select ion Trust firs t entered the dia- nond Hining Inr"!.uatry in Scl'ter-1ber 1922 by ~cquiring its first concession axtending ovor 5 square niles of !Jaiatia Stool Lands. For ,'1. consld.oration of the sur. of £1 ,200 Clm Ltd. of London l'1a11 buil~ in the City of London socurod the lease of t'lO conOJ30i'Jtl for n pcriocl of 99 years with th:.: right to nine and appropriate all diononds, precious stonoa and other ninoro.la of every kind wd description whatsoever, in, U1X>n or under the land and prenisee. In rcturn the Chur:my offarod to pay n noDinal yearly rent of £500 by equal quari-orly ~atalnents and an annual sun equivclent to 5% of thQ not pt'ofits; if orry, in royaltios to the l.kwntb Stool. Soc N.iuG.lC., 1.dn 29/6/42. 167. Gold Const Co.i.ony LclialAtive Council Debntes Session 1926-1927 l.;t'r".ClllUl 14~rary Legon, p.470 Ordinnnce No .11 ~~~~:~! .... ~.(~~~ -!-1"S tlSaent on 12 March 19.26. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 356 i"11th effoct froo 30 June 1926 no person W.'lS to 'enter or be in the !.reo. of Exploitation' except with the knowledge one.. appro- va.l of the Monngcr of C.l• • S.T •• or on appl'oprinte Residence Per- ".it issuod by n D. C., or l".ll -,,-ppro printc Trnvelling Pcrru.t issucc' by the D.C. or n superior Police Officer for n vnlid period of 14 days. The penalty for breach of the regulation was to be oither six rnnths inprisonnont with or without herd lnbour or 0. fine of .£50. Resir:'.ence peroits night be cnncolled by tho Provin- ci..'1.l 4. 184. Llreauel::wa citizens ellployad by the various Hines was Nmll Ofori !.tk: I who worked for Goldfields of Eastern lJ.O.n in 1902. t89 Aport tron providing enploynent for the people of lJr:ym .AbUllkwa, the Dining industry bocnne tho lnrgost single sourco of rovanuo for the Pr.ronount stool as well as sone of the sub-stools throughout the 1930s. A 'Roturn of Concession Rants payable at 185. These inoludod Attn Gold Coopnny (Pusupusu) ; J. .tUdwuoi (.A,paPOO)t Lnnpteyls lands :.chiootc.(beboon llnyinno end Enyiresi J; Vonderpuij 0 I s londs Cl.nyinnu); the West Mri con Nigerinn and Generel Trust litd. (Kwo.ben), Dr. Fred Nanko.- Bruoe(J;.pinannn-,)reso-Kobiriso concession), subsequentll" transferred to T. Hutton Mills. See N.l. . G.:~., l.ch.! 29/6/42 Concessions • 186. N ••\ .G.K., LAo 29/6/49 Diary of ~'1.H. Beeton for liDg. 1932. The grandx.lother of the prosent writer W2.S 0. great 'gold- washer' in the 1 9408. 187. See Kioblo, A Politiccl History of Ghana, p.24. t88. N.A.G.K., Ado 26/6/49 D.Cls. Trek Diary for Jan. 193<', 1AO C!O_ _ nL. __ .L_ - :: ,01 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Eastern Province I enclosed in a lett or of 23 January 1932 showed thllt 31 out of 32 concession3 li3ted paid an armual rent of £5. 2CY..0.0 to various Stools in the State. Of this OIlOunt £812.5.0 went directly to the PI3l'OlJount Stool besidos the t customary shcrc 190 claimed by it in another £1,371.0.0. In addition there wc.s also the PnrIlI!!Cl1.Ul t stoo)' s clam, still sub judice, to u share of the substantial rents and royalties totalling £57,960.18.5 uhich C.A.s.T. pdd to tho rebellious Chiefs of AsaI!iankese and hkwntin between 1929 and 1931.191 Revenues from the Mines formed n sub- stontilll portion of the budget for the progrnme of social devG- lOl11onts described in chapter four. t90. Tho validity of the Akwatin Chncessions leases wns chnl- longed by the Parllnount Stool which WCtS net nado a pnrty to thcl!! owing to AsIlnDnkoae' s nttenpt.ed secession fron Akyan Abuakuu. Ccrtifico.tos of Validity were issued by the Concesoions Court betlfocn Novenber 1925 Dnd 11arch 1 9211 in respect of concessions No .898C~.lafntill), 903 (Aklmtin Block 2) 3Ild 907(.AlaTutin Block 3 & 4) without prejudice to the clnms of joint-ownership ndvDnced by Ofori Attn. By em Agroonent dated 26 April 1929 tho Pllromount Stool received £10,000 fron C.l• • S.T. 'as n cormutntion of whtlt- ever interest' it olaimed in the Cbncecsions. In addition Ctlnnhcne sued lisaoc.nkese and A1:twa.tin Stools for t share in rants and royalties Paid to the two stools by C.~.S.T. between Novoober 1 929 and 30 Juno 1 931. See N. A. G., [;.dti 11/1/1105 Award Publishod at HsawOIl 9 Sept. 1929; N.:. . G., .u.dD 11/1 /1630 .dsOlJ3Ilkea e LilY sui ts. ~91. N.~G., 1.do 11/1/1630 Stntel!!ant of Deposita and Wlthdrmrnls in "'espect of iiSannn..lceae and lJcwnti~ Concessions 1 nov. 1 929 to 30 June 1931 • University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 364 Infrastructurel Dcvelopoent In pre-colonial tiDes Ik:!eo lJ>unkwn ~''1.J linked to tho I.cera Coast by two ioportnnt ronds. The first, the l~onte-l~en(Obogu)­ t.suoD-Kado-Osen,:\se-:.sBDnnkese-Kwasinnn(? Kois0nnn) rond linkod the Western hulf of the Sb.to to.'.cor,".. Radiating fron it were the Kcdo-Kyebi rond and the Kade-rlosenso (;.,sene)-Insuo.in(Odn) ro:ld.192 The second, the KW/lWU-.t.nyinno-I~ukurontUDi-1J)'tlri rond, linked tho eastern hnlf of the State to i.ccr".. FroD it radiated such branch rOllds as the ~yebi-l.snfo-KukurantUDi rond, tho Kyebi- ;.aillkwa-Osooo rond and tho Dcgoro-Fankyoneko-Osoou rondo Tho st::.tc of those ronds loft ouch to be desirod. Wi.'iting in 1872 David lisonte described then .:lS being 'even in African eyes, very very bad' .1 93 The roads, essentially bush tracks, often went over hilly and rocky pleaos. For several oonths nost of then rwamed uncleared with the bush oft on concealing disused pits which abounded in tho district. The roads could be so bod oven in tho dry sonson as to render travelling by lwlll.ocl: 'very in:pJasiblo at certain places,.1 94 In tho rniny sanson, the.: Birco river ond its nuocrous tributaries forned n not-work of narshoG and 1 92. ll. A. G., l.do 11/1 /1 094 Governor's lIinut e 22 Nov. 1888; stateoent by Yaw Tll1riQ, Chief' of Knde 26 Dec. 1888. See Haps 1 & 2. 193. Paul Jenkins, Abstracts, p.571 !.annte's Report for 1872 dd. 7 Jan. 1873. )94 :linens to Col.Sec. 22 Jm. 1887. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 365 . 195 swoops which D:1dC trnvclling cxtrenely diff~cu1t. Tho Birer. often attainod Il depth of twelve foot and :l width of forty yards in plaoos, I!Ild this, coupled ~Tith the swiftness of tho currants, 196 node crossing at once difficult and hazardous. Owing to tho poor 3b.tc of .ikyoo roads it took, at lenst 40 hours to (JO froo 1'J7 Klldo to L.ccra,for ox!lDplo. \-!ith tho introduction of Colonial rulo tho Governoent bOij311 to pay nttontion to ~0lJ Abunklm roads in an effort to pro- noto tho regular flow of trnde to and fron tho hinterland. Throu- gmut tho 19th century tho policy of tho Govornoent WN3 to r<,ly on the Chiefs and paopl~ to koep the roo.ds il'l Il slltisfnctory oon- dition in return for sunll nonetn.ry rewards. In 1875 tho Colonial Governnont succeeded by this nathod in having the IJr:yeo ronds 'c1ClUlOO' • 1 ~ During his brief stay in AkYeD Abuokwn the D. C., Dr. Snith, was 'sharp on chiefs who (did) not keep their paths ••• clean' .199 Early in 1888 tho Chiefs of Knde and l.donkrono woro 195. In 1888 it took D.C. Snith 4 days of 'forced oaI'chos' to go fron Begoro to Oda, the usunl tine boin6 6 days. N. A. G. , kIn 11/1/1095 Spilbury Seith to Col. Soc. 12 April 1888. 196. N.A.G., J..dn 11/1/1094 Extract froD Lethbridge's Report 15 Nov. 1887. 197. N.A.G., Ado 11/1/1094 Stc.tenent by Yuw Tawil! Kndo 26 Doc. 1888. The bronk-down Was ruJ follows: Klldc-Osonoso 8 hours; OSa'las&-Asaoankvso 6 hours; Mcoankcse-OkorllSO 12 hours; Okor~e-K:II"EtSiof1.11 15 hours. 196. Paul J~, Abs.traais, p.583 Mrulor to Basel 21 April :1 f= f7='i :_= _==_=: , .... go .... .n.vO"• . -._ == =:::::! ~~~;~~D.at., p.676 It>br' s Report for 1887 dd. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 366 paid £4 a3ch by GoverrlrlG!lt ~ :'. contribution townrds the ncinto- 200 nnnce of ferry services on the Bl·.ron betweon AdonIa-ono and ICada. This forry ranked noxt1ftor tha Nsunen(Od:J.) ferry as n crossing point for traders fron f..sante nnd Aannto-J\kyen. Governor Griffith npi)ealod to Osecwuohene Kwabeno. Ltwere in 1888 to usa his influence to get the chiefs end people of his Division to conotruct a nel'1 rond fron Kyebi to Nsua.on(Oda) which would shorten the journey by about 40 niles. In addition to the procise of pick..'~es, shovels 'lI).d spades, the Governnent offered n reward at the rnte of 10/- per nile for naking the road and 10/- per qU::'.l'ter for nnintaining it. 201 This pt"oj oct could not be carried out owing to the outbreak of the Nsuo.eo ferry crisis. 202 In 1890 Governnent nnde n sinilnr nrranemont with Chief Iev1n3i lJr:ye:. of l..pedwo. for the unintcno.ncc of the norrly-cut LpoClwc- Naowan rond for 'n quartcrly po.yocnt of £1 2 ••• or £40 per mnun,.203 Ulan Fergusson nrrivecl at l:.pedwo. on 27 October 1890 30 niles of tho rond hnd been clenrod. 204 The first paynent of 200. !T.I• • G., 1.dn 11/1/1094 Col. Soo. to Dr. Spilsbury Snith 19 Jon. 18'38; Uinutaby [.sst. Col.Soc. 9 Jon. 1889; Adn 11/ 1/1095 Kndo-f~k1llkrono ferry Dispute. 201. !1.!. . G.,!.do 11/1,l.i095 H.E's. Interview with ICwo.bona. .r...tworo 23 Jnn. 1888. 202. See Chnpter ThrO(J 203. N.1....G.,.Mn 11/1/146 J,..R. to C.S. 29 June 1894. Tho road Wo.s cut by Govel.'!L"lcnt in K.."1.y 1888. See Po.ul J mkins, ~~~!""~~~~~::::::::ft) p.2, Holu"s Report 18 Aue. 1009. ~~ ~~ ~~ ;;~~i::ltB~s of George Ekon Fergusson, p.18. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 367 £40 wns ruldo in 1891 and the second in 1894 for work dono during 205 tho 1893-0/, fiscal year. Tho policy of voluntnry construction and naintenance of roads by the Chiofs and people of .'..kycn Lbunkwn did not work s['.t;.:J- fnctorily. For eX(ll1ple, no on in tennncc ,york U:1B done by the peo- plo of APedwn on the /.pcdwa-Nsn"r:lO rond during 1891-92 and 1892-9:':; fiscal years.206 By Juno 1894 :.}1!.. 2fJ7 • i;.L..G. , :.dn 11/1/146 Mohr +.0 Cul.Sec. 19 Juno 1894. 200. B.A.G., l ..d n 11/1/1094 A Ph. Buuer to Col. Soc. 21 Nov. 1895. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 368 under which responsibility for naintenance of roads was placed on the shoulders of tho Chiefs of tho Gold Coo.st Colony. Tho Ordinance onde all ablo-borlied nen liablo 'to be called upon for rood work up to D. naxinUll of 24 dl'.ys in a YO.1X'. 209 ~lith the tid of this 'benevolent forn of forced labour ,210 road C011struC- tion in the stute of l.l~en i.bu,~ wn began in ao.rnoet during tho first docn,l<.: of the 20th century. By the end of the 1 9th contury thoro Was 'no ~torD.blil ro au to Kibi fron llkusc or l.kropong' though thore: was ono fron Accra 'port of which jj;.1:'..i/ boen construated by the 0 ~. dsic) 33 fnr os a pIneo call od Sans ani ' .211 But ns tho econouy of f~on Abuakwn Qovolopod in tho 20th century tho neod aroso for inproveoonts to bo uado to tho oxistinC not-work of pathways. Tho first sorious attonpt at road construction in tho state Was ;:utdo by n nining coupnny - Gold Fiolds of Eastern J1k:in Ltd. In 1900 it stationed sono of its officials nt Apodw~ to supervise 21 ioprovenmts to the SanBsm.-L.pedwa road. 2 By March 1906, however, the road had been allowed to deteriorate owing to lnck 209. N.A.G.K., Mn 29/6/32 Confidential Papers: l1inlite by Hon. S.lT.L.(Joncs) 17 Juno 1931. 210. N.1l..G.K., Adn 29/6/39 lUnutos of tho 16th Session of Pro- vincial Cbuncil of Chiefs B.P. 21 Nov.-2 Dec. 1932 Addross by C.E.P. Fielcl;lltC. 211. N.f• • G.,:..dn 11/1 /3 F.~'.If. to (})1. Soc. 11 Nov. 1898. 212. !N:• : .:le.G::. ,:m 11/1/3 Goorge 1~ Cordor fJast. Enginec:>ring I.fana--::sg- fHl :~~ast 1Jc!.:r! to f.g. Governor 24 Oct. 1900. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh of Druntonancc. It was Ibad in places' and reqUJ . .red'. :1t t ont ·J .on. 213 Continued neglect lod to furthor uetoriorntion and by the boginn- ing of 19Cf7 i t w~ not being Ivory uuch used I .214 FroD 1904 District Conwissicnero availed thaoaclves of powers under the ]cnds Ordinance to launch road building and Dain- tononcc progranne. Francis Crowther, D. C. for lkyeD 1I.buo.kwa. ordara the AbunJafn Chiefs to claar the Kyabi-Bunso-Suhyen road in proporclion for Governor NathD.n's visit in October 1904. In tho following year he ngain ordered Irc'ad cleaning throughout the StQte,.21 5 Townr<.1s the end of 1908 Mr. Hobbs, D. C. succeeded in having 5 bridges constructed by coDDUllnl Inbour for a rownrd of £2 per bridgo. He also aot the Bunso-Osoon rolll Bunso-.lU3inkwn roads which wero not under the Roads Ordinance oleared by the town people living along theu for 'n present'. 216 The prossure of coonunal labour on roads WI'.S felt incroasingly by the Chiofs, and pooplo of lJryOD Abunkwo. up to tho ovo of Horld 1-Tar 1. In 1912 for instance, tho Chief of J.kyease WI:lS fined twice - .£1 0 rllld £25 respoctive~ 1- 'tor not keeping his roads cloo.n 1.2 7 213. N.I• • G.K.,.i.dn 29/6/1 Report for Quar~r ending 31 March 1906. 214. N.l....G.K., J..dD 29/6/1 C.E.P. Obrien to Hon. Col.Sec. 7 Feb. 1907. 215. II.A.G., Ado 11/1/1096 S.N.L. to .I'.ooakD Attn 23 Sept. 1904; lJIirl 11/1/3 Crowther to p,g. S.N.:. . 17 Oct. 1905. 216. n •. A.G., J.dn 11/1/37 S.N.A. to H.E. the Governor 22 Jan. 1909. 217. )L,U'l M~ 11 I~ 1"'"1 C.E.P. to s.~r • .A. 19 Feb. 1912. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 370 en thG evo of \.brld \lor I there were about 193t miles of officinl1y liated roads in /J!:yer~ ;:..bunkwa. Of thesG 24t niles, Le. tho 12'!- nile NsttWa.l.l-.\suboi rond and the 12 nile :.deiso- 1.s!lTllUlY:ese roac., were listed ;)D undor the care of the Public 218 W:lrks Dcpartncmt (P. '.1. D.). The reuo.ining 169 oil;)s of rond were listed unde:r tho Roa.d Ordinance of 1894 uno. authorised to be 219 onint.ained for a foc by the Chiefs. Both cntegoric.s of rO:~lls 220 werG in an unsa.tisfactory stl'tG of rcpnir. Fran 1 914, the rcsponsi bili ty for road construct ion and onintenancc wan shored by thJ Colonial Govcrnnent, the ainine Cbcpnnies and the trnditi()n.~l :\uthoritiea of }.}(yen lj)u~.kwn. iJ3 far as the GovGrnncnt Wc.'3 concerned llbrld 1'1nr I put an .'1brupt end to I skilled rood construction' in the Colony, nnd for the next five yoors expenditure on neW ronds w,,-s 'cut down to vnnishing In spite of the growing il"'.IX>rtanco of Nsawnn as 0 cocoa buying centre, eSPGcinlly for produce frol:.1 the Densuagyn nren, not nuch uttentivn was paid to the lCycbi-NsnwllI1 road. By Septe!bor 1915 it was still not [~torable because tho bridges 218. lr.:• • G.K., l.dI:! 29/6/3 J •.1 . WhitnkGr's Report for Qunrter ending 31 Dec. 19 13; 219. N. 1• • G.K., l.do 29/6/3 Birr-in District Report for Qu,orter ending 30 Sept. 1913. 220. Ik'..G.K.,:.do 29/6/3 J.n. Whitalror's f/.eport for QuD,rter ending 31 D:: c. 1 91 3 • ')')1 • • 1- I. ') Gold Coast legislative Councn :~-28. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 371 nstructed. 222 Th noCCss3I'Y tc cooplotc it had not yet beon co 0 J\sn.i"lankesc-N::mwao rand, tmder tho P.lf. D. received scoot attcntiOl. during the Wll.l'. Reconstruction of tho 29-oile rand was begun in 223 1~4 but by nid 1916 only 4t Diles of it had boan conpleted. The Koforidue.-Tnfo road on the other hond had sooe inpt:"oveoents Dade to it in 1915 which rendered it servicea.ble for light lor- ries. 224 Owing to its ioportnnce to the cocon industry it WNJ reconstructed during the first few T.lI.')nths of 1916 ::md thereafter Was 'constnntly used by light octor traffic,.225 Mtor the WtU' cr-no to l\rl oo.d, Governoent beg"n to pny greater attention to rond construction in /:kyeo Abuo.kwn. The Public W:>rks Dopartnont tmdertook work on the Kycbi-Bunso rond and fin~ly ooDpletod it during the third week of r~.crch 1924. During the first qunrter of 1924 15 wooden culverts on tho Bunso- Gyogycti 'pioneer rond' were disD3.lltled nnd replnced with con- crete - 5 on the Btmso-Osino-i.nyinc.o soction nnd 10 on tho inyi- 226 ~ile n::n-K.mlmn-Gycgyoti section. Tho 1ot.@egoro-Bososo rond was 222. N.n.G.K •• :An 29/6/4 Birrin District Quarterly Report 30 Sept. 1919. 223. N• •~ . G.K., l.drl 29/6/10 GovernDent Gazette Supploncntnry 14 July 1916. 224. N• .A..G.K •• I.dn 29/6/4 Francis Crowthor(l.g. C.E.P.) to ;'.g. Col. Sc c. 29 Doc. 1915. 225. N.:"G.K •• l:.dn 29/6/10 Governoent Gazette SUpplenentnry 14 July 1916. .. A " Tr ,.. .. '6/15 Birrin District ;IGport for Quartor 924. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 372 also completed in 1923 and officially opened to traffic by Gover- nor Guggisberg at the end of Decenber. 2Z7 Besides the llilonia1 Goval'l'lllent, the Hining Companies also contributed to road construction in Ak¥eD. Abuakwn. The exigen- cios of the lI.inine Industry, in Western Abuakwa led a.A.S.T. for ins tance to construal; tho 20-Ilile .Asll.Ilunkesa-tJamtin road in 1 923. In February 1924 the boiler of D. portable stean engine was succaes- fully conveyed to Akwntin in a Vulcan lorry weighing over 5 tons. 228 Tho road was extended northwnrds to I~udo in 1 929 for the purpose of transporting [luchinary to ita new field of operation 229 north of the river Aoow. The Chlefs and people of Akyem Abunkwa wera saddled with the 1'Qsponsibili ty for road onintanance under the Roads Ordmanco . during W:lrld War I. Indeed during 1914-1919 rond construction and Iluintenance in the Gold Coast becnED tho speciw. responsibi- lity of the Chiefs. 230 By SeptoD.ber 1915 there were 80 Diles of road authorised to be kept by the Chiefs under the Roads Ordi- £35 231 nance, for which they earned only in tho third qunrtar. 2Z7. Ibid 228. Ibid 229. N.A.G.K., l.do 26/6/49 .'.sst. D.C. Beeton's Diory for Jan. 1930. 230. U.A.G •• !.dn 14/2/13 Gold Coast Legislntivo Council Debates Session 1927-28. 2,1. R.i..a.K., MIl 29/6/4 Bl.rrin District ~tcrly Report for C.,,)I • C..,)I .• ~::t:a:ft:: ~ ~~~~'Opt. 1915. The rates were GO oiles at ~~~ ~! • .{.-~.;.. is@ ~~~20 !lUes at 5/- per tlile. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 373 Under the leadership of the D. C. oomounnl labour was nobilizod throughout 1916 for the construction of several rc~ds in tho Stat~, 232 bringinc the niloogo of ootorable ronds to 53t. lJ'ter tho end of the war the poople of llkyen llhuakwn continued to be responsi- blo for the naintanance of c~rtnin ronds. The surfnce of tho 24- nilo Bunso-Gyogyeti pioneer road I for exanplo was nnintnined in 233 good oondition during the first quarter of 1924 by tho Chiefs. l.part fren oonstructine and Duint..'1.ining ronds at the request of GoverrulUnt, the Chiafs end people of .tikyen ~·..bunk11Q under the oodernising influence of their oduroted elite took tho initiative to oonstruct ronds nt their own expcnoo for the benefit of their COOlJtmitiC:3. l.t the tiDe of Ofori il.ttn' a nccession in 1912 Dotor transport Was only juat coning into widosprood usc in the Colony. l. few lorries had beon inported into the 00 un try in 1 rt '31 Dec. 1919; C.E.P s Report to Ag. 001. Sec. 9 Fob. 1920. 238. N• .'. . G., l.dn 11/1778 H.E's Reply to Petition presentod at !libi 25 Jan. 1922J N.,A.G.K., fib 29/6/15 Birrin District Report 31 March 1924. ",- ~Q/49 D.C's Diary for Feb. 19'30. :6/49 '.sst. D.C's Dia.ry for Feb. 1930. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 376 aoononic aotivity in the state. Notwithstanding its contribution the growth of the ;..buakwa econony the application of the Roads Ordinancc(1894) pcrpertuated a type of slavery in tho 1'01':1 of for- cod labour in the State, at ll. tine when tho nininG nnd cocoa inclU:.J- trios were creating an insatiable donrold for wage lab')ur nnd pro- viding individuals with opportunities to sell their lnbour to tho 'highest bidder'. To conpel entire oonounitios to nnintnin Govorn- nent ronds for a fee of 10/- a nile under tho prevailing cirouns- 241 tanoes Was sheer eXPloitc.tion. Toot oonpulaory naintcnance of roads inposed n severo strain on tho tine and £rooOOn of thu people is 0viden(ted by an appeal by Ofori At~ to 1.cting Governor iloR. Slater in 1927 to relieve the chiofs nnd. people of resr:onsibility for the Suhyen- !.bonosu rend ~ the increased traffic on it plo.ood it 'beyond the nbili ty of the chiefs and peo pIe to nnin tnin it in a satisf nctory nanncr,.242 No serious oonsiderntion ll~.S hOl-TeVer, given to tho reduction of the nileage of rond.] listed to ~ naintnined by Chiefs in th'_ State till nfter 1939 when tho Distriot Cbul1issio.- nors of the Enstern Province added their voice to tho Chiefa I 241. Between 1891 and 1919 tho rate varied botwoon 10/- and £5 per nile. In 1930 nnintenanco work on AJXldwa-Kulrurantuni rond was paid for at tho r.'lte of £4 a nile. See r,.A.G.K., :.dn 29/6/4 l3irr:i.o Quarterly Report 30 Sept. 1915: Birrin ~terlY Rop:>rt 31 l1arch 1919; N.l..G.K., AdD 26/6/49 D.C s Diary for~. 1930; N.!..G.K.,.uln 29/6/4 Quartarlv ~~~~ ... ~;~:~ ig~ ~ 9. • :::: : ~~~:~ i8i= il2 MEllO eubo1ttod to S.E. at Kyobi 1', l ..u g. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 377 plea, lUld also criticised. tlS :iJladequntc and irksCiU(i to the people the IUlXinun of £20 per rlile allowed to the D. CB for rond nainte- 243 nonoo, as against £40 per nile for the P. 'Ill. D. The Cblonial Governnent did not only linit itself to a progranoe t,f road construction in }J!:yeu Abunkwa. It also built a railw.:lY line through the: stnto, encourngod tho revival of pri- vat£) ferry services and provided Post and Telegraph services. Indeed a najor pro-occupation of Sir HUgh Clifford's Aduinistration (1912-1919) W~ the extension of the railway inlond fron l1l1l1goaso and Kotoridun. This extension was considered by the Governor tn be 'the first call' on public revonue. 244 By Septonber 1913 work en tho Now Mango[l.so-:~foridut\ extension was alrelldy in progress with :'.. labour force of 1,500 nen recruited lnrGely 'fron the inter- ior,.245 This section \1::13 'handed over to open lines on Februnry 15th /J91 g on which date regular traffic coI:lI1enced t .246 243. IT,,'.,.G., li.d::l 11/1625 Procoedings of E. Prov. Political Cbnfo- renee KoforidUll 4-8 Feb. 1939. 2·1-4. 1;.:_.G.I~ •• Mn 11/1776 l.ildross of ~<]elcone to Clifford 22 Lpril1916; Clifford at Kibbi 23 April 1916. 245. N.~.G.K.,:An 29/6/3 T.e. Nsnwun tu C.B.P. f~sc 4 Oct. 1913_ The survey of tho Accra-Unngo/lSo railway wns :I:ldo in 1905 ruld tho first sod cut by Governor John Rodgor in January 1909. The line renched Nsawun in f.ugust 1 910 and Now Mnng- oase on 1 Mnrch 1913. On that day the Pakl'o-l!Jnngoase oxton- si~ was openod to lXlBsengor traffic, and a nonth later, for frol.ght. see n.l• . G• • .AdD 14/2/13 Legislativo Cbtmcil Debatos Session 1927-28; N .l..G.K., JAn 29/6/3 tJarapiu District Report for Qunrtc.r End.ingo 31 Illorch 1913. ho Gover.nnent Gazette SUpplocentery ~. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 378 Tho survey of the Iprobnble route' of tho Koforidua-l\nyinot1 railway was begun in lnte 1913 but work on it was dolnyed by the outbrcnk of ~.brld vl:ll' 1. :. r::tilw/lY survey party resunoo work on the section during the first quarter of 1915; and by Juno whcm work WnB tenporarily htllted, clearine :md nnin line earth- works had been conploted up to a point nec-.r Enyiresi nbout 38 niles fron Ko fori du:.t. 2·~7 The potentialities of the railway ,'lS ::t factor in the rapid eccnonic Ilnd socilll developnent of il$¥eIl Abun- kwa were appreciated by the .'\hemfo; end in on address of welcone to Sir Hugh Clifford in Februnry 1913 they requested that the roilwny b~ constructed as close to I~ebi as possible. Clifford refused to connit hinsolf and ueroly exprossed tho hope that it would be possiblo to bring the railway 'nearer to Kibbi thnn it i£.l~t prosent ••• ' 248 In !.pril 1913 Tnfohene K\'1C'.dwo Peasn. requested for II railway station to be built close to Tnfo ond pronised to give overy possible assistcnce including a free gift of the requisite hntl. Bogorohene :ntwi !~un also asked for a branch railway to Bogoro; While Lsrunnkesehcnc Kwc.ku : .. non exprcDsod £I. proference for a railway 'in plcco of c. notor road'. 24 9 The desires of Ofori 247. Ibid. 248. N.J• • G., .'.<'In 11/1776 H.B. Clifford at Kibbi 12 Feb. 1913. 249. II~ !.~~. ! J.d:' 11/1776 Mdr&es of Welcona to Clifford 22 ~:t:t!:~ t%: H~~~:rord e.t Asaoankose 28 J.pril 1915. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh "379 Atta, the BenkuDhene and the :.sanankesehene could not be satis- fied, lnrgely due to the ex1goncies of World Vlar I. Tafo, how- over, lay on the line of construction and a ruilway station was built near thl3 town. The New T::lfo station [1,S it oane teo be known W3S oonploted in Novenber 1916 a fL."'" df\Vs af't0r tho Juoo.lX> rail- way station wns oponed for goods trnffic. Tho rdlw,c,y eVGntulll1~· 250 reached New Tafo in June 1 917. W,rk on tho 120-nile Tnf(I-Kunase railway was beGun in 1920 and three ycnrs later 1 [l through passenger train service I was run betw;en liceI'll ::md Kunaao for the first tine. 251 The second rnilwny in l.kyen Al>unkWa, the Central Provinco railway, wns begl.::rl in 1923. ry Octoher, 81 nilos of it hnd been ccnplcted as far as Odn and c:!Jenod to traffic. 252 The railwny wns conploted at tho end of 1927. 25"3 To bring villages beyond tho Biren in Western J.kyeLl 1.buakiTa within easy reach of the rcilwoys the Governnent cncourngod the revival of privo.to ferry services which ha.d ooD.Sed with the progreSflive decline of the rubber trade during 250. U• .'l..G.~: •• .Ldn 29/6/10 C.L. P. fa .nnunl Rer:ort for 1916; N• •' ...G., IAn 14/2/1"3 Gold Coast Legislative Cbuncil Debates 1927-28 SeSSion. 251. N.'_.G., l.rb 14/2/1"3 Gold Cbaat LeGishtivo Cbuncil Debntcs Sossion 1 927-28 pp.31 , 107. 252. N.l.. .. G., !An 14/2/1, Go ld Co as t Legislative Cbuncil Dcbatos Session 1927-28 pp.81 , 107. 