University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh UNIVERSITY OF GHANA AN EVALUATION OF DONOR FUNDS TO STAKEHOLDERS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST MODERN SLAVERY. A CASE STUDY OF LAKE VOLTA BY JOHN DEGRAFT SAM (10637527) THIS LONG ESSAY IS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINSTRATION (MBA) IN FINANCE JUNE, 2019 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION I hereby declare that this submission is my own work towards the Masters of Business Administration (Finance Option) and that, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published by another person nor material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree of the University, except where due acknowledge has made in the text. JOHN DEGRAFT SAM ………………… …………………….. (10637527) SIGNATURE DATE i University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh CERTIFICATION I hereby certify that this long essay was prepared by the student and was supervised in accordance with the guidelines on supervision of long essay laid down by the University of Ghana. DR. AGYAPOMAA GYEKE-DAKO ……….................. …….………… (SUPERVISOR) SIGNATURE DATE ii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DEDICATION I dedicate this work to God and my Uncle, Dr. James Kofi Annan whose inspiration and providence have granted me the chance to succeed in my endeavours. And to my beloved Berilee Liysi Moussata, I love you so much. Thanks for being the best. iii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACKNOWLDGEMENTS My sincerest thanks goes to Dr. Agyapomaa Gyeke-Dako who supervised my work and offered constructive suggestions which contributed immensely to the completion of this work. I am grateful to all my lecturers who taught me the various courses and broadening my understanding of the MBA programme. I am thankful to family members and friends for their special contributions and assistances that enabled me go through this program successfully especially my brother William Morrison, Alyssa Fedele, Zachary Fink, Araba Mbrowa Koomson, Nicole Ballou and Steve Hoeschele. I am very appreciative to the staff and management of Challenging Heights for providing me with the necessary documents to complete my work. I am thankful to my brother Nicholas Aidoo who proof ready my work. Finally, I am responsible for the lapses and errors in this research. Thank you and God bless you us all. iv University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh LISTS OF ABBREVIATION CSR - Cooperate Social Responsibility CIA - Central Intelligence Agency GCLS - Ghana Child Labour Survey GAO - Government Accountable Office ILO - International Labour Organization IOM - International Organization for Migration NGO - Non Governmental Organization NPA - National Plan for Action OHCHR- Office of the High Commission for Human Rights OECD - Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ODA - Official Development Aid TIP - Traffic in Person Report UN - United Nation UNODC- United Nation Office On Drug and Crime USAID - United State Agency for International Development UNDP - United Nations Development Programme v University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................. i CERTIFICATION .............................................................................................................................. ii DEDICATION .................................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................. iv LISTS OF ABBREVIATION ............................................................................................................ v TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................. vi LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................ ix LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ x ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................................. 1 INTR ODUCTI ON ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Backgr ound of the Study .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the pr oblem ......................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Research objectives .................................................................................................................. 5 1.4 Research questi ons ................................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Significance of the study .......................................................................................................... 6 1.6 Limitati on of the study ............................................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER TW O ............................................................................................................................... 7 REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE ....................................................................................... 7 2.1 The gl obal human trafficking situati on .................................................................................... 7 2.1.1 Human trafficking as vi olati on of human rights ................................................................... 8 2.1.2 Human trafficking as a f orm of slavery ................................................................................. 9 2.1.3. Child lab our and Child trafficking: the linkage .................................................................. 10 2.2 The overview of Human Trafficking in Ghana ...................................................................... 11 2.2.1 Tracing the R o ots of Child Trafficking Netw orks in Ghana. ............................................. 11 2.3 Ideas g overnments and NG O’s can use t o raise funds t o c ombat human trafficking. .......... 16 2.3.1. Funding by G overnment ..................................................................................................... 17 2.3.1.1 Subsidies ........................................................................................................................... 18 2.3.1.2 Grants ................................................................................................................................ 18 2.3.2 N on-grant supp ort ............................................................................................................... 18 vi University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 2.3.2.1 Individuals ........................................................................................................................ 20 2.3.2.2 Businesses ......................................................................................................................... 20 2.4 Fund Raising Ideas ................................................................................................................. 21 2.4.1 Advertising .......................................................................................................................... 21 2.4.2 Membership Enc ouragement ............................................................................................... 21 2.4.3 Public/Private Partnership (PPP) Devel opment .................................................................. 22 CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................... 23 METH OD OL OGY .......................................................................................................................... 23 3.0 Intr oducti on ............................................................................................................................ 23 3.1 Research design ...................................................................................................................... 23 3.2 P opulati on of the study .......................................................................................................... 23 3.3 Sample and sampling techniques ............................................................................................ 24 3.4 Data C ollecti on instruments ................................................................................................... 25 3.4.1 Questi onnaire ....................................................................................................................... 25 3.4.2 Interview guide .................................................................................................................... 25 3.4.3 C onducting the interviews ................................................................................................... 26 3.5 Sources of data ........................................................................................................................ 26 3.5.1 Primary data s ources ........................................................................................................... 26 3.5.2 Sec ondary data s ources ....................................................................................................... 27 3.6 Data c ollecti on & Analysis .................................................................................................... 27 3.7 Key Stakeh olders in the fight against m odern day slavery in Ghana .................................... 29 CHAPTER F OUR ............................................................................................................................ 30 DATA ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSI ON .................................................................... 30 4.1 Intr oducti on ............................................................................................................................ 30 4.2 Maj or D on or t o stakeh olders in the fight against m odern slavery. ....................................... 30 4.3 Stakeh olders Expected Annual Revenue and Rescue Operati ons ......................................... 32 4.4 D on or Funds Reliability ......................................................................................................... 33 4.5 Number of stakeh olders wh o are able t o meet their annual revenue ..................................... 34 4.6 Stakeh olders annual expenditure ............................................................................................ 36 4.7 Sufficient am ount needed t o c ombat slavery annually .......................................................... 37 4.8 Financial Strategies ad opted by stakeh older .......................................................................... 39 4.8.1 Grants/Pr op osal Writing ..................................................................................................... 39 vii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 4.8.2 Partnership ........................................................................................................................... 40 4.8.3 S ocial Enterprise .................................................................................................................. 40 4.9 G overnment C ommitment ...................................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER FIVE .............................................................................................................................. 43 SUMMARY, C ONCLUSI ONS AND REC OMMENDATI ON ..................................................... 43 5.1 Intr oducti on ............................................................................................................................ 43 5.3 Rec ommendati on ................................................................................................................... 44 5.4 Conclusi on .............................................................................................................................. 45 REFERENCE ................................................................................................................................... 47 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................................. 49 viii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Budget Estimati on  of Nati onal Plan Acti on f or Eliminati on  of Human Trafficking ...... 