253. N .1. . G• • Min 11/1263 Minutes on R..'l.ilway froight ...· ate on Kola. KutU'A-i. +". ~ .. ""t'c. 11 ~'lnrch 1925; J. B. lA-mqlUlh, :lkin .9. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 380 254 By 1 924 the Chiefs the fir&t decade of the 20th cen tury • of Kade and ,Mankrono had revived their ferry services and wwe chnrcing 6d per hend ~]r 255 crossinc. Post and Tolegraph fecili ties were also extended to l.]{yen .i\bULllora fron 1913 onwo.rds. The first two towns to enjoy postal serviocs were Kyabi md Bogoro. The Kyebi Postal !llSoncy run fron Juno 1. 1913 by llr. 1. . E. W. 1Io0ako was controlled by the D. C. and chcclood nonthly.256 Tho Bogoro !.gency wns operated by tho Euro- pean Missionaries of the Basel rUssion in 1913. Initinlly it sold only (l li!:;ited stock of stnnps. No Postnl Orders were sold nor 257 veta :l plU'ccl post service provided. In 1916 I.sar.nnkese and Tn/o wore o1so provided with Postal ~oncios. Tho forner becane n fully fludcod Post Office in l.pril 1930 when its nodern buil- dings were cor!ploted for 0 CCt(potion. 258 254. Ferries hlld played on iLlp:,rtant role in tr~de !loross the BirOD River during the 1860s rmd 189Qs but declined during the second docede of the 20th century. The nain source of incane for ferry oper.~tors WIll3 the non-'.!lativo rubber and kola traders who oressed to and fron .A.sante. By 1915 there wero no ferries operatine in tho State. See N .L.G.K •• Adn 29/6/4 Bir.rin District Quart:::rly Report for Quarter ended 30 Sept. 1915. 255. N.I• • G.T• • , :.0I1 29,4; 115 Report on Birrin District for Quartur Ehding 31 l!:1rch 1 924. 256. N.l• • G.K., :PIl 29/6/3 Blrr:i.o District Report 30 Sept. 1913. 257. N.J..G.K., liJn 29/6/3 Birr1n Quarterly Rep:,rt 31 Mnrch 1913. 258. N.J• • G.K., .I'.dIl 29/6/6 Bil."rin District Report for qULlrtor ended 31 Dec~. 1919; N.k.G.K., J~n 2916/10 C.E.PIs. lnnual ~~:+ ~~-~~: :~: 11.!..G.K •• l.i.drl 26/4/49. Post O1'ficos wore -----..., • .u.;;.;. "Jlvinan 8l1dKvo.bon in 1927 and 1930 respec- University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh The first telegraphic service in the stl2te was provided at New Tnto in 1916 through the extension of the telegraphic line froJ] KoforidUll. 259 By Harch 1924 Meiso also Was enjoying ~\oleernph fociliti0s but extension of the lino fron Nsawru:l towards Kyobi hnd only renched ~lile 50 (i. e. 0. few niles fron K'yobi town). 260 No port of tho State enjoyed tolorhono services by 1919. 261 By f.pril 1930, however, Kyobi and Adeiso wore linked by telephone. 262 Tolophone link with .t.srull'.nkose wns established 263 in Septor.ber 1930. The iI1:pl'.ct of infrnstructl.lrul dovelopnen t in fJs;yen AbUl'.kwa. in the 20th cuntury WQ.i3 very otriking. Fim, it lod to the expan- sion of trade, especially in co coa. Before \'lorld Hill' I co coo. was rolled to tho C01:.St in cnska or puncheons for snle; 264 but with the devolop'lcmt of Dotor and railuoy transportation, buying con- tros sprang up at several points on tho rOCld not-work and on tho railway. _'luong the oarliest ones were Ilsc.w~1 and Adeiso. Fron 1915 additional ccntroG sPl'anc up at SuhUT1, Apod'tm, Now Tnfo, Anyinan, /.honosu and Ekoso, and Inter in tho 1930s at l\kropon and Uankese. 259. N.A.G.K., Ado 29/6/10 C.B.pls. Annuol Report for 1916. 260. N .A.C.K., Ado 29/6/15 Ro:tnrt on Birrin District 31 ~L....rch 1924. Ado 29/6/4 Quarterly, Report Birrin 31 Merch 1919 • .Mn 26/6/49 Mat. D.C's Diary for l..pril 1930. 11/6/49 D. CiS Diary for Sept. 1930. /6/3 .r .a. Whitaker's Report for Quarter :9'3. _ __ ____ _ _________ _ University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 302 The growth of New Tafo as n cocoa buying centre wns phenooo- naI. In the first quarter of 1919, for instance, it was reported that fm'IJers froD l.bonosu nnd wostorn AbUllkwD. towns 'who lmd in fOl'!:lcr Y-OlU'a' boen ~ccustonod to dispose of their 00 000. at Apcdwn Suhun nn,~ J.suuoi brought it 'across the Kibbi nountains for sale nt Tafo 1.265 The New Tllfo railwny station nlso provided tho Dr.in outlet for the vast cocon growing arOll of Be(!oro and its hinter- land extonding 0.0 f:1r as the /,fro.o plains. Tho tonnQ(Sc of cocoa bought nt t/c.'W Tafe during tho first qu.."Xtor of 1919 was BO 101'150 that tho Rnilwny Authorities h..1.d to provide ndclitionnl vans to cope with its I)v~au:1tion to Accr~.266 New Tufo's growing iupor- toneo as a B'l'oo.t cocon buy-in, contro WIJ.E., '\.:nderooorod by tho fall in earnings frou r:1ilwny trnffio at Koforidtul during the Soptoobor Quarter of 1919 - fron .£21 ,5g'7 in March to £9,572.18.1. 267 Fren an obscure villnee Ekoso si tooted near tho Biroo in the neighbourhood of l.bonosu acquired I proninenoe as D. cocoa buying 268 c,....,.. .,tro' in 1924. .Asanankese ruso beC<."'.ne 'an ioportont centro of trade rcput0d to be the largest, wholly native town in the 265. N. i •• G.l:., 1.an 29/6/4 Birrin Quarterly Report for Quartor Ending 31 nnrch 1 ;119. 266. Ibid. 267. U .A.G.K., IAn 29/6/4 Reports of J,g. C.E.P. Howard Ross for l~ch QUnrter 1919; H.lo.G.K., Ado 29/6/6 C.~;.P. Colin Harding's RclX>rt to /,g. ChI. Sec. 9 Feb. 1920. ~. 7~~'~" ~ ~~~~/15 Birriu District Report 31 Harch University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 383 269 Co lony' during the 1 920s. The construction of roads and II railwD,Y in lJ.qeo l.bun.lcr,m actually holped to incre::se thl State's output of cocoa. The 'considerable plnnting of now oreas' which bogan early in 1 916 rmd continued through the first oonth of 1917 was as ouch tho result of the prcvniling high prices as of tho inoentive provide:d 270 by the facility of road .'lIld rail transportation. During the first quarter of 1919 the Acting C.E.P. reported thAt 'the wholo population is directing attention to its faros and cocon tr~s- port,.271 In Decoober 1919 'n record sale of COCOIl plants' was Dade to famers by the ;\gricult uro.l sub-stntion 0. t Kyebi; 272 md by 1929 cultivntion hud nlnost reached the 3unnit of tho 1,700 feet hi£:h Atown range. 273 other agricultur('~ produce of note whose export WaD greatly facilitated by the building of roa.ds mel railways were kola :.md pal:1 kernels. Bc.:forc the opening of the Central Province rllilwny in 1926, transportation of kola froD Ke.de to Sekondi for export 269. ~ 270. N.;. .. G.K., Adn 29/6/10 C.E.P's l\nnual Report for 1916; N.1...G.K., AdD 29/6/10 D.C. Birrin's .l\nnunl Report for 1916 24 Doc. 1916; Diroctor of J.gric. to Hon. C.E.P. 16 April 1917. 271. N.:l.oG.K., ~ 29/6/4 Ag. C.E.P. Reports for Murch QuD,rter 1919. 272. N.A.G.K., MIl 29/6/6 BirriD District Rep:>rt for quarter ending 31 Dec. 1919. ;3 ~: ~;~; 6/6/4S Asllt. D.C. Beeton's Diary for Jm. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 364 to Lngos caused proble;:-.s. The oonpletion of the C. P. R. provided a quick and reliable outlet for 'the crrent Kola goD. around K..;.di,.274 The net-work of rural roo.ds also facilitnted the ntll'koting and. export of pnln oil and pam-kernels c.luring \'kJrld i'k:.r I and II. In 1918 the 'Con tro l1er of shipring' Wl'tS nuthori- sed by the; British Governnont tc oonnandeor 'all the shipping SIJ[l.CO hooaward available for the vTest Africnn colonies ••• for palu oil nnd paIn kernels ••• ,275 Thanks to not::Jr tr.".Xlsportntion the people of AkyOCl Abunkwa ccpturod /]; fnir shnro of tho :1nrkot. Again durinG \brld Wnr II school ehildren throughout the state: were nobilisod to crack pam kornl.la for sale ancl cXPJrt ['.s thoir contribution to the w~ effort. bprovo.l tronsport:'.tion ('i l not only benefit the eXPJrt trade. It :Usa helped to dev.lop rotail trnde in tho Stato. In additir-n to tho traditional 19th century coonoaitios, like texti- las. t0ba.occ, a.lcoholic drinks, natchets md salt, nilk, corned boof, augur, co.ndles, serdinos, soap and build:ing naterials wore distributed in the State. The rise in cocon prices fran l~a.rch 1919 enoour:>.ged'brisk' trL'.de. ond inspite of inflation 'n oonsi- derable noount of business' W('.s done nt Tafo especially. 276 274. 1l • .A.G., Jiln 11/126~ D.C's Office Mjaten Lodge to S.U.A. 23 Dec. 1924; Traffic l''lnnagor' s ltinutes on Rnilwo;y Froiljht rate on kola ••• 11 March 1925. 275. B.A.G., k1.n 11/1/692 Clifford's Reply to Meoo by E. Prov. Pn'l".!3~rJ\. ... t. ... ~i..-fa 5 MLu'ch 1918. 9/6/6 Birrin Report for !)la.rt.·~r endod 31 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 385 Another diocnsion of infrastructural develOJ.2lent in AJryeo of Abuakwe. was the LlushrooningLvillages along the net""'Work of ronda and railways and the expansion of existing onos. This phenoncnon is explainec' by the .obvio'\l$ econonic advanta.ges of living by DOtor ron.da and railways. SuhUD, for instanCl', which as 3.lro~.L.~' pointed out was n sottleoont of only 4 huts in 18~ expanded rapidly with the construction of the NSDl'lw-1{yebi lurry rond to 277 beCODe on ioportnnt and populous town :in the 1920s. Tho prospects held out by tho extension of the railway through NCl't Tnfo led to mmorous people applying for bui1.dine plots in tho township nre~:. Throughout the first quarter of 1919, the son of Tafohcne KWlldifo Peasn clid brisk business in loasing buildinG plots. 2'78 Finally the installation of telegraph and telephone faci- lities in the Stnte pt'onoted the effiCi-ent conduct of business ::md saved costs. :D.lrine the 1930s Ofori Attn, for instance, conducted noot of the politicnl Mel econouic affairs of the State by use of telephone tmll telegrnn especially during the criooo precipitated by the attecpted secession of .Asonankese and the mcone T ax revenue oensure of 1 931-1 933.2'79 Telephone and 277. See p. 350. 278. N.A..G.K.,!.Cn 29/6/4 Birrin ~terly Report 31 Horch 1919. 'Z19. N.A.G.K •• f~ 29/6/49 D.C's Diary for April 1931; D.C's 1931 ; See Cbnpter Seven University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 386 telegra.ph services did not only facilitate the conduct of busi- ness; they "nre clao ioportant nedia for naintnining purely social contact. Missionary nctivity and colonial policy brought about fundnr~cntal changes in the structure of f.kyeo 1.buo.1.'Wa' s econooy between i875 and 1943. The pt'edooinontly traditional subsistence econo:'y of the pre-colonial era was trrulsforoed into II nodero IllU"ket econooy. By 1882 siens of the transition were alrea~ visiblo. Thecphilus Opoku reonrked that one of ' the pt'inciple(sic) foes' thnt the Basel HislJion was struggling acainst was 'love of DOney,.280 The growth of a noney econony in the State encourllCOt: occupr:cic,no.l chllngo ;).s Il result of tho nvnilability of 0. wider range of eoploynent opportunities. Besides the traditional occupations of subsistence foroing ontl retail trr.dc, the /.bunl:.wn people hac! tho option of beccor'.ine cnsh crop famers, or seeldng alployoent as wage la.bourers, or pursuing professional cnreers in t0~chine, law ond nedicine. Between thoo cocoa famine, the oining industry and ro.ilwny construction created on alnost insatiable deoand for wage labour in the 19208. Not evoo recruitnent of 1.msld.lled labour fron Northern Ghana to supplooent 10 co.l supply at dnily wages ranGing ~bstracts, ./innUD.l Report of DcaCf·n Thoophi- : c. 1882. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh between l/3d Illld 2/- could solve the preblclJ of shortage of 1abour# In the end Governor GugGisberg had. to DUke 0. special appoa1 to Ofori 1.tt.'l tu help oobilize COl.1rlunal labour for the mnstruction of tho Akyoo rni1wny. 281 The econ0nic opp:>rtunities opened up in the Sto.te by cash crop fo.rning .:md the nining inc.ustry nttrc.cted ir'llieronts frr)t1 within Illld .7ithout the: borders of the Gold Coast. Tho llu:1igront.:;, meoly Yorubn, Hnusa .:md Zaberrion helped to give I..bunkwn to ..m s and villages n cosDo:politun cutlook. The Yoruba population at J.suboe nunbercd 60 in 1930, while at lolmntEm there were 'as IlIJ.ny 282 Lcrgcsions as !Jci.rlS' in 1935. S:uhun also had tl sizeable coo- ounity of Zabnrrino. Kotokoli in the 19200 1930s. 283 nnd and Those :i.n:ligronta supplencmtod the worle of established cocoa buyinS oentrcs by working 1'.8 itinerant brokers. The District Report for tho fL'st quarter of 1924 rend in part; It is no exo.::.:gcration to say that Uternlly h\mdre(~s of Hnuso. COcoa ca.rriors pasSed weekly over paths fron !soon to i.au;.'nnkese via Kade, nnd frOD I.pironnng to 281. N ••' ..G., l.clr.lll/1/1420 Nctive f.ffairs Dept. Report for 1927-28; N.L.G.I:., l.do 29/6/6 Birrin District Report 31 Dec. 1919; N.f..G., lAn 11/1.778 Notes tnken at Kibi 3 Nov. 1919; H.I:'3 Speech at Kibi 11 Nay 1920; N .""G., lin 11/1/371 1,[5. Cen- trel Prov. Corn:issioner to S.li.1.. Z7 Oct. 1921. 262. N.l. . G.K., 1ro 26/6/49 D.C's Diary for July 1930' "T.H. Beegon's Diary for J"ug. 1935. ' 263. N.A.G.K., kin 26/6/49 D.C. Warrington's Dinry tor Jan. 1 931 • University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 388 284 Lsammkcse via Osenase. Tho econooio inpnct of the l.fissiono.rios and tho Colonial Governnent was ,'1100 evident in tho shift of econonio powor fron the hands of the trnditionnl political elite into the h/lnds cf tho eocrgcnt cl~ss of oooh crop famers, trlxlcrs onc1 prGfessionn.i.s. By thl; first decede of the 20th century it wee already difficult for even a ~)nrD.Oount chief of the Colony, if he inherited no wealth, to feed and clothe hinself nnd his wives and chil- dren ro'ld other dooestics :lIld keep his household, and his c wn respectllbili ty e,S Il Hend Chief. 285 Unlike their subjects, Chiefs found it iuprcrcticnble to tnke por- sonal ndvllllt"'ge of the booo in oash-crop farning. First, the increoBing adninistrative and judicilll responoibilities inposed on then by the N.J.O. and N.~.O. left then little tirw to attend to privnteinterests. In 1931 for instance, D.C. Judd oonnen"ted tt.cl; t~p. D1.. ..· :.:::icnal Chiefs and senior .t.dikrofo stnyed 'in Kibi ouch too 1lUOh' and 'alwnys seeD to be awo:! froo their towns'. 286 Second, the tendency to oonsider all pro parties aoquired by Chiefs during their occupancy of their stovls o.s stool pl"operty 11."I..G.K., iAn 29/6/15 deport on the Birrin District 31 Mnrch 1924. N. l. . G., .Mo 11/1/1138 Griticiao by Mate Kole forwarded by C.I.P., l ..p ril 1907. See also N.':'.G., fAn 11/1/394 Extract iroo Legislative Council Minutes, 28 Oct. 1912; vI. II. Grey to Hon. 001. Sec. 26 I..pril 19\2. • • ,. v ....... ""5/6/49 D. C. Judd IS Diary for Oct. 1931. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 389 of which they oight be deprived on deposition W.~.s a disincen- tive. 287 Third, it wp~ no longer possible, as in pre-ooloni~l . 288 days, to oake free use of subj ects' labour for pt'l.vate pur po sea ; while paid labour waS not only hnrd to cona by but also expensive. for the already inpoverished Chiofs. It was indec-d in reoognition of the loss of status suffered by the traditional ruling elite through a shift of eoonooio power and the ioprncticability of oonbining the office of Chief with the role of a private ccsh arop farner that Nifahene Kwnku 1,gye- Ollll 'persistently neglected his duties .~ the Chief of f~iokwa: to attend to his ooooa fams at :.nyino.sin. UltiDntely having decided thr.t of the twe, ooooitnents cocoa furoing wns 'the less irksooe and certainly nore profit nble I, he readily seized on on nllegod conspirn~ to dest(Jol bin as a pretext for abdication in 1919. 289 Relative affluence 1lO0ng the onss of l.buakwa's rural }x>PIl- lation wna reflected in the itch for luxury and oaterinl cocfort. IncxlOes froo cash-aro p faming tlIld other forns of coployoent were arnnt on grnoopbonca, bicyclos, lorries, wox-prints, boots, nodcrn houses, inJXlrted tinned foods, soups, !entems drugs etc. While 30110 of the ioports were useful ond helped to raise tho 287. See Cbnpter Six ;?y.405-4C6. 288. Sec Chapter Six P.453. 29/6/4 Birrio QUl'.rterly Report )' March 1919. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 390 stand1ll'd of living nnong the people, others were of doubtful value and :l drain on the State's financial resourceS. 290 I.;f'fluence grCdUlllly becane an index of nerit and an inportwt hidden influence in tho choice of D. C!llldidate for thc office of Chief in the 20tl: 291 century. The developncnt of lIkyon Abuckwn's natural resources gcnera- ted considcrnbld revenue which uns npplied in J.YLrt to the ]r ocrrnr - 292 nos of ROcinl inpl'ovenent nlready described. Hotor nnd rcil- 'tIoy trnns!):>rtntion as well t:'.s telegraph nnd telephono f~cilitics ended the isolation of severnl villages, facilitated inter-villnge ccntn.ct flnd undo possible such stato-wide orgnnizo.tions ns cono into being in the' 1 930s. 293 The rllpid rate of econonic cfu'lllge in lJcycn f.bunkwo. wns onrked by c growing sense of 1.m1>o.ro.l1ed sl)cial alienation and insecuri ty. First, burglnry- Q"Tld other crincs ncoonponied the dove- loromt of Il naney cconony in f.kyen !.bunkwn. The D.C's report for Se ptenbcr 1 913 showed thnt 'Burglo.ry , Robbery and theft' werc on the increase. 294 The erma rate increnscd espocinlly during 290. See Chapter Seven 291. In 1901 Kofi Twun who lTOfI described as 'only 11 relative' of the deceased Odikro Lfiriu of l.snfo Wo.s preferred be cnU£l 0 of his ionensc wenl th, to his cousin Kwabuna Gyc..si who nPZPCarOd to havo l'.. better elain. See Civil Record Book 25 3/CJ7-5/9/07 i~c • ., ~obi Palace l.rchives. 292. Soe Chapter lour m 9/f./., Birrin District Report, ,0 Horch ro1d University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 391 the ooooa season, with gangs of 'arned thieves' terrorising soaIl village ooommi ties. 295 Ofori Atta a~tributed the growth in tho erme rate partly to the lightness of the punishoent inflicted by the (hurts and partly to the pres ence of uneoployed aliens . 296 and oolled for appropriate act10n. The seoond cause of sooial alienation and insecurity was the State of neurcsis in which several people found theoselves !IS Il. result of the high incidence of venereal disease, outriDOnilll infidel!t y, Want oort ali ty and ero p failures. In the 1 930<1 venereal diseoeo becllIle 'Illnroingly pt'evlllent' especially in the Dining districts of lIlcyen !.bunkwa. 2lJ7 Not only wns the disense 'responsible for oost of the sterility, still births and sickly, short-lived infll.nts' but also it wc.~ the cause of the 'oolancholia, O31'ital oisory, lPniJ eobittercd outlook on life'. 298 Prosti tu- tion was also enoouraged by the presence of Il large body of unotlrried iooigrnnt and season!'.l labourers in the Dines lll'ld on (X) ooa rams. 299 295. N.A.G.K •• :l.do 26/6/49 Diary of D.C. BirriD. District for Jon. 1935. JJ.oo N .I..G.;~ •• .AdD 29/6/32 S:>oe New Shrines of the Gold Const IUld their significance. 296. N.A.G., I.do 11/1776 1.ddress of Weloooe to Clifford 22 J.pril 1 91 6. 297. N.l. • G.K., IAn 29/6/32 Sooe New Shrines of the Gold Coast ond their significance by Dr. M.J. Field Governoent S:>ciologist 25 July 19'39. 2~. I\;W! University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 392 In their bewilderoont and neurosis victins of venoreal disease, crop failures, crine, nnrital unhappiness otc. tended t.(l blcoe their nisfortunes on witchcraft, rold to olaoour for 'IXJwer ful protective and curative no.gic' thnt would sllve then 'fron wi tchcraft, thieves md ndul tercra' . 300 So widespread :1lld goneral w:-'s the ser-rch for security that nost African Fqstors oonplnined thnt they had 'difficulty in preventing their flocks fren going secretly at night' to consult the aboson(gods) c.bout personnl pro b lons .301 It is clenr then that far-reaching changes followed in the wake of the eoonooic revolution that occured in Lkyeo Abullkwn 302 under colonial rule. But:'.13 will be argued later the ronl beneficiarieB of the eoononic ch"nges wero not tho nllSs of Akyco l.bunlam. poople but rather the expatriate EuropelJIl conrnnies md the colonial regina. 300. Ibid. an PP.524-25. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh gIgrER SIX INSrITUTIONJ.L CRurGE am INNOVI.TION Hissionnry activity and colonio.l rule did not influenco !JI;y'CD L.bUllkwn's history in the socid md economc spheres only. In th(. politicnl field too, the pasSllge of various ordinnz1ces the adoption of cert~in o.doinistrative nel)sures and the sprend of novel ideas in a rapidly changing Bocinl and oconoDic Delieu brought Ilhout alteration in the structure, charllcter, functions and powers of the state's politiccl institutions. Tho oonnrchy, the State CCHmcil, the judicial structuro, the treasury and tho Mofo - dl underwent signifioont ch:lnges, sone of Which nre cxaomod in this chapter. 1. Tho Monor chy The first significmt change in tho nooorchical systco ocourcd in the loss of the inherent power of Chiefs. Tradition- oJ.ly the Chief's authority derived froD his occupancy of the blc.ckened stool which W::!.B the oobodinent of the spirits of the 1 founding fathers. But following the peouliar circuostances of Kwnsi KULla's eloction and confirnntion as Okyenhene bake .t..ttn. II in Novenber 1887 the Governor wn.s deeDed to have establi- shed hinself os de facto sovereign power in fJ!:yrm l..bunkwa by rellSOn of t.oonko Atta' s oath of allegiance rmd declaration of his subserviance to the Cblonio.l regine. 2 In consequence of this pp.47, 86. e pp.1 98-200. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh self-aasertion the Governor claioed to be the fOlmtain-head and source of all political power and authority in :Jryem .il.buakWa. The il!lplications of the Governorls clr-.m were far-reaching. It not only converted the inherent traditional right of the Chie1'3 to exercise political and judicial ftmctions into a dori- vativc ane, but also imo fncto, it sought to confer upon the Governor power to deprive Chiefs of their stools and nuthority. In 1894, for instance, Travelling Oa!:Irlissioner Ro;yner, a judge of the Supreoe Court threntened t.pedwahene KWru'li Gyekye with deposit ien if he persisted in his contuoa.cioua conduct towards. the Okyenhene. 3 Four yenrs later, another Travelling CClLlXliss- ioner, Hr. Hull, warned Okyenhene lll:1oako /.tto. II that if he was not .:tble to o£1intain order in his state like other Kings in the Colcny 'the Government would hnve to put sooeone in his place 4 who could'. The Govor:men.t IS claw of pow or to depose the Okyenhene ond his sub-chiefs fotmd legal sanction in 1899 in the application of the Native Jurisdiction Ordinance (1883) to lJryeT!l 1l.buakwa; for under section 29 of that Ordinance the Governor was empowered to 5 depose e chief for abuse of power or other sufficient reason. This power of deposition was ootc!'cised in 19(X) to the prejudico ~'8;~" l~ 11/1/1095 Justice Rnyner to Col. Sec. 28 Sept. lull to Col. Sec. 2 Nf'V. 1898. ~ljnanoes VOl.1 1874-1892, p.401. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 395 of the llkyeo AburutWD. constitution. f.pparently holding that lXlWC1' to depose i:".Jplied power to decide who should rule, the Govornncl"t disnllowed the populnr deposition of bake Attn II in October 1900 inspite of the l.cting Colonial Secretary's ndniasion that the people's action voiced 'correctly the feeling in which the King is held in :Jd..,,'; that he WM 'entirely unsuited for his position'; and that he wns 'detested for his niggardliness, greed, in cnpacity , fimiJ 6 want of dignity'. Tho ostensible reason for dienllowing tho deposition of !.ooako !.ttll II was thnt it had not been carried out in nccordonce with the Lbuakwa constitution becauso the letter announcing the deposition had not been 'signod by a oajority of tho council of 7 fJd.o chiefs and sent down by tllCir represcnto.tives'. It is however, obvicU3 frOD tho cvidmlco thd the Governnent cnred less about the oonstitutionality of tho deposition than nbout the lack of n suitable successor. acx Eugene Danquuh, the nost innedinte heir, was not oonsidered to be n suitable choice; ond although his young"r~ brother) !JJ::ron Boakye Innquah was considered 'prefo- reblo' the Acting Colonial Socretary did 'not think nuch of him' 6. N.:. • G., L.dn 11/1 /'3 !~. Col.Sec. to 115. Governor 6 Nov. 1900 The ioocdiate cause of the King's deposition won his uninspi- ring ~adcrship which lod to the huuilinting defeat of the Lkyen troops Ilt Bollllkra dtlring the Yan Lsontowaa Yare For details sce lloonko 1.tta to Col. Sec. 14 Sept. 1900. 7. ~~~., ~ 11/1/3 !,g. Col. Sec. to Ag. Governor 6 Nov. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 396 As for the other branch of the roy!).l fanily ropresented by Kwoku Screku and his nother, the Colonial Secretary considered 8 then to be 'poople of no position in Kibbi'. The non-ratifi oc tien of lll]oako Attn' s deposition wns signi ficnnt for two re;a'Jons. First it r~iscd eo very iopol'tant consti-· tutional question regarding the rightful persons and the correct procodure for reooVing an Okyoohone froo office. In n protost noto to the Governucnt about its opinion of the signatories to the letter of deposition ns 'oere nobodias' a."ld 'persons of lit- tle ioportance'. 9 the Kyebi Executive Council (lIld the l.o:mtoo- clansa tlS8erted catcgoricnlly: We tho undernontiened Chiefs and Captains who signed the letter of the 1st instant to wit Apapao. L.poc1ja, Tattah and Kibbi nre the only authorized Den in the lJP.o District who have the right ta depose D. IfJ.ng or to pl1t one on the stool, tIns cm:stoo rind law exist fr0D tiDe 10 irIDeoorial. UIX>n request by the Governnent Rev. 1.d Jl10hr who had spent the best part of twenty yenrs living lllld working in l$.yerJ l.bUllkwa oonfirued the essentinl correctness of the claio of the Kyebi a. N. i.. G., 1,(10 11/1" C,:1..30C'1f notes on E'ostcrn :.kin 23 Nov. 1~. 9. N.A.G., I.do 11/1/3 Naoo by Hull 22 Dec. 1900; l,g. Col. Soc. ta fig. Governor 6 Nov. 1 SK)O. 10. ! .. ~.~., ¥.o ~ 1/.1/.3 Chiefs and Captains E. iJdn to 1;g. (}:)l. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 3~7 Executive Council and l.o.:mtoor.icns[!. He wrote tlmt 1.rapllIl & l.peilwr.. forned the King I s body guard & were the proper persons to deI):)se the K~ pro- 11 vided the other Chiofs authorised their doing so. f.dni ttedly the panel which tried tho King included only one Divisicnnl Chief nnnely !Cwabenn l.twere, Oseo.wuohene; but tho exclusion of the other four WlU! not intantion:1l, indeed it oould not be helped. J.dontenhone Kefi /.bernnte hnd abdicated soon after tho Yan .1.sontowac. War :md Il successor WD.S yet to bo chosen; Nifl'.- heno Kofi Boaten we-.s still mlDY in .i:.srnte, while Bonkuohene KWasi 12 .l.ntwi WaG on his sick_bed. In any case tho absence of tho four Divisional Chiefs nee'_~ not neoossnrily have invalidnted tho pro- 13 cecd:illgs if they were properly represented. The Govornoent was to oonocde belatedly in January t 901 tlmt the doposi tion hlld been properly onrried out.14 In the nenntine, however, the Chiefs and people of /J{yon Abunkwc. were warned in unequivocal lllllgUllge thnt !.ooako Attn. II wns still their King and thllt if they disobeyed or harassed hin in any wny HaIlsn troops wouJ.d be sent to Kyobi to ex[\et a heavy fine fron then. 15 11. n.luG., lim 11/1/3 f,g. Col. Soc. to llg. Governor 21 Nov. 1900. 12. Kwnsi t.ntwi died in JanllllI'y 1902. Seo !-T.A.G., /.do 11/1/ 1096 D. of E. to Col. Soc. 3 Fub. 1902; 13. Seo ssihle to carry out his instructions'. 19 Tho dis- allowance of .Aooako Atta' s deposit ion by Nathan IS Governnon t can thus be soon as part of tho effort to strengthen the authority of tho Colony Chiefs for purposes of inplOllentation of tho policy of indirect rule through Chiefs. In 1904, tho Colonial Govornnent took tho inp:>rtant step of vesting au tho ri ty in oattors of enstoolnent and destooloont of Chiefs in the Governor. Under tho Chiefs Ordinanco(1904) tho Governor constituted hinsclf into the final mobi tor of tho fIDE'- lity, vnlidity or otherwiso of an election or dcstoolocnt. Tho ostensiblo ain of the Ordinance was Ito facilitate tho proof of election and installation and the deposition of Chiefs according to native custoD'. 20 Under section 3 of the Ordinance newly elected Chiefs were obliged to apply, through their Paranount Chiefs, to the Governor for recognition 21 and confiroation. 18. N.A.G.K., Ado 29/6/32 funf. History of Legislation in conneo- tion with Native Jurisdiction in the Gold Coast ••• by vl.J. i ... Jones S.N .11.. del. 1931 p.6. 19. IbiS. 20. N~.t..G., AdD 11/1/424 Chiefs - Election and DePlsition of: Minute S.N.A. +~ H.E. 10 Oct. 1912. 17') T. Hu.tton )-11110 to bake l.tte III .A.C., /An 11/1/959 Titles of Native Chief!, DIlS of University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 400 It W~ clawed that tho Ordinance was not intended to create or depose a Chief but oerely to oonfiro 'the acts of others 1.22 HOwever, plausible this claio night be in theory, it w~s n docc- ptive piece of legislation in practice; for by requiring newly enstooled chiefs to apply to the Governor for confirnution, the Ordinance sought to eophasise the derivativeness of the Chiefs I authority. The attellpt to nnke chiefly authority inplici tly derivntive rather than inherent was opposed by Cnseley Hayford in 1907 during the debate on the Nativo Jurisdiction(hnendoant) Bill. He quos- tioned the basis of the Governor I s power to withdraw n Chief I s right of jurisdiction \mder the bill and lll'B'Ued that 'the rights of jurisdiction being inherent in the Chiefs, it wns not conpetont for the Governor in Chuncil to withdraw or even vary then 1.23 The N.J.O.(Lnendnent) Bill(1907) was not passed into law, but the Governnent subsequently revived the provision in 1 91 0 and suoceeded in enpowering the Governor to suspend or depose II Chief under the N.J.o.(lnendllent) Bil1(1910).24 The Governor's power to deprive 11 Chief of jurisdiction was retained \mdor Section 121 22. r;.,~G., 1:..ctl11/1/424 J.n .." .. to H.D. 10 Oct. 1912. 23. N. 1• • G.K., f.dn 29/6/32 Conf. History of legislation ••• by W.J. L. Jones p.6. 24. Ibid p.14; Nntive Jurisdiction (liIlendnent) Ordinance 1910 Seotion 29 in Gold Coast /.shanti and Northern T un t Stoo 1. Enquiry into dostoo 1- mcnt and enstoolment by Pnro.molm~ rulers of the Colony Was finnlly given statutory bacldng under section 14 of the U• .A.O. (1927). Sc cond, tho Chiefs' Ordin['nce and the insti tutionalisntion of enquiry into destoolment :md enstoolment bcO'lme important weapons 25. lI.l• • G., 1.dlll11/1/974 :15. Cbl. Soc. to Hons. C.E.P., :,g. c.c.?, IC. C.~/.P. 11 Hov. 1927. 26. N.l• • G.l~., 1.d111 29/6/32 Cbnf. History of Legislation ... p.14. 27. Sa: r:. A.G., Mm 11/1/1 Om Fr(1l1cis Crowther's Enquiry at TJon- kyJ. Hay 1906; ~J.lhG •• ":'dm 11/1/1!S7 Bogoro Native Affairs' N·!1G., lAm 11/1/79 lJiJa£o Native :£fairs. N.!.G., 1.dm 11i1/ 291 Kwabcm Native Lffairs. N.ll.G., L.dm 11/1/747 lsiakwa Nn:tiYA .!f'e4~=- .... "o: . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 402 -f in the handf}(the Government and Ofori Attn fOT ensuring docility among Chiefs and security of tenure for those favourable to the Govcrnll2nt and the Okyenhene. Betwoen 1913 and 1918, for instlll1ce ()fori j~tta exploited his power of enquiry to oovantage in scoldnp to curb the wave of destoolments in the state spearheaded by local 0.00£0 organizations. The destoolment of four of his pt'incipnl Chiefs - Gyansehene Kwasi KWru1in of Kwabcn(191 '), Benkumhene I.ntwi 1:wua of Bogoro (1917); /.piro.moohene Kofi Boaten n(1918) snd Gynnoehane Kwasi Bonin of Kwaben(1 91 S) - were disallowed after mquiry by the State Council presided over by Ofori 1.ttn. 28 On the other hand,LGovernmont refusod to confirm thG sta.tus of ~~oLtho popularly elected Chiefs. Kwoai Dakwawoo was not confirmod os Okycme.n Gyanaohene in 1924 on grounds of his uttempted assault on cx-Gyaosehane Kwesi Benin for which he WOB gnoled for six months;29 while Kofi /.dam Was refused confirlllLl tion as l.8omllllkosehene in 1 9,0 30 because of .t.sllJllllllkeac' s rebellion against Ofori Attn. In em attempt to coerce tsomonkeso ond Alafatin to ro-integrate with Okyemnn, tho Government withdrew recognition from Chief Kwnlru l.mDU and Odikro Kwome Kuma between 1923 emd 1929.'1 28. N. i• • G., IJhn 11/1 /49J ~nbsn NativG llf'fnirs; N. ..... G., 1. 11/ 1/721 !.pirnmnn Native Affairs. 29. N.:. • G., 1m 11/1/4~ D.C. Skene to OilE.P. 30 Hay 1924. 30. See Chapter Five pp. 337-J44. 31. I:.':'.G.,.Adm 11/1/110!) Notes of Interview at S.lI ••' ..'s office 26_[.n-r'j1.J,.Q'\~111?t July 1922; S.l! • ..l. to Hon. 0:>1. Sec. d Publ~4 at Nsawam 9 Sept. 1929 parae. 5. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 403 Third, tIw stntutory involvement of the Cblcninl Government md the Pnramount Stool of ;.kyer:J. 1JJualafD. in l'llltters of enstoolmem, and dcstoolmcnt of cpaknnio and 1.dikrofo led to the creation of long gaps bctwoon e!'lstoolcont rmd conferment of recogni tien thrc lb'h publication in the Government Gnzette. For instance although Kwadwo Pipio W.:J,S elected 3S Kwnbenhcnc on 27 M::ly 1924, he w~ not 32 oonfirmod by tho Govornnont till 22 Fobrunry 1926. Such delays in oonfirmution toclulicnlly prolonged tho duration of vacancies on tho stools,rnised questions of logitimacy and inhibitod the offectivoness and respectability of chiefs-elect. Finally, tho Okyenhcno's active involvoment in the enstGol- Clont and dcstoolcent process of his sub-chiet's oomproniscd ancient custoc and violnted ~he dictuc that 'Ok;yenhcno nsi ohene. na ontu ohene' (Le. tho Okyenhone does not mall;, and unmako chiefs).33 Tho effoct of such in-oorference was to limit the independence of nction traditionally enjoyed by the citizenry of lJlUakwn towns and villages in such oat ters • In 1 931 the ,3. n. :.. recoOI:lended the surrender of the Governor's ."wer of suspension and doposition under the N.:_O. but it wcs nl1t ndoPted. 34 32. U.i. . G., lido 11/1/4~ Q)lestionnuire on KWndwo Pipin's olec>- tion; S.N.A. Ueloan to C.E.P. 23 Feb. 1926. 33. See Olnptcr In, 34. • • ..... ~.K •• :.dr.. 29/6/32 Cbn:f. History of Legislation ••• by W.J ..... Jones. 3eo also Jarle Siocmson O:>DlJOners Chiefs ~~t .PJp.283, 304-305. ' University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 404 The second significnnt chMgo in tho oonorchicnl systoo ,,'na the dif'ferenti.2tion 111'.do between personal private property of r:n incuobent Chief ::rod stool pt'operty. In pro-coloninl tihlOS no such distinction W::B oade. Revenues accruing to the stool were applj(>o to satiefy both the priv::>.to bills of the Chief nnd public axpcndi- ture including the oanufncturc of vnr1. 0us 1· t coo f 0 8 t 00 1 rogal 1' £\, 35 Stool f~ were o.lso oultivnted for the support of Chiefs through oonnunnl J.nbour I'l1d these be 0...1.00 port of the stool pro party to be passed on to their successors. Stronff extended facily tics, in a largely subsistence oconony, pronoted the spirit of cOnr.lun:uiso and dooophasised private ownership. Thus ns Intc us 1902 newly- enstooled Bonkunhene Kwa.ku :.sare, as successor to tho Into Chief Kwnsi Intwi, took over 'nIl his property,.36 3y tho end of tho first do oo.de 0 f the 20th ce~tury, however, it W'l.8 f nst be corrine: nn este.bUshed oustoo to LmIte n distinction between the priv:>.te nnd publio property in the honda of a Chief. The re~m for this distinction were vnried. First, was insecurity of tenure arising froD the increnaing frequency of destoolocnt.:37 !.a n pruOD.ution ,incunbent Chief's took cnre to 35. Sec Chnpter ion at Kyebi in such 0 mromer as to estrange the successful cv.ndidnte, i(w,'1.si Kum:>., nlins hnoa.ko i.tte. II. 45 In Fobrua.ry 187-5 Sept. 1~7 No.3 Kyebi P;'.lnce l;rchivo:1. 48. In 19)8 tho Ohema.n of l.si::lk.wo. nominnted Kwnsi Okoampn, :.ba- kollJ..'l/ hiene, to succeed Nifnhenc K'<1n1.-u l€yei Sec N• ..• G., 1.dm 11 1 7'~7 C.E.P. (c.r.r. Curling) to S.N • .'• • 2 July 1 ~8. ·~9. CiVil Records Book~8 f Olryenhene, Ofori l..tb singled out Kwndwo l ..p eanyo for elevation to the r:'.nk of Opnlmnni(Divisional Chief) with the title of !..bontendomhene on the ooCtlSian of his investiture with the honour of C.B.L. (Commander 51 of the British l!mpire) by Govornor Guggisberg at ICycbi in 1919. J.B Opoknnni Barimn hpc~o was 'allowed to hold his own tribtmnl: a most lmUS'lUll honour' for n stool occupant at Kyobi. Be, [LS first oolmcillor, also took precedence over all other mOI:lbors of the Kyobi Exeoutive Co\moil and presided over that cotmcil in 52 the Okyanhene's absence. Ofari l.tte's action influenced I:'.ttitudes townrds the office of l..bakol!ltlhono throughout the Stato. By 1924 the office h1'.d either been allowed to fnll into abeyance or nbolished at KWllben. 53 Begoro by contrast still hOO nIl l..bnkooohene in 1 932. 50. Interview with Oponin J. W. Sal!;yi of Os ina (nged 70 yenrs) Jon. 1 IJ77. 51. N: l. . G., IAn 11/1/959 Titlus of Nntive Chiefs - seme Expl'Ul.-:- hons ot: D. C. Walker to C. E. P. 12 March 1 929. 52. Ibid. 5}. If.i..G., i.dm 11/1f.~90 ICYabon Native Afhirs. Quf.>sticnniro on KwadJro Pipit1's election 27 May 1 924. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 409 On being consulted about the choice of a successor to Ntma Twum 1.ntwi, OIX'.nin 1.yircpe, an old invalid man told the elders of Begoro tlw.t Ins usual the occupant of the ll>o.kollllldwa(stool) i8 the right person to be chosen' but if thoy 'wished to cho.ngo tr. ~ old custom' then they should elect a candidate from Nana ilntwi' s line. 54 By 1940 the office of l..bnkom..-menc hOO ceased to be important in many l.buakwn towns. 2. The JUdicial system With the loss of lJcyen Abunkwn's politicnl sovereignty disnppenred her nutonoc\y in judioial matt ors. 1.t the ond of 1887 the l.oting Quoon's l.dvoc·::-.tc, Hr. 'T. Bro.ndford Griffit~cnlled on tho GovoI'Ill'lont to grapple with ond place on 'a sound ~d definite basis' the question of native courts nnd prisons 'possessing powers by virtue of native custom'; 55 and tho course of action which he was inclined to suggest for ndoption W'"\S one which would 'gradunlly 1(;:J.d to the oxt:inction of tho native prisons and in consequence of tho native (hurts'. 56 l.s n first step, nntivo prisons in towns with fl resident D.C. were to be 'defini- toly suppressed'. In tho interior, however, only native prisons thnt woro unneco3Snry or guilty of abuse of power were to be 54. Stnte Chuncil Record Bool: 3 Oct. 1932-31 oct. 1938 [.cc. No. 1 ',5 Kyebi Palace i.rOhivee. 55. N. •. . G., l.dl!111/1/1t.T7 Confidential Meoo on NatIve Prisons by 11. BrWldf'ord Griffith 1.g. Queen's Ldvocl1.k 3 Doc. 18m. nv 11 """"' ..... A.II'__ . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 410 :imr1edic.tely suppressed. 57 J.s on :inotnnce of a native court that eight be suppressed outright, the Lcting Queen's advoccte cited th2 Okyonhene's court. He commented: There porsons l'.ppeor to hnve been iI:lprisoned and tortured on the ground that the fetish said they wero guil ty. .• This is thc nature of tho Court which we would be fostering Illld bolstering up by ccrely regulat:ing the native prisons - n court which without FJny action of the Government is nlr,mdy on the WIlllO before progress education and 58 Christianity ... The l.Ct:ing Colonin,l Secretary did not share the op:inion of the Acting Quoen's !...dvoC<'lto. He conceded th,".t the :inhabitants of tho coastal towrw obeyed '('. judicious Commissioner ns ouch ns they de their Chiefs' Illld feared the former to n greater extent. But he attributed this to the fact thn.t the D. Cb were 'supJX)rted by an .:ll'Ood Constabulary'. 59 He doubted if the exigencies of imparial cxpcnsion would porcit the application of a policy of dir:ct rule :in the :interior stutes, He posed the rhetorical questicn: J.s far as I cnn judge, the Queen IS l.dvo cn te is of opinion thnt the powers of the: Chiefs should be allowed to die out, but I oust ask, how then nre 57. Ibid. 58. Ibid. ~2' If.;~.G .. liIM 1111/1477 19. Col. Sec.(Hughes) to H,~. 22 Jon. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 411 we to keep touch with th'J people vf the interior. The Colony cannot afford the nunber of District Canissianers which would be required, nor pro- vide a sufficient number of Houssns to support then even if they were appointed. The extension of the frontier, however, renders it r.lore neoa- SSEU'Y toot the people in ·the interior should be kept in hand tlw:~ road::, should be cleared and kept open, that tradarn should be unoolested, and slavery prevented - but how is this to be done if the GoveImlent cannot prcv::ie officers to nttend to these duties, and the Kings and Chiefs nre not respeoted and obeyed by their people ••• they would not be obeyed or respected unless they have power to fine Md iopr".~on •.• 60 In viaw of tho nbove-nentioned re3SCl1ls, the Acting Colonial secretary recor:lJ1endeci the pnssncre of an Ordinance for the strict supervision of native priqons. Such prisons should be liable to closure if they violated the Ordin~nce, but prisons of those {biefs who had it 'in their pOl-ler to nssist the Govornoent' were not 'to be interferen with' unless there was 'plain proof of . 61 injustice, corruption and WDl1.t of hUI1Dl1.l.ty'. In .fJ.(yem Abunkwa which wo.n out:=; de the scope of the H.J .0. (1883) before 1899 e..doinistrlltive m6,llures were resOrted to to eJ"1- s\.U'e toot thE: procedures mld con'litians of imprisanoent and scaler.: of 60. Ibid. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 412 fines of the Okyenhenels (hurt were assimilated to the judicial 62 principles of common law. From 1899, however, when the N.J. 0 (1883) was applied to the State the limits of the Okyenhene's criminal and civil jurisdiction as well as his legislative autho rity were strictly defined by thnt Ordinance. 63 Hunceforth judicia.l power was vested in Abuakwa. chiefs and their councillorc designated as Native Tribunals. Such trib'l.mals were not deemed to be properly constituted unless the Paramount chief or chiefs ooncerned wore present at the sessions. &'; Tho N.J .0. conferred the srune jurisdiction on all rnnks of chiefs including Adikrofo. 65 Lastly A'k¥em A'buakwa native tribunals Were reduced to oourts of first instance vis-ooJVis the SUpreme Court now the highest court in tho Sta to. 66 62. See Chapter Three·. 63. Sec N .•i ..G., Adm 11/1/1096 Quashi Numo to Col. Sec. 13 Nov. 1899; Attorney General to fig. Col. Sec. 16 Jan. 1900; Ag. Col. Sec. to llmouko Attn II 17 Jan. 1900; S.N ••'\ .. tc !.nOMO Attn 1 Jwe 1 908. 64. N.A.G.,,Adn 11/1/667 !Jg. s.n • .t...(c.W. Welmnn) to D.C •.: .ccra 1.9 Hay 1921; C.vl.P.(Sekondi) to S.N.:. • 31 Mnrch 1925. 65. N.A.G., liJ;r;J. 11/1/490 J.iJ. Phillipo D.C. Kibbi to /)g. C.B.P. 22 Sept. 1914; N.J:..G., J.dm 11/1/667 1,g. c.E.p. to S.!:.:. . 13 March 1925; C. E. P. to llg. S. N• .t. . 27 l~ 1925; Minute by J..ttornoy General to S. N. ~'.. 11 May 1 925; llinuto by 1.g. R.W.H. Wilkinson to !.g. S.ft • .L.. 8 June 1925. 66. NUn.A.G., 1.dn 11/t/1,44O LIIoako Atta to S.N.i... 4 Fob. 1908. dar N.J .0. aI\1 one aggrieved at judgeoent of 0. No.tivo Triibunal could /l.ppeal to the Divisiono.l c~ if perois- s on Wc:s granted by t~ S.N. A. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh The Okyenhene's pouer of imprisonment was also restricted 67 under the Native Prisons Ordinanoe of 1888 to only one month. Imprisonoent was to be served only in registered netive prisons 68 of which there were only two in Akyen Abuakwa by 1905. In 191 0 tho Native Prisons Ordinnnce (1888) was repealed ond substitu- ted with the Native Prisons{,AIIlendoant) Ordinance of 26 August 1910. The new Ordinance extended the period of imprisonI!lent in Do native prison fren one to three months, and provided for n fine of up to £100 for wrongful icprisonoent. It nlso subjected nntive prisons 69 to periodic inspection by District Ooooissioners. Under the N.J. O. Chiefs bo cane liable to trinl and convi etion by the supreoe court, in the s1lIIle way as their subjects. In July 1 909, for instanoo. Odikro Kwt.'.si Dwaa of Apapno WIl/3 comeitted for trial at Accrn Assizes for ourder ariSing frae tho death of Kofi Inte from torture at !papao. The Odi~ WIl/3 convicted and died in a Sekondi prison in March 1912.70 Section 35 of the rT.J .0. also 67. N • fl.G., !.do 11/1/1477 No. 592/09 Nntive Prisons Ordinance - Orders, Rules, Regulations; N .A.G., !.dr.l 11/1/667 1\ooako J.tt.:'. II to S .N.J. • 30 Jnn. 1905. 60. N. ;~.G., .Adm 11/1/5 S.N. A. to C.E. P. 24 lfnrch 1905. The two prisons were 10 eated at Kyebi ond Bogoro. Keeper of tho !\yebi Prisons was NYOI:lelldinsc. 69. H ...... G., Ado 11/1/361 Cr-.ae No.2/1912 Native Prisons - Eastern Province. There were altogether 27 Registered Native Pri- sons in tho Gold (hast by 1910 for tho 60 states in the oolony. Sec I..dn 11/1/2ffl I.,g. S.N.A's Minute 22 Dec. 1910. 70. ~ ••' l.~G •• /.dJ:111/1/137 Phillip(T.C.) to !.g. S.N.I.. 4 J.ug. 1909; :: C.B.P. to S.N.A. 29 March 1912. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 414 71 deprived LbUllkwa Chiefs of extra-territorial jurisdiction. Before the appliClltion of thtl N.J. O. to :.kyen Abunkwa in 1899 thn traditional syston of jurisdiction in voguo o.oong the IJron stntes ecph3sised personal olleginnco llI'ld consid0rcd th0 st:ctc oath ~s tho foundlltion or souret) of 0. King's judicinl authority. Thus on !.ku...'1.pcn oon who swore the onth of the Oltyonhene or had it sworn upon "•h , I),t Lkropon would be liable to stnnd trial before tho Okyonhone's OJurt at Kyebi. 72 ffi.th the pronulgntion of the N.J.C. (1883) the basia of jurisdiction wns altered. Henceforth jurisdiction wns given a strictly territorinl definition in that the proclaontion copowered the Kings ooncorned to exorciso jurisdiction under the N.J .0., over Il.l'CIlS under their supervision, th..'1.t is to soy, over their rospc~ tivc territories or states. Tho jurisdiction of n King's Cklurt WllB declAred by c]o.180 18 of the ILJ .0. to be 'exclusive of 0.11 other native jurisdictions' nnd W<'.S 'not to be exercised by my other native tribunal on nny pretext whntsoever'. 73 Between then clause 18 and section 35 ended the jurisdiction which the Okyanhcne 71. N.J..G., l.dn 11/1/667 :.ttorney-Gencrnl "'ilkins~'s Y.inu:be to Q:J1. Soc. 15 Feb. 1923: N •. ~.G., Ado 11/1 /t453 Petition fron Uate Kole to j,g. D. C. !Jruse 26 Nov. 1919. 72. Sec N. A. G., liJn 11 /1 /11 ~2 Meet ing nt Ko foridun 20 fJJ.g. 18 95; N.:• • G., l.do 11/1/3 lJ:Ioako Atta to fun. Ckll. Sec. 26 Aug. 1893. 7'3. Gold Cbnst Ckllony Ordinnncos Vol.1 1874-1892; l.lso l~.L.G., !~. ~+!f~~~:I; Q:!l.Qfori Atta to C.E.P. 16 Feb. Cbnf. lio.218/86/ University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 415 traditionally exercised over persons resident outside his own stnte in CMOS involving his oath. Lastly tho Okyenheno lost hib exclusive jurisdiction in land cnaea D.S (\ result of the proculg,'1- 74 tior: of his state tmder the N.J.O. In 19V the 1-1.J .0. was replaced by tho If.;. . C'. Under it the ari.ninal and civil jurbdic1:ion of Nntive Tribunals wore onlargod. For instance, sanitary CD.Soa wore brought within tho purviow of the; N:,tivc Tribtmals und~r section 46 S.s. 6, 11 rmd 16.75 Undcrnining the authority of a Pnrcnount Chiof and using wrong insiGnin were :llso oade punisb...'\blu offonces under section 31.76 Most significant of 1'.11 Wl"-S the restoration to tho Chiefs of 'exclusive jurisdiction in.land and stool dioputeG' with a viow to OODbnting the soaring cost of land litigation in the suprono oourt.77 Furthernorc, the powor to hold tribunal Wt'..S rvstricted to Divisionc.l chiefs only; 78 tho bOll on oxtrll-toITi torial juris- diction W:.1.O nnintained under section 60; 79 and the Governor w~s 74. tr • .i. . G., i.do 11/1/394 Extract froD legislative Council I1inu- tes 28 Oct. 1912. 75. N• .:..G.,;An HIt/371 D.C. Oda(R J. Rnnaey) to Ofori 1.ttn 22 Mny t,931 • 76. N.:..G., i.dn 11/1/1627 History of tho i.sUDllIlkese Disputo Plll'1lg. 10. 77. N.·. • G., iAn 11/1/1428 otori 1.ttn to i.g. S.;'!.:• • 2 June 1921 Conf.; N. ..l .G •• L.dn 11/1/1544 lhtive Lrlninistration nnd Poli- cy. limo by l,g. S N.,A.. 1 llDy 1931. Sec 'tlso p.425. 78. N.I..C •• Ado 11/1/lJ74 S.n,l. . to fun. Col. Sec. 4 Nov. 197.7; GovcJ:'110r·.R. "~:ute 1 Nov. 1 927. : :/1/lJ74. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 416 eCI.}X>wercd to confer or ldthdrgw j .... .... di t' u:.l.S C l.On. 80 The impact of the tT.J.O. and the N.A.O. on the trllditionl'll judicial set-up of Akyem Abual:wa wero far-reaching. First they had tho effect of entrenching the concept of Territorial jurisdi,- tion as opposed to the traditional .i\lcan concept of personal juri:=:- diction. In the first throe decades of tho 20th century tho new ooncept of territorial jurisdiction became the source of bi tt0l' inter-OOI/lI!lUllal conflicts between tho Akycm Chiefs and the migront settler cotU:l\.Ulitiea in Akyetl !.buakwa, especially the New Dllt'.ben and Kro bo. 81 Seoond, the two Ordinances introduced some innova- tiona in pro cedures and proconoes. Verbal ounnonn was replaccd by writs served, not by poat Il3 originally envisaged, but by Tribunal nesacngers. This practico contributed in no soall tloasure to the excessive oosts incurred in Native Tribunnlo. 82 Provision wns also l!I:Lde for Christians to be sworn uJ:Un the .bible rather thtln on tho State oath or on abosoo(gods) during court hearings. The leniency of tho pl'ioon tom prescribed by the N.J .0. und~ed the efficuqy of the traditional practice of holding sureti~ liable for tho satisfaction of debts and costs, ns people o pte; d for one oonth IS inprisonnent ra thor than pay any noney. 83 80. N ..... G., Ado 11/1/974 },g. 0:>1. Sec. to Hon. C.E.P., fig. C C.P., l,;;. C.'.v.P. 11 Nov. &927. 81. See Chapt er Scvcn. 82. N.j..G •• li.dt:l 1111/974 ~st. S.N.l• • to S.N.I. . 9 Nov. 19j1. 1/1096 J,Doeko J.,.tta II to Col. Sec. 26 March Cflapt or CD o. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 417 others preferred to offer cocct fnrms as security for fines lI'ld 84 costs in liG'1ll of relatives stt'lIlding surety for then. The Olrtar.t icpact of the 1:.3.0. t'IIld N.!. . O. W'es the proliferation of bye-b.ws. The Okyenhene used his bye-law nnldng power to bring into force a whole r/ll1ge of bye-laws which posed problCIl& of legnl tochniccl.ities nnd interpretation for the (!Vcrnge uneducntod citizen. .6B t'IIl exanplo Dny bo cited bye-law No.10 of 16 Ma:rch 1909 which cndo it t'IIl offence 'for any young con to insult; 84. N.J. . G., .t.drl11/t/1096 Chief Kwnku f.!JllTC to Col. Sec. 10 June 1903. 85. N.A.G., L..dn 11/1/1096 /Joonko l.tta to Col. Sec. 14 Sept. 1903; sace to snne 28 Sept. 1 903. 86. N.A.G.~.AiIn 11/1/1096 S.N.A's tIinute to Y.E. 'Z7 Oct. 1903. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 418 any Elder or Royal publicly,.f!7 The word "insult" 'Wr!S of courSC' subject to n variety of interpretations. In spite of such conp10- xitics, section 20 of the r:.J .0. debnrrGd lnwyers fron appearing on 88 bchD.lf of clients before Native Tribunals. In Decenber 1 906 aoVcnlor J .R. Roger further laid down BOno general rules on tho subject of intorference by lnwyers in dispates between Chiefs'll1d 'in other native affairs which oi thor do not or ought not to fOI~ the subj oct of legal pro ceodings I. Inter alin, no lnwyer Wna to be ~llowod lundor any circuostnnces ... to be present' in any di3- xnto botwoon Chiefs or "othor Natives" in the office of the S.L:'., Provincial Cbnniss hner or District Conois sion or .89 Tho !J.J. O. and N• .I"- O. also affocted the nature of penru. ties which wcru inflicted under the troditional .t.bunkwa judicinl systeo. The death ponnlty was abolished ,end fron 1899 onwards :inprisonne:nt becrIDe punishoent ~, instead of bGing ncroly a nGrolS of enfor- cing rnyocnt of fines, costs etc. 90 Under the N.J .0., Chiefo wore also cnpowered to detain accused persons in CGlis bGfore and cl'ter trhl. In the forner CIlSO accused persons could be detained for tl Dl'xioun of eight days, and for longer periods in the cr:.se 87. Civil Record Book Vol. IV 1908-1909 No.4 Kyebi Palace lll'chivo::1. 88. J.B: DanqUDh Cases in lJam L~ p.ni; N."ft• • G., l.cn 11/1/171 No.tJ.ve (hurts interforenco with casos by lawyers. 89. N."~.G., Mo 11/1/6 Minute by (H E.) J.R. tc Col. Sec. 7 Dec. 1906 Chnfidr:Ilt1al. - 10 pp. 52-53 • University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 419 of tmse on reoe.nd or convicted persons awaiting reoovol to n registered pt"ison or Govornnent Prison. 91 The absence of a Govomucnt Prison in lJryeo J.bual:.wa, the inadeqt;a.CY of registered nntive prisons, difficulties of transportntion rol(l above oll, nul,- axistence of records or roturns on detentions encouragod a.buse 01 power by tho Native Tribunols. 92 In 1925, Guggisberg llDended tho schedule to the N.J.O. by Rule No.6 to provido for 'Return of pending crininal cases, ood of persons in custOily' with a view to SB olininating existing nbusos. Judicial nduinilltration in Akyon Abunkwa under tho N.J .0. and 1I.!. . O. was characterised by a great deal of corruption and opproa- sion. J..t the onquiry thnt prccooded his destooluent in 191 0, Nifl'.hane KWl'll1c Oknnopa confessed to /lCceptjng a bribo of £40 fron tho pooplo of Asafo 'for the wrongful purpose of assisting then to illegally destool their chief'. 94 balm Atta II IS son tll'ld his two clerks were alleged in a sworn sto.troant nado by Kwoku Dcltwa of !.bonpe to have accepted bribes fron bin in rospect of his trilll beforo tho Ol~enhono s court in 1905. 95 I Judicial 91. N.1• • G., I.do 11/1./9ZT S. Warrin~ Soxton D.C. to C.E.P. 31 l·fny 1924; C.E.P. (F.W. Jackson) to 1"~1l D.C's 8 ~. 1924. 92. 11.1.. G., J..dn 11/1/1096 Col. Soc. to lnoa.ko l.ttc. II 11 Nov. 1903. 93. N.ll.G., l.dn 11/1/m Gold Conat Colony Rule No.6 of 1925 under N.J .C. 94. N.I. . G., Mn u/1h47 Inquiry into destooluent hold at !{yobi I court beforo D. C. Hobbos 3 & 4 lta-J 1910. '1/1/1440 statonoot of Kwaku Dalom token before In D.Q. at Aburi 22 /:QJ8. 1907. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 420 oppression and Ill'bitrnriness wore no loss rife. In 1907 Joseph Boat en , a school teacher of J.sinl':lf:l "1[\8 fined a total of .£16 by the Ol~enhcne 's tribtmctl for Distnlcenly referring to lnto O1~en­ hene ObUO!l as "Bnni'oo" dHring tho henring of a land croSe involvin, his tmolc Odilcro Kwnl~ Ofori of Dollyi. 96 Two yoara Inter Nifn- hene Oko::lIlpC1 fined Enonnuel :J3D.rO £25 for hnving 'sold n nent l sick swine' inste:ld of £2 allowod by the lllw. 97 'l'he classio axanple of judicial oppt'(;;ssion ond arbitrnrinoss =t. in 1929 durmg the Lsanonkese rebellion whon ninotoun citizens of the town arrested ut !.dongyiri and J4chinota and tnl~co to Kyebi were ch[1l'ged tmrler the IT. A.O. and subj octed to reVo 1 ting trelltnent by officials of tho Ollycohono's tribunal. 93 So wiclos- precd were incidents of judicial abuse in the trib\mals of the colony thnt follOWing enquiries Dndo during a nino oonth £Our of the oolony Honourable ';T. H. Grey ooue to the conclusion thnt Nativo Tribun'ls rl,;quired 'gr,;;:lter supervision ••• by the Europenn offi- cers of the Govornuant'. 99 96. B.I. . G., 1m 11/1/1,440 Joseph Bontong to S.H.:• • 13 Mril 1907. CJ7 • B. A. G., 1m 11/1/747 Thoons F. Dcoptey to T. C. 4 July 1. 909; J. Phillips tv S.N.A. 22 July 1909. 96. N.t. . G., l.an 11/1627 History of .ilsoDnnkese Dispute by Hugh Thoo3S, S.N.J.. 9 Mc;y 1934; N.J• • G., t..cJn 11/1/1105 /ilfard Published ct Nsawan 9 Sopt. 1929 by Justice R.E. Hall. parags. 131-134, 14l-1;0. 99. N.l. . G., M'. 11/1/:394 U.H. Grey to lIon. Chl. S.cc. 26 tl.pril 1912., . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 421 The onuses of the excesses of the Native Tribunals were varied. First wns the nloost total dependence of [lOst Chids ~:n' an their hllngors-onLcourt foes for their livelihood in oontrast with pr~cclcni[tl tioes. 1OO l!:3 Honourable Grey explained, the nore SUIl.LlOnsos the Chiefs issued the grentor their incono. It was 101 thorefore in their interest to encourage litigntion. Secontl wns the greed of corrupt court officinls who oft on nislod the prodoninontly illitorat<.: Chiefs deliberately so as to settle pri- vate scorce or bonc1'it financially. T.W. Brecbmridge, Travelling CbDDissioner, for instance. b1.D.ned Nifahcne Olmaopn I a 'nisdeeds I on his ocurt alert, Mr. Mensa, on ex-official of the Volta River Preventive; Sorvioe who had established hiosolf as a 'sort of "bush lawyer" person 'who carries Co aet of the Ordinances with 1 hiD' to nislend the tmsuspc cting and ignorant public. 02 The renoval by the N.J.O. of tho option, hithorto enjoyed by tho AbUlll:.wa people, of taking onaes direotly to tho British ocurts WBS o.lso a contributory fo.ctor. No longer were tho OJ-:;yan- hen" 's subjeots froe after 1899 to boycott his tribunal in catters thn t fell strictlr within its purview. Henceforth they wero obliged to take a:"l such CllBes before the Ol~enhene's tribuno.l in l00e See Chapter One. 101. n.J• . G., 1Jl'l 11/1/:394 H.ll. Grey to Bon. Col. Soc. 26 J.pril 1912. 102. N.J..G., 1m 11/1h47 'r.~T. Breckenridge, T.C. to C.E.P. :~~~ ~~~H·· ~j~ ~9. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 422 the first :instance. Nor was it easy for them to appeal readily as before against judgements of the Okyenhene' s tribWlB.l without the prior approval of the Co mm.J.s.sJ .oner f or Na t·J. ve ..'....~ fa'.: Lrs. 10, In lieu of pomanent residence of D. Ce in tho Stn.te between l:ay 1888 and 1912 it was easy for the Okyenhene IJIld his Chiefs . t 104 to brow-beat the people into acquiescing in their verd10 s. In e:ny case many an aggrieved person preferred to suffer in silence rather than tr~el all the way to Aocra or Alruse to peti- tion for a re-hearing of his case by the D. Cs oourt. Besides, tho exhorbitant foes charged by lawyers made rural poople 'have the SBl!le dread & dislike to bringing their cases to be heard at the llhglish Courts as ••• taking them to the Native Courts,.105 Another effect of the N.J. O. and N. A.O. on Akyem Abuakwa institution was the sUper-im~sition of the SUpreme Court over the State Q:)llllcil as the highest court in the land. As already ~inted out, the State Counoil was Abuakwa's highest oourt with 103. Gold Coast Ordirumces Vol.1 1874-1892 Clause 24 of N.J.O. p.399; Also N.A.G., Jdm 11/1/1440 D.C. Greenway's inter- :trotation of N.J.O. and Amoake Atta' s protest Feb.-March 1~. 104. From the wi thdrSW'al of Dr. Slni th in May 1 888 Akyem Abuakwa was administered by the D,C. for Aocra till 10 March 1892 when it wo.s plaoed under D.C. for Akuse. In lo1arch 1 ~4 Capt. Soden took over us Resident D. C. Mter he loft in September, the Distriot was placed tem~rarily under Crowthor from June 1'905-1 ~6. From then till 1912 the Distriot was adlIinistered on ~ basis by Travelling Commissioners: 1l.K. Greenway{193'f-19Q8}; H.J, Jrhbos (1qoQ.1910l~ I. Fhillips. 11/1/t096 Capt. Soden to S.N.A. 3l.ug.19)4. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 42:) both original and appolnte jurisdiction before tho advant of ooloninl rule. 1 06 l'.s]:nl't of the strategy to lmdorm.ine the Okym- hane's Iluthorl ty, tho Colonial Govcrnmen t encouraged his subj ccts betwoen 1874 and 1899 to look upon the SUpreme Court as tho buJ.· wnrk of Akyom society. Tho poliqy appealed to the enemies of the. Okyenhenc, particularly Christians, somo of the rising educated class and persons with on axe to grind, who tool~ advantage to show gross disrespect to the Okyonhano' s judicial authority. In Aug- ust 1886, for instance, 4viml!du of J.siakwa told the Ok;yenhene's messengers Vho served him with summons that he would have 'nothing nt nll' to do with the King's court. Summoned by the King's court for the second timo, he sent a messngc toot the King hD.d 1 'no lbver to call him in fjiiil court'. C!T i'lh.on tho Okyenhane oompbined about ~imtldU's insolence, the Governor told him that Lyimndu WIlS 'wit hin his rights I in refUsing to a. tt and the King's oourt bcoo.use Chiefs 'not possessing powers lmder N.J .0.' could 10B only act as arbitrators. The habits of ineubordination and contempt doveloped towards the Okyonbene' s triblmnl and Stll to COlmcil could no t easily be discarded after 1899 dospite the efforte of tho Coloninl 106. Soc Chaptor One pp.43, 48. 107; R.A.G., Adm 11/1/3 .AmoakD Atta I to H.E. W.B. Griffith 12 blJe. 1886. 100. R.A.G., Adm 11/1/3 W.B.G. to Commissioner for Nativo Affairs Col. Sec. to lCing JImoaqua Atta 17th Sept. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 424 Government. Indeed contanpt of the Ok;vanhene's judicial authority incronsed in view of the ~y limitntions which hedged it ond rodu- ced his courts to nere I!ppendnges of the SUpreme Court. In 1 905 the Okyanhene and his Sta.te Council were forced to petition the Governor thus: We cannot but submit this applioation as We find that men in this district are growmg vary insu- bordinate; and casas of contempt and disobodience of Elders and Chiefs nre becoming so numerous that we venture to approach the Government with n view to augmenting our nuthori ty in sto pping samo ,1 09 The N.I_D. (1927) was in f~ot conoeive". ns Co measure to enable the nc.tivo states of the Colony to I stond on their feet' by nrresting 'the deco.v ••• in native eustocs ond institutions ••• ' and restoring 'order out of chaos,.110 It's effect wns, howevor, to generate more oPIXlsition and insubordination on the part of subjects towards the Native Tribunals. 11. 1 The super-imposition of the SUpreme Court over the State Q,'QXlcil did not only encourage insubordination and conteopt towards the latter. It also encouraged prolonged and oft on ruinous liti- gntion. Ls already mentionod, the Okyenhene lost his exclusive 109. N.J..G.,.t.dm 11/1/667 J\I:aocl<'n Attn II to S.N.A. 30 Jan. 19:>5. 110. H.l. . G., ;.dn 11/1/1105 Col. Sec's. Uinute to Y.E. 9 Feb. 1928; N.l. . G,/, Mt111/1/963 O.E.p. to S.N.1. . 31 l.ug. 1928; N,J• • G., l.dI:l 11 1/1420 Native MfnUs. Dept. Report for ~ 927-28. 111. Sea N.II.r.. tdo 11/1/974 Protest by Conference of I •• R.P.S. !later'3 Fo'll. 1928; N.A.G.,.t.dm 11/1/184 ~ - TriDute ~able by fnroers. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 425 jurisdiction in land cases held under native tenure and in succe- ssial disputes between 1874 and 1927. The conourrent jurisdiction enjqyed in those matters by the Suprene Court tempted lawyers motivated by a preference for professional-style justice, as OPPC>- sed to excutive-style justice, as well as by selfish finMcial interests, to fish in the troubled waters of Akyem. Abunkwa. The result was ru;inous 1ll'ld almost interminable lnnd litigation in the state. fin unnamed /)J:}cra lawyer is alleged to have r.lade a deal with an ~er.l Chief to recamcend his professional serv1Cos to prosI£ctive clients in lJeyent Abuokwa for a COOllllissial of 10-2Cffb 112 on the profits earned frQ;J each cooe. Tho spa.te of litigation over land Md stool disputes attained such nlD.l'Iaing proportions in the second 1ll'ld third decades of the 20th century that Govel'nI!lent was forced to adopt measures to exc- Iuds lawyers fran such disputes and curb the soaring costs of lit- igation. fnong the ceasures adopted were first the removal of 11ll'ld :mel stool disputes frot:l the jurisdiction of the Supreoe Court by the l~.;. .. O. 1927. Original jurisdiction in land cases held undor native tenure was vested in the Native Tribunals with only appeals being heard before the Supreme Court. In executive and all catters affecting stocIs, however, a.ppeals lay to the Governor whose deci- sien Was to be f; 113 .n..a l. The second. measure was the publication 112. n.A.G., hio 11/1/1095 T.E. Fell, T.C. to S.N.A. 20 J~e 190':-. '1//1//974 C.C.P. to Col.Sec. 29 May 1928 cent; I 1 154l Native lldministration and Policy • • N • .A.. ~ Ma.v 1931. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 426 in the Gazette of lists of gutherised electorG under section 4 I1Ild 6 of the N. L. O. 114 The tl:il',l WIlS tho insti tutionnlisation of enquiry into deGtooloont and enstoolocnt cascs by the State 115 Counci.l iJllder scction 11;. of the N.:• • o. 1.nothc:.: iopact of the N.J .0. and N.LO. wsa. the evolution mJ.d gror..h of n nodcr.::l blU'eaucrncy .in 1,ky0I:l libuakw/l.. In pro- mlonial tioes tho ·~rn.ditional burenucracy described in Chapter One was well suhod to the nee u£ of a fom of governnent that was ossentinlly paroC".hial nnd characterised by sioplicity of lmTs, convention,;, funcHons 1Dd proceduros .116 As colonlAl penetration of tho state :illcr0nBed nnJ the .Okyenhene's govemoent was callod Up:lD tv publicise a Lllut.i. L .'.i.city of ordinances, mum (!Trests, unflUliliar ju:.·icp~ude:J.co, ",obili,,:c people for public works and undortnku an incren£i:,C voluoo of paper work in the foro of letters, rCPJrts, C';urt returns etc., it becaoe ioperative to evolve a oodcra-f;loninl Govcrncent because of his unsatisfactory record and after onl¥ a year he was dismissed on grounds of drunkenoss. 125 :.ftcr JJJ:mkre' a diamiss al tho Okycmhono decided to appoint e cecber of tho royal facily to the post of Stnto Secretary, thus starting ~ tradition which was maintained till the and of Ofori l.ttn's reign. The first in the line was l.lexnnder Eugane Apcn Dnnq 11M, Son of Kwndwo Pippin and lJrosUll Boo Gyankrocan, lntor wife of Ebr.1tUlUol Yaw l3oskye, :_D.:. . Donquah was born in 1873. He was educated at the I{yobi elecantury school frOD 1881-1886 and nt the Bogoro Middle school fruc 1886-1890.126 J..fter spending only a 122. The Ok¥cnhene dOI.1n.nded Oforidoi's resignation niter he h!ld settled n bill of £30 sent to him by the Wesloyan High school in 1885. Soe Peul Jenkins, Abatracts, pp.670, 672. 123. Paul Jcnt.::w. (Supplccent) p.47 l.nnuol Reports frOD IOOl'.1 pastors; Tholl!lS Yao Kmli, Kristofo Tn:l p.15. 124. IN.A.G., :.do 11/1/3 F.r·I.H. to King lnoako Attn 20 lJlg. 1'891; F.M.H's ¥.:inute 'j Sept. 1891. 125. Pnul Jenkins, J?stracts, (Supplenent) ,P.60 Mohr t s Rep:>rt dd. 18 .Ilpril1292; N.A.G.,.Ado 11/1/3 F.li.H. to King I.ooaku-J.tta 20 mg. 1891. L:JStracts, (Supplooent) p.42 Hirsmullar to lJco- iea 31 May 1890. Tho pa:rents were di1TOrood in University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 429 yec:r at the Lkrop:m thcologicc.l socinnry he loft to becone Str'.tr> secrett:rY to his uncle, lJ'!1oa.ko ....t t" II. He left his job tet!lfO- rarily in 1896 to study law at l.cero. on the n.dvice of the o,r:nis- sioner for l.kusoj 1 t!7 and nfter worldng m3 a. SupeI'in~.Jndent 01 Po lico at Prnnprn.'1 in 1898. he retumed to K3'~. bi to rosuno his post in 1 ~. 12 6 In Septenber 1 903. I.. t:. H' Donqunh I shalf !lJld younger brother, .'.~. 13. IXmqunh, later nann Sir {)fori l.ttn I, w~s ,'lpp:>inted joint-secret.<:<.ry to :lssist with thil increasing vo1unc of secrctnri['.l duties. 129 For their roounoration the two brothers 130 received 1 ~ shnre of nbo.t in l.Jjcrt:t in 1932 to ennble hin run the forco efficiently. 138 Taking their cue fr)o devolopoents at the Oltyenhcne' s court at Kyebi, tho Mp.:1lmnfo l1Ild ~dikrofo also established oininturo buroaucracies at th:lir courts. On his Ilcceasicn in 1905, Benlrun- hene Gyaocra app:>intecl Siooon Ednund Snl~i, alios TeO-chcr Donko, IlI!I his full-tine clerk with rosponsibil1 ty for account a of land sales to the Kro be. Two years Inter he recalled his Siorrn- Leone educnted cousin E. R. Thonpson fron i.cern tmd placed hin spocifically in charge of the adI:iinistration of Bogoro stool 139 Innds. Nifahene KW1.lIJ.e Oko1lJ:lpr~, as already noted, also engaged the services of II Mensn on ex-officinl of the Volta Preventive t36. '.A.G.K., fAn 26/6/49 D.C's Diary for July 1930. 137. N.il..G.K., 1~ 26/6/49 D.C • .ludd's Diary for Oct. 1931. 138. Interview with Oheneb.'1 Kwoku inoo. 5 Jm. 1977; lJ.so N.A.G., Ado 11/1799 tUn.tea of 31st Session of the Enst Provincial Council 5 March 1901-0. 139. N.!J..G., 1m 11/1/457 Casc r-.21/1913 Begoro Native lI.ffnir8j IJJn 11/(1/1440 Hato Kolo to S.:r.!• . 6 June 1911 Conf. C.::. CUrlin C.E.P.) tc S.N.I• • cti June 1 ~8. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh service lIS his court clork. 140 The grvwth cf a oodern buroo.u- cruey tmd the cstnblishocnt of I!dninistrntiv'J routiJ:lO tended to oake governoent DOre and core inpersonnl and efficient. 3. stool RevenlllBs und 3tool Trel!SuricD In pre-colonial tines stool revenues derived froo land, booty nrul court fines nnd fees were applied largely to the suppart 141 of Chiefs fUld their elders. The revenues were shared out in fuad proportions. Froo tho 1880s the ~ systeo WllS used lIS n bosis for shnring revenues particularly il.badWnde (Hearing foe) noong tho Chiefs ffild various groups of elders ,1 ,~2 1.B long as stool revenues remained l!IoagJ..'e and barely sufficient for the up- keep of the Chiefs and elders the pneral public did not feel inclined ·~o insist on accountability by the Chiefs and Elders. In the 20th cent lI'Y, however, public attitude towards the disposal of stool revenue changed. Thanl{s to the promulgation of the N.J .0, in JJcyem J...bualara the number of cases that came before the Okyenhene's court us well as those of his sub-chiefs increased, yielding considerable :"rvenue. The commercialization of stool lands brought in still bigger revenues which were supplemented by p~ts for communal labour 'lmdertaken under the Roads Ordi- nance. Consequently ed·.lcated ro;d poli tioally eonaoiouo c1tizenR 140. Sep P~421. 141. See Chapter One 142. Civil Record Book 28 Mnrch-5 Sept. 1 t;J)7 No.' Kyebi Palace .lrabiveSl! 1l.,A,.G., J.dID 11/1/457 Kwasi Mensah's aI'OSS- University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 43::> began to demand accotmtabili ty for expandi ture of stoo 1 revenues in the interest of the wider public. In near-by !..kuapem the Qmgn,(public) decided in 1 9JO that all concessions money should b~ paid directly to the Paramount stoo l in the first instance before being shared on the basis of abusa 143 among the safo ",1embers of D9.tt':o.:~ 'Co O:rori AttCl. f. 5 Oct. 1927. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 435 oourt fees, farm tllXes, rents. land purchaBes etc.' monthly and satisfy himself of their disbursement. He nccused some of the Chiefs of being 'spendthrifts selfish and miserable drunklIrds' who spent large sums of stool revenue irresponsibly a1 ther on juju from Northern Nigeria and Ncrthorn Terri tori es (llld on marrying 'to mnnywives'. Yaw KlIni's 'sale prnyer' wns that stool revenues 'should not be left in the hands of Chiefs to be spent for their selfish mds'. 151 otori Attn wns in full sympathy with the sentiments expressed by Yaw Knni. He believed that Chiefs must be mnde nccountable for stool revenues received by them because stool lands were 'not exclusive personul properrJ of the occupant of the stool' to be appropriated by him 'to his own personal advc.ntnge' .152 Not only did otori Attn persuade the Okyemnn Council to make unauthorized sn1e of stool lands an offence punishable by destoolment; 153 he also shavsd preparedness to eatc.blish stool trellSuries in his State 'to obviate the possibility of stool funds being squandered and eliminnte one of the chief 08USes of destoolment' .154 151. N. I ... G• • lldm 11/1/928 Thomas Yoo Knni to &n. S.N.A. 31 Karch 1 9'Z7 • 152. N.1l..G., Mm 11/1/928 otori Attlt to D.C. 28 Oat. 1925. 15'3. N.A.G., Mm 11/1/547 C.E.P. to S.N.A. 10 Dec. 1927. Under this customary law 4 chiefs were actually destooled between J~ 1927 and Sept. 1927 These were Kwadwo Adu Bofoo of .t.boIlX)SU and I~oa .Afi of Akwabooso (25 Aug.) Kwebena Drono c~ Apinomnn \:1 July) and T€'..f ohene Ko fi Peasa II (Sept. ) • 154. I. A.. G:, Adm 11 /1/928 Stato Treasury Bye-Laws Ak;vem .Ab'ua.kila r.~~_ lIttM " University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh In October 1 928 the OllyeDhene forwarded to the Governmen t for approval bye-laws made on 22 Ooto ber 1 928 by the Okyemlln Cb un . ail under Section 40 of N.A.O. for the establishment of a State Treasury for Akyem Abuakwa. The bye-laws provided for the apJX):L..·· tment of a state Treasurer to be resJX)nsiblo for the collection, receipt,. and proper disbursement of nny revenue, and for the keeping of an exact aooo'lmt of such moneys os in these bye laws shall be deemed to 155 be revenue or expenditure of the State Treasury. The State Treasurer's accounts, to be supported by tho neoessary vouchers, were to oover tributes, rents, tolls tithes etc. due to the State. A cash-book wns to be kept in which all items of revemae end expcndi turo were to be entered. The cash-book Was to be oheC'.ked monthly with the cru:h balance in tho presenoe of tho State Treasurer. A Registor showing the nature and manner of all plyments, name-s of persons liable to pay, and date of payment Was also to be kupt.156 Officials of the State Treasury wore to include 11 Treasury Clerk, a Trocsury Clerk's .Assistant, a Collector and .Assistllnt Cbllectors Ol.d an J.uditor. Twenty percent of amOlmts oollected in respect of f l'm-ronts (:'rom strangers). gold, dillmonds, sole of stool lands 11.8 to be paid to the State Treasury. Of the bolnnce t was to go ~o the Oky.mhone with the remnining , going to the 155. Ibid. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Chiefs :md Elders concerned. Five perccnt of the total oath fines 'of aJV Tribunal in fJd,m J..buo.kwa recognized 1mder tho Nativo Administration Ordinance 19Z7' WaJ3 to be paid to the State Trea- sury at the end of every month. All IlIOniea received in respect of Tribunal fines were to be paid to the Tribunnl Registrnr who would issue n receipt and enter the payment into the Tribunnl Cnsh Book. 1. bonk ncC01mt Wn8 to be opened for the State. Finc.lly a Fin.'U100 Committee WtlS to be apIOinted each yef'r to consider "(;he estimntos of the now yenr and adopt Md approve of the Report for the past year. Membership of the Financo Cormnittee wv.s to include the seven Divisional Chiefs, six Chiefs of the !{yabi Executive O:lunoil, the three l.mnntoomiens['. Chiefs, the Stnte Treasurer and 157 the Okyenhene as Presidcnt. The lqcm f..buo.kwn State Troasury bye-lnws could not come into force in November 1928 as intended because the Govorruoont withheld its npproval pending n careful and thorough discussion of the question of direct t3Xation in the Colony as n whole. The Poll Tox Ordinance of 1852 marked the first attempt at direct taxation in tho Gold Oo'"ast by tho Colonial regine. Resistance to the till[ ovcntunlly led to its substitution with 0. house tax in the municipalities first establishod by Governor Benjamin Pine in 1858; but the lfunicipnlities were not u success l'..nd in 1861 :mel. \886 the Iblicipnl Corp'rations Ordinanco and the Poll TC',x University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 438 158 Ordin311ce respecti vcly, were repealed. Between 1886 /Uld 1925 the question of direct tnxation l~ in abeyance, although it was sporadically raised by sone Chiefs whoso growing indigence cade thl.1!l long for the restoration of their powor of tnxe.tion usurped alongside their power of lagisla-" tion by tho colonial regiooJ. 159 In 1912 for instance, Hen. Mnte Kole appealed to tho Governnont to give serious consideration to the pnssing of an ordinanoo 'empowering Chiefs to raise suffici0nt revenue' to neet the incruasing cost of administrative duties imposed on then by vnrious ordinnnces: 60 The request Wl'.S turned down oocunse it was folt thnt unlike Northern Nigeria, and to a certain extent Southern Nigeria and East l.fric~. direct taxation llS l? rogulnr nnnunl icpost was nn innovation in +'00 Gold Const. The Govemoent believed thnt the bestowal of p:lwers upon Chiefa of tho Colony 'to enforoe n systen of direct tf'xation appears to be contrary to all established usage; one toot would be difficult to introduce, and inexpedient for onny reasons ••• ,161 158. N.l..G., Adra 11/1/928 Ertract fron MeJ:lO by Bon. S.N.A. 159. /J.though Chiefs levied direct taxntion in pre-colorrlAl tines it wns not n regular annUlll feature but rather an irregukr and periodio af'f'o.:i.r. The Chiefs' right to levy tox was demed by the Coloninl Government to hnve been lost with the onset of Colonial rule. Henceforth the Government chiDed 'exclusive right' to raise revenue by direct taxation. See Chnpter One p.55. Also Chpater Seven PP.484-85. 1.60. If.A.G., Jdn 11/11'394 Extract fron Legislative Cowcil Minu- tes 28 Oct. 1912. !~!. N. A.lL litrt 11 /1 /39 Minute by S.N.A. to H.E 10 July 1912; :~: :G., lu:kl11/1/184 Ilg. S.N • .h.. to Bon. C.S. 26 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 439 The questiCll of direct taxr>.tion could not, however, be shelved indefinitely owing to the urgency of the need to arrest the growing il:!poverishoent of the Chiefs by providing then with a source of regular personal income on the one hand; and the de,;..