4 Table 2.1 G overnment  of Ghana financial c ommitment t o human trafficking ............................... 14 Table 2.2 Schedule  of D on or Funds t o Ghana int o the Agricultural sect or. .................................. 15 Table 2.3: G overnment d onati on t o NG Os ..................................................................................... 18 Table 2.4: N on-Grant supp ort .......................................................................................................... 19 Table 4.1 Names  of d on or agencies and peri odic d onati ons .......................................................... 30 Table 4.2 NG Os Expected Revenue and Expected Rescue (Am ount is USD) ............................... 32 Table 4.3 Expenditures  of NG Os in the fight against m odern day slavery (Am ount in USD) ....... 36 Table 4.4 Sufficient annual revenue needed f or the fight against human trafficking ...................... 38 Table 4.5 G overnment Nati onal Plan f or Acti on ............................................................................ 41 ix University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 Framew ork f or Data Analysis and rep orting ................................................................. 28 Figure 4.1 Reliable s ource  of funds f or NG Os inv olved in the fight against human trafficking ... 34 Figure 4.2 NG Os that are able t o meet their expected annual d on or revenue ................................ 35 Figure 4.3 Percentages  of the vari ous financial strategies ad opted by the stakeh olders ................ 39 x University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ABSTRACT Stakeholders in the fight against modern slavery play a vital role in the socio-economic development of Ghana. Despite stakeholder’s important role in the fight against modern slavery, donors have been a major contributing force in the fight. This study identifies and discusses the funds received by stakeholders in the course of eliminating modern day slavery. The analysis first reviews the sources of funds for stakeholders by focusing on both external and internal sources. The study then discusses the methods stakeholders use to mobilize funds for their operations. Three methods were identified and they included proposal writing/grant, partnership and social enterprise. The study sought to determine how stakeholders working on the Lake Volta in Ghana finance their operations such as; investigation, rescue, rehabilitation, reintegration and monitoring etc. A survey research approach is adopted to evaluate donor funds to stakeholders in the fight against modern day slavery on the Lake Volta Issues such as huge financial gap between what is actually needed to eliminate the menace, stakeholder often than not fail to meet their revenue target for battling modern day slavery and government also fails to commit the right amount it intends to put into the fight against modern day slavery Some challenges facing stakeholders in the fight against modern slavery, is the methods used to mobilize funds. The study revealed that stakeholders obtained their funding mostly from external donors, governments through their embassies and agencies such Canadian High Commission, United Nation and UNICEF. xi University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh CHAPTER ONE INTR ODUCTI ON 1.1 Backgr ound of the Study “Slavery existed bef ore m oney or law” (H ochschild, 2005). T o many, slavery is a thing of the past and have n o place in the m odern s ociety. It has been 202 years since the ab oliti on of slavery in the United Kingd om and 144 years since its ab oliti on in the United States. T oday, the menace of slavery has reincarnated itself in the f orm of human trafficking where th ousands of w omen, men and children are s old f or a penny. The Internati onal Lab our Organisati on (IL O) estimates that annual pr ofits generated fr om trafficking of human beings are as high as 32 billi on USD. Human trafficking is regarded as one of transnati onal organised crimes in recent times by the United Nati on and it is rated the sec ond heinous crime in the w orld (Kempad o o et al, 2015; Shelley & Lee, 2007). Alth ough it is extremely difficult t o estimate the scale of human trafficking crimes, the Internati onal Lab our Organisati on and Walk Free F oundati on rep ort (2018) estimated that, ab out 45.8 milli on pe ople are in f orced lab our and sexual expl oitati on. Acc ording t o Internati onal Lab our Organisati on (IL O), there are at least 2.4 milli on trafficked pers ons at any given time. F orty-tw o percent (42%) of the traffickers are trafficked within their own c ountries with 71% being females and 28% children (United Nati ons Office on Drugs and Crime (UN ODC, 2016)). Human trafficking has increased as high as 200 milli on which is m ore than the entirety of slavery in the Trans-Atlantic slave trade (Free the slaves, 2007). The rise in human trafficking is as a result of the Macr o and Micr o level risk fact ors. Macr o level risk fact ors that are ass ociated with human trafficking include p overty, ec on omic injustice, natural disasters, gl obalizati on of the c onsumer market, unattached men in c onstructi on operati on, 1 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh military installati ons in devel oping c ountries and gl obal sex t ourism (R oby, 2005). Micr o level risk fact ors include family breakd own, p o or family relati on, child abuse and neglect, mental illness and substance abuse am ong parents and h omelessness am ong children (R oby, 2005). Acc ording t o the United Nati ons (U.N.), 6.5 billi on pe ople in the w orld depend on tw o ($2) d ollars per day. This has resulted in substantial increase in the w orld’s slavery t oday because of desperately p o or pe ople living in devel oping and p o or c ountries. Gl obally, Alliance 87 estimates that there are 152 milli on children in child labour. Ghana is n o excepti on fr om the gl obal gr owing menace of Human Trafficking. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA,2016) estimates that there are ab out 103,300 pe ople inv olved in m odern slavery in Ghana t oday. The expl oitati on of Ghanaians, particularly children, within the c ountry is m ore prevalent than transnati onal trafficking. Ghana Child Lab our Survey rep ort (GCLS, 2003) estimates that there are ab out 2.47 milli on children aged between 5 and 17years wh o are ec on omically active. This is w orst f orm of lab our as stated in the Nati onal Plan Acti on t o eliminate the menace by Child Lab our Unit of Lab our Department of the Ministry of Empl oyment and S ocial Welfare. Ghanaian b oys and girls are subjected t o being trafficked int o f orced lab our such as fishing, mining, street hawking, begging, and c ommercial sex am ong others. Sex trafficking exist nati onwide but m ost prevalent in the V olta Regi on and is als o gr owing in the Western Regi on, Ghana (Trafficking in Pers on’s rep ort, 2016, United States Department of State). Rep ort by GCLS (2003) sh ows that V olta regi on rec orded the highest child lab our cases with 519,001 trafficked children in the fishing sect or. Sixty-six percent (66%) of the b oys are asked t o dive int o the lake t o disentangle fishing nets, mend nets and spend h ours casting and drawing the net ash ore while fifty-tw o percent (52%) of the girls are engaged in selling, sm oking of fish and used as sex slaves (Tengey & Oguaah, 2002). 2 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh In Ghana, the pr oblem of child trafficking is pervasive, as traffickers deceive parents that their children are g oing t o have a better life but rather end up w orking on the V olta Lake with out g oing t o sch o ol. Menial d omestic and w orking on the lake are regarded being n ot hazard ous t o their health and educati on but rather c ontribute t o their inf ormal training activities (Tengey & Oguaah, 2002). There are several islands and villages such as Yeji, Garikr om, Buipe, Accra-T own, Kete Krachie am ong others al ong the V olta Lake which are c onsidered endemic f or child trafficking (Challenging Heights, 2017). Several eff orts have been made by internati onal organisati ons in partnership with l ocal organisati ons t o eliminate trafficking of children on the V olta Lake of Ghana. Rep ort fr om Challenging Heights (2017) indicates that they have rescued over One Th ousand Seven Hundred (1,700) children fr om the V olta Lake since 2007. Children rescued are fr om Winneba, Apam, and Senya Bereku in Central Regi on; Ada, and Ning o in Greater Accra Regi on am ong others.  Organisati ons such I OM, Engage N ow Africa, Apple am ong others have c ontributed in rescuing trafficked children. The rescued children are rehabilitated f or several m onths bef ore they are reintegrated back with their parents and c ommunities. A baseline study c onducted by an NG O, “Free the Slaves”, in 20 c ommunities in the V olta and Central Regi ons in August 2016, indicates that s ome c ommunities act as b oth the s ource and destinati on f or trafficking. Acr oss all 20 c ommunities, 35.2% of h ouseh olds c onsisted children wh o had been subjected t o trafficking, 18% had been expl oited primarily in the fishing industry. The rep ort als o sh owed 10% and 1% in d omestic servitude, and early or f orced marriages respectively. Fr om all indicati ons ab ove, there is n o denial of the fact that slavery exists in our s ocieties t oday. Hence, we must fight the gr owing gl obal menace with n ot just the right c ommitment but the right financial c ommitment. 3 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 1.2 Statement of the pr oblem Acc ording t o the Internati onal Lab our Organisati on (IL O, 2017) there are 218 milli on children in child lab our and 22,000 children died thr ough their w ork in Sub-Saharan Africa. The increased cases of human trafficking raise red flags because traffickers ar ound the w orld generate 32 billi on USD (IL O, 2017).  Over the years, stakeh olders, b oth internati onal and d omestic, have expressed c oncern over the situati on. The Internati onal Organisati on f or Migrati on has been in partnership with g overnments, the UN and NG O’s t o c ounter human trafficking. In Ghana and m ost African c ountries, vari ous g overnments have sh own little eff ort in dealing with the issue. This is because government and stakeholders requires a substantial amount of funds and other related resources to sucessfully help combat human trafficking. The search for funding is therefore necessary for the eradication of human trafficking (Vincent 2006, p.23). Alth ough the g overnment of Ghana thr ough the Ministry of Gender and S ocial pr otecti on have drafted a Nati onal Plan of Acti on f or the Eliminati on of Human Trafficking in Ghana, the implementati on of the plan is dependent on f oreign aid. The government set up GHS 500,000.00 to help combat human trafficking (Ministry of Gender & Social Protection, 2018). This am ount falls bel ow the estimated figure in the Nati onal Plan of Acti on f or Eliminati on of Human Trafficking. Table 1.1: Budget Estimati on of Nati onal Plan Acti on f or Eliminati on of Human Trafficking Theme 2018 (figures in USD) Pr otecti on 3,272,628 Preventi on 7,042,288 Pr osecuti on 1,737,638 Partnership 2,599,357 T otal 14,651,911 S ource: Nati onal acti on plan f or eliminati on of human trafficking (2017-2018) 4 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh While g overnment has the intenti on t o c ombat human trafficking, the financial c ommitment of g overnment have been sh ort c oming while the cases of human trafficking keep on increasing at an alarming rate. The Traffic in Pers on Rep ort (2014) revealed that Ghana had been placed on the Tier 2 watch list f or tw o (2) years c onsecutively. This means that Ghana did n ot pr osecute any traffickers. There was n o supp ort t o victims, decrease in the number of victims identified in the past years, inadequate funding and training f or law enf orcement and pr osecut ors. F or this reas on, the United States Department of State threatened t o cut the 650 milli on USD aid given t o Ghana if the required interventi ons are n ot put in place t o curb human trafficking in the c ountry. The aid given t o Ghana g oes int o Agriculture, energy, educati on, health am ong others. It seems NG O’s and agencies like the United States Agency f or Internati onal Devel opment (USAID) are much m ore c ommitted t o fighting the menace than g overnment. The United States, thr ough USAID, awarded five milli on United States D ollars (US$ 5,000,000.00) t o Internati onal Organisati on f or Migrati on (I OM) and Free the Slaves NG O t o c ombat f orced lab our and child sex trafficking (U.S. embassy in Ghana, press release, 30th January, 2017). The eff ort of the I OM, NG O’s and other d on or agencies like the USAID must be appreciated. It must be reiterated that while such supp orts are helpful in the fight against human trafficking, much m ore financial c ommitment must be sh own t owards the fight against human trafficking, especially by the g overnment. 