- rability of husbanding the resources of the state to furnish a fund for minor works of public utility on the other. In conncc- tion with the latter, Sir Conway Belfield's Report of July 1912 recoL1Dended the establishment of stool Treasuries. It stated: it is Dost desirable that some arronganont should be devised which will preclu:le the appropriation by Chiefs and elders of the whole of the proceeds of the disposition of the land for personal or quasi-personal purposes, and will effect the reten- tim of a renaonab1e portion of such revenue to be expended in works which will benefit the tribe as 162 a Whole and those who cooe after theo. No serious attention was paid to this piece of advice. Official attitude towards the question of direct taxation and stool treasuries changed during the 1 920s. First Government's revenue beoame incre~ing1y inadequate to moo&the cost of the 1:1000i- to fold local services which it was 'continually being appealed to[rrro- vide'. The S.N • .ll.. for instance, felt that the time had come for the Clliefs to be authorized to raise revonue by direct taxOoticm 'Within certain limits' from all persons living in their area of 162. Sir Can;way Be1fiold I s Be port quoted in N .A. G., Ldn 11/1/920 Meeo on the Land Question in the Gold Coast... by Lt. Col. JlA'ln -- "-,,- T .General July 1 925. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 440 163 jurisdiction, for pIlrJX)ses of 1000.1 develop:l(mt. Hr. Orosby- Gore, Under ~cretnry of State in a report on his West Mriccn tour of 1926 urged that the Native f.uthori tios bo onde to llSSU!10 responsibili ty for the construction of rands and ioprovenent of sanitation in their villages; nnd be given pert of tho revenues derived by Governnent fron licences and other sources in their nrcllS of jurisdiction in proportion as they showed preparedness to nssune such responsibility.164 Second, it was agreod that aport fron the 'ennll degree of relief' which stool treasuries would afford to the general revenue of Governnent, they would free tho Chiefs froe over-dependence on Tribunal fees /ltld fines, and help to restore dignity to the ofiico of Chief. 165 Indeod the Under Secretory of Stato cons ide- rcd the establishnent of stool Treasuries both in the Colony n.nd Asonte as 'a pt"inciple of c:::.rd:inal ioportance for the future stability and develolDont of native institutions' .166 In Harch 1928 the Governnent took n firo decision to create stool treasuries and the S.N.A. was charged with the duty of suboitting 'definite Pl"oJX)sals for instituting stool trensurbs in the Colony' a:f'ter 163. N •. A.G., Lrln 11/1/928 Extract fron loIeoo by S.N.A. 164. N• .4.G.K., l.dn 29/6/39 Minutes of 16th eeasian of E.P.C. 21 Nov.-2 Dec. 1932. 165. N.lb G.. 1.iJn 11/1/928 El:tract frou I!(;OO by S.ll. : ... 166. N.f_G •• :.do 1~/1/1420 Na.tive Ufairv Dept. RoJX)rt for 1927-28; J.l~) Legislative Oouncil reba.tos of 1 93CH 931 ~e8Bs~" n_~S'!. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 441 oardul oonsul tntion with Provincial Conoissioners and the Provi- ncicl Council of Chiefs .167 Circular letters to this effect were forwnrdod to the Provin- cinl ColJDissioncrs in January and 1.pril 1929 for their inforr'Llt.Lon and discussion with the Provlncio.l Co1.U'lcils. By Septeober 1 929 tho Ccntrc.l and lkstern Provincial Councils had approved tho pt"inciple of stool Trensuric:::, 168 The Eastern Provincinl O:>uncil passed 0. resolution at its [loeting at Ik:>dowa on 11 Novenber 1929 in favour of stool trec.suric's which they considered to be lof utnost inportance in thG interest of the stools nnd of the people thereof'. The resolution stressed that the tine had fully arrived for stool Trec.surios to bl: o[:u 'part nnd parcell of Nntive f.dnini- 16 strntion in tho CoIOny. 9 The Joint Cocnittee of the Provincial Council of Chiefs neeting in Accra in Docenber 1 929 under tho ohnirnD.nship of Nann Sir Ofori J.ttn wolooned the estnhlishnent of Stool Tre,".l3UTio::J and asked for tho necessary legislation to be passed 'with nininun delay' to pave the way for the individual Statoo tc pass stool Treo.sury bye-laws 'oonpntible with 10 cd oonditions' ,170 In Septruber 1931 the Governnent mended the !T. I •• O. to provide for the estnblishnent of stool Tr68SUl'ios by 10, • N. 1• • G., J.dn 11/1 /184 Governor to Co 1. Soo. 23 Mnroh 1 928. 168. N.l• • G., Adr.l 11/1/928 n:inuto S.N.!.. to Hon. Col. Sec. 9 Nov. 1929. t 69. N. A. G., l.dn 11 /1 /92fJ Roso lut ion on Stool Tronsari os by hi;. Provincial Council of Chiefs 11 Nov. 1929. 11/1/92E. Ofori Attn to S.N. A. 17 Jtlll. 1930. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 442 oenns of bye-l:lWs. 171 Lction on the oattcr rod to bo suspended owing to the widespr~ad protests ~d deoonstrnticns precipitated by the prop:>soo Inoooe "T2!%' Illld Native Revenuo tnx oeo.BUres of 1931.172 At the ond of 1938, a.ftcr n dolay of seven years, the 3. J • ;" ... Mt-. Hugh TOOnns, notified tho Conoisoioncr for tho Eo.sturn Provi- nee of his intention to introduce into the Legislativo Council in March 1939 '/zl Ordinance to provide fOr tho El:ltoblishIlent and l>&lagenent of Nntivo Treasuries' .173 'J!.ho Nativo Adoini:3trcti"n Trcosurios Ordinanoe finally booaoe 0 pcrativc in J.k;vcn f.buakwo. under 11 Ik,;ti co publiohed nt pnge 57 of Gl".zette No.6 of J IlllUAl'Y 1940. 174 The Joint Provincial Council of Chiefs discuseed the draft native Administration Treasury Regulations(1939) for 'the governance of Stool Tret\sUl'ies I nnd sent its views to the S.r.A., but owing to delay in thG passage of the Regulutions into law, no treasury established under the Native Administration Treasu- rics Ordinance w:'.s yet functioning efficiently in Akyem /U:Junlarn by the end of Febl'U£lry 1 940.175 171. N .A.G., Adm 11/1/1420 Native Affairs Dept. Report 1931-32; B.A.G., iIdm 11/1/1018 W.J.A. Jones S.N.!... to C.E.P. 17 Oct. 1931; Note by J.e. de Gr~ft Johnson 3 Oct. 1931. 172. For details see Chapter Seven pp.512-514. 173. N.A.G.K., Adm 29/6/68 Hugh Thomns S.N.A. to Ii>n. C.E.P. 23 Dec. 1938. 174. Ii •. .l..G.K., f.ilm 29/6/63 Ofor.i Attn to D.C. Kyebi 31 Jan. 1940. 175. B.~.G.K •• lam 29/6/63 1~. C.E.P. to Hon.Col.S~c. 29 Feb. ~ •• J.dm 11/1799 J..g. C.E.P. Lt. Col. G1bbs'speer.h: f1st Belsion of E.P.C.C. Dodowo 5 lInroh 1940. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 443 By 1940 at lenst six Stool Trensuries seem to have boen established in the State. 176 Of these two had been eetablishE.'d, five years before, under the specio.l and peClUlinr circumstances,. created by the rebellion of !~llml.J.nkese and J.kwntin. 177 Betwee. 1 923 and 1934 the rebels Md successfully mnintnined their defia· nee of tho Ofori Stool thnnks mainly to enormous finnncinl resources placed at their disposal in the form of mining rents nl1d royalties poid to them by Clm. It wns estimnted thnt tho two rebellious stools received £750 per quarter in rents between 1923 and 1930, while roynltie8 nssesoed (l.t ~ of the Compnny's profits 178 averaged nearly .£10,000 per annum. In 1928 nlono the secess- ionists received ,£12,000 in royalties. 179 T-he to tal revenue accruing to the two &tools frf)m concessions between November 1929 180 tlnd 30 Juno 1931 {.lIIIounted to .£57.960.18.5. Host of this money W~ pnid out in lnwycrs' fees or frittered [!)lOY in gifts or induoanents to people. 181 176. N.I. . G.IC., l.dm 29/6/68 C.E.P's 1.ddress to E.P.C.C. 28 Fob. 1939. 177. Sec Chnptcr Five 178. N.:. . G.K.,.t..dm 26/6/49 D.C's Diary for July 1930. 179. N.I• • G., 1J.dm 11/1/1105 Ofori Attn to D.C. Kyebi April 2, 1930. 180. B.A.G., Mn 11/1/1630 Stlltoment of DeJX)sits nnd Withdrr'.w.'l.ls in Hespcct of Asamonkeso and f.kwa.tia Concessions 1 Nov. 1929 to 30 June 1931. 181. In Januru:-y 1926 the rebels prosontcd the lIkwrunuhenf> wi-l;h a .lorr1/s Chwle;v car bought with stool funds. 'lee N.I. . G., Adm 11 .t/U05 C.I.P. Newhnds to Hon. S.N.A. Feb. 17, 1928. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 444 With n view to checking further misuse of the substantial revenues of the rebellious stools :md ending their defiance or otori Attn the Colonial Government issued Il proclamntion which brought the J~amnnkese Division Regulations Ordinnnce(A.D.R.O.) into effect on liurch 30 1 935. The primary purpose of the f •• D. R. O. end subsequent regulAtions mnde under it w::.s to check 'lmwarrant(;- ble sq~~doring of stool revenue on matters of no constructive v.:l1ue,.182 The OrdinlUlce provided for the collection ond disl'u- rsement Of stool revenue 'directly under tho control of Government' through tho establishment of stool Treasuries at MDlIlankese and /lkWc.tia into which 'all rents, dues, royal ties £'l'ld revenuos' from stool lends as well ns 'all levi03, dues, feos and rates' p~able by virtue of, or in nccord.l>.nce with, the provisions of any ordi- nonce or byo-l.:>.w were to be pnid. The Ordinlll'lce authorised the Governor-in-Cc)\mcil to prescribo 'tho purpose' to which such revenues might be appropriated and the ruIOlmt that might be 0110- cated to any such purpose. It also provided for a penalty of £50 or two yenrs imprisonment with or without hurd labour or both for any person other than the 'Prescribed Officer' namoly the D. C., woo recoived Stool revenuo. 183 182. N .L. • G.K., !dm 29/6/63 .i..ddress by Bon. A. C. Dtmcan-John- stone C.:::;.? at Boconcililltion r.leeting lby 'Z7 1938. 183. Ibid; lJ.s) N.l• • G., Jodm 11/1/1105 The ./Isomankesc Division Regu].ntionf; Ordinance; N.A.G.K.,!.dm 26/6/49 Diary of ~:~: ~~:-~~~; for J.Fil 1 935. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 445 Under the L..D.R.O. revenues of llsnmonk.ese and Lkwnti:l were directed towards soci::l.l impt'ovomant rather th~ litigation. In the 1937-38 financial year revenue for the Asamnnkese stool, derived chiefly from mining rents and royalties, f:.ll'm rents tmd0 .•: tho tJrusa system ond IIIllrket tolls dnd foos for the newly innugur:.- 184 tud cor.DGrVrmcy services, OlOOunted to £3,572.10.10. Tho prin- cipal iteeJEI of expanditure wore the eroction of model nnrket shedD the construction of streets and drains, tho mnintanance of an tldequnto stc.ff of sc.. .. tVongoro nnd lnbourcrs and tho conpletli:on of tl lorry park. In addition c. comprehensive scherr!e of town drninll€'e was dr~ up.'85 In t939-1940 finoncinl year the Nc.tive 1.dnini- stration of !.sarlrmkese carried out a numbor of useful public works and incre,':Sed ito bank balcnce by £400. '86 At f.kwatill progress W1'.S no less remcrlmble. In the 1937-38 financial year Co Native Ldministration School consisting of three clcsaroons with adequate playing fields, office and school equipment wcs constructed. A good teaching stuff under the temporory headship of n Governncnt S000nd Division school teucher was also recruitod and streets, drains and mnrket-sheds made. 187 In the t 939-40 184. N.ll.G.K., :.dJJ 29/6/63 I.d.d...""tJsa by Hon. A.C. Duncan-Jolmatone tn lay 1938. 185. Ibid. 186. N.A.G., Mil 11/1799 Minlltes of the 31st Session of the Pro- Yincial Q:nlrlcil, Eastel'!l Province held at Ihdowa 5 March 1940. 18'L lL~ I! Tr '->n :?9/6/6' i.ddross by Hon.. A. C. Duncon-Jolmstone ~'.~. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 188 financial year D. Dodel village costing ne..qrly £1 ,000 was built. The success of the J.slllJB.nkose and 1J<.watia lexper:lJnent' gener~- ted cuch interest in Stool Tre3Surics in the State. lAoiso, n town tmder Asanankesc, started a Treasury which was, at the reqt;.}", ~ of tm townspeople, pu:t under the A. D. R. O. It was gazetted on 4 Fobruary 1 939. By linrch 1 ~tO it had a working balance of £2fb after caldng grants-in-aid to locol educntion and resurfa.cing tho town's lorry pork. 189 In t 937 after a 'study tour' of Northern Ghruln to fll.oiliarise hicself with the working of native Trcnsuries established by his friend H.J. : •• Jonos, than Chief (hI:lJli.ssionor 191 for the North, Ofori i.ttn estublished a state Treasury at Kyebi. GtlZotted in Soptcnber 1937, tho State Treasury became a ]roy factor in the state IS dcvolopnont efforts in the 1940s. Between Ml'.rI~IIS"e ptecber t 942 the state Treasury received n tot::l.l revanue of £18,094 fron concession rants, roynltieB and court feas. Of this nnotmt £:71: 2 was spent on educational stnff, £248 on sanitation Idrines nnd £:700 on a new school classroon 191 block:. The stool treosuries Ordinance introduced sanity and order into the ndD:inistrntion of ll.buokwa l s stool finonccs. 188. N.A. G., Adn 11 /1799 itinwtos of the 31 at Seesion of Provin- cial Council 5" March 1940. 189. N.A.G.K.,.~ 29/6/6& C.E.P's Lddress to E.P.C.C. 28 Fob. 1939; N .11.. G., lA.m 11/1799 Minutes of 31 at Session of Pro- vincioJ. (huncil Barch 5, 1940. 19:>. Jnrlo Simenson, (hOIJOners, Chiefs and the Colonia: Govarn- cent p.292. -296. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 44'1 It put .'JIl end to the streak of recklces dissipation of stool rcv~ IIUes by estnblishing oontrols and introducing the principle of acootmtability. In this way Abun.kwn Chiefs were froe the 19.wa onw::xds glk."..l'nnteed ~.n C'.dequo.tc ond regular inoono f"r the nnint" nonco ot their personal dignity and the satisfaction of thoir housohold needs, While at the BOno tine ensur:i:ng that the ,«anercl welfare of the public wn.s not snat'ificed. The bulle of the incano of £18,094 nentioned above for instance, wns devoted to tho p'suant 192 of salaries to Chiefs end stato functionnries. 4. The Trndi tional gny or "liBo:fo ThQ changoe thnt ovortook lJryen B>uakwn I s institutions wore not oonfined to the nonarchy, the judicinl systen [1nd financial ndninistrntion only. They alse cxtandod to tho aso:fo orgnnizntion. /§$ clrec.dy shown in Chapter Ono tho trndi tiona I asa:f'o Was a passiVe subservient ndhoc orgcniz!ltion fashion ad by the llhenfo and their 193 elders to cnrry out their wishes. Due, however, to the soci'll ond ccanonic revolutions of the late 19th century the asafo orga- n1zation underwent a gradual transforrmtion in oonpo sit ion, loeder- ship and orientation fron 1875. In actual organization and oquip:lcnt tho nac£o did not chtlnge ouch in the 20th ccntury. Tho asa.fotwano and the cmwuro (n holloW 192. Ibid 296 The saltlrios rongcd fron £3,000 for the ODanhane to £100-200 for clerical staff and £50-100 for stool fune- tionnties, heirs etc. :One pp.23-24. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 448 iron cup usunlly called gOng-gOng) re.'1u:Lrwd the key instrunents :t"or 194 8UODoning the ~safo to a ooating or action. The osaro fl~gs were elso retained, with new ond nore fanciful ones being devise(1.195' Tho offices of asnfonkye nnd his deputy sripi continuoc'!. to be th~ kqy offjcca as before although the lISafo now had its own spokesnor or linguist, nsnfogkYe Kye~nc. Perhaps tho mst strik:i.ng chnngc::: were the institution of wMt Ilppcnred to be personul oaths of the nSllfook;ve end the greater secrecy and solEDlity which often rmrkerl asnfo oootings and docisiona. '196 In 1898 Travelling ChlJl'lissionor Hull. reported thnt the 'ablo-bodiad nen' of Kukurllntur:li 'wishing to forn a "coopnny" for the benefit of the town repaired to the hoUDe 1 of the fetish Den KWl1banll. Nketiu for fetish to drink'. c:J7 Tho t , obvious intent of fetish-drinking was to ensure solidarity Illld rnrtua1 trust. In other respects the changes; in the asato organization were rEDnrlmblG. First the llSflfo of the 20th century revealed on etlmic diversi ty. Not only did DIlny liberatGd 'foreign I slaves. uake l~en l.bw.klro. their donicile; 198 bht oleo the state experienced lln influx 194. See N.l• • G., l..dn 11/1/11451 Cuon:ings to fun. Col. Sec. 17 l.ug. 1899. 195. Paul J ankins, J.bst~l1cts, p.13 Zioncrrum t s Quartol Baricht dd. July 1852; 196. See N.I. .. G., 1.d"i:J. 11/1/1096 Coopllrint by Head Chief lIOonko J.ttll II agninst thc' chief and people of Tnfo 25 ~c. 1902. 197. N.J• • G., AdI:J. 11/1/1C95 Hull to P.on.Col.3ec. 28 Oct. 1898. 196. See Paul Jenldns, l.hstrncts, p.129 r.lohr's ReR,lrt 10-26 I.pril • .t.aDn't), Molu· and ~'1erner to the S.D.C. 26 Jwe , /Al 1/1/1095 StIlteuent of Yc.w Broni of Lnyi.· 'ictQ~io ~borg 1.8 JM. 1889. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 449 of exiles from Asante and migrant farmers fron the Colony in the 1 oourse of the laet quarter of the 19th century. 99 Consequently M;yem Abuakwa wos turned into a sort of cu1 tural melting pot which changed the ethnic oomplexion of its body politic. Henceforth the asaf'o drew its mer.lbership ~rom a mixed group of lU:;yeo, 1l.sante, t.L.'1.lB.petJ., Ga and Northerners, and its motiV'lltion for /lction and solidarity was provided not by ethnicity but by n sense of COOl!lon political grievance and identity of economic interest. 1.&D:fo membership did not only revenl ethnic diVersity. It also showed a certnin degree of aocial differentiation. Within the ranks were to be found ohristinns and non-christians, educated and illi1rernte, rich and poor. The leaderShip of the nsofo nlao ohnnged. In the tra.ditional asafo the osnfoa.kye, us an oppointee of the ohief ond his elders, 2OO was liable to dismisso.l by them. From the last quarter of the 19th ccnt'lll'Y. however, there is evidence of o.snfo Mserting the right to choose their own loaders and oerely presenting them to the Chicf and his Counoillors for oonfiroation. Asnfoakye /..'bom of Bogoro W!!S reported by the Basel rIissionaries to hove been an 'elected' lender. 201 So:Uso WC..8 llSnfoak;ve Kwttku NkroOll of ........ t99. Soc Chapter five pp. 3~2-324. 200. Sec Chnpter One p.23. 201. See p. 451. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 45-; . 202 !.kyerule who becu!Je osnfoakye ill 1 ~2. In fairly large towns like .AY.;rease ::md Truo, !Jore than one asruoukye waa elocted with each bllv:iIlg n specific nUIJber of young nan directly under his orders. Jsnfonkyc Kwc.la.:. Nla'ona., for exanple, had 100 young oen lmdcr his authority. 203 The nnin qunlification for the office of a.snfoakye in the 18th and 19th can turies wa.s subservience and loyalty to the Chiefs. Fron tho lest qunrter of the 19th century onwnrds eloquence, courage and so!Jetines wedth becano the usual qualificutions. l.snfonk;ve AbllD, bosides being eloquent ond daring, nppears to hnve been a trr!dcr of considerablo noons. 204 Both i.s.'tbc:re and his brother Kwclru lmufo who held the office sucoessively at Oaino in the 18908 and enrly 20th cantury were men of courage and woolth. ADonfo vas one of the only throe citizens of Osino to have owned CII two-storey bouse• • 205 Sonotines strangers doniciled in the town were proferred for the office an they tended to be bolder and DOre forthright, b.oing loss influenood by racily or other 202. n. .... c., Adr1 11,/1/371 Enquiry into dostoo1nent of y,. Darku OhEno of J,kyeDfJ e 22 bJg. 1 922. 203. Ibid 204. Dar Heidonbote No.7 July 1878; Paul Janldns, Abstracts, p.104 Hohr's ReIX>rt to Baael 10 April 1878; N.J..G., S.C.T. 2/4/12 Civil Record Book Vo1.4B iXlonfo vs. Quasi Ilurnh ond l.bl'lD 10 June 1-878. 205. Intorview vi th J. ~l. S"al:yi .lJged 70 son of fmafc 5 Juno 1 CJ77. 1.sabero 's nllOa is innortnlised in Osino t:l.CJoi"o songs. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 451 loonl ties. 206 Tho .&3afoakye of thu late 19th and Glll'ly 20th centuries mjoyod fOwor that riVlllled that of the Chiefs. i .• B. Ellis obeer- ved in 1887: The Colonial Governnent while destroying tho p:>wer of thc Chiefs hns left the Conpany Org311izetion in tact; and the onptains of the conpnnies now nrro- gllto to theoselves on independence and !'racoon f'ron restra.mt which forned. no ps:rt of the originlll schenc.25:>7 The 118afonkye enjoyed the loyalty and confidence of the yo~1M64oI. and could tlCt independently. and in defianoe, of the Chiefs. Asafonkye 1.bblo held neetings with tho Bogoro Mllfo on his own nuthorlty nnd in tho absence of Chief Kwasi l.ntwi. Buck connonting on one such nooting reonrked: The Chief w['.s nbsant !'roo the town but his presence would not have nade any difference as Abbno is his ~ and has all the young hot hends on his side. The Chief and his Eldors will avoid conflict with US but not this Chief elected !'ron the able-bodied nan. 200 206. Interview With Bnrion l.aunndu Osea1l'UOhenc aged 98 1 9 June 1 rJ77. L.t Osino n Dwnben exile Opnnin Moo held the office of i.aufoll.lcye in the 19200. 2rf1. LoB. Ellis; The Tshi-Spea.king peoples of the Gold Const (,f \'Test l..fri en, london 1887 p. 280 Eb.pbasis added. 208. Der Heid.::Jnbote No.7 July 1 En8. Eophasis added. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 452 This C!SB.fo meeting, acting on its own responsibility lllHl without the ccncurrence of the Benlrunhene, forbade tho Be,-:oro public to 209 sell salt Il!l.d foodstuffs to the local Christion oongrega ti,n. At \b.nkyi in 1898 tho entire o.safo felt insulted by tho Osell'\nlDhene Kwnbenn .t..twere's rcferenco to asllfonkye Kwudwo Nife [IS 'nn nnimnl'. They crented !). scene, dop..n.ndod and received pncificatifm in tho SUI:! of £8 fron the Chief. 21 0 ~ The apread of education and cho.ngcd the orientation and outlook of tho rising generations in /i.kyen Abuo.kwn who oonsti- tutcd tho 3Snfo. The educated group, largely products of tho uission schools, gradually becmlo cnoooured of wostern ways UIl\l oonccpts of goveI'l1I'lcnt. Contact with oonstal society, and ospe- cio.lly with l!).wyers, through residence, li tigntion or trade undermined tram tion-w. attitudes of docility and subservience tow~'~ Chiefs und Elders. The tr.'lditionc.1 systen was oonaic1ered outnodod in oertain re3pc.:ct3 and there deve1opod n perceptible trend toW:'.2'da on ~itntion for re:fom. One such reforn already 211 noted roL.'1.tcd to the; rational usc of stool revenue. Under the inf1uenac of the educctcd group the generality of the population beoo.oc infected with a spirit of agru.ita:ricnisn 209. Paul JCIIld.ns, Abstracts, p.103 Mohr's Jahrosbericht for 1878 dd. Jon. 21 1879. 210. N.J..G.,.Adn 1097 Crowther to S.N.l~. 14 Hay 1 ~6. 211. See pages 432-"r35. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 45) and individual freedon. Ex-slnvos particularly bee-"IJe jonlous of their new st:'.tus and resented privilege based on birth or references 212 by the ruling group to their servilo or,igins. :.w:ll'cness of individual rights under the law and pre-o ccupatioll with pursuit of private individunl wealth oncle then :Intolerant of the cnnifold treditionnl obligatians towards Chiefs. In 1907 Bogorohane Gynoern bed to enploy hirod labour to cloQl' his OOCO:l f~ 213 oS tho csafo were not disposed to do it. About ton yc;crs later the J.pirnoon noofo turned down a request by Chief Kofi Benten to nako a faro for bin by tolling hin thnt 'their &sclfo is not for farn naking'. 214 Tho above ronark ;rns a roflectian of the new role which the asafo envisaged for tb.mselves. Following the establishnent of the 'Fnx Britsmica' in Ij{yorJ J..bunltWa inter-town riots ond ski.r::1ishos had been effectively curbed by throats of stern puni- almont. The extension of tho prohibi tion ag'ainst nros dealing to tho StlltO in 1895 had deprived tho l'i.sing generntions of tho OPPOrtunity to own guns. 215 1;:;, nlro:ldy notod only six pemits 212. Sou Chnptor Folll' ~p.286- 88; 1..1so N .1• • G., Ado 11/1/291 I .. Quean KYcwa Md 15 others to Ooonhono Anoako l.tta II 25 Nov. 1910. 213. N.J..G., Ldn 11/1/457 Eugoro Native .lffairs. 21/,. N.LG., L.dn 11/1/721 "~irar:mng l;ativo il:ffairs. 215. Sec .Tarle Sin0nson: C:>::loonors, Chiefs and Colonial G, vern- ncnt Britioh Foliey and Local Politics in !lkio l..ln1f'kirn. Ghana "Pdor Colonial L~e. Unpublished Ph. D nosis ~Jlftd"~n.J CJ75 p.45. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 454 wero issued to J.kyen Lbunkwo. in 1927 for the iorortlltion of shot g\m.s.21.6 Besides, restrictions were inposed on the rurchn:l,- 217 of gun powder lend and percussion C1'.ps. Of the few glmS which the fJr;yoo people possessed, nony were lost o.t Ibnnkrll in 1900 when, on the orders of Captain Benson, the J.kyen were disurned, 218 nnd their property nllegedly looteu, by the IMaben. Incidon- tally the Ync !&antewnc. Wlr proved to be the last lc.rge-sco.lo war- f.1.rc in which the JJryeo J.buakwo. anofo )):trticipnted as on orgnni- zntion. Governncnt nonopoly of nrns 3lld Ililibry innctivity grndunlly turned the ninds of the youth of Abunkwc. fron warfare an' nilitnrisn to politics. By the beginning of Ofori 1. ttc. 's reign, the o.sn! 0 were already onel'ging 013 hiGhly politicised bodies onxio~ to st-:.ko a clniD to exercise n controlling influence in local politics. In May 1916, for e:xnnple, the lncntooniensll pt'esanted 0. list of 28 demncla to Ofori L.ttn. Inter alia thoy denandod [1. status indepmdent of the \'l:lngs of which they were integral parts. exe::1- ption fron the Ok;y"enhane's oath IJOnalty and unconditional access 219 to the PC.laoo nt all tiues. Indeed by 1918 the nsc.foa.kye wore ~ 6. Soe Chnpter Fivo p.348. 217. N.J..G., L~ry 11/1712 Meno on nntters subnitted to H.E. the Governor nt ~(yebi 13 l.ug. 1 927 • 218. See B.l..G., fAn 11/1/3 Capt. Irvine to Col.Sec. 1 Jnn. 1901; J.mo.ko L.ttn to Col. Sec. 14Sopt. 1900. 21 9. Jade Sinsnson. Ca:oonors. QU.ofa and Colonial GoveI'nl!l9rl t p.145. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 455 oonsiderea to be 'exceeding their linits by t:;;k:l.ng the p:>wor out of the Chiefs I hllnds and investing s::ne in thc~.lSelves. 220 It' Q Chief ordered his people tc go md clenr the I'Orcd his orders could 00 defied if the osnfonl<;y-e did not wish to :;0. /J.l ho hnd to dv W:"'.S to cnll the asaro togother nnd soy 'we will not go and clCllIl the :!'Oed'. 221 The c..sufo bid to .:1.l'I'Ogde to itself the controlling power in locel ~:>::.itics is best exemplified in the nttenpted destoulncnt of Ohone Kofi Ban.ton I! of .6.pirc..'1en in Hey 1918. 