1.3 Research objectives 1. T o assess g overnment’s financial c ommitment t o the fight against human trafficking. 2. T o assess the impact of financial d onati ons fr om d on or agencies on human trafficking. 5 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 3. T o identify financial strategies g overnment and NG Os can ad opt t o raise funds t o c ombat human trafficking. 1.4 Research questi ons 1. What is the extent of g overnment’s financial c ommitment t o the fight against human trafficking? 2. What is the impact of financial d onati ons fr om d on or agencies on human trafficking? 3. What financial strategies can g overnment and NG Os ad opt t o raise funds t o c ombat human trafficking? 1.5 Significance of the study This research w ork will be relevant t o stakeh olders in their quest t o c ombat human trafficking. This research will reveal the deficit (if any) between the increasing rate of human trafficking and the less financial c ommitment especially fr om g overnment. This will in turn urge g overnment t o d o m ore than what it has been d oing. This w ork will review the success st ory of c ountries wh o are on the TIP tier 1 ranking, especially the financial investment in human trafficking. This will g o a l ong way t o guide stakeh olders in human trafficking in the quest t o curtail the gr owing menace. 1.6 Limitati on of the study It was relatively difficult t o assess the amount of f oreign aid and grants that the c ountry receives and h ow much is exactly spent on c ombating human trafficking. NG O’s also felt reluctant t o give details on h ow much they receive f or c ombating human trafficking. These made it extremely difficult t o assess the impact of f oreign aid and grants in the fight against human trafficking. 6 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh CHAPTER TW O REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE 2.1 The gl obal human trafficking situati on Acc ording t o Kapstain (2006), m ore pe ople are trafficked t oday than ever in hist ory. Milli ons of men, w omen and children are victims of human trafficking f or sexual, f orced lab our and other f orms of expl oitati on w orldwide. The human and ec on omic c osts of this take an immense t oll on individuals and c ommunities. By c onservative estimates, the c ost of trafficking in terms of underpayment of wages and recruiting fees is over US$ 20 billi on. The c osts t o human capital is pr obably imp ossible t o quantify. The pr oblem of trafficking cuts acr oss a range of devel opment issues, fr om p overty t o s ocial inclusi on, t o justice and rule of law issues, and thus has relevance f or practiti oners thr ough out the devel opment c ommunity (S ocial Devel opment N otes, 2009). It is imp ossible t o calculate the actual number of trafficking victims. Differences in definiti on and meth od ol ogy, t ogether with a general lack of reliable data, result in an immense variati on in gl obal estimates of the number of trafficked victims. The United States G overnment Acc ountability Office (GA O) rep orts that there is a c onsiderable discrepancy between the numbers of estimated victims of human trafficking acr oss vari ous agencies because each organisati on uses its own meth od ol ogy t o c ollect data and analyses the pr oblem based on its own mandate. The gl obal estimates given by the US g overnment are f ocused on transnati onal human trafficking, thus d o n ot include the number of victims wh o are internally trafficked. The IL O estimates at least 2.45 milli on pe ople were trafficked b oth internati onally and internally during 1995 t o 2004. UN ODC m onit ors nati onal and regi onal patterns of human trafficking but d oes n ot pr ovide a gl obal estimate of the number of victims. 7 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh The United States Department (2005) estimates that s omewhere between 600,000 and 800,000 victims are trafficked acr oss US b orders each year, while others estimate it t o be between 700,000 and 2 milli on annually w orldwide (Ar on owitz, 2001:169). The t otal number of trafficking victims are claimed t o have g one dramatically up over the last years. This is especially due t o the destabilizati on and imp overishment of Russia and other Eastern Eur opean c ountries as well as m ore ec on omically driven migrati on all ar ound the w orld (Bales, 2007:270). Acc ording t o recent numbers, the share of w omen of t otal trafficking victims has g one d own, but the gr oup still acc ounts f or ab out 50% of all rep orted victims (UN ODC, 2014:10). The increase in rep orted incidences of male trafficking c ould be because the Palerm o Pr ot oc ol has br oadened the definiti on of trafficking. Additi onally, s ome c ountries are n ow better at detecting cases of f orced lab our w ork (UN ODC, 2014:29). There has als o been an increase in child trafficking, where many ends up in sexual expl oitati on or as child s oldiers. In Africa, the maj ority (ab out 60%) of detected victims are children (UN ODC, 2014:31). 2.1.1 Human trafficking as vi olati on of human rights When we start t o analyse human trafficking as a phen omen on, it is p ossible t o c onclude that the human rights paradigm definitely has a l ong hist ory (Ar on owitz, 2009:28). Pr obably the best descripti on of the relati on between the human rights and human trafficking was given in the Rec ommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking (2002:3) “Vi olati ons of human rights are b oth a cause and a c onsequence of trafficking in pers ons” by the Office of the High C ommissi on f or Human Rights (OHCHR, 2001). In the Universal Declarati on of Human Rights ad opted in 1948, human trafficking was defined as the vi olati on of the basic human rights. By this declarati on, human trafficking represents vi olati on of many human rights; firstly, a right t o life, but als o right t o health, right t o be free fr om all f orms of slavery, right t o 8 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh liberty and security, right t o freed om of m ovement and last but n ot the least right t o free ch oice of empl oyment (Lee, 2007:9). Acc ording t o Ar on owitz (2009:28), traffickers are th ose wh o have the m ost benefits of situati on in which victims live. This is because in the s ource c ountries, they use unequal status of w omen and girls that is characterized with the “misguided and danger ous stere otypes of w omen as (sexual) objects, pr operty, and servants of men”. Gender discriminati on is an other imp ortant s ource of human rights vi olati on that is present in the c ountries of origin of victims. At the same time, it is defined as the push fact or f or human trafficking and it represents denial of human rights. F or Ar on owitz, vi olati on of human rights is n ot an additi onal appr oach in defining this phen omen on, but a c omm on thread of human trafficking. 2.1.2 Human trafficking as a f orm of slavery Bales is just one of many auth ors wh o c onceptualize human trafficking as the m odern f orm of slavery. Reas ons f or supp orting this kind of appr oach are obvi ous parallels between antique n oti on of slavery and human trafficking that still exist. It is true that, t oday, we cann ot find legal ownership of one human being by an other or l ong-term enslavement, but it is p ossible t o find temp orary ownership, f orced lab our, debt b ondage and hyper expl oitative c ontractual arrangements in the gl obal ec on omy (Lee, 2007:3). What makes human trafficking different fr om slavery is the fact that while slavery depends on wars, raids and f orced abducti on t o obtain slaves, trafficking m ostly relies on false pr omises and decepti on. Victims of human trafficking are recruited thr ough means of threat, use of f orce, fraud or thr ough payments or benefits t o a pers on that has c ontr ol of the victim.  Once the victims are br ought t o their final destinati on with the use of f orce, threat of f orce or harm, they are kept as pris oners or enslaved. Until this m oment, victims of human trafficking differ fr om slavery where slaves were kidnapped, b ought and s old int o slavery (Ar on owitz, 2009: 29). Human trafficking 9 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh represents pr ocess where individuals or organisati ons bring and maintain pers ons in slavery. In the w ords of Ar on owitz, “Human trafficking is n ot a c onditi on or a result of a pr ocess, but the pr ocess of enslavement itself” (Ar on owitz, 2009: 28). 2.1.3. Child lab our and Child trafficking: the linkage Child lab our, just as child trafficking, has n o universally accepted definiti on. This is because it is a c omplex phen omen on that is deeply r o oted in the structures and traditi ons of cultural, s ocial, p olitical, and ec on omics of s ocieties (Admassie, 2000: 3). Child lab our can range fr om any help pr ovided by a child within a h ouseh old or on the farm t o wage w ork, training, or heavy physical w ork (Ibid, 2000: 6). B ourdill on (2000: 8) h owever argues that the main issue with regards t o the definiti on of child lab our is based on the fact that there is always a pr oblem when it c omes t o differentiating between "child w ork" which is g o od and "child lab our" which is bad. A child wh o helps with h ouseh old ch ores, in a family business, or on family farms cann ot be c onsidered as child lab our, especially in Africa where this f orms part of the child's s ocializati on, devel opment and training (Tengey & Oguaah, 2002: xiv). B ourdill on's general argument is that, w ork cann ot be termed as child lab our when it d oes n ot detract other essential activities such as leisure, play and educati on of the child but when the opp osite is the case and at the same time impairs the health, and devel opment of the child, then it can be c onsidered as child labour. It h owever bec omes a c omm on practice, f or the purp ose of identifying child lab ourer’s by treating all pers ons within the age gr oup of 5-14 as children (Ant onyraj, 2004:97). But as indicated earlier, IL O C onventi on 138 and UN C onvention on the Rights of the Child defined "child" as a pers on under the age of 18. In this case, "child lab our" can be regarded and f or that matter defined as any type of w ork perf ormed by children bel ow the age of 18. IL O in an other devel opment treats the age limit set at 14 in devel oping nati ons and fixed the minimum age at 18 f or hazard ous or "w orst" f orm of w ork (Grimsrud, 2002:10). 