1.ctincr without the concurrence of the Osootmyawc and thQfother Elders iJJ3 cu.stOD dCDcrl'ic,'. • the !.pirnnan C'.Scfo cntereu the ~onfie nnd tkstoole(~ 222 the Chiof. Subsequontly they curried the stocls to the house of OOO;),'lllYt:lWD. Kwo.dwo 19yon ond conpelled hiD to endorse their nction by signing tho letter by which the dostoolncnt was rep:>rtod to the Okyenhonu. :.t un enquiry held by the O1<;vonhene's Court d Kyebi Nvnn Ofori L.tta condernod the action of the l'.piruonn ~sefo as an nttcopt to subvert tho constitution of tlYJ Stute ond set thcDselv05 abevc 220. N. L.G., lido 11/1/721 fuquiry into alleged destoolnont of Kofi Bontong II 21 rbl" 1918. 221. Ibic1. 222. Tho charges ageinst t:10 c.'hief includud nisnppro prilltion of £60 being l~pii'urmn 's smre of conccsaion rents, obtaining £15 fron the Conn ur.der false pretenccs, fniltTO to culo- brute Ocl:l71ra for throo consecutivo years, refu..ml to divorce his wife G~·l!.dWo.n considered to be inD.oral and !~~e ~ give stool heirs forunl eduo.'ltion. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 456 the E:ldcrc of the town. In D. stern roprimmd he said: wlmt you the 'nsnfo I at Apinru:um. hEts done hcs no Precedent. there is no instanco in which ['.Jl asnfo- atse without tho knowledge and au'tho:dty of tLu f.L.1Illcr-ndo and his Elders has dcstooled II Chief. It is a dDnger0us ntteopt to chcngc the cu.stou of this country qnd u.:Jke the younr; oon tho l",nding nuthority... It will be oy plc>.oo (sic) so long n.s I have the honour to occupy this stool, to soe that such iu}X)rtnnt custous which directly and fundnoan- tally support tho sys~co of ruling in this country 'U'," not nbused or changed ••• 223 LJ.though judi;eocnt W.'!S entered in his favour Chiof Boaten realised thnt the C'.SI:d'C werl] in no 00' d to accept hin bnck .:'.8 their chief :'l'ld so decidod to abdicnto. In the next tow oonths tho csllfo incronsingly took on tho c:hnr~ctcr Of D. !,It'essurc group. In I.ugust, tho KWc>.ban t:'.safo Of't and declared GYMSehane I~wasi Banin destooled during his absence ::tt Kyo"! te· ('nswer charces of corruption levelled against hin by s(J:::1e of his subj octs. When the asafo arrived at Kyebi to rep, rt the ,:estoolcont the Okyenhene insisted that thoir action w:"'.s con- trary ta custon and del.lD.Ildod an ap:Jlogy to the Gyoosehene. '£11u aaato bluntly ~ ll'uaed and taking advantage of the pandemonium wl110h ensued, t"t1G,V assaulted their chief on the street, by tt>8l'ing 22}. 11 .A.G., .\dsl H/th21 Enquiry into alleged destoolment of Kof! Boo; ;~g II 21 May 1 918. J!'mphasis added. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 457 his cloth and kicking him. 224 The D. C. hurried back to Kyebi from Lsamankese arrested and fined 16 members of the llSaf'o inoluding the llSafoukye nnd or::'pi, a. totol of £58. The I.sqfotifene and other osafo emblems were seized and destroyod. Mter an 225 enquiry the GYMSehene wos reinstated. The osafo-chief confrontation WeB moved to the highest level when the ~ntoomiens:!, in furthernnce of their bid to seoure 11 moro independent and privileged status, nnd to ostnblish their right to: separate consultation by the Okyenhene, attempted to des- teol Ofori Attn in November for allegedly mortgnging the Otori Stool to the Colonial Bank. 226 .J.J.though the Okyenhane hod mot 224-. Jarle SiI:laJ.aon, Rural tbss Action in the context of l.nti- Colonial Protest: Tho l.so:io Uovement of :.!'im f..bunkwn Gh..wn i.n Canadinn Journal of f..fric. ... m. Studies Vo1.8 No.1 1974 p.30; JJ.so N .1~. G., !.dm 11 /1 / 4~ Extract from D. C. Birrim Soptembor Qu.,.'U'terly Report C.S.H.P. 16483/1918 225. N.L.G., lAm 11/1/4~ Extra.ct from D.C. Birrim September QuD,rterly Report c.s.r:.p. 16483/1918. 226. During World Wnr I the Colonia.! Government enncted n law which a.imed ,'";.t preventing a elut on the London Cocoa morket through restri ctions on export. Under the laW shippers who had the good fortune to start business before 1917 were fav- oured. This created a monopoly situation for European mer- ~~s who exploited the situation created by the stock pile of brge stocks of unsold cocon from the previous senson to advantage. In order to relieve the farmers suffering, the Paramount Chiefs of the e:lStern Province sought 'special licence' from Clifford for direct shipnent of their subjects produce to Europe or b!lericn. In this connection Ofori l.tk negotiated with the Colonial Bonk to charter t". ship for him on the security of lkyern. l.buakwn Stnte revenues. In July 1918 an anonymous letter Wc.s circultJ.ted Q.].leging toot the King had mortgaged the Ofori Stool to the Colonial Bank and ~ad for his destoolment. See J3l'le Simenson, Ru.r~l :i0.3:3 4Gtion, p.32; U • .A.G., liJm 11/1/737 fig. D.C. Jones to Bon • .c..'V.&.?]"., -,1'.}c2 1918; Extracts from D. Cts Sept. ().k'trterly G., J.(un 11/1/692 MOOlO of East Province Pnr~­ to aurioX'd 5 Jtorch 1 918. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 458 mld explained the r.JIltter to the satisfaction of the state Council, the b:l!J.ntoomiansa WQ.S not satisfied nnd decided to go to Kyebi tl) d€!!lnnd directly from the King 'an expltmation of the gUl.ll'tmteo:J' he W~ clleged to have given to the O::llonial Bank. On the oorn.JJ.lt! of 14 Noveobcr 1918 they ~D.thcred nt the surburbs of Kycbi nnd. in defic.n08 of p:>lice orders, mnrched into the cnpitnl playing their drums. I. riot ansued botween theu and tho Police led by Supcrintandant Q)bina in which one constable end ono civilillIl were seriously wounded. Clifford's Governotm t regarded the new asafo I!Iovement as n thrent to the survivd of chioftaincy which the Govcrnoent WllS deternined to 'support nnd oaintnin'. 227 !.ccordingly it intorvo- ned in n f:iro and decisive nnnner •. ..\cting D.C. W.J.l. . Jones, nn iraplooablo foe of tha asnfo tlOvooent, had th1rty-nine c.oobers of the 1..onntoooiensa arrested, and convicted on two charges: 'nsseo- bling with intent to causo a r~.()t' and assault of tho Police. Fines rllIlglng fron £15 to £50 were exacted for the first chorgc and 38 of the 39 rio ters sentenced to teroo of imprisonoent vrxry- jng fron two to six oonths in respect of the socond chnrge. On 21 Novcnber 1 918 nll the prisoners were sent to ll.ccrn to begin their sentences. 228 Tho saveri ty of the punishnent and Sir Hugh 227. N. ,A.G., Adn 11/1/('92 How submitted to Clifford 5 lIa.roh 1918. 228. N.lIoG., 1m 11/117C3.7E .C'.. E.P. to Hon.Col.Sec. 22 Nov. 1918; l,g. D.C. t.n Hon. 2 Doc. 1918. Soo nbo ~:.l'• • G., l.dn • D.C. W.J.!• • Jones to Hon. Provincial Cocoi- rn 8 Hoy 1918. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 459 Clifford's stern rebuke of the usni'o on the occasion of his 1naG visit to Kyobi on 4 Jcn'l.UlI'Y 1919 resulted in the abatenent of wh'lt Jones rolled 'the revolution['..I'Y spirit' of thL nsnfc and in tet1pornry relief of the pt'essure against the Chiefs. 229 As alrendy noted the political oonfrontation between the ::tanfo ~d 230 the Chiefs wc.s renewed in the QL'1.rly 1930s. Colonial rule introd\lced significant changes into l$you i.b\Xlkwa.'s political structure and institutions botween 1874 c.nd 1943. First, the IT.J.O.(1ffi3), the Chiofs' OrdinMce(1904) nnd the N.A.O.(1927) reduced I..bUc"lkwQ Chiefs to ngents of colonial rule in the 20th century. In place of ioncnorinl inhorent r.ewers, they now exercised conferred powers in the fields of justice and political ndDinistration, and risked deposition if they fell foul of tho oolonicl r:.;gine. Second the exercise of judicial power was confined fron 1927 onwards to divisional chiefs whn nwbcred only thirteen. This lXllicy over-burdened the courts of tl'le d~visionl.ll chiefs and led to intolerable dolnys, corruption and expense. The Okycnheno's tribunnJ., in pnrtioulnr, functioned loss satisfactorily owing to Ofori Attn's pre-o coupntion with previncial and nationnl. dutios. 1m entry in the diary of the 229. N.r....G., LiJn 11/1/738 i.so;fo in ll.kin :.buakwn - Mono by D.C. 28 Feb. 1922; N.!..G.K., JAn 26/6/4. Birrin Qunrterly Roport for 'luarter ended 31 !larch 1 919. r Soven pp.512-514. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh D.C. for July 1930 rends: There is no doubt th-'it the Provincial (huncil tnkes up fnr Il<)l'C of his tine than he can afford to give. It would relieve the prossure sonewhnt if' his tri- bunal doQ.lt only with apperlls nnd sorious brenches of custon. 231 Third, the elevation of the I.pcsen:ckahone te the status of r. divisi;nal chief in 1919 under the nnne of Abontcndonhone nlto- , olves and sock solace in tho reucwnl of faith in tho anoestral religious belief syston. 14 Indeed, one of the chnrncteristic dovelopacuts in /Jqen Abunkwa's soci~l history in the 1920s and 19308 was tho prolifern- hen of gods in tho State. ltlrship of certain gods proscribed by Govcrnnont was revived in defiance of the bannine order. In Feb- ruary and Hnrch 1924, forty-one devotees of ~, suppressed in 1922, wore prosecuted at Nlyinnn ond !{yebi and fined a total of 12. Pbr 0 det.:1i1od discnosion of Ethiopinnisn cec Ken Post. 'The Bible os ideology: Ethiopinnisl1 in JClIUlioo, 1930-38' in C. Allen :md R. W. Johnson(eds.) lifricnn Perspectivas, O:ln- bridge 1 c;no pp. 185-207 • 13. N.A.G.K.,.Adn 29/6/32 Sono New Shrines of the Gold Coast nnd their significance by Dr. M.J. Field Govt. SociolOgist 25 July 1939. See ciao Illaptor Five pp.3~-92. 14. See C.G. Bneta, op.cit. pp.441-'~42; Chnptor Five p.392. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 467 £92.'5 Apart fron the revivnl of tho worship of old gods oc.ny nell on~ were procured fron Northern Ghnnn out of public subscri-p- tiona of £40-.£80. The popular ones aoong then included Sonya KUll? (fron the village of Sonya near Bole), Nunn Tongo(froD the Tongv Hills near Navrongo) l,sase (n.lso froD the north) and Tigare (fron Ipnri ne.1r lin), easily the nost rono~d in the early 1 940a. 16 The resurgance of faith in the J.frican go,ts oontinued \ID.nbnt(:~d throughout the 1930s into tho 1940s. £n entry in D.C. Masser's diary for IJQy 10, 1934 rends: I noticed in l.syuo(l!S well AS in several other villages on the wav) tho presence of n newly unde f'etishgrove. On enquiry in every case I hnve been told that it is to protect the town. It hD.s beon givan various nanes nnd no two Vil1o.ges have given the snne plnco of origin. l.t L:3yun I noticed wocen's clothing, beads etc. hung up in a tree. On enquiry I was told that this w~ the clothing of cprtnin witches which the fetish hOod caught .'7 The indifference of oissionary school toachers to OllDual labour tlB a subject on the curricu1uu and their tendency to equate it with the parfol'I:lllncc of unpleasant chores of all sorta, stifled the dewalop:lOnt of interest and pride in working with ona' s hD.nds. '5. N.A.G.K.,!.dn 29/6/15 Birrin District Quarterly :-lepert for Qudrter Ibding 31 March 1924. 15 devoteos fron K\U1bo woro filled £50 a.t J.nyillD.D and 26 fron the neighbourhood ot Su1u.m £42 at Ka"cbi in March 192/1,. 16. lI~t...G.K., Mn.29/6/32 Sooe Nsw Shrines of the Gold Coast. Ado 26/6/49 Diary of D. C. BiITin District for lilJi!asis added. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 466 In 1888 Sitzlor reported: .,. the people stJ:y thnt when soooone MS been to school they nre no good for the ordinnry way of life. They nre too idle to fo.rr1 and do othor foros of nnnUD.l work ••• 18 The failure of mssion education to instil pride in nanu...'l.l labour, to teach th.'l.t there W[lS dignity in working wi th one's han d, bccn- 00 c. source of concern to Govermr Guggisberg. During n visit to Kyebi in Jonuhry 1922 he expressod regret thnt 'Nearly all educnted youngoen think: it's 11 disgrace to work wi th their hands' .19 It wos to reoove this nisconccption of the function of education ond to ahow thc.t education could help nrtisans to work better thnt h e established n trade school at I{yebi. The iopo.ct of the trade school was, however, linited and the preju- dice persistL"~. The overwheloing usc of tJ.rua.POI1 tec.chers in !.kyOfJ schools, through no fault of the nis::lionnries fUld Govcrnnont, inhibitod tho devolopoent of :In J.kyeo orthography and literature and resul- tad in the tldoption of 'lJrunpoo Twi' as nediuo of instruction in .Abuclarn schools and of worship in 1.bunkwa churches. No less profound than tho SO cial inpact were the ocomnic Qffccts of ,tho Missionary and coloninl oxpericncc in Akyen /.bUnlofa 18. Paul Jmkina, J.bstracts, (Supploocnt) p.S Sitzlor to Basel 5 May 1888. 19. B ••" ..G.,.!do 1,1/1778 H.E's Reply to a Petition prosented nt I1bbi Jan. 25, 1922. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Betweon 1875 :md 191,3 the whole econonic structure of the stu tu mderwont 0. substantial overhaul and trromfornntion. en the eve of ooloninl rule the vast expanse of Abuakwc..' s territory w.. .· .s lmder-popW.llted and under-u t ~' lJ'. Zea,. . 20 The Elconooy wns but tr esSw._of initially by the gold trade and subsequently, by the sll1vc-trnde with hunting nncl SUbsistence agriculture :lS supplenentary ccti'- viti as. .t..vnilnble food resources wore lini ted nninly to y!lTl3 21 (e.g. afl'.Be), plantains, bo.nnncs, corn and paIn oil. Existing ronda were no nore than nare footpaths and internal ~arkets few and far between. 22 Local trade such 3S there Wo.s, WIlS co.rrier: on through the nediUIl of a ~ nedley of currencies. Betw~ 1880 nnc1 19i1r3, however, the stl'.te experienced a veritable econonic revolution. First, the range of food resources increased thankfl to the activities of the Basel Missionnric8. For instanco Coffee f\Ild IIbngo introduced in the 1860s by tho Basel Mission spread through the Stnte;23 Yhile fron the turn of the 20th century cocoyoo 'gradually incroose'.l in favour in lJci.n' as an 'inportant nrticle of diot'. 24 Second, there oCC\lred 11 change fron trado in gol(~ a>. Soo Ohnpter One pp.61-63. 29-.. PBUl Jonk:ins, f.bstract s, pp.3, 32, 37(0.), 55, 581, 604. 22. PllUl Jmkins, f.bstracts, p.571 ];sante's Report for 1872: p.73 '&br's second Quarter Report for 1877 28 ltv 1877. 23. Pa8l Jenkins, .t.bstracts pp.516, 525, 541, 544 Reports b;y Bisenschnid, Ifuller and Kroner. _at ••• A.n. - _m-. 11/1h18 C!l$c No.47/1911 llgrioulturf'.l Show 1911. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 470 and h1II1an beings to trade in natural products - rubber, gumoopal. palm oil, oocoa and a variety of minerals. Third, Al ColJIlodity Pro-Will' Prico Post-War Prioe(1920) Wax: Prints d 15/-to 1 a/- or 19/6 >5/- to ao/- d Iron sheets(6feet) d 3/6 6/6 (a ft.) d d 4/6 9/6 Portland conent d 16/-to 20/6 50/- 4td Milk per tin 1/- Sugar 6d per pncko t 2/- Bttttcr t.;d per tin 4/- Corned Beef 1/- per tin 3/- t lb. Sc.rdine d 3 1/- Mctchos f, per pnaket 1/- to 1/6d Soap d 6 per bnr 2/- Olndles d 6 per pncket 2/- Imloelled Basin 6d 3/6d to 4/6d/. In porceni;age terns, pticas of sone iDJX)rts roso by ns MUch as 3rld Cocoa Conferonce in May 1924, Kwaoa ~fN negotinted for 'better prices for ••• oocon in 39. N.A.G •• 1.cill 11/1/692 Clifford's Reply to Meno. 40. N.J~G., i.rlo 11/1778 Notes taken c.t lioating between H.E. end (h'Ulhcno and Chief's at Kibbi 3 Nov. 1 91 9. 41. N.A.G.K., Ado 29/6/14 CocOa - Sale of objections to Caso Yi" Ro. 1.456/21; N.A. G.K. , l.dn 29/6/49 Dinriee - j3irrio ~~~n~. ~n.se No.2Q41/3'O University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 476 42 order to ship it there for sale'. AlthoUGh ~ew sold the 200 tons of cocoa which he took with hiD ns s~ples without difficulty,. atteopts by the Gold COl'.Bt Furners .t.ssocbtion of which he was President-Generlll, to organise its own export fron 1924-25 ser'.Son 43 onwcrds were unsuccessful. In 1934 nnother nttenpt Was onde by the Gold fuast Forners· to get the British cocoa buying fims 'to enter into an agreEment with the fc.rners representatives'. 1'. famers· delegation includ- ing Kwane ~ew was sent to El'l6land and it secured. the consent of certain firms to 'guarantee a price of 12/6 per load'. or this 6/3d was to be paid on deli very and the balance after the cocoa was sold in America. Organizational problems, however, made it imp:!ssible for the Gold CbllBt Farmers" Association to give the fims the assurance demanded by them, namely that they l1culd be alloted 5a.' of the entire Gold Goast crop. 44 Another expedient tried by cocoa farmers of Akyem Abuakwa in their search for a just price for their produce was the adop- tion of the idea of Co-operatives. Following the suspension of ooco8 purchases in January 1931 by the Association of eXJ;8triate merchants known as the "Pool" serious thought began to be given to the formation of an Akyern ~uakwa cocoa Federation, composed 42. N.A..G.K., Adm 29/6/14 John Kwame klew to C.E.P. 26 Nov. 1924. 43. Ibid; David Kimble op.cit p.51. 44. 1r.A.G.K., Adm 29/6/61 E.L. Hs;y to Officer-in-cbarge Dept. :tlIl"e Eastern hovince 30 Oct. 1 ~4; Assistant n. C.E.P. 7 Nov. 1934. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 4ft of 00 00 Ii Co-operative societies, to undertake the direct export of ,Abuakwa's ooooa to England. Beti'10en 1931 and 1935 co-operative societies were formed at Kyebi, Wire nkyirC'n , Apedwn, Jsuboe and Noefio near Suhum. 45 In Akyem !.buakwa Farmers Union under tho prvsidency of Opruiin 'l\,un Barimn was formed on 6 Novomber 1 m or..~ head farmers appointed in every villngG to Seo to the enforce- ment of ooooc. sales through the thion only on pain of a f:inc of 5/- for avery load sold to bodies other than the Union. 46 The impact of the Union was felt immediately. By Novomber 10, 1934 the Cndbury Agent in-charge of the Tnfo-Kulcurantumi cen- tre had 'only bought about t of the runount' he usually bought at tb..'lt time of the year; his U.luC. ootmterpart at l.nyinam hud bought 'about t of the; umount he usually bought t ; while at I~ebi no ooooe was being sold at all. 47 l~l the efforts of f.kycm t..buakwn farmers to obtain a fair price for their cocoa failed ultimntely. The first cause of fo.ilure was the chronic indebted- ness of the farmers which weakened their ability to with hold ooooC from sale for an indefinte period. High food prices nnd the impo- rt1mity of labourers for their wages forced many to sell their 45. N. ..... G.K., l.dm 26"6/49 D.C's Diaries for J~. end Fob. 19'1", Oct. 1.9)1 Feb. ond April 1934, hJg. 19)3 tl.nd lIorch 19)5. 46. H.:• • G.K.,.l..dm 29/6/61 D.C. Birrim(1.bsser) to Hon. !,(J. C.E.:"'. 10 Nov. 19)4; J .C. lBnlarn Head of fl1.rmers Abomosu to Omanhmo 9 Nov. 1 934. ~. B.l• • G.K., ll.dm 29/6/61 D.C. Mnsser to Hon. 1'45. C.E.P. 10 .1t._t~'u ~ University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 47t-3 stocks pre""1lUtturc l y. 48 Second, lack of proper stornge f:1cilitios r.lso militated ngci.nst the success of !I. prolonged hold-up. Doe 1) seuted aversion of the Densungyr. l.1runpom migrnnt farming collll1uni- ty towards their politic..".l incorpor:1tion into ~am Abu.."..kwa undermined offective oo-oJX)rution between /J!yom nIld l.kunpom fr,nD"J.'::. The most crucial fnctor in the failure of the boycotts \Ins, howev<.:r, the subtlo moves by Go v ernmen t to undermine the success of thc co-operntion between Chief nnd f::.rmer in the 1930s. Ofori 1.ttc ~s a JXlrticipnnt in the meeting of the Gold o:>nat and l.snnte COOOll. Federation held at Nsawom on 21 October 1930 o.llowed his chiufs to uso the State oath to communirote the Feder:1tion I s orders to the goner:1l publi c ::lS well as punish breaches 0 f the orders by the use of their tribunals. In December 1930, for instnncc, the Odikro of lJ!lDIlnBe ordered the arrest nnd dctontion of 'Itlngnrc. Zc.brCIaa and others for a.ttempting to help lir. Reyncne Crondaoo of Messrs Buddo ck Porker nnd Co. of Nsnwom to ovnClUlte oocoo. secretly from n fo.rtl. near his village. 49 During the 1934- 35 boycott, gong-gone; was bellten by chiefs of s.;veral towns and vil.4Jgcs prohibiting the snIe of COCOIl nnd threatening penal tics agninst breaches in the form of fines or I putting in fetish I 48. Soo N.:. . G., 1.dm 11/1778 Guggisberg's Speeches at Mprneso 8 May 1920 ond Kibi 11. Mny 1920. 49. N.l..G.K. f .h1m 29/6/61 Inspector-Generlll of Police VB. Lsnre Pnnyin 2 Jan. 1 9~1 • University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 47':J 50 (i.e. inTocatian of the curse of the gods). At Begoro, for instance, the Bcnkumhenc ~hre~tenGd to punish any person selling cocoa' while at Osmose people were arrnigned before tho Chief's , 51 court I for selling co con • In tre D.."lDe of 'free trade' Ilnd through resort to legal niceties, the Government succeeded in frustrating the UDe of tho stt".to ooth and tho chiefJ tri bunnls in enforcing tho boycott. In the Cr'.sc of the 1930-31 boycott Governor Slo.tGI' threatened roprisal in the fom of aurtailI!lent e f the chief's powers if they used their 52 oaths to undermine freo trade. District Conmissionor warrington oonvicted and fined Odikro l,aaro Fhnin of l.r:mnnae on 0. chnrge of QS8!l.u1t against W1lngara Zo.bromn and others on 31 Docenber 1930, and an nppeal filed by the Odikro in the SuprCllllO Court in January 1931 to test the vnlidity of the D,C's verdict wne dismissed,53 Tho Uleg!J.lity of the use of tribunals to enforce boycotts having been thus established, Ofori l.ttn had no o.lternativo but to u~ hold it. In 1934 he quashed tho conviction by the Nifo.hene' s court, of H.E. k!et$ll, a cocoa buying ogent of U • .:~. C. stationed at .t.s1akwa. The Olqanhene'::; tribunal held that the Chiefs and their ~. N./..G.K.,.t.dm 29/6/61 .fjg. C.g.P's Report: D.C. to I€. C.E.P, 3 Nov. 1934; Hay to Officer-in-chnrge 30 Oct. 1934. 51. U.A.G.l{., Ml:129/6/61, l..sst. D.C. to Hon. C.:::.P. 7 Nov. 19}i. 52. Legislative Council Debates 4-5 Dec. 1930; luso Jnrlo ~nson.. op.cit. vol. ii p.285. 53. ~"'G.~ 1.dn 29/6/61 Inspoctor-General. of Poli\!1J VS, 2 Jan. 1~1. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 4.80 courts could not 'denl with cases connected with the hold-up unt: 'r tho law'. 54 On 3 Novoubor 1934 D.C. rInsser instructed Oforl. Attn to notify the JJryen 1.bullkwa tribtmnls that n Chief could not 'mnko n "l[!wfwl .::co order" prohibiting the sale .'lIld purchnsc of cocon in his town'.~'" He further wnrned the ;\k;yen l.bUllkwa FnrcerJ Union agdnot dOD-lin[; with its own menbers who disobeyed the rules of the Union, ignoring Ofori J..tta' s argumont that while Tri bunnls could not denl with CODes connected with the hold-up under the existing law, there was no reason why the Union itself, in tho trndition of British trade unions, 'should not I'lnko its own rules and punish rec..'1lcitrnnt meooors thereundor'. 56 Through such I'lenns the Governnent succe- eded in breaking the beck of the boyoott by 22 NovclJbor 1934. 57 The Governccnt's role in tho boycott wnn a sourco of grcr.t disnppointcent to the people of 1\kyCI'l l.buo.kwa. They not only reg- rotted Slater's public stntouont that Governcent could not coopcl 54. H.E. J\yesu Was convicted on two counts of wilfully disobey- ing 'the .LcMful order of Nifnhene ordoring that no person in the town of·l.sinkwa should sell or buy cocoa oont. to Soc. 46 SS. of ll • .:• . l'. 18 of 1 927-34 and wilfully ignoring tho Recognised Oath of /.kyelJ 1\.buakwa sworn in pro hib i ting the sole and purchasing of cocoa cent. to Soc. "'r6 Ss 3 of N.J. . O. 18 1927-34' See N.ll..G.K., J.dn 29/6/61 Cocoa IbId-Up. 55. r:.L.G.K., !.do 29/6/61 D.C. BirriB to Hen. l.g. C.E.P. 10 Nov. 19:54. 56. B.luG.K., l.do 29/6/61 J.O. Dnrkwa to O:lnnhenC! 9 Nov. 1934: otori !l.ttll to D. C. 12 Nov. 1934. 57. !.~.~.!.,.~~ 29/8/61 D.C. Accra to Ron. 1€. C.::;.P. 22 Nov. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh tho oorchnnts to r.'1.isc prices; 58 they ciso deplored GovC'I'IlOent· '1 unwillingness oven to nUke f'. gesture 0 f synpu thy by 0 ffering to crbitrate between the fnrocrs read the buyers. 59 The pcr1Jistonco of high prices of ioports in the fncc of low cocoll pricos ron".111t.l one of the cnin grievnnces of the p00ple tlgr-.inst Oovcrnnent nnd its oollaborators in the 1930s nnd a key f:1.ctor in rurnl dis- content. 60 Indeed the fnilurc of Ofori :.tt~ to got bettor prices for his subjects t producl; WaS held against hie and listed Mono fof the chprges against hin during the oonfrontations provoked betweon the f.buakwa IlSnfo and chiefs by the IJntive Revenuo J.ieO$ure of 1932.61 Exploitntion of Lb~~nts natural ~sources mainly for the benefit of exputrinte coope.nies is further eXCIlplified in tho operation of tho nining industry. By Dooocbor 1913 the totc.l area of 1c.nd alienuted in tho Ewtcrn Province under conoossion and published in the Governnent Guzotte nnounted to 7,801 sq. niles. 62 Of these concessions probably nore thnn 20% were locatod 63 ted in /J!:yerJ 11.bunkwn. Until the enrly 1930s vust tracts of 58. N.!. .. G., Adn 11/1779 Palnber Booka. 59. N.~G.K., l.drl 29/6/61 D. C. Kibbi to 1.g. C.E.P. 3 Nov. 1 93'~. 60. Seo Jarle Sioemou, Counkwa stool ;83 furthereoro tho acts of violence and the bitterness generatod at Begoro, Kwa.bcn and elsewhere by the collection arc suggestive of tho llpplic'1tiun of forco.84 It is hard tl' reconcile the attitude of the oolonial Govern- nent to t".Xation by the Stato Ccuncil fnr local puX'IXlses on the rne hllnd, with ite attitude to sinihr tnx.'1tion for outside usc on tho other. Surely if the Okyenbene had no legal IXlwer to t.:n: 81. N.A.G.,.t.dn 11/116;8 1,g. D.C. Kibbi to Hon. Provo Cornissio- ncr, i.ccrn 8 nay 1918; N.;• • G., 1.do 11/1/6<;1:) Cnse No.31/19)8 ;tecruiting - Bye-lcws nade by Hon. nana Ofori l.tta respec- ting; .'