10 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 2.2 The overview of Human Trafficking in Ghana Ghana is n o excepti on t o the gl obal challenge of Traffic in Pers on, as it c ontinues t o be a s ource, transit and destinati on c ountry f or human trafficking. The expl oitati on of Ghanaians, particularly children, within the c ountry is m ore prevalent than the transnati onal trafficking. Ghanaian b oys and girls are subject t o being trafficked int o f orced lab our, such as in fishing, d omestic service, street hawking, begging, p ottering, artisanal g old mining, quarrying, herding, and agriculture. Ghanaian girls, and t o s ome lesser extent b oys, are als o subjected t o sex trafficking. Sex trafficking exist nati on-wide but is m ost prevalent in the V olta Regi on and is gr owing in the oil-pr oducing regi on, especially Western Regi on (S ource: Ghana: Trafficking in Pers ons Rep ort, 2016, United States Department of State). A baseline study c onducted by an NG O, “Free the Slaves” in 20 c ommunities in the V olta and Central Regi ons in August 2016 indicates that s ome c ommunities act as b oth the s ource and destinati on f or trafficking. Acr oss all 20 c ommunities, 35.2% of h ouseh olds c onsisted of children wh o had been subjected t o trafficking and expl oited primarily in the fishing industry (18%), and d omestic servitude (10%), with few rep orts of early and f orced marriage (1%). 2.2.1 Tracing the R o ots of Child Trafficking Netw orks in Ghana. M obility is a vital aspect of pe ople's livelih o od diversificati on with the aim t o manage risk, hence p o or h ouseh olds tend t o migrate as a gr oup or send h ouseh old members away as a resp onse t o the need t o manage risk and reduce vulnerability (Waddingt on, 2003:13). Thus, p o orer streams often c omprising the entire h ouseh olds or just a member migrates in resp onse t o fact ors such as inability t o subsist as a result of deteri orati on of sustainability of the agr o-res ource base, or indebtedness, or lack of f o od security (Ibid). Studies have h owever emphasized that migrati on d oes n ot necessarily guarantee security and reducti on of vulnerability, but the opp osite can als o be the case. 11 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Migrati on can as well increase vulnerability, especially in a situati on where the migrati on and its pr oceeds on which the h ouseh olds depend pr ove t o be unreliable (Ibid: IS). This is in the c ontexts of the fishing sect or where there are limited opp ortunities but s oci oec on omic fact ors have led t o an increasing fl ow of migrant’s t o the sect or f or livelih o od. Under such c onditi on of vulnerability, as p ointed out by Tru ong (2005), children are offered the w orst living and w orking c onditi ons by their empl oyers. Migrati on as an aspect of s ocial differentiati on has als o been widely rec ognized. M obile livelih o od as a means of adjusting t o adversity and vital means of acquiring assets t o strengthen a h ouseh old's s oci o-ec on omic status enc ourages s ocial differentiati on (Laite Cited in Rak oni, 2002:14; 1983 :20-31).  One of its observable aspects acc ording t o Laite is its c ontributi on t o s ocial divisi on of lab our, n otably the age-sex divisi on of w ork tasks. UNICEF (2003:7) f or instance observes that children, especially female children, wh o are lured by pr omises of better educati on or j ob and smuggled acr oss (and within) b orders are often f orced t o endure pr ostituti on, d omestic servitude, hazard ous f orce labour or inv oluntary marriage. In additi on, differentiati on can als o occur thr ough differential access t o types of d omestic migrati on (Waddingt on 2003:11). M ostly, in situati ons where the p o or are f orced int o particular types of migrati on, that restrict their m ovements t o only badly paid unskilled j obs, p o or living c onditi ons, or inadequate services, s ocial differentiati on may  occur  or increase between a p o orer and a richer migrant (Ibid). Tengey and Oguaah (2001:81) als o rep ort that, in Ghana, because the s ociety values the birth of a male m ore than a female, m ore girls than b oys are exp osed t o migrati on and f or that matter trafficking. Research has sh own that the pe ople of West Africa f or that matter Ghana have a c omplex hist ory of m obility f or ec on omic reas ons (Black et al., 2004; IL O, 2001; Overa, 2001; Adep oju 2002). Acc ording t o Black et al, human m obility in Ghana inv olves b oth intra and inter-m obility. 12 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh It is rep orted that ab out 10% of Ghana's p opulati on is currently living abr oad (Black et al., 2004:22) in search of greener pastures f or the remittance of their families. The intra-b order m obility is primarily fr om n orth t o s outh f or ec on omic purp oses (Ibid), where large numbers of unempl oyed y outh, as a result of p overty, m ove t o c ommercial t owns and cities in search of j obs in the f ormal and inf ormal sect ors. It is rep orted that, of the internal m obility fr om n orth t o s outh, in-migrants represent over 40% of the p opulati on in the Greater Accra, V olta and Western regi ons (Ghana Statistical Service, 2003:46-47; Black et al., 2004:22). F orced migrati on as a result of c onflict has als o, been observed, especially at the n orthern part of the c ountry where ethnic conflict over land fr om 1994-95 f orced ab out 100,000 t o rel ocate in neighb ouring T og o and other parts of the c ountry (Black et al., 2004: 24).  Overa (2001) als o reports of human m obility al ong the c oastal areas f or rel ocati on as a result of the decline in small-scale c oastal fisheries caused by overfishing of f oreign industrial vessels c oupled with inability of sustaining the use of can oes due t o rising fuel prices among other fact ors. An other pattern of human m obility which is c ommonly observed in Ghana is linked with s oci o- cultural practices. This is where the children are given t o well-t o-d o extended family members f or apprenticeship and g o od upbringing. Parents are accust omed t o the placement of their children with other family members, which end up giving the children away t o unkn own pers ons. (Tengey & Oguaah, 2001:81). That is, generally, the traditi on of child m obility can be seen as an aspect which facilitates the w ork of intermediaries. Hence, children are s ometimes handed over (knowingly or unkn owingly) t o an intermediary by parents with the pr omise that they will be sent t o sch o ol, pr ovided with a pr ofessi on or be taken care of within the h ouseh old but end up in paid labour of which n o m oney is given t o either the child  or the parents (Black et al., 2004:24). There is theref ore great concern of child trafficking situati ons in the c ountry where children are being 13 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 's old' (or put in b onded lab our) t o fishermen by their parents or intermediaries al ong the V olta Lake. Table 2.1 Government of Ghana financial c ommitment t o human trafficking Spending  on c ombating human trafficking (GH₵) Years 0.00 2014 0.00 2015 101,500 2016 102,826 2017 2160,000 2018 S ource: Ministry of Gender and S ocial Pr otecti on The Government of Ghana d oes n ot fully meet the minimum standards f or the eliminati on  of trafficking. H owever, it is making significant eff orts t o d o s o. The g overnment dem onstrated increasing eff orts c ompared t o the previ ous rep orting peri od, theref ore, Ghana was upgraded t o Tier 2. The g overnment dem onstrated the f oll owing; i. Increasing eff orts by validating and implementing the nati onal anti-trafficking acti on plan. ii. Expanding funds all ocated f or the plan. iii. Pr osecuting and c onvicting lab our and sex-traffickers under the Human Trafficking Act. iv. Increasing interagency c o operati on in eff orts t o rem ove child victims fr om trafficking situati ons. v. Ad opting systematic pr ocedures f or identifying and referring trafficking victims f or services. vi. C onducting and pr oviding supp ort f or anti-trafficking public awareness activities. 14 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh H owever, the g overnment did n ot meet the minimum standards in several key areas. The g overnment did n ot adequately address c orrupti on and p olitical interference in trafficking investigati ons and pr osecuti ons. Neither did g overnment c onvene the inter-ministerial b oard resp onsible f or anti-trafficking p olicy and administration of the human trafficking fund. The lack of sufficient res ources f or effective investigati on and evidence c ollecti on and the sh ortage of state att orneys hindered pr osecuti ons. The c ourts als o failed t o h old s ome c onvicted traffickers acc ountable with sentences str ong en ough t o deter others fr om engaging in the crime. The limited availability of shelter spaces f or children and the absence of any shelter f or adult victims severely hampered the g overnment’s ability t o pr otect and pr ovide services t o identified victims. This further impeded some officials fr om taking acti on t o rem ove p otential victims fr om trafficking situati on (TIP rep ort, 2018). Table 2.2 Schedule of D on or Funds t o Ghana int o the Agricultural sect or. Year T otal (USD) in milli on Agriculture (USD) in milli on 2018 77 15 2017 172 44 2016 172 59 2015 290 55 2014 184 64 2013 140 29 2012 149 13 2011 140 13 2010 110 55 2009 98 11 2008 75 3.6 S ource: US State Department 15 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Table 2.2 indicates that aid f or 2017 was invested in pr otecting the f orest, marine ec osystems and fisheries in the Western regi on. Again, aid f or 2017 was invested in a new agr of orestry pr oject in the N orthern regi on which focused on impr oving natural res ources like tree cr ops, climate-smart agriculture and supp orted 120,000 small h older farmers in N orthern and s ome parts of Ashanti and Br ong Ahaf o regi on. Meanwhile, n o p ortion of that am ount all ocated t o the agriculture sect or was channelled int o c ombating human trafficking which is f ound under their sect or. Acc ording t o an article by Martina Ucnik ova (OECD & M odern Slavery: H ow much aid m oney is spent t o tackle the issue?), a cumulative spending by OECD d on ors on m odern slavery over ten years am ounts t o USD 1.2 billi on. T o reach an estimate of an annual spending; this am ount was divided by the number of years in the study (ten). The result is an estimated USD 124 milli on spent each year on pr ograms on m odern slavery. In the ten-year peri od examined, the c ountry making the largest annual c ontributi on is the United States, spending an average of USD 68.7 milli on per annum, f oll owed by N orway (USD 12.7 milli on), Japan (USD 10.3 milli on), Australia (USD 7.7milli on), the Netherlands (USD 6.5 milli on), the UK (USD 5 milli on), Sweden (USD 4.3 milli on), Canada (USD 4.1 milli on), France (USD 1.8 milli on), Germany (USD 1.2milli on), Austria (USD 1.1milli on) and Finland (USD 200,000). The twelve c ountries included in the scope of this research make cumulative annual ODA c ontributions of USD 78 billi on.  Of this, less than 1% is directed t owards c ombating m odern slavery. N orway’s c ontributi on as a pr op ortion of its total ODA was the highest at 0.36%, while Germany’s was the l owest at 0.01%. 2.3 Ideas g overnments and NG O’s can use t o raise funds t o c ombat human trafficking. The pertinent issues surr ounding fundraising by NG Os and g overnment are n ot technique and h ow t o acquires it but h ow g overnment and NG Os are trustw orthy and acc ountable in seeking funds 16 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh f or the purp ose f or which the m oney was raised (H oll oway, 2006 n.d., p.1). M o ore (2005, p.2) explain that, nearly all NG O and g overnment revenues fall within three br oad categ ories. They are g overnment funding, private giving or philanthr opy and self-generated inc ome. 2.3.1. Funding by G overnment NG Os use vari ous means t o raise funds fr om the g overnment, individuals, businesses, different organisati on gr oups and internati onal d on ors. The r ole played by the g overnment is key in the functi oning and funding of NG Os. With this, there will be m ore unified alliance and c ommunicati on between the g overnment sect or and the N on-g overnmental sect or t o enhance their w ork and eventually result in finding p otent s oluti ons f or pr oblems they face thr ough cl ose c o operati on. Acc ording t o Independent Bureau f or Humanitarian issues (1998, p.16, hereinafter: IBH), g overnment budget all ocati on f or financing the pr ojects of humanitarian organisati ons and citizen ass ociati ons sh ould be determined and th ose funds sh ould be pr op orti onally divided t o different g oals. Centre f or the pr om otion of civil s ociety (2001, pp. 99-102) defines several f orms of d on or funding which are m ostly available t o NG Os in alm ost every c ountry, regardless of the differences in the way, the mechanism implementation of public funding w orks in different c ountries. G overnment funding includes a br oad range of direct and indirect supp ort. The UNDP (1993, cited in L otsmart, 2007, p. 27) n oted that one-third of NG Os funding c ome fr om g overnments thr ough varied degrees such as subsidies, g overnment grants, and c ontracting. Exempti ons fr om taxati on can be c onsidered a g overnment subsidy. During the last term of Clint on (United State President, 1993 - 2000) administrati on f or example, the White H ouse supp ort t o NG Os increased fr om 13% t o 50% thr ough USAID assistance. In additi on, m ost embassies of devel oped c ountries residing in the devel oping c ountries fund l ocal NG Os (L otsmart, 2007, p. 27). 17 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 2.3.1.1 Subsidies This is m oney granted by a g overnment t o a private pers on or company or organisati on t o assist them in their activities which is deemed as am advantage t o the public. 2.3.1.2 Grants This is an amount of m oney that a g overnment or other instituti ons give t o an individual or an organisati on f or a particular purp ose such as education or h ome impr ovements. Aside the financial supp ort, NG O sect or receives supp ort fr om g overnment in the form of incentives such as tax exempti on and paying needed materials and services. These tax reliefs t o the NG O sect or are fascinating as they are used t o run the activities of the sect or. M o ore (2005, p.3) als o shared his percepti on that g overnments in several c ountries have devel oped inn ovative appr oaches t o g overnment funding fr om the creation of public funds t o taxpayer all ocati on mechanisms. Table 2.3: G overnment d onati on t o NG Os Activity Am ount (GH₵) N o.  of NG Os Shelter Rehabilitati on 80,000.00 3 Rescue Missi on 11,000.00 3 S ource: Ministry of Gender, Children and S ocial Pr otecti on (2017) Fr om Table 2.3, g overnment c ollab orati on with anti-trafficking NG Os rescued 159 children fr om trafficking with s ome assistance. Again, 79 suspected traffickers were arrested, as well as pr osecuted and c onvicted tw o (2) traffickers. 2.3.2 N on-grant supp ort The search f or external funding is necessary f or the survival and development of l ocal NG Os (Fernand, 2006, p. 23). Acc ording t o Liang (2003, p. 13-15 cited in Andreas, 2005, p. 25) the availability of internati onal funding s ources is surely indispensable in the initial stage of l ocal NG O sect or. C ontributing t o the discussi on, L otsmart (2007, p. 29) n oted that l ocal NG Os in Camer o on 18 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh are principally funded externally. Barr et al. (2005) in their study of l ocal NG Os in Uganda identified that grants received by the NG O sect or fr om internati onal NG Os acc ounted f or nearly half of the t otal funding in 2001 in Uganda. Acc ording t o Perry (2002, p.17) n on-grant supp ort is related t o all d onati ons that the NG O sect or gathers f or efficient perf ormance and implementati on of operati onal activity. N on-grant supp ort is very vital t o NG O’s w ork because this gives them an opp ortunity t o raise funds fr om different s ources. The n on-grant fr om different d on ors inspire th ose with diverse pr oblems t o c ome up with activities t o help the situati on and pr om ote the devel opment of c ommunities in which they operate. N on-grant als o has weakness and it is indicated in the f oll owing; planning bec omes difficult since funds are m obilized fr om different d on ors. Again, it is difficult t o predict whether the funds will c ome thr ough f or the intended purp ose. This theref ore results in NG Os n ot having en ough funds t o meet their pr ograms and implement their activities. Fundraising fr om individuals, businesses, external g overnment, organisati ons, ass ociati ons and gr oups c onsist n on-grant supp ort. Acc ording t o Fund Raising Planning (n.d.), pr ospective d on ors will give when they have been convinced of the vale and need f or their gift, when they are pers onally asked and when the s olicitati on c omes fr om the pers on they respect and wh o can make a str ong, credible case f or supp ort. Table 2.4: N on-Grant supp ort Years Am ount (USD) 2017 1,250,000 2018 1,250,000 2019 1,250,000 2020 1,250,000 T otal 5,000,000.00 S ource: U.S. State Department 19 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Fr om Table 2.4, Ghana received US$ 5,000,000 as grants which will be spread across over 4 c onservative years. The U.S. g overnment pr ovided the Anti-Human Trafficking Unit of the Ghana P olice Service with six vehicles, investigative equipment, organised 22 pr ograms f or appr oximately 500 individuals fr om Ghana P olice Service, Immigrati on Services, S ocial Welfare Department and the Judiciary Service. N on-grant supp ort t o l ocal NG Os resulted in 114 trained traditi onal auth orities, 127 rescued children, 196 individuals with shelter and other services, 7,600 pe ople engaged in awareness creati on and 100 stakeh olders trained on the strategies on c ompensating trafficking. 2.3.2.1 Individuals Individuals are a small link in the chain of d on or funds t o NG Os but their c ontributi on t owards fundraising cann ot be l o oked d own up on. Acc ording t o UMC OR (2005, p.28), individuals are much m ore flexible and sp ontane ous in d onating m oney than businesses, g overnment and f oundati ons. Their greatest m otivati on is that; victims need these funds t o survives. When NG Os present results and achievements t o individuals they bec ome fulfilled and realise that the funds have achieved their purp ose by p ositively affecting the c ommunity or the victims inv olved. 2.3.2.2 Businesses Perry (2002, pp. 36-37) menti ons that businesses can be especially pr ofitable s ource of direct and indirect supp ort to organisati ons, v olunteers and NG Os. C o operati on is vital f or NG Os in the attainment of their g oals and missi on of raising res ources fr om businesses that makes their d onati on in the f orm of pr om oti ons. Mutz and Murray (2010, p. 107) state that c o operati on’s n ormally give f or one or more of the f our realms because they think giving is part of being a g o od c orp orate citizen. They als o want t o supp ort and align with the organisati on’s missi on. This res onates with an individual’s champi oning the course of this c ompanies that are kn own f or giving and are c onsidered better places t o w ork by empl oyees. 20 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh L ocal NG Os in m ost c ountries are unable t o generate inc ome fr om ec on omic activities due t o laws and regulati ons g overning the inc ome. M o ore (2005, p.3) suggested that in many c ountries, inc ome fr om ec on omic activities are exempt fr om taxati on albeit t o a limited extend. 2.4 Fund Raising Ideas Bennett and Savani (2011, p.122) menti on that new ideas f or raising funds can arise fr om inside or outside the organisati on and may either be acquired fr om pre-existing materials or generated thr ough f ormal or inf ormal pr ocedures. Bennett and Savani (2011, pp. 125-128) trust that management in search of new fundraising ideas need t o decide where it will l o ok f or ideas and whether t o concentrate on certain types of s ources. 2.4.1 Advertising UMC OR (2005, p. 48) states that using advertising such as billb oards and leaflets and the press (newspaper, magazine etc.) is a brilliant meth od t o raise awareness of y our cause, alth ough it is difficult t o quantify the exact benefit of such advertising. D onati ons, new membership or v olunteer support or simply inf orming the public ab out y our NG O’s w ork is thr ough s oliciting and advertisement. 2.4.2 Membership Enc ouragement  One of the m ost pr oactive way of raising fund is thr ough membership enc ouragement. Acc ording t o (Ceasar, 2006, p. 6), NG Os use their assets t o devel op c omprehensive missi on driven member service packages t o attract and sustain members and receive funding fr om membership fees. The main f ocus is that, they bec ome members of the organisati on and c ontribute peri odically t o the w ork of the organisati on. While membership dues will likely be just one part of organisati on fundraising activities, they can represent a regular and secure source of inc ome (Kavita, n.d, p. 7). 21 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh The benefit that c ommunities and membership inclusi on in the raising of the funds gives is the m ost imp ortant thing. Members are always the first point of c ontact whenever the organisati on intends t o raise funds t o supp ort the c ommunity of victims. Acc ording t o UMC OR (2005, p.43), c ommunities and membership inclusi on in the raising of funds als o give publicity and influence within the c ommunity. 2.4.3 Public/Private Partnership (PPP) Devel opment This method of funding acc ording t o Ceasar (2006, p. 6) f ocuses on building the capacity of NG Os t o enter int o j oint c ontractual fee-based partnerships with public or private sect or (i.e. with business and/ or g overnments) t o carry out a mutually beneficial service t o the c ommunity. With the rise of C orp orate S ocial Resp onsibilities (CSR) and S ocial Partnership Pr ograms, Public Private Partnership devel opment is a huge, virtually untapped market of future NG O financing. As a result of this meth od, there is intense c ompetiti on am ong l ocal NG Os t o acquire a partner, because having a partner is crucial t o accessing funding (P orter, 2003 p. 135). 22 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh CHAPTER THREE METH OD OL OGY 3.0 Intr oducti on This research was aimed at the evaluati on of d on or funds t o stakeh olders in the fight against m odern slavery. This chapter depicts the meth ods used in c onducting this research. This chapter explains h ow, when and where the research was c onducted. This includes research design, p opulati on of the study, sample and sampling technique, data c ollecti on instruments, and s ources of data. 3.1 Research design Research design is a researcher’s overall plan f or addressing a research pr oblem (Mitchell & J olley, 2013). This research ad opted b oth the qualitative and quantitative appr oach in evaluating d on or funds t o stakeh olders in the fight against m odern slavery. The objective one and two of the study explained the quantitative aspect of research whereas objective three explained the qualitative aspect of the study. Data was c ollected thr ough administering  of questi onnaires and interviews. Generally, research design leads t o relevant sites and materials as well as the c ollecti on and analysis of these inf ormati on param ount t o the study because it pr ovides directi on and guidelines t o that effect (Zikmund, 2000). 3.2 P opulati on of the study Researchers usually are intrigue in pe ople or items with akin attributes that they wish t o study, such items or pe ople c omprise the p opulation of the study. Target p opulati on refers t o the entire group of individual objects t o which researchers are interested in generalizing their c onclusi ons. The target p opulati on of this study were stakeh olders such as Non-Governmental Organisati ons, 23 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Ministry of Gender and S ocial Pr otecti on, USAID etc. in the fight against m odern slavery. This comprised of NG O Presidents, Acc ountants, Grant Managers, Rescue Managers, Enslaved Children, Rehabilitati on Managers and Human Rights Secretariat of the ab ove t o tw enty (20) instituti ons. The targeted p opulati on had features and expertise or experiences that were capable of generating the needed resp onses f or the research. 