.lao J orlo Sioenson 0 E. cit vo 1.1 p.1 42. 82. N.A.G .. .f..tln 1111/575 Ofar;. Attn to Odikro, Knnlmn 30 Oct. 1914; Ctmnhene Kwnku Bonten to S.H.i• • 16 Jan. 1915. 83. N.i• • G., Adr:'. 11/11683 J,g. D.C. Kibbi to Hon. Prov. Comissio- ncr /Acre 8 May 1 ';11 B. 84. N.l..G., Ldn 11/1,683 Kefi i.nni to H.S. 28 Jan. 1918; ~. D. C. Kibbi to Hon. Prov. Q:lDnissionor 8 May 1918; N. I .. G. , 1.do 11/1/49) Kwaben Ihtive l..ffnirs; J arlo Swenson 9 p. oit vol.t n_1.1,.2. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh his subjects in the interest of his state, then by the same token be ClOuld not be said to have legal power to tax his peo p1c for thp benefit of the Imperial war effort. It is again significant to note that when ultimately it was decided to restore the Chiefs' traditional right of taxation an important consideration was tho relief which local taxation was expected to afford to Government revenue. B5 Indeed the Native Administration Revenue Measure of 1 ~2 EIlIbodied a secret pr.-ovision for 'strongthoning the Government Treasury by pass:ing 50~~ of thll revenue collcctod by the Chiefs to the Ccntrd Government'. 86 During his two-hDUX' address to the Eastern Provincial Council in December 1931 "I.J .A. Jones, the S.n.A.,O!lrofu1ly omitted any reference to the Government's proposed share because it might become "a fly in the ointment which would otherwise amelI sweet to the ChiefS". f!7 The virtual free usc of the labour of the Abuakwa people under the Boads Ordinance(1894) for the building of roads that mainly benefitted the extornll trade dominated by expatriate ooap:t- Diea was yet another instance of colonio.l exploitation. 88 • 85. N.A.G., Adm 11/1/928 Extract from Hano by S.H.A., 1925. Soo Chapter six p.44O 86. Jarle Simenson, Crisis in Akyem Abuakwa: Tho Nativo Adminis- tration Revenue t-1easure of 1932 in Mitteilungen No.12 p.93; Also Jarle Simenson, Commeners, Chiefs and Co1oninl Govern- ment pp.237-240. fJ7. Quoted in Jarle Simonson, Q:}mmoners, Chiefs and Colonial Government, p.24O. 88. See Cbo.J>ter Five pp.367-369. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Js admittod by the C.E.P. Itt. Fioldgate in an address to the E.-w- tern Provincial (buncil of Chiefs in 1932, the practice nmounted to 'n bonevolont form of forced Inbour'. 89 (blonial rule g:wo no cncourll.f'"em~t to the pre -colonial indigenous crafts .md industries which hnd cnught the fancy of the Basel llissionarios. 50 By the first dccnde of tho 20th centur:r the potentia.lities of cr~t industries \vor,-, still oonsider:lble in of Alryem Abun.kwfl. ExhibitsLcr:lfts nt tho Kyebi llgriculturnl show of 1911 included 81 pieces of wood-carving, 3 carved stools. 31 pieces of earthen ware, 4 locally mnde iron implements ~d 16 'Rnttnn cones'. Commenting en the qunli ty of the exhibits, the D. C. Ur. Hobbs snid: In Section IV the wood carving w~ ensi~ first & Dan Bruce of Abctifi who exhibited four cleverly carved boxes had no difficulty in selling them on the spot. The Dl'.:rthollW:lI'e \1".S n1so good rnd inte- resting ••• ' .• The rQtt.".ll ccnes ••• doserve mention, for it is possible to form n new locnl industry in cone chtlir mo.ld.ng. 1 lent the Qrumhene a. c.me chnir and from this model two quite good choirs wore modo rund exhibited.~ 89. N.A.G.K., Adm 29/6/'39 riinutcs of the 16th Session 21 Nov.- 2 Dec. 1932. 90. See Chapter One pp.69-70. 91. N.A.G., Adm 11/1/318 D.C. Hobbs Report 19 Dec. 1911; University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh In~e:;ld of encouraging locnl craftsmen to redise their full potential throl:gh a policy of protection, eXJntriate Europeon mer- chnn.ts were PJrmittod to flood the: locnl market with imported sub- stitutes for lOCUlI pottery, ~icul turnl implemonto, chairs, bc.,c:e. and textiles. Locnl initintivc WaS thereby suppressed. Governncnt IS n-tti tune to the liquor trade in llkyem llhu..1.kwn also showed th,t it en.red more about revenue thnn the welfare of its subjects. From '.;ile first decnde of tho 20th century Chiefs and people of '.;110 colony gave increasing p'l.tronage to the liquor shops op:.:ned by Z'.,-:,opeo.n traders in tho Gold Coo.st. In 1913, for instancc, " 7·~j, 178 gnllons of gin wero imported into the colony. 92 Hnny of th:: 1iq"".lO~: S:lOjJO .. ·Jre opened in lJIyain Abunkwn where consUI:1- ption or alcohol Md boon high since 1 ~1 .93 .fn entry in the Birrin District Report for the quarter which ended on 31 December 1919 .,..cnd: European f::.r:~r: :lI'C pr"paring to opon now stores in several plecos. Thero is un indication th..'1t the existing stoele of trade spirits is nenring cxho.uation . 94 The ex:pmsion of the liquor trade in lJr:yem .t.hunkwn WtlS mremely hIlrmful to the Stn. teo First, the substnntinl revenuos accruing to tho stools from the sllle of land end other souroos 92. N.J..G., Adm 11/1778 S.peech Delivered by H.E. at tho PnL.wer held in his Honour at K:ibi 7 l.pnl 1927. 93 • H. E. Dcbrunner 0 p. cit. p. 252. 94. 1i.:l..G.K •• .tALl 29/6/6 Birrin District Repor:f.o for quarter ended ~:~~::!:~~ 1 91 9. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh werc frittered ::1!t1CJY by irrezponsiblc Chiefs on iI:Jported nlcoholio drinks. Benkuohone Gynrnern nnd his sucoessor otupiri for instanco spent n good denl of stool rovenue on nlcoholio drinks end, when they wore short of DOney they did not hosi tnte to pledgo stool property agninst drinks bought on oredi t. 95 Second, alcoholiso ncong Chief's led to irresponsible and disgmcoful behaviour CB woll as to neglect of the responsibilities of thdr ofr ico. Nifnhene Kwclcu 1~ei(19D5-19D8), I~ tcrrible drunkard' and 'n pnysicnl wreck fron drink' did not only snddle his people ~ri th debts and insult then publicly; 96 he dso paid little nttontion to his dut- ies IlS Chief. Trnvelling Coonissioner Phillip wrote of hitl: I consider this Chief entirely unsuited for tho stool of .t.sinkwn. He is always in n. scni-drl.ll\kon stnto rmd to ~ degroe not responsible for his actions. 97 Of another pronme:nt divisional Chief nddicted to alcohol, Okyen- heno lloonko iJ:ttc. II wrote: Porsomlly I have known Kwoku l-bre since ho boCllOO Ohene of Kwaben to be unfit and there is no other Ohene thnt I shull unhesitatingly recol!lOend to the Govornnont the confiro..'ltion of his destoolnont 95. N.A.G., M::l 11/1/457 Enquiry in'b:> doatoolrnent of Gyanorn; Eldors of Bogoro to OrQri l.ttL'. 12 Dec. 1912. 96. N.J. . G., l.dn 11/1/1096 C.E.P. O'brian to Hull Z7 May 1905; lJdn 110/1/747 Ymr Nkwnbo f.g. Ohone and 15 others to D.C. 8 Jan. 19:>8. 97. N' • .A.G., l.slil11/1h47 J. Phillips T.C. to S.N.A. 22 July 19:>9. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 492 98 os this Ohene. A D. C., Mr. Hobbs, wns alleged to hnve onc)" rcoorkod at a public noating th:,t lif [1.11 the Chiefs in Ehstorn lJ.d.n woro like Kwaku wore, the co un try would b efore long f:1 1 . t 1 l.n 0 rU1.. nlJ. 99 Fron 1 gJ7 tho people of !Jryen l.J)1.Ulkwa wcgod wnr on nlcobolifllll nnong their Chiefs. Tho Bcgoro public, for inntmlce, Was so :)C:Il- dD.lised by Chief Gyanero. I s addiction to alcohol thnt they forced bin to sign nIl undertaking in April 1 gJ7 to give up alcoholic drinks or forfeit the stool,.1 00 In Scptcnber 191 0 Gyn:::.schane John Robert Klmku Owo.rc wns sinilarly forced to sign n' docuoent oooni tting hin 'not to touch any rUD' .'01 In 1 91 6 tho stu te OJuncil requested Clifford to ban the grnnting of licences to soll liquor in Lkyen l~uakwn.102 With tho tcnJXlr:uy boon in tho mcon industry be'broon 1919 and 1921 the donand for liquor in lkycn '~UD.kwa sharply incroased, ouch to the di:mny of Ofori Attn 1. Between 1927 and 1928 tho State OJ unci 1 in co-opcrntion lTith sone of the educated sons of ~. !T.J~. G., :.,ir. 1 ~ /1/291.·\. k'.oclru 1.ttn II to Provincial Corm- ssioner .Ak:use 3 Dec. 1910. 99. Ibid. 100. N.lL.G.,!.rln 11/1/457 Byc-Lnws nruio by Bogoro t'l'ld Mur:nuldu for the observr>.noo of Chief 12 April 1 gJ7. 101. N.lL.G., fiJ,n 11/1/291 A Quoen Kyawn nnd 15 others to Orw.nhone l.Doako Att 0. II 25 Nov. 1 91 0 • 102. N.l. . G., IAn 11/1776 I.ddross of Wo100no to Clifford 22 Fob. 1916. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 493 tho stnte OO\.Ulted ~ onnp!lign against the high incidence of /llco- holisn in the Stnte. During D. visit to Kyebi in Apt"il 1927 Gug- gisberg WrtB requested by the Okyeonn to take stopa ~o oontrol the 103 oonsuoption of Illoohol in the Stntc. On 4 :.ugust 1928, while giving an efficinl rCPJrt on his trip to England at Kyobi Ofc,ri l.ttc ordered 12 bottles of gin presentod t( hin in Engl.:md to be poured out onto the gro\.Uld to ol'.rk the ot:lrt of n state-wide C.:ID- 104 Jrlign tlgninst gin drinking. This act wns followed by an cppenl ~ddresaed to all educated youngnen of !~co I~unkwa by J.B. lhnqunh in which he condor.mcd excessive drinking of gin as n fo.o- tor in rurnl indcbtedneos. '05 Unfortunctely, Governncnt's response to the repented c~l1 of the Stnto Council to help curb nlo01101isn in the State wOoS noga- tive, ,"S spirit licences were an ioportr.nt source of Governoant revenue, espocially in tho financial straits in which Governnont found itsolf ~n the lato 1920s and early 1930s. '06 Guggisborg unequivocally ruled out nrry lugislntivo nction and reconnondod tho 103. N.A-G., AdD 11/1778 Speech Delivered by H.T;. nt Kibbi 7 April 1927. 104. J .E. Danquah: IX! Epistle to the Educatod ¥oungnc.n in IJdn l.buclcwn Pllllndiu;t Pruss 1928. 105. Ibid. 106. N.A.G.K.,.Mn 29/6/4 Kwnhu District Report ,0 Sopt. 1915; N ••~ . G.l,., l.dD 26/6/49 D. C's Dinry for Jnn. 1930; Ja.rle Sinonaon, Coononers, Chiefs and Colonial Governnont, p.Z?J7. In 1915 spin t licences were doe aribod 00 tho principal sout'co of revenue in KwaW'U. In J.huakwn lic\.;n~c foes for ~~~ ghUlll'tor of 1929 nnountod to £1,000. lfUurCO oi University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 49tt 107 mobilization of public opinion. Hithout the active sUPIXlrt of the Government the State's ca.myaign B€ainst slcoholism was foredoomed to failure:; and alcoholism with its twin EJV'ila of improvidence and indolence remained a trait in the ,Abuakwa nado. ...... character well beyond 1943. In the field of political change too, the missionary and :x>!o- nial experience left its imprint on Akyem Abuakwa. One of the earliest and lasting effects of the intrusion of colonial rule was the dimu.. tion suffered by Abuakwa in the size of its terri tory as 11 result of the Colonial p:>licy of rehabilitating migrant communities a;:l diotinct and separate political entities on Abuakwa soil. On the eve of colonial rule IJkyem Abuakwa occupied terri- tory very much bigger than her present area. 1 08 But under the influence of colonial rule she lost sovereign rights over consi- derablc portions of it, at least 400 square miles to the Dwabcn, the Kotoku and Krobo migrant commtmi ties Which settled on her 107. N.A.G., Adm 11/1778 Speech Delivered by H.E. at Kibbi 7 April 1 971; 108. See Chapter One p.1 fn.l. The 19fIJ Population Census esti- mated tho size of /i.buakwa territory at about 2,160 eq.milcs (soo 1960 Population Census Vol.i p.xxii) as against 2,750 sq. miles in 1904. Jarle Simenson's implied statement which put tho territorial extent of J'J\yem l..'buakwa at 23,077 sq.mi1es in 1932 is obviously tnsed on guess work or is the result of typographical error, since the total land area of the Gold Coast Colony or Southern Ghann in 1921-1940 was 26,401 sq. milos. See Jarle SimenSOl1~.cit. p.253; J.e. de Graft-Johnson, Tho Populahonof 11a 1946-1967 Transactions of Historical Society of Ghana x 1969; also r~tR~g~qunh, Akim I.buakwa Handbook p.7. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 495 lands between 1824 and 1900. Created originally out of a lXlrtion of Kukurantami stool lands donated upon request to the Colonial Government in 1f J76 for the rehabilitation of Dwabon refugees who entered the protectol'1:te in 1875-76 following the Kumase-Dwaben civil war, the New ])waban territory ini tinIly extended frOID :..l'l'lCSO in the South to River J.musow in the north. '09 In 1894, however, the Government pre- vailed upon the Kukurantumi stool again to part with the lands between tho l.musow and SUhyon Rivers for a tokon price of £400. The lands so purchased were at first ranted to the New Dwaben state by the Government at a nominal foe of 1/- a year till ~ t 1932 110 when they were conveyed by deed to the New Dwaben State. By 1922 when the boundnries of the New IMaben state Were defined for the last tiDe by Order in Council No.17 of 1922, 52 sq.miles of erstwhile Abunkwa terri tory had been aliced off lllld set apart for the permnncnt use of the Dwaben exiles. '11 In the case of the Kotokt.<. State too, the lands on which its cap!t al Nsuaem was built in 1863 wore originally a gran t from the OsctlWllO stool. However, ns a result of the NSUllem ferry Cl'isis of 1006-88 (nlrendy discussed in Chapter Three) and the anxiety of 109. Sec Map 4 11 o. n. A. G., .Adm 1/9/1 Memo for Copt. Hoy 25 March 1876; N .1• • a, lldm 11/1/8241l.File en/33 S.F.9. 111. N.A.G., Mm 11/1/824'A File en/33 S.F.9j N.A.G, lAm 11/ 1/1':177 Chief Census Officer to S.ll • ..i. 11 June ~ 931. By !~ !ew Dwaben's population W0.'3 10,000. See N.:....G., 'Am University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 496 tho (blonial Government to pre-ampt the forcible expulsion of tho Kotolru immigrants by Okyeman, the exilod Oseawuohene nnd Okycmhone J.moalro £.ttn II were coerced into executing n bond which bound the State of .fi.1antel-1aa War. '24 Boundary disputes between the Kotoku and the Abuakwa also caused a lot of inter-communal violence. In 1893 the people of Gyadam Biremso destroyed a Kotoku farm illegally made on their stool land; 125 and in 1 91 3 a seriou.s affray o~,.~ at !{yea between people of that village and those of the Kotoku village 122. N. A.G., .Adm 11/1/1453 notion to Set Aside Award by H. S. Nevlands 28 .July 1923: Polly Hill Ope cit, p.73. 123. N.A.G., Adm 11/1/824 A File 97/33 S.F.9; See N.A.G •• ~m 11/1/1122 New .Juaben' Native Affairs 1882-1913. 124. See N .A.G •• Adm 11/1/3 Capt. Irvine to Col. Sec. 1 .Jan. 1901 ; lllnoako Atta to Col. Sec. 14 Sept. 1 900; Chiefs and Captains to H.E. Nov. 1 1900; N.A-G., J.Am 11/1/1451 Tato- Iukurantlllli Land Dispute. 125. !! .A.G •• ~ 11/1/1126 H.n. Hull to M. Governor 26 Oct. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 500 of :bllten in which two nen were killed, two seriously injured, rmd a few houses burnt at I{YG.:l. '26 The ill-fooling gonerated bctwe~n I.bUllkli[!. and Kotoku ,'10 a rusult of b(,undary disputes w~s responsible for the .:ltt"npto nnde by the bttor t( subvert tho fomer. Botween 1893 and 1 905 Oonnbone 1.tbfu:: enccurClgcd Otuni ".lld LJrt 30 June 1 91 3; N. A. G., lldn 11/1/1105 EKtrnct fron Burin Jwo Quarterly ROlXlrt; SeQ clao N .1• • G. K., 1m 29/6/10. 1:!T. Sec Chapter Throe pp.22/f-225; ..'.lso N ••~ .G •• IAn 11/1774 O~enhene' s Statcnent to Capt. Soden 9 Ihrch 1 9Jt1,. 128. See N ••" ..G., Jj:ln 11/1/371 Of'ori L.tta to D.C • .".kyon J.bu.."'.1tlfc 18 Moy 1922. 129. See Mar'. These "islands" included .Mcyonso, .!.dUllS:>., Kokoben, Gyadnn, BirCDao, Oaoroso, Otwereao, Kyeo., Odu- Mae, KWLle, Bate-bi, T!1kornse, Itran.kooase, Dtmwonako. Bunao and SIlbl%.iso. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 501 130 the Eastern lky~.n - Kwa.hu District' • l.Doako Attn's roques t was pursued with nIl seriousness by Ofori Attn who ~~ssed for the renovnl of the 'l~bU3la"1l islands' fron tho juricdiction of tho Odll-bascd District Co!Jllissioner. His sugGestion wns trot the jurisdiction of the D. C. for Rireo District should be ncde cotor- ninous .·Ti th the terri ttri<"ll jurisdiction of the Okyonhcne so thr, t he would bnvo exclusive jurisdiction 'in and over every town or village under the Onnnhene of Jqen Abun}{wn.. 131 After persistent npponls Guggisberg's Adrlinistrn tion obliged by placing tho 'i.bu..'\- kwc islands' under the "lmlinistrntiun of an Assistant D.C. for 132 Biren District tdth residence nt ICndu in 1920. Boundf'..I'Y disputes between tho LbUl1.kwr: .'l1ld Krobo also pro- duood friction and tension. In 1920, for instnnce, violence ncnrly erupted when Krobo f'nruers took up urns to ~event the Okyonhono's tribunal nessengers fran crossing the l.krun to inspect the lands between it :md th(! Ponpon which form:d the core of the Krobo 131 Plnntr.tions. The dishnrnonious rel".tions betwoon iiliu:lltwn. nnd 130. N. luG., iiJn 11/1/1096 Extract fron Report on tour of Ins- pection by if.";. the: Gvvornor 6-12 Oct. 1904; N.f• • GK., im 2':J/6/2 Crowther D.C. to S.N.!l.. 16 Jan. 1906. 131. N.I• • G., iAn 11/1/371 J:..ddross presented tr: Sir Hugh Clif- ford 22 1.pril 1916 Quoted in Ofori l..ttn to D. C. 18 N;,~ 1 C)22; Uso 1..do 11/1/352 Extrncts fron NOtes of Interview at Kibi 23 i..pril 1916. 132. N.l. . G., Mn 11/1778 H.E's Reply to Petition presontod Cot Kibi 25 Jan. 1922; lJ.so Spoo cll Deliverod by H. Z. at Kibi 7 il,prU 1 927 • 133. H.A.G., hhn 11/1/1,453 Mate Kole to D.C. !kuse 6 Dec. 1920. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 5(;2 the neighbouring 'rligrnnt' Stutes caused by lund clisputos contri- buted in no sunll \Tny to intensify inter-corJ.nunul unrest in i.kyon libunk.Wn in the 192013 nnd 1930s. Ii f'uncl..1J1ontD.l issue in inter-comunnl strife in l'.kyeo l.buc.kwn WM the political status of the innigrnnts. The pro- colomcw. trndi tioml concept of' sovereignty, as ~lrendy pointed. \.Jut eophasi_~d 134 personal rather thn.n torri torml jurisdiction. 1D 1865 :!or instance Atta Kwaku, bro ther and later, successor of Jdontenbette Ampao swore the oaths of Okyenhene and Okuapemhene in a dispute dth Maasehene over land near Ahabante(off present-day Tinkon). \ Because of the two separate oaths involved the case was tried at -"0 separate courts, first before the Okuapemhene's oourt a!ld ~hen before tho Okyenhene' s oourt. 135 UndAlr such on arrangemen, it was possible for Dwnben exiles to live at ~ebi in the 1830., and Kotoku exiles at nearby Gyadam for 36 years, without too ~ cases of a clash of jurisdictions. The Abuakwa owed perso~ allegiance to the Ol-lnw under S~ction 5 of the rr.J. O. which prescribed banishment .']3 punishlOOnt for nny IMaben who d'ia- obeyed '.'ll'\Y lawful order by or throughHeadchicf or Headmnn in ."lIfY town or Village' or showed contemptuous disregard for the Okyen- hone's oath or offered 'nl'\Y insult to thc Hand-Chief, Chief or 137 • Soo Chapter Three, pp. 226-231 US. See l~.l... G., J.dm. 11/1/619 Odikro to H. E. Clifford 17 J"m. 1916; S.N.Ala Uinutc to Col. Sec. 13 I'Io.rdh 1916; N.A.G.I:., l.dm 29/6/10 D.C. Birrim's l.nnunl Report for 1 Q16 nn, 24 Dec. 1916. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Headman of nny to"71 or vill::-.ge' .139 In n covering letter requu9- ting the Governor's npprovnl the Okycnhona explained th:'.t the contum~cious dis]X>sition of n few of tho Dwabon wes II potential thront to :}.ntcr-comounf'.l h.:lrmOny Olld to good ord~r in general. RJ ch.'U'god: They do not PDY the le~,st r\Jspect to ~'.ny lmrful anthon ty oxer ~~_ sc d oi thor by mo or through 0 • Chief or sub-c;J.j ef in whose town or villnge they happened to reside rospectively and disturb tho p::lD.CO, good ordor end welfnre of the peoplo in those villneo~ 140 nnd tonns. Although tho Go. ;i:l;lcat did not sou its wny clear to sanctioning thc byo-lm;, it nffir:ned tho Okyenhene's right of jurisdiction 141 'n- r Dwa".Jc:l a:ubjo:rt.'J domicled in the State of l.kyom 1.bunkwn. Inspib of Go-lcrnor H.odgcr's further rulings of 1908142 which emphatically placed Dwaben residents in Abunkwa villngos under the territorial jurisdiction of iJ3. 140. 1f.l..G.,!..dm 11/1/492 iJ:aoalm Attu II to l.g. Col. Soc. 22 Oct. 19)3. 141. N.!..G., l.dm 11/1/1096 S.ll.:• • to C.E.P. 11 Juno 19)7; lJ.sl"l N.A.G., I€? 11/1/824 History of formntion of Boundnries • ... 142. lI.":".G., Iltm 11/1/1126 Col. Sec's Instructions to Comm.aaio- 'arsonal and Totti toritll and rights of Chtefs. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 503 subteri'uge, the D. C. 11r. H.K. Greenway stated in 1908: If ll. Juabcn loses a clJJ3e before the Oi:lanhcne he immediately runs away over the border and declines to abide by the finding 0 f the court. 143 if he wins his cnsc he reI!lD.ins in lIkim. This menn trick increl'.sed inter-COlllllluno.l tensior.. In Mny 1909, for instance, the Elders of Begoro seeing no prospect of peaceful co-existence or integration with the Dwabon in their midst callod for their repatriation. They alleged: ••• we arc unnble to nix with the l.shnntces who arc always causing disturbances in our town, refusing to cloar Govert(oic) mnin roads with us, but sharing everyt hing with us equally when there n pJ:Oars anything 0 f dividing (si c) • Tb,Qy donlt give respect to our Chiefs SS they had master at Koforidun. 144 t With the nccession of Ofori Attn :in 1912, lJ inotructed to 'address hicself' alwoys to thl:: Omnnheno of tlaw n.mben 'in all catters both judicial and ndcinistro.tive' concorn- 146 ing his people living in Akycc Abun1."Wa. In order to help ~ the inter-colllDUIUll tension which wC'.8 counting, F.G. Crowther hold an infornal inquiry at Nsawam into the right of jurisdiction over cor:ruunal settlononts cade by stran- 147 gors on lnnds purchased froo the vnrious l.bunlcwa Stools. The conduct of Oi:laZlhcne Kwaku Boateng at the enquiry which WCB inoon- elusive onrQGOd {}fori Attn and caused OkyetlD.n Council to decide to lay down a definite system by which the Juaben rosidents in Eastern lJsos, as strangors.148 In p.JrBWlllce of this policy all Dwnben fareers who hithorto oult1- vatod J.bunkwn lands freo of charge wore Clllled upon to exocute 146. IT. 1. . G., l..dc 11/1/575 .bout tho saoetioo that all tho Dwnben residents nt Tafo hnd left for Keforidua 'with tho intention to preparo for fighting against the .lJdoa' .154 In the 149. Ibid; N.lI..G., JAn 11/'" 97 C.E.P. to Hon. Sec. 5 3ept. 1916; C.E.P. to Ron. n:l. Soc. Nov. 1916; N• .'• • G., J.i1n 11/1/184- l.kio lJ>uakwll Law Regulating Duty of the Tenant 26 i.ug. 1918. 1·50. N.A.G •• .Ado 11/1/1123 Ofori J.ttn to C.E.P. 13 Juno 1919. 151. Ibid. 152. N.f• • G• • .Ado 11/1/1123 Extrnct fron D. C. Birrin QUnrterly Bep:,rt for qunrt~ ending 30 June 1920. 153. N.l. . G• • Mn 11/1/1123 Ofosuheno Apenteng to Ofori l ..t tn 4 Mey lt920 • 154. If• .i.G., MIl 11/1/1123 Chief Keti Peasah II to Otori l..ttn University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh late 1920s the New Dwoben connunity at Tnfo led by n lIr. !.koso oanhandled Ofori i.tta's collcctors sent to count cocoo. trees on 165 IMaben fr'.rns for purPJses of tc.xntion. Tho growing onti- Ofori l.tta feeling in !Mabon circles W[l.S further given OXpr08SiJ~1 in the assnult on the Ok;ycnhono's nessenecrs Bcnt to To.fo in 1929 to nrrest two Dwabon farners of Ir,nnse on D. chnrgo of trsition ~d ~ ~ synbol of repression, authoritnrinnisn and oxploitaticn. l:3 such it began to forfeit the respoct of a nnjority of tho po::,- ple. The result was the desperate appeal of the OkyCOtlIl (}Junci:' 159 already referred to in Chapter Six. The chnnging mage of chieftaincy induce(~ n gradual loss of oonfidance in stool occupants, which nanifeoted itself nainly:in the frequency of destooment at the least provocation nne! up:>n any pretext. As against only six recorded cases of destoo1ment or attemptod destoolment in the 19th century there were no fewer than thirteen recorded cases in the first twelve years of the 20th 161 een tury, 1.60 and thirty-nine between 1 914 and '11918. Indeed under Ofori Attn's regime destoolment was resorted to with an 159. See Chapter Six p.424 160. The 1 9th century list is as fo llows: Kwaku Fening of Begoro (1873): IJllOakn Atta n(1892); hlontenhene Kofi l.berante (1898); Kwabena .l.twere of Wankyi(1898); Kwame Ben of Gyadam Biremso (J.pril 1898); Yror Tawia of Knde (1898). For 19J0-1912 the list is: 1\moako :.ttn II (1 <;00); Kofi J..berante (19J1); Begorohene l~waku Asaro~March 1 <;04); Kwabena Atware (19J5); Nifahene Kwaku llgfe1(.19J8); Gyamera(1 <;08); Kofi Twmn of J.safo (1 <;08); lTifahene Kl-l!llIle Okoampa(1 910) Kwaku Oware of Kwaben (1 910); Kwabema l.ntwi 0 f Osioo (1 910) ; Takwahene Kwabenn Amo (1911); Kwabene Moro of Kade (1911 ); 1'JII01114 UdI9)8; 22 between 19J9 and 1913 and 39 between 1 914 and 1918. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 511 (Nc-inat'easing frequency os an expression of IOpular disenchant- ment wi th Chiefs. The causes of destoolment rllnged from exoessive and &rbitr8.T'Y fines, abuses of powers tmder rT.J. O. and :1.1• • 0., misapplication '- J.: public funds and sheer irresponsibility. In l'lay 1909 for instance the Elders of Begoro were.f;~ £141.7.0 by tho OI\Y~hene's tribu- nal for ooneonlment of Ntamkoko inspite of tho fact that n Stllte Oouncil bye-law of Uarch 1904 prescribed Il pennlty of £12.0.0 162 plus four sheep and two dogs for the offenee. In IlllOther case, the Ol\Yenhene's tribunal fined n subjeot ~.O.O. for rem&r- king sllI'Cllstioolly that 'he swore the Omanhenc's oath so that the OmDnheno oould get chop'. 163 In both Cllses the fine exceeded the maxmum 164 of £25.0.0 lluthorised under the N.J ,'0. Misap:rn-o~ priation of stool funds by Chiefs as in the cases of Oko(!lllpa, Gynmora and otupiri also offended their subje eta as they became 165 gradually po1iticiaed. Such was the 'unprecedented frequency' of destoo1mcnt of Oliofs in Akyem Lbunkwa and elsewhere in the Eastern P.r:-ovince between 1 914 and 1 918 that Ofori Attn led n team of Parnmotmt 162. N.,A.G., lAm 11/1/1492 Byo-LIJW' made on 19 f-34. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 512 Oliefs of the Bostern Province to wait upon Governor Clifford in 1918 and impress upon him the 'urgent necessity' for omonding the· N.J .0. at his 'earliest convenience'to guarantee chiefs a grontor measure of security of tenUl'e. '66 Notwithstnnd:ing tho protoctiv;. provided by the N.J..O. (1927) the we-vo of destoolment did not Ilbnte. 167 In August-November 1932 ~ popular state-wide domonscrn- tion against Ofori J~tte. 's regime reS1lllted in the destoolmont of all five wing chiefs as woll as lesser chiefs known to be ~pathotic 168 to Of'ori J..ttn. Tho causo of this widespread destoolmant nction in 1932 WaS the Ilttanpt made by Government to introduce direct toxation in a package deal which included Income TIlX and Native Revenue tax. Tho former w~s to app~ to 'people living in the litt~al Towns' while the latt~r was to apply to the rural population.169 In December 1931 tho S.N.I• • addressed the 13th Session of the Eastern Provincial CcnID cil on the Government's po liey on dire ct taxation in the Colony in on offarl to win thoir support for the Income 166. N.J..G., fa 11/1,/692 Uema submitted to Sir Hugh Clifford 5 March 1 918. 167. Soo n.J. .. o. No.18 of 1921 Parts I! & II!; N.J• • G.,!.dm 11/1/ 1030 otori Attn President of E.P.C. to C.~.P. 16 Nov. 1929; !.lso H.A.G., .Mln 11/1/CJ74 S.N.:• • to ChI. Sec. 4 Hov. 192'7. 168. l.mong them wore J..papnhane, Tafohene, Oseomhcne and all sub-chief 0;: the Nifa Division. tlee Jarlo S'imenson Crisis in IJryem l..buakwa :pp.~-91. 169. N.:. . G.K., lldm 29/6/39 Minutes of 14 Session 26 Mrlrch 19"52. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Tax prop:>sa1.170 Be!'ore attending the 13th SOssion of the E~ tern Provincial Cbmcil 1 931, Ofori Attn disO'USsod tho Income t.:J.% mansure with the Okyema.n (huncH and it was olenr that in the face of the gre."!t financial distress caused by the slump of 1 929 nnd the resultant low collIlOOdity prices, the people were in no mood t\)1 dire ct taxation. '71 In the light of what appeorcd to be a virtu.'llly unanimous opp:>sition to the Income Tax proposal. the Eastern Provincial Council pnssed the 'Income Tax Protest Resolution.,1 72 It however. favoured the Native Revenue Tax measure. The Income Tax Mensure played into the hands of the nnti-Ofori Attn groups in the state, namely the ~ant communities. the Asamonkese secessionists and supporters of the National (hngress of British 'lest Africa. They lnunched n cn.mpaign of vilification against Ofori Atta as Chninnnn of the Enstcrn Provincial Council and spokcsmlrn of the Joint Con- fcrence of the Provincial Councils. The Native Revcnhe Measure wns misrepresented OS 'the income Tax in disguiso' and rumourR circulated that bye-laws Were being contemplated by the Okyomnn O:>uncil that would eGlp:>W'er tho (hi()fs to spend a night with ::a now bride in their locnlities. '73 Ofori Attn Was so mali8ned 170. N• • G.:,., :.do 29/6/'2 3.tr ..... 'OJ :.ddrcoo to ~.';'.c .. C. Doc. 1931 Chnf. 171. See PP.471-72. 172. N.A.G.K., J.dD,. 29/6/'9 Minutes of 13th Session of r: !l.C.!'!. 10-22 Dec. 1931- III' with Takyillle.nhone. Barima Saqi IJromeu II 19 DcI' .. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 514 and hllrrcssed that he was forced to write to the Eastern Provin- ci.:ll Co1.mcil on 6 Octo bar 1932 to anno1.mce his 'diaso ciation with o.ny further activities connected with the Native .l\dmi.nistration Revenue Pro po snl ,.174 The rumours rclsed anti-Ofori Attn and anti-Chief sentiment to fever pitch and within 'C\-1O months i.donte·nheno Klmdwo Kellll AI-'p~., Nifaheno f.iun. BoateIllll.Il, Bon1cumheno Kwndwo Twum lIntwi. Gyansehane Kwadwo Pippim and Osenwuohonc Kwabcnn l.twurc II wero all destor led.175 Benkumhone Twum l.ntwi, for instMce, was charged ~ ~ with associating himself with the Native Revenue Mensure without prior consultntion with the .QmQn I.1lld publicly denying knowledge of the monsuro in August 1 932. l~t his trial the 70 yoar old Chief was refused permission to have un umbrella held over his hend to keep off the heat of the sun. Three sets of f1:'.lso teeth paid for with ptlblic funds for his usc wore recovered and kopi; Il.S Ertoo 1 pro pcrty. 176 Dcsto ohlent as I.1ll instrument of censuro rEDllined 0. rocurrent feo:turo of the Ijryem l.buakwn political scene well beyond t 9¢3. 174. N• .' ..G.K.,!..dIn 29/6/39 Minutes of 16th session of E.P.C.C. 21 Nov.-2 Doc. 1932. 175. state Co1.mcil Record Book 3 Oot. 1932-31 Oct. 1938 Acc. No. 145 Kyebi Pr'.lace At-chivelJ; N. !... G.K., Adm 29/6/85 Ofori f.,tta t() D.C. 19 l.ug. 1936. 176. state Co1.mcil Record Book 3 Oct. 1932-31 Oct. t938 1.cc. 10.145. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 515 1.. bye-product of the crises of confidanco in which Chiof- taincy found itself in lJryem 1'.bUll.kwn os a result of a;rbitrr.rmC''':"'J and close identifiOlltion with alien intercsts was tho growth of sCplll'atist tendencios. Betweon 1901 llnd 1938 there wore no fmi01 thnn six secession attompts by towns and villnges in the stnte. Fllllkyoneko attcmptod a brookc.w/W from thv Statc in 1904 and l.kyenBo in 1 902-4 and .:!gain in 1 922. Both alleged mal troatmont at tho hnnds of the Ak yenhenoI s nd'ml.ll l•. S tra tw' n. 177 Kn.do :md l.suom also tried to broak Cf!IIny in 1932 ~lld indood by tho end of toot year, uith the i.donten and GYMse Divisions in full rebellion and only the Benkuc Division wholly loyal to tho p..'U'llnountcy, /Jrycm l.bunkwn soomed to be on tho vergo of disintegration. 178 Of nll the seooooion attanpts tho most serious was that of Asnmankese and its satellite village of l~atia uhich lasted from 1922_1938.179 The crisis promotod tho establishment of 11 firm linkngo between rurfll discontent :md anti-colonial protosts of tho coastal tewns. !:.SOl'llIl!lkese became n stronghold of the National Congrvss of British West M'rica fran its very inception. In 1925 tho fourth annivorsary of the congress wns enthusiosticnlly 1/1. n.L.G., : ..d IJ 11/1774 Statecwt by Omnnhin of Eust Mdn 9 March 1904; N.A.G., 1'. .d r.l 11/1/371 l;kyol!Se 1rntive Ufc.irs· N.l...G •• :..dlil 11/1/1096 Notes of Interview 20 Sopt. 1904. ' 178. N.A.G.K., 29/6/46 Procoedings of Supremo Court hold at Koforidun 20th Fob. 1933r Jarlo Simonson~. p.98. 1;79. See Chnpter PiYC pp.337-344. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 51'1 the colonial ond nissionary exporience nlso effected significant consti tutionnl changes. In furtherDllco of his p:>lic.v of centra- lizing control over stool lands in tho hllnds of thE:' occupant of the parcnount stool, Ofori l~tt:1. used the bye-b.w onking power of the Okyen.."m Council to pass Il ouatonnry l~w in 1923 which nnd(; it an offence 'punishable by inuedinto destoolnent' for c chief 'of any rnnk' to be convicted by the Stato Council of r.. selo of stool land 'without tho knowledge and consent of his Stool Eldero and Councillors and of tho Pnronount Chief in Cotmcil' .185 Under this bye law, severnl chiefs, :including 1...pinnnnnheno KWllbGDn Dono II, Bnrinn Kwcdwo !.du Bofoo of .lI.bonosu rod Odikro Ji!Hoa Lfi of l.kwabooso woro destooled in 1927 C".:ftor conviction by the steto 186 O:n,mcil. JJ.though the GoverIUJ.ent was convinced that such dostoQloant nction fron above viol~tod icmenorial ouston and the right of subjects,l 87 it nonetholess condon.::d it bccnuse Guggio- borg approved of tho spirit of the bye-law aa being 'in accordanco with the general tenets of British p:>licy in nntive affairs' .188 While the bye-law we,.s certainly progressive, there is no doubt that it introduced n constitutional innovation which bocace n 185. N.A.G., lAo 11/1/721 C.E.P. to S.n.A. 1 Oct. 1927: N.I:..G., Adm 11/1/1434, C.E,P. to S.I~.l. .. 1 Oct. 1927. 186. N.f. .. G., IiJD 11/1/1434 C.E.:? to S.N.A. 1 Oct. 1927: N.A.G., l..drJ 11/1h21 C.E.P. to S.N ••~ . 26 I. .u g. 1927. 187 • Soe Chn ptcr ~ p. 403. 188. Quotod in .r arlo SinonQon, CIliata, CoOlJOncrs an1 Colonial GovC!r'llDent p.l a4. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 518 p:>tmtinl source of conflict between the State Council .:md the towns. Iassionary and colonial presence was also responsible for other oqunlly i:Jportnnt institutionnl ch:1,ngOS. By 1943 cert..'\in trnditioool PJli tiall offices had ei thor suffered n diIlunition in statua or atrophied, while now ones hed been creatcd in rcsPJIU.a to chLlnginc circ\U.lStnnces: stool Trc,-:.suries hc.d be: cono institutio- m~liscd; a. nodcrn bureaucracy had been evolved ond uas operating ~long side the trn,ditional bureaucracy at the courts; whilo tho orientation of tho .~Ilfo organization ~l shifted fron uilitarian to politics. Tho effects of these institutional chnngos were positive in sono respects and negative in others. The clevntion of tho ApesC4'll1ktl.hene to the rnnk of DiVisional chief, while undoubtedly giving the prinocs of the Ofori Stool c:. leading nnd often p1'eponderant voice in the deliberations of the !{yebi Erocutive Cctmcil in porticulo.r and of the State Cotmcil in gencral, oertainly fulfilled an inportant political need. Tho office nnd rank of l.bontondonhono rosolved tmllIlbiguoualy tho question of preocdenco in the Kyebi Executivo Council and nndo for sono continuity in the functioning of tho Okyonhcno t a tribunal 189 in his absonce frOIl Kyobi. Second the olovation of the .4bon- tendouhono to the rank of opalr.alli with power tc: hold court relieved 189. N.l. . G., 1.dn 11/1/667 1.8. B.N.lI.. to D.C. Loera 19 MlJY 1921, Do}Uty C.B. P. to S.lI • .t.. 1 Lpril 1926; Reply of otori I.tt~. ~~~f.P. 4 !bv. 1926. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 519 sonG of the pressuro on the Okyenhene' s tribunal in tho 1 ~Os 190 and ,. 930s. ~oo in the custoonry pmlll laws also nade arlninistrntion of justice nol'C hunane. Indefinite detention wns rep]nccd by linited inprisonnont which, fron 1899 onwards, bccane punishI:10nt ~ and not just n nonns of enforcing plynent of fines :lIld GJsts. The deeth :rvnnlty was also abolished. Tho intreduction of tho concept of territorial jurisdiction and IlbolJct.;ion of extra- territorial jurisdiction of Chiefs, though it disturbed inter- coonunnl hnruony in the short-toro, Wc.s beneficial in the long tern :'.s it had on integrative effect. Thanks to this conocpt the distinction betwoon 'strc.ngor 1 l.'Illd 'nntivQ 1 vas slowly and inpcr- ceptibly l)bli torated pnving the wIlY for the diverse othnio ola- Dents to dovelop Il senSG of corn:nmity nnel o.n Abunl<:WO. political or nationlll consciousness of sorts in tho 1940s. Tho evolution and growth of a nodern style burcaucracy Ilt the courts equippod tho locnl f.dninistration to dischnrgG the coDpliCllted ann diverse functions of 11 Dodem governncat. It ."~sc lod to tho Ildoption of a,dn~trlltive routines which helped to 1npart Iln inpersonnl chr.rllcter to govcrnront. The N.J .0. and nd~.O. providod Ofori lttn witb Iln excellent opportwity to declcr and codifY custotlQry lllll' in 11 tm:f toot it hod never boon done 190. Sea Chnpter au pp. 45~460. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 520 bafora. By availillg hioself of his bye-101t noldng power undar .f:he those ordinances, Ofori J.ttn nnct the stnte O:>uncil reducod to wri·· tmg custonnry laws in respect of land-tenure, succession, onrri- age, enstooloent, destoolcent etc. stool Treasurios also lAid c fim foundntion for cquitnblv and rational disbursenent of public :t\mds for socinl inprovenent ant! the oointen..."Uloo of the dignity of chieftaincy.1 91 With the politicisation of the asafo, politics. and decision t:i8kmg could not continue to be the prerogative of chiefs and elders. In spite of the drastic action taken by the Government against thn Kwaben asnfo and the .i>J!lantoomiensa in 1 918 Ofori Attn tmd his chiefs realised that they could only continue to ignore the IlSllfo at their own peril. Cbnsequently the state Council decided to adJrlt 'representatives of the AsDfo, generally the ilaafolltse them- selves' to oetlbership of the Cbuncil of £Nary chief in the state froo 1919 192 onwnras. This constitutional innovation intendod as Il concession to the llsofo has reoained a foature of the l.bUlllarn constitution up till to-day. liB already noted the fl>uakwa Scho- Inri Union Was also given representation in 1933. 193 The adois- sion of representllt:i.v~s of the llSlIfo tmd the ScluJlarJ Union to 1 91 • Soo Cbapt er Six pp. 445-447. 192. N./. . G.,.t.do 11/1h83 11SD£o in 1Ikio Lbunkwa- Memo by D.C. 28 Feb. 1922; N.lJ..G.K.,.MIlI 29/6/4 Birio Quarterl¥ Report for quarter endod 31 March 1 91 9. 193. See Obapter Pour PP.3Qt>-307. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 521 rlIDbcrship of the State (huncH W~ c. recognition of the need fo" n greater dcroC't'o.tisation of traditionnl governnent and the invr' veocnt of the broad nasses of the people in eovernnent in the future. If the institutional chnnges had positive results they also had negat ive effe cts. The subatit ution 0 f the Chiefs' inhercuot power with a derivntive power, for instance, institutionalised tho practjOe of Governoent recognition by Gnzette notification ~ sino 91.1.1. non for the exercise of effectivo chiefly power. Tho inovitnble result of this innovntion wns the periodic interferenco by Govcrnocnt in oatters of oloction Ill'ld deposition of Chiefs,194 0. prnctice which cooprooised the people's irmooorial and unf'ot- tared right to choose and rooove their rulers. In effect it woakened r:;op..tl.ar control over chiefs ond contributed to autocra- tic rule in the 20th century. 1 95 The atrophy of the key trc.ditiom.J. politica.l office of lJbnkoDllhcne reoovcd an in-built safeguard against succession tri- BCa and opened the w8¥ for unbridled rivalry and nanouvring f'or office with its Ilttendont disputes, expense, o..crinony rmd violence. Tho Governoent '3 peroistence in regarding occupanqy of stools t:'t8 the only principle or bn~s of logitinncy in 10001 ndninistration, 194. See Chnpter Six pp.395-397. 195. See Chapter Six pp 418-422; Jorle Sioenson eoru-.r..ners, Chiefs and (blonSAlo Governnent, p.299. ' University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 52~ 96 against the expert advice of l'1.J .1• . Jones .~..~.. d othcrs,1 thrott]-d the 3SafO organization and arrested its naturn.l evolution, espo- cially the .lJ:IDntoooicnsn, into a popular organ of politiccl cont- rol. The OIlosculation of the asafo :)r.d the lack of nd€:qUllte SUfJ..!L" vision of the enoroous cmd wide executive and lcgi::;btive powero oonfcrrod on Chiefs by tho N.J .0. and N.l• • O. led to widcspl'oad ,. 1 g] abuse of power cn the part of tm Chiefs tr1bunnls. Tho o.brogntion of tho Okyenhcne's exolusive jurisdiction in disputes involving land held 1mdcr custonnry tenure encour~od interoinnble nnd ruinous litigation. The concentration of judicial ndoinistration of e. State with a population of 140,462 soottorod 19B in 330 towns and villagos. in the honds of the Okyrtant traditional p:>litiool group and also au.t off 0. najor oouroe of their livelihood. Little wonder then that the J.dikrofo in ~ED 1.bUllkwn bo~oo an aggrieved group in the lnte 1 9a>s and tho 19308 and n p:>tcntial fo.otor in rurnl lmrost. 196. Soe Jarle Sioenson op. olt. pp.2g]-302. 1 CJ7. See Chapter Six PP-418-4Z2"; Jarlo Sioenson~. p.299. t 98. See Chnptor Fivo p.347; Also p. 463 d:",• • University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 523 In 1929 Ofori Attn tried to nnticipl te tho probleo by nppc."l- ing to the Governnent to llIlend the N. I •• O. to Clll'.blo nine of his pr:incipnl Adikrofo - Ap:lInD, 1.pedwu, Wironkyiren, Oeeon, 03ino, LrJ,yinan, Kade, MarO and .t.suboe - to exercise jurisdiction in petty civil oatters o.rising in thoir towns wherein judgODont inchl- d~ foes, fines, and costs shall not exceed Ton Pounds.' 99 He oonsidcrcQ tho anendoent to bo necossary if lll~en f.bunkwa H".O not to run the risk of 'jeopardising the constitution of the Stato md of disturbing, (sic) by denying the above g.e. JAila'ofil their due plc.co :in the ndoinistration'. 200 In 1936 the Govern- oent tJDendcd tho N.J. ... O. by including seven l.bunkwo. Ldikrofo :in the Schedule of tho Ordinance. 201 That the nissionary /lIld colonial experience had a profound and lasting inpnct on J.kyen J.bunkwn cannot bo doubted. Christia.- nity Md Eur'Jpenn otbnocentricisn undoroined the spirituel fOlm- dntions of l.bun.kwa society und disorientnted her people cu.lture- lly. r-Jany of then, especially Christi/lIls rtnd the educated, adop- ted Europann noms and values ns tho lnll ~arks of BOcinl distinc- tion, progress and aivilizlltioll. Regrettablo though this 1· 99. N.J.. G., 1.dn 11/1 /1 O~ Ofori 1.ttn to D. Co Kyebi 5 Lpri 1 1929. Soc also N.J..G., /lAD 11/1/'J74 S.lT.l• • to Hon. Col. Sec. 4 llov. 1 ~. 200. N• .t...G., JAn 11/1/1030 ot'bri f.ttn to D.C. 5 Apr.il 1929. 201. Jade Sineneon, ~. p.283. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 52,+ dcvvlop:1ent was, it wn..s cccoDrnniod by other changes that were of v"lluo to Akyen !J.buakvrn so ci oty. nn::'lCly, tho gro"rth of n 3 enD e of ogulitnrio.nisn, the rcst,:ration of hunan dignity and personal !reedeD to those who cr,~e languishod in bondage, tho spro.'1.d of litoracy nnd the p:lpulorisation of sci~ntific Dedicine. In the political field ['.lso tho nog:1.tive effects of !-:is::;.i. " ary activity .:lIld coloninlisu were evident in the truncnted terri- tory of i;J{yen !.buakwa, in the legacy of inter-coooUl'illal suspicion and nistrust, in tho PJliticnl instability that throntened tho unity vf the state l 0 \ \ "Kode - "\ /.~ , A KYE M ABUAKWA \ I.~ \ '---, .Akwatio .Suhum \ 6°0r! ~ sood I KOTOKU \ J\ ,/ Gyodom Biremso 0 \. ASUbOi.,' (,.... ~:-:. do .BOlobl " ' ..... , Akyem Swedru '.A somonkese I 'N k • Kokobin , I \ yon omase. ·Akyeose--- I I Oso·rose J A,d.e-l-so- ..... --1 " I.Nsowom ---" \ "' ------- ..... , , - --, ".,' V ' ... , ..... ___ ---J1 -'" ~ MLS.'O 0 10 Abuokwo Islonds ~'~':;::j' *' =;:1;1b p! :' ==;I===k;,===-~2JO MLS. Boundory of Akyem Abuokwo KMS. 10 • 10 20 1 30 KMS. Boundory of Akyem Kotoku '·00' 0·30' University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Fig. 4 BOUNDARIES OF NEW JUABEN 0°20' 0-15' 0" °0 ~,. -s;. 6°'0' 6°,0' «.so GOVERNMENT ,, .. .. I ~ ~I ~ ~l ~ ~J ~ 6~O~ g, 6°05' .IS!.! 1 --- Road 0 ; --.-.- RaIlway ~I :;; - - - Boundary of New Juaben Q:I "', MI. 1 0 3 MI. ';1 I! i' I Kms 1 0 5 Kms flo I _ "":;;.-:::'~=:~-..:...~.. .... ,--~_, University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 5,1 BIBLIOGRAPHY I PRIMARY ARCHIVAL SOURCES (1) Ghana National Archives Am 1/- Series Correspondence, Original Series f~cm Governor to S of S. Miscellaneous Letter Books 1872-1885. .Am 11/- Akyem Abuakwa, New Dwaben, Alcyem Kotoku Native Affairs; Native AffaiL':': Department J\nnual Report; Treaties with Native Chiefs; Palaver Books 1877-1 933; Further Correspondence respecting affairs of the Gold Coast 1884-1888; Minutes of Eastern Provin- cial Comcil of Chiefs atc. AIl1 14/- Legislative Council Minutes and Debates (1850-1957) • sm 2/- Criminal and Civil Record Books 1877- 1884. (ii) Regional Archives. Koforidua ADl~ 26/6/49 Diaries - Birrim District 1930-1936 ADM 29/6/- Series Birr~ District Quarterly and hnnual Reports 1906-1924; Cocoa Hold-Ups; l'linutes of Meetings of Provincial CO\mcil of '::hiefs, Eastern Province, 1 930-1 945; Can cess ions; lIsanankcse Nat·ive Mfairs 1938-1940. (iii) Kyebi Palace Archives ACC Nos. 1-4 Civil Record Book 1905-1909 ACC No. 145 State Cometl Record Book Abuakwaman Amanee. Mplera ne Nhvehyee. Manuscript compi- lied by Oferi Atta and his Elders August 1 91 9-Jme 1 920. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh (iv) Basel Mission Archives Der Elrangelische Heidenbote 1860-1888 (v) Balme Library, Legon Abstracts from the Gold Coast Correspondence of the Basel Mission Typescript compiled by Paul Jenkins, II PRINTED PRnIAR! SOURCW Arhin, J{, (ed. ) The Papers of George Ekem Fergusoon, Cambridge 1 g]4. Barbot, J. A desoription of the coasts of north and south Guinea (MDCC xxxii). BOSlnlll1., ''I. A New lll1.d Accurate Descripticn of the coast of Guinea, Landon 1705. Crooks, J,J.(najor) Records relating to the Gold Coast settlements 1756-1784, Dublin 1923. DnlIku, K. Y, Oral Traditions of Manse, Legan 1 969. Extracts from Governor Carsternsen's Diary 1842-1850 Translated and publi- shed by LA.S. Logan n.d, Gold Coast Colony Legislative Counoil Debates 1916-1943. Hall, R. L. (Justice) ward Published at Nsawnm 9 September 1929 (on ll.samankese Dispute) Metcalfe, G.E. Great Britain and Ghana: Documents on Ghlll1.11 History 1807-1907, Nelson & Sons London 1964. Reindorf, C. C. The History of the Gold Coast nnd ASlInto, G.U.P, Accrll19 Ordinances of the Gold Coo~t, Ashanti Northern Territories and British shpere of Togoland (1874-1943). University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh III NmJSP APERS .t.frican Morning Post (1 938) Gold Coast Leader (July 1 915-1 928) Gold Ooast Times (1925-1928) IV SECONDtj[ SOURCES (i) Articles Ad,do-Faning, R. The Pax Britannica and .hkyem Abuakwa c.1874-1904, Universitas Vol.3 No.3 Legon June 1 CJ74-. Tho Background to the deportation of King .Asafo .h.gyei and the foundation of Uew lMaban T .H.S.G. Vol.XIV ii Dec. 1973. Asante Refugees in JikYCllll l'.bunkwa 1875- 191 2 T.H.S.G. XIV (i) June 1973. I. Note on the origins of the Rubber Industry of Lagos, Legon Journal of the Humanities vol.ii, 1976. The .. .sDlllankese Dispute 1 91 ~ 1 934, in Akyem Abuokwa and the Politics of the Inter-~hr Period. in Ghana, Hitteilungen Dcr Basler fJrika Bibliographien. No.12, 1 CJ75. Gold }.lining in Ikyeu l.buakiVu, Sankofa Legon Journal of ll.rchnoologica~ Historical Studiell Vol.2, 1976. The Nsuaen Forry Crisis 1888: N! Episode in l.bunkwa-Kotoku Relations, Ghan'1. Social Science Journal Vol. No.41 i.gbodoku, F. Sir Gordon Guggisberg's contribution to tho developnont of tho Gold Const 1 91 ~ 19Z7, T.R.S.G. Vol. xiii June 1972. Tho l..sante succession en sis 188"3-1888 T.B.S.G., Vol. xiii ii ~c. 1972. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 5'4 Bacta, C.G. Missionary and Humanitarian Interest . 1914-1960, L.H. GllIlll and P. Duignan (eds) Colaninlism in Africa 187~1960 Vol. II Cai:lbridge 1 970. Daaku, K.Y. Pre-l.shanti states G.N .Q. No.9 1966. De Graft-Johnson, J .C. The Population of Ghana 1846-1967 .L!!&.&., Vol. X 1 969. Feinberg, H.r;. Who are the ElJ::lina? Q..JL.Jt. No.11 June 1970. Garrard, T. F. studies in llkan Gold Woights I...:.1!.:.1&. Vol. xiii June 1 972; Vol. XIV June 1973. Haydon, 1\nthany !. The Good Public Servant of the state, Sir Mathew Nathan as Governor of the Gold Coast 1 ~1904 T.R.S.G. Vo!.XI 1CJ70. --- Just es erl , Ole l.spects of Eighteen Century Ghanaian History as revealed by Danish sources QJh.Q.. No.1 2 June 1 972. Jenkins, Paul The l.rchivaJ. Collections in the Mission House in Basel with special referonce to 11;frica Hitteilungen Dar Basler Afrika Bibliographicn No.9 Dec. 1973. Kwnoenu-Poh, M.:_ The Ehergence of lJrunpen State 173~ 1850 G.II. Q. rT 0.11 June 1 970. Boahen, A.A. Origins of the llkan G.N.Q. No.9 1966. Ogot, 1. . .t.kan Gold Weights T .H.S.G. Vol. ix 1968. Poat, Ken The Bible as ideology: EthiopianiS[!]. in J Ilmaica 1 930-38 in C. ALlen &: R. '.v. Johnson (ed.) African Perspectivas Conbridgo 1970. Priestly, Margaret Nlltla Ofori Atta I and Public Financilil Mfnirs in Ghana 1916-1943 in Legon JOlU'llal of the Ifumanities Yolo II 1976 pp.1-14. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Rhodie, Sam The Gold Coast Cocoa. Hold-up of 1930-:;1 T.H.S.G. Vol. 1 1968. Rodney, Walter Gold and Slaves on the Gold Const T .H.S.G. Vol. X 1969. Simenson, J. Crisis in ~fS!l Abuokwn: The Native Administration Revenue Mens'l're at 19:52 Mitteilungen Dar Basler Afrika Biblio- graphien No.1 2 Feb. 1 915. Rural rInso Action in the context of Lllti- Colonial Protest: The Asa£o Moveraont at :J.d.n Abuakw a Ghana r Cana.dinn r ournnl of .ifrican Studies Vol. 8 No.1 1974. Tankorang, S. The importance of Fireorns in the struggle betwoon L3hcr.ti and the COllStal Statc:s ~. Vol. IX 1968. ~lks, I. The rise of the l.kwal!lu Ehpire 1650-1710 T.R.S.G., 3 ii 1957. Attobrnh, K. The Yings of ~et1 Abuakwa and the Ninety-Nine Wars against !.sante, Ghana Publishing Corporation 1 976. Butler, :T.F. (J1ajor) lJdnfoo: The History of a Failure, London 1875. Cascley-Hnyford, J.E. Gold Const Native Institutions, Frank Cass 1970. Climo, V.C. (MAjor) Confidential Precis of Information Con- cerning tho Colony of the Gold COllst and .'.shanti, March 1904. Cruickshllllk, B. Eighteen Years on the Gold Coast at ltrica (2 vols.) London 1853. Dnnku, K.Y. Trade and Politics on the Cold Coast 1600-1720 Oxford 1970. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh .tIti'at A'llJaakWa lluIdbook, Londcm 1 928. OIses in Akan Law, London:, 1 928• R • EPistle to the Educated Yomap_ :In Akim A,buakWa Pal1ad,1um Press 1 928 • " ./JI:I.cestOZ'S, Heroes qnd Gad lC;re1D1 1_. .Akan noctrine of Gold Lcm4Qf1, t 941 (2nd ed.) Cass 1 969. ~er. LW. L HistOl'T of C2lristianiv b ....... Aocma 1967. A, ~01"ica1 ~_ of CI\bt1rIIe, Ciu:lb- ri.ip 1 969. ' !a,t b~e,~,~ ~',' .,, ,':,' "~ '" "'r""e,~I le N"7, .of ' * ~ ~j.c I~ :In WQtj ~ 1~ ,"j~' 19lT" 1_ 'hili ,firS.. ' , ~ co-~ t:/t ~ CNDo.. ~".;,~:¥. b_.~l{,.~ -Wilz~~, fit Jir. J~8.~., ~at~.. . Reyn o:.l4a. Eo '~o and Bccmc:b1.c change on t~&'_ ';Ot:IBt 1 B<77-18T4i: $ongt18n 1 CJ74. Snrpoac. P. ~he Sacrad st"le of the .nkml, ...... 4!aon 1 CJ71 • &lith, N. !he Preobyter:ka Church of Ghana 1-8.55-60 Ace rn 1 966. Ward, W.E.F. A Hiotory of Ghann 2nd cd. Landca 1 958. Wilks. L Asonto in the Ifinetconth