3.3 Sample and sampling techniques A sample has t o d o with the picking of a number of cases within the p opulati on t o appraise attributes of the entire p opulati on. This bec omes imperative because the wh ole p opulati on cann ot be studied due t o the size, time c onstraints, c ost and inaccessibility. Acc ording t o Clark and Adler (2010), n on-pr obability samples are useful in qualitative research where the g oal is t o understand the s ocial pr ocess and meaningful structure of a particular setting. This research w ork has a sample size of ten (10) n on-governmental organisati ons. This comprise of ten (10) Presidents of stakeholders in the fights against modern slavery, Acc ountants, Rescue Manager, Rehabilitati on Managers respectively and twenty (20) Grant Managers/ Officers. The Human Trafficking Secretariat at Ministry of Gender and S ocial Pr otecti on and USAID in Ghana. This is because tw o categories of data instruments were designed being questi onnaires and interview guide. They were sampled using purp osive sampling technique. F or this reas on, the researcher selected pers onnel on the basis of their kn owledge capability ab out issues under study. Thus, in purp osive sampling, the opinions of the selected pe ople are deemed t o be imp ortant t o the study. Based on this, the verdict by the researcher bec omes m ore relevant than ad opting a pr obability sample. It is often used when the researcher wants a sample of expert. 24 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 3.4 Data C ollecti on instruments The l ogical and dependability of any study t o a large extent relies on the appr oach used in c ollecting data. Data c ollecti on instruments are the instruments the researcher uses t o c ollect data fr om the field t o pr ovide answers t o the questi ons raised in the research study. This study theref ore made use of questi onnaire and interview guide as instruments f or data c ollecti on. 3.4.1 Questi onnaire Twumasi (2001) observed that the questi onnaire is widely used f or c ollecting data in educati onal research and other qualitative research because it is very effective f or securing f ormal inf ormati on ab out pr ocedures and c onditi on, and f or inquiring int o the opti ons and attitudes of the subject. He further added that it is a p otent appr oach in the sense that many resp ondents can be reached. Questi onnaires are an inexpensive way t o gather data fr om a p otentially large number of resp ondents. The study gave a seri ous th ought t o the wording of individual questi ons. This was d one t o ensure that resp ondents answer objectively t o the questi ons in the questi onnaire. The questi onnaires are open-ended and resp ondents will f ormulate their own answers. The open-ended f ormat all ows f or expl orati on of the range of p ossible themes arising fr om an issue. It is used where a c omprehensive range of alternative ch oices c ould n ot be c ompiled. 3.4.2 Interview guide After gaining insights int o the c oncepts, several questi ons were structured. Up on this, interview guide was devel oped t o pr obe m ore int o the menace. In the process of the interview, interview questi ons w on’t be f oll owed strictly. This is t o all ow the interviewees t o be more opened t o their answers. Acc ording t o Patt on (2002), interview guide is a t o ol used t o supp ort the interview and t o make sure that all areas of the research are c overed. Clarificati on of questi ons will be opp osed t o ensure that clarity of answers fr om the interviewees are well underst o od by the interviewer. 25 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 3.4.3 C onducting the interviews F or the purpose of this study, several stakeh olders in the fight against m odern slavery will be interviewed. This comprise of Acc ountants, Rescue Managers, Rehabilitati on Managers and Grant Managers/ Officers They were appr oached by visiting their offices. Purp osive sampling was ch osen in the study f or pers onnel w orking within the various organisati on. In this sampling technique, the interviewer tries t o find cases rich in inf ormati on (Patt on, 2002) pr oviding certain attributes demanded by the study (Silverman, 2000). F or this study, these attributes related t o the fund stakeh olders receive fr om d on ors and what impact they are g oing t o have in the fight against m odern slavery. Interviews will be c onducted in English and will be v oice rec orded. The v oice rec ordings will be transcribed in order t o be pr ocessed in the preceding analysis. 3.5 Sources of data Data c ollecti on means gathering inf ormati on t o handle the research questi ons that had been identified earlier in the study. This research study will derive its data fr om tw o main s ources; primary and sec ondary data s ources. 3.5.1 Primary data s ources Primary data is a data observed and c ollected directly fr om first-hand experience. The main primary data f or the study was the resp onses acquired fr om resp ondents thr ough the administered questi onnaires. Primary sources of data are m ore acc omm odating as they sh ow the latest inf ormati on. 26 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 3.5.2 Sec ondary data s ources Sec ondary data s ources refer t o data c ollected and analysed by a researcher published in the past. This type of data is available eff ortlessly, rapidly and inexpensive. This study depended largely on inf ormati on of stakeh olders in the fight against m odern slavery established on their c ompany website. Annual financial rep orts, handb o oks, edit orials, inf ormal discussi ons with experts and published guides fr om vari ous NG Os, Ministry of S ocial and Children Pr otecti on and the USAID c onstitute the sec ondary data that was used by the researcher. During the study, emphasis was placed on h ow much l ocal NG Os, g overnment and USAID invest annually and h ow much sh ould be invested annually t o have significant impact in the fight against m odern slavery in Ghana. The data that was gathered fr om these s ources was scrutinized f or suitability, reliability, adequacy and accuracy. 3.6 Data c ollecti on & Analysis The data that were c ollected fr om b oth primary and sec ondary s ources were c ollated, synthesized and analysed using b oth qualitative and quantitative analytical techniques t o draw valid c onclusi ons. Tables, charts, percentages and graphs were used in the case of the quantitative technique, while descripti ons were used in the case of the qualitative analysis. The findings and rec ommendati ons of the analysis then emerged as t o what d on or funds t o stakeh olders in the fight against m odern slavery were in Ghana. Figure 3.1 bel ow is a diagrammatic illustration of the data analysis and rep orting mechanism adapted fr om Waugh (1995) which gives a summary of the key features of the analytical framew ork. Figure 3.1 theref ore is a summary of the meth od ol ogy and the analytical techniques ad opted f or the study. Fr om the figure, the details of the stages of the research meth od ol ogy ad opted are sh own. 27 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Figure 3.1 Framew ork f or Data Analysis and rep orting Operational Concepts  Expected Revenue  Expected Rescues  Source of funds: External, Internal, self-generated  Stakeholders Expenditures  Sufficient annual investment  Government National Plan for Action Selected Stakeholders Data Collection  Secondary data from documents  Primary data from interviews and questionnaires Design Survey Data Analysis  Quantitative: Table, Averages, Percentages etc  Qualitative: Description in words Findings Recommendations Conclusions S ource: Waugh (1995, p.403) 28 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 3.7 Key Stakeh olders in the fight against m odern day slavery in Ghana In Ghana, the ministry of gender and s ocial pr otecti on is a key stakeh older in the fight against m odern day slavery. Aside this g overnment agency, NG Os and other internati onal g overnment agencies are instrumental in the fight against m odern slavery. Such NG Os and internati onal agencies include; Free the slaves, Challenging Heights, Breaking the Chain, USAID, CIDA etc 29 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh CHAPTER F OUR DATA ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSI ON 4.1 Intr oducti on This chapter is dedicated t o the analysis of data c ollected fr om the field. It sh ould be n oted here that, data analysed were not only fr om the field survey. In this regard basic features of Stakeh olders such as names of d on or agencies, expected revenue, expected rescues, s ources of funding, sufficient annual investment and g overnment nati onal plan f or acti on in the fight against m odern slavery are c overed under this chapter. 4.2 Maj or D on or t o stakeh olders in the fight against m odern slavery. Stakeh olders wh o are inv olved in the fight against m odern slavery activities are m ostly supp orted by d on or funds. H owever, some of these d on ors have been c onsistent with their c ontributi ons t o the organizati on they supp ort in relati on t o the intended activities. The names of d on or agencies and their peri odic c ontributi ons t o the stakeh olders is sh own in Table 4.1 bel ow; Table 4.1 Names of d on or agencies and peri odic d onati ons Names 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 USD USD USD USD USD T om sh oes - 9,451 - 9,706 18,788 V olunteers Fees - 7,061 - - - C10 Award - 9,992 - - - Freed om f or All - 15,000 53,164 14,241 9,434 M. Night Shamal - 20,000 - - 28,390 Family f or Every Child - 2,154 32,330 24,494 191 PID - - 9,541 14,204 - ICC O - - 31,285 64,164 47,122 30 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh BCTE - - 48,618 - 17,857 Micah 68 - - 19,091 17,681 - Ghana Breakfast Club - - 824 - -  OBP - - 9,425 7,742 - WISE - - 147,028 11,865 22,315 Pr oject Ten - - 19,625 - 1,108 Canadian CHCFLI - - 11,935 11,101 - Engage N ow Africa - - 895 - 20,555 President H on orarium - - 3,374 14,600 14,176 Made in A Free W orld - - 8,954 - 9,066 H ope f or Children - - 19,635 - - C ollective Hunch - - - 1,403 - Child H ope - - - 3,555 - UNICEF - - - - 39,856 S ource: Field survey, 2019 Fr om the data ab ove, it is evident that d on or agencies have n ot been c onsistent with their d onati ons. Katie fund f oundati on sh owed a c ommitment t o fighting human trafficking by d onating $15,000 t o Challenging Heights in the year 2013 but after 2013, d onati ons fr om Katie Fund F oundati on t o challenging heights has been zer o (0). S ome d on or agencies have been d onating annually but their d onati ons decline year in year out. A classic example is H OVDE F OUNDATI ON wh ose d onati on has been f orthc oming but d onati ons year after year declines ($210,562, $147,982, $110,227, $146,781 and $138,830). There are cases were s ome d on or agency’s c ommitment t o fighting the menace has fallen off and this is evident fr om the ab ove as d onati ons fr om the f oll owing agencies has n ot been f orthc oming f or the past five (5) years. Such d on or agencies are as f oll ows; Gl obal Child Surviv or Fund, AWDF and R otary club.  On why s ome d on or agencies’ c ommitments decline or end, this is the explanati on of Challenging Heights has t o say “the d on or agencies’ agreed terms of supp orting the menace 31 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh w ould have expired s o theref ore they d o n ot c ontribute t o the organizati on anym ore”. The consistent drop in donation has lead to a great fall on the budget of the various stakeholders in the fight against modern slavery. The situation has resulted in failure for the stakeholders to carry out all their activities, losing workers due to unpaid salaries and low remuneration. 4.3 Stakeh olders Expected Annual Revenue and Rescue Operati ons Financial and rescue managers of the vari ous stakeh olders in the fight against m odern slavery on the Lake V olta were asked t o state the organizati onal expected annual revenue and rescued children within the said years. The f oll owing were the expected annual and the actual revenues that were accrued as well as the expected annual rescue and actual rescue f or the number of children rescued fr om the V olta Lake. Table 4.2 depicts th ose figure; Table 4.2 NG Os Expected Revenue and Expected Rescue (Am ount is USD) Year Exp. Rev. Actual Rev Exp. Rescues Actual Rescues 2013 500,000 631,158 70 60 2014 700,000 486,344 70 54 2015 600,000 779,270 70 75 2016 800,000 543,861 70 65 2017 1,000,000 637,396 100 72 S ource: field survey, 2019 Fr om Table 4.2, it is clear that stakeh olders often fail t o meet their annual revenue targets fr om the vari ous agencies. This affects the annual targeted rescue missi ons and subsequently the number of children they intend t o rescue fr om human trafficking or child slavery fr om the Lake V olta. In the year 2013, the organizati on exceeded their expected revenue but f or the five years, the organizati on mixed it revenue target f or three (3) years. It’s obvi ous that, the mixed revenue target had a t oll on organizati on’s expected rescue. 32 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh In 2014, the organizati on had a targeted rescue of seventy (70) children. This target was missed (targeted rescue 70, actual 54) due t o the great fall in revenue (targeted revenue $700,000, actual revenue $484,344). In 2015, the organizati on exceeded its annual target revenue of $600,000 t o a regi on of $779,270 making it p ossible f or the organizati on t o exceed its expected rescue fr om 70 t o 75 trafficked children. This clearly sh ows that, when stakeh olders in the fight against m odern slavery are well res ourced, they will be able t o rescue m ore children fr om the Lake V olta. In 2016 and 2017, there was a decline in the organizati on targeted revenue of USD$ 800,000 – USD$ 543,861 t o USD$ 1,000,000 – USD$ 637,396 which affected the number of children t o be rescued fr om an expected rescue of 70 & 100 t o an actual rescue of 65 & 75 respectively. This is due to the drop in donations and failure to generate funds internally. As a result, the estimated number of trafficked children on the Lake Volta increases due to the supply of trafficked children from the demand centers. 4.4 D on or Funds Reliability The reliability of d on or funds t o stakeh olders in the fight against m odern slavery were indicated by resp ondents in three (3) categ ories and they are; External s ource of funds, internal s ources of funds and b oth. Figure 4.1 bel ow sh ows the percentages of the vari ous reliable s ources of funds t o stakeh olders. 33 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Figure 4.1 Reliable source of funds f or NG Os inv olved in the fight against human trafficking Reliable source of funds for stakeholders in the fight against human trafficking 10% 20% external source internal source both 70% S ource: Field survey, 2019 The diagram ab ove sh ows that 70% of the stakeh olders visited stated that their m ost reliable source of funding is fr om external d onati ons. Twenty percent (20%) of the reliable sources of funding is fr om internal d onati ons. Ten percent (10%) of NG Os visited have their reliable s ource of d onati on t o be b oth internal and external. It is clear fr om the ab ove that, stakeh olders have their m ost reliable source of d onati on t o be external s ource of fund. Stakeholders reliance on external funds towards combatting is human trafficking is risky. The question is, what if the external donor funds are not forthcoming? This will have some serious implications on the operations of the various stakeholders. 4.5 Number of stakeh olders wh o are able t o meet their annual revenue Fr om the field survey, it was identified that, most of the stakeh olders inv olved in the fight against m odern slavery c ould n ot meet their expected annual revenue. Fewer stakeh olders c ould meet their 34 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh target annually but their target revenue kept fluctuating year by year. Figure 4.2 sh ows the number of stakeh olders wh o are able and n ot able t o meet their expected annual revenue; Figure 4.2 NG Os that are able t o meet their expected annual d on or revenue NGOs that are able to meet their expected annual revenue 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Yes No S ource: field survey, 2019 In the year 2013, only one out of ten NG Os was able t o meet its target d on or revenue. The year 2014 saw tw o NG O’s meeting their d on or revenue target and eight failing t o d o s o. None of the NG Os visited met their d on or revenue targets in 2015. In 2016, only one of the ten NG Os met their d on or revenue targets. The year 2017 was n o different fr om 2015 as n one of the NG Os visited met their targeted revenue. This dem onstrate that NG Os in the fight against human trafficking always have great financial deficit which have massive influence on their targeted rescues. The failure of most stakeholders to meet their target donor revenue has lead to the growing increase in child slavery in Ghana especially on the Lake Volta. It is estimated that over two million Ghanaian children are affected by child labour and domestic slavery in Ghana. 35 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 4.6 Stakeh olders annual expenditure D on or funds received by stakeh olders in the fight against m odern slavery are used on specific project of the organisati on. The expenditure of the stakeh olders is in relati on t o the organizati on’s annual budgets. S ome of the expenditure are on the f oll owing activities; educati onal supp ort, sensitizati on, rescue missi on, reintegrati on, m onit oring etc. Table 4.3 sh ows the annual expenditure of the vari ous activities f or the stakeh older that they are engaged int o. Table 4.3 Expenditures of NG Os in the fight against m odern day slavery (Am ount in USD) Themes 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Edu. Supp ort 80,739 45,215 162,757 148,655 150,103 Sensitizati on 12,011 4,979 - 10,246 5,099 Res.  Operati on 34,430 35,583 43,914 59,069 60,614 Rec overy 218,295 127,305 138,165 160,688 218,523 Livelih o ods 45,125 20,234 194,909 105,251 898,142 Adv ocacy 330 3,814 71,255 52,497 57,310 Spe. Pr ojects - - 114,944 - 66,356 Reint. & M on. 7,282 2,890 28,525 32,364 402,794 CRC 5,415 - - - - C.C 6,960 - - - - Cap. Building 8,302 - - - - T om sh oes Dis. - - 289 8,825 15,095 Whitehead Exp. - - 7,504 28,368 - PID - - 12,760 33,611 30,754 Audit fees 1,500 1,305 1,250 1,750 1,667 Bank charges 1,149 1,570 2,240 18,690 3,014 Transp ort - - 449 1,698 425 Pres. Pr oject - - 8,567 2,750 11,978 SSNIT - 6,647 9,579 11,268 7,175 Health care 4,580 - - - - Sp orts 22,020 - - - - 36 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Dep. 31,052 19,257 17,813 20,994 20,724 Admin 53,979 80,289 43,914 20,753 1,330 V olunteer Exp. - 5,215 - - - T otal 493,053 376,584 849,029 718,732 146,5080 S ource: Field survey, 2019 Fr om Table 4.3, it is clear that a l ot g oes int o the pr ocess of rescuing trafficked children on the V olta Lake. It is evident fr om the data that, stakeh olders in the fight against m odern slavery spend more of their res ources on the f oll owing; educati onal supp ort, rescue operati on, rec overy or rehabilitati on, m onit oring and reintegrati on, livelih o od, administrati on, sensitizati on and special pr ojects. Expenditure on activities such as sp orts, health care, capacity building, and c ommunity c o ordinati on was inc onsistent. In 2013, the organizati on spent UDS $22,020 on sp ort. In the subsequent years fr om 2014-2017, there was n o expenditure made t owards sp ort activity. This is as a result of the fluctuati on in the stakeh older’s annual revenue and als o n o specific d on or funds came in f or such activities. The wild range of expenditure made sh ows clearly that in ending human trafficking a l ot  of financial c ommitment needs t o be made t o the c ourse. This is because stakeholders need to implement strategies in both demand and supply of the source communities to help eliminate or eradicate the menace of the lake volta. 4.7 Sufficient am ount needed t o c ombat slavery annually The menace of human trafficking on the Lake V olta is a c ourse t o w orry ab out. Theref ore, a sufficient am ount of m oney must be invested. Fr om the field survey, stakeh olders gave an input on h ow much they think will be prudent t o invest every year t o have a significant impact. Table 37 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 4.4 represents an estimated am ount that needs t o be invested every year t o c ombat m odern day slavery. Table 4.4 Sufficient annual revenue needed f or the fight against human trafficking Name  of NG Os Pr ojected sufficient annual am ount Challenging Heights 15 milli on Mercy Pr oject 12 milli on Engage N ow Africa 13 milli on Internati onal Needs 10 milli on APPLE 10 milli on Free the Slaves 11 milli on Rescue F oundati on GH 14 milli on MIH OS O Internati onal 13 milli on S ource: Field survey, 2019 It can be deduced fr om Table 4.4 that an am ount within the region of GHS 10 milli on - GHS 15 milli on will be sufficient f or fighting the menace  of human trafficking annually  on the lake V olta and ensure the eradicati on  of the situati on in ten (10) years. In an interview with the President of Challenging Heights, this is what he has t o say ab out sufficient am ount needed annually t o fight human trafficking: “wrestling against human trafficking is a t ough challenge that needs the right financial c ommitment and dedicati on. T o many it may seem imp ossible but if the right financial c ommitment is made t o the course of fighting human trafficking, we can eradicate it within the next ten (10) years. Annually, if we c ommit an amount of GHS 15 milli on t o the fight against human trafficking, that will be sufficient f or ending the menace  on the V olta Lake within the next ten (10) years. In an other interview with the Grant Manager of Mercy Pr oject, this is what he als o had t o say: “if we are able t o get d onati ons in a region of about GHS 10 milli on – GHS 12 milli on annually, it will help make a lot of head way of ending human trafficking on the V olta Lake. 38 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 4.8 Financial Strategies ad opted by stakeh older Stakeh olders were asked t o list the strategies they use in generating res ources fr om b oth external and internal s ources. The f oll owing were the financial strategies stakeh olders used t o generate res ources f or their operati ons. Figure 4.3 Percentages of the vari ous financial strategies ad opted by the stakeh olders Financial Strategies of stakeholders 70 60 50 40 30 60 20 30 10 10 0 Grants Partnership social enterprise Fr om Figure 4.3 partnership c ontributed 60 percent of the stakeh older’s inc ome whilst grants or pr op osal writing c ontributed 30 percent. The last strategy being s ocial enterprise c ontributed 10% t o their t otal income of the stakeh olders’ funding. Bel ow are the details of the financial strategies. 4.8.1 Grants/Pr op osal Writing Stakeh olders interviewed indicated that they had 30 percent of their funding thr ough grants or pr op osal writing t o pr ospective d on ors. This is d one by m onit oring new outlets, website, paper advertisement etc. f or grants. The grants c ome with a well detailed pr oject plan and budget. Grant writing c ontributed thirty (30) percent of the t otal funds fr om b oth external and internal s ources. Fr om the thirty (30) percent, grants t o external funding agencies c ontributed 87 percent whilst internal s ources acc ounted f or 13 percent. Grants fr om external s ources included UN funds, 39 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Canadian CHFRLI and Engage N ow Africa. Grants fr om internal s ources include R otary club and Ghana breakfast club. Thus, n ot all grants are appr oved because s ome stakeh olders have n ot been able t o meet the d on or’s requirement. 4.8.2 Partnership Partnership has been one of the financial strategies ad opted by stakeh olders f or their operati ons. Stakeh olders w ork in line with NG Os and c o operate b odies t o identify and devel op a pr ogram f or the stakeh older’s operati ons in the c ommunities they operate. In this strategy, a c ontract is signed by the tw o (2) organizati ons, that is, the stakeh olders and the Internati onal Non-G overnmental Organization or the c orp orate b odies. Up on the survey, it was gathered that the c ontract is renewed up on the successful implementation of the pr oject. The stakeh olders interviewed indicated that funding fr om partners are based on specific pr ojects and can’t be used otherwise. 4.8.3 S ocial Enterprise This is where stakeh olders engage in s ocial enterprise activities t o generates inc ome t o fund their operati ons. This is because c ontracts with partners or d on ors end when the pr ojects are c ompleted.  Only one organisati on, Challenging Heights, have been able t o use this strategy t o generate funds f or their operati ons. They are inv olved in restaurant, c old st ore, sch o ol, f o otball team and radi o stati on. This strategy ensures continuity of funds f or their activities. In case external funding fall sh orts, funds fr om these s ources can be used to offset pers onal, administrative c ost and specific pr ojects. 4.9 G overnment C ommitment G overnment is the maj or stakeh older in the fight against m odern slavery. The g overnment thr ough the Ministry of Gender, S ocial and Children Pr otecti on have drafted a Nati onal Plan f or Acti on which was implemented in 2017 and ending in 2021. The aim of the Nati onal Plan f or Acti on is t o 40 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh eradicate human trafficking or have significant reduction on the number of children trafficked on the V olta Lake. The Nati onal Acti on Plan is divided int o the f oll owing categ ories; Preventi on, Pr otecti on, Pr osecuti on and Partnership with its all ocated am ount. Table 4.5 sh ows the budget all ocation of the g overnment nati onal plan f or acti on; Table 4.5 G overnment Nati onal Plan f or Acti on Themes 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 USD USD USD USD USD Preventi on 9,120,740 7,042,288 8,953,430 4,389,250 6,846,305 Pr otecti on 2,721,270 3,272,628 2,950,591 3,542,418 3,280,846 Pr osecuti on 1,949,334 1,737,638 1,484,251 2,120,191 2,211,668 Partnership 5,565,659 2,599,357 4,669,468 3,069,177 6,340,144 T otal 19,357,003 14,651,911 18,057,740 13,121,036 18,678,962 S ource: Nati onal Plan f or Acti on, 2017 Fr om Table 4.5, g overnment has put t ogether a str ong and c omprehensive Nati onal plan f or acti on t o c ombat human trafficking. This remains unkn own if g overnment will be c ommitted t o this acti on plan with aim of c ombating human trafficking on the Lake V olta. Acc ording t o the nati onal plan f or acti on, g overnment thr ough the Ministry of Gender and S ocial Pr otecti on was supp osed t o c ommit USD$ 19,357,003 milli on in 2013 t o the fight against human trafficking but in actual fact, g overnment was only able t o c ommit USD$ 365,750 which was way bel ow the target expenditure.  On paper g overnment seems t o be c ommitted t o the c ourse but in effect there is huge gap between what financial c ommitment g overnment wants t o make in fighting human trafficking and what g overnment is able t o c ommit t o the c ourse. Acc ording t o the NPA, in 2018 the g overnment planned t o inject USD$ 14,651,911 t o c ombat human trafficking but only GHS 2,160,000 was invested int o the c ourse. This sh ows that there is a great deficit between what the g overnment intend t o invest and what they did invest. If the previ ous tw o (2) years of the nati onal plan of acti on was anything t o g o by, then there is the 41 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh likelih o od that g overnment will fall bel ow the target expenditure f or the next three (3) years. This is a c ourse t o w orry ab out if as a nati on we are seri ous ab out ending human trafficking. 42 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, C ONCLUSI ONS AND REC OMMENDATI ON 5.1 Intr oducti on This study presents eff orts geared at understanding the evaluati on of d on or funds t o stakeh olders in the fight against m odern slavery, “A case study on the Lake V olta”. This chapter presents the summary of the study fr om the vari ous chapters. P olicy rec ommendati ons have als o been identified t o address the issues that emerged fr om the analysis. The chapter finally ends with a c oncluding remarks. 5.2 Summary Slavery is a c oncept that many think is a thing of the past but the reality is that, slavery still exists in our s ocieties. G overnments and N on-governmental organizati ons see m odern slavery as a disturbing situati on and their will t o fight the pr oblem is n ot a d oubt. Battling m odern slavery inv olves investing financial res ources t o the c ourse. Fr om the findings of this w ork, it is evident that g overnment and Non-Governmental Organizati ons thr ough d onati ons fr om b oth l ocal and internati onal agencies have c ommitted s ome financial res ources t o fighting the m odern slavery. Despite the eff orts of g overnment and NG Os, there is a gr owing case of m odern day slavery. This can be attributed t o the huge financial gap between what is actually needed t o eliminate the menace or reduce it and what is c ommitted t o fighting the pr oblem. It is clear fr om the w ork ab ove that, annually, NG Os more often than n ot fail t o meet their revenue target f or battling m odern day slavery. This situati on is n ot peculiar to only NG Os; g overnment als o fails t o c ommit the right am ount it intends t o put int o the fight against m odern day slavery. In a nutshell, it is clear that stakeh olders in the fight against m odern day slavery are c ommitted t o eliminating the menace but it is als o 43 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh evident en ough that, there is a sh ort-fall in their financial c ommitment. The mere showing of c ommitment is n ot en ough, there is the need t o make the right financial investment t o s olving the pr oblem. 5.3 Rec ommendati on The rec ommendati on br ought f orth in this study are based on the analysis in the chapter f our and c onversati on held with pers onnel in the vari ous stakeh older instituti ons. This is t o m otivate g overnment and stakeh olders t o find prudent measures t o finance their operati ons. The f oll owing are rec ommendati ons; First, a c omm on phen omen on am ong m ost N on-G overnmental Organizati ons in Ghana is the over dependence on external s ource of revenue. When this s ource of revenue is n ot f orthc oming, they have n o alternative. N On-G overnmental Organizati ons can increase their revenue by s oliciting funds internally. This can be d one thr ough writing pr op osal t o the c orp orate s ocial resp onsibility department of m ost private firms especially the multi-nati onal firms. This is because m ost of the c ompanies have their c orp orate s ocial resp onsibilities centred on building sch o ols, pr oviding p ortable drinking water etc. and n ot on m odern day slavery. Sec ond, stakeh olders sh ould als o set up a c ons olidated fund, where the general public can d onate s ome funds int o it. The public can be urged t o d o s o by NG O’s embarking on a campaign t o make the public aware of the existence of m odern day slavery and it negative impact on the nati ons. Furtherm ore, stakeh olders sh ould generate funds internally by having subsidiary c ommercial entities which they can operate t o generate pr ofit. These pr ofits can be pushed int o the fight against m odern day slavery. These c ommercial entities can als o serve as an empl oyment avenue f or pe ople within the lab our f orce rescued fr om slavery. 44 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh M ore over, in m ost cases, the Ministry of Gender and S ocial Pr otecti on have funds all ocated t o them by g overnment f or the Ministry’s activities. The pr oblem is that the Ministry is left t o disburse the funds f or it activities. G overnment sh ould set aside funds s olely dedicated t o fighting m odern day slavery and must be c ommitted t o h on ouring its c ommitment t o the fight against m odern day slavery by annually capturing it in the financial budget. Finally, there sh ould be the establishment of rehabilitati on centres in vari ous regi ons of the c ountry. The g overnment being the maj or stakeh older in the fight against m odern slavery, with the aim of having significant impact or c ompletely eradicating it, must establish rehabilitati on centres t o help in the c ourse. The reas on being that the children rescued fr om the Lake V olta are fr om the vari ous regi ons of the c ountry. Since the l ocal stakeh olders w ork in specific c ommunities, they are unable t o rescue children fr om the c ommunities in which they d o n ot w ork. Theref ore, g overnment must have these facilities available s o that rescued children fr om the other regi ons will be taken t o the regi onal rehabilitati on centres t o g o thr ough the rec overy pr ocess bef ore they are reintegrated back int o their c ommunities and parents. 5.4 Conclusi on Stakeh olders are perf orming significantly by rescuing trafficked children, rehabilitating, reintegrating, pr oviding educati on, apprenticeship, m onit oring their activities when they get t o parents t o av oid re-trafficking. Stakeh olders in the fight against m odern slavery have sh own a great desire in helping needed c ommunities. In their quest t o make an impact in the less privileged c ommunities, vari ous players in the ec on omy must re-examine their c ontributi ons t owards the financing of stakeh olders in the fight against m odern slavery. Stakeh olders sh ould stay away fr om activities that will dent their image fr om enj oying public and c orp orate supp ort that will ensure a str ong c ollab orati on between them and the general public. 45 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh They sh ould als o engage themselves in services such sch o ols, c onsultancy am ong others. This will help them generate adequate revenue internally t o limits their dependency on external d on or funding. 46 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh REFERENCE Ansah, W. (2008). The R ole of NG Os in the Financing of Micr o Enterprise in Ghana. MSc Unpublished Thesis. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Techn ol ogy, Department of S ocial Sciences. African Centre f or Human Devel opment. (2000). C ombating the Trafficking in Children f or Lab our Expl oitati on in West and Central Africa', a rep ort on a study c ommissi oned by IL O-IPE under a sub-regi onal pr oject, Ghana: Accra. Bales, K. (September, 2007). Ending Slavery: H ow We Free T oday’s Slaves. University of Calif ornia Press, p.55. Bennet, R., & Savani, S. (2011). S ources of New Ideas f or Charity Fund Raising: An Empirical Study.  Oxf ord: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Caesar, L. (2006), A New Paradigm in Devel oping C ountry NG O Financial 75 Sustainability. The William Davids on Institute. P olicy Brief N o. 51 Fernand V., (2006) N on-G overnmental Organizati on, S ocial M ovement, External Funding and Dependency. S ociety f or Internati onal Devel opment 1011-6370/06 rd http//www.sidint. org/devel opment access 3 March, 2010 Ghana Statistical Service. (2002). 2000 P opulati on and H ousing Census. Ghana Statistical Service. (2003). Ghana Child Lab our Survey. Accra: Ghana Statistical Service. https://gh.usembassy.g ov/trafficking-pers ons-ghana-must-end-m odern-slavery/. http://expl orer.usaid.g ov./cd/GHA https://www.slideshare.net/whitneyDubbinsky/what-the-data-sh ows-us-f oreign-assistanace-t o- ghana https://www.state.g ov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2011/164221.htm http://www.un odc. org/d ocuments/humantrafficking/Fund/UNVTF_2011_Rep ort_eb o ok.pdf http://www.g o ogle. org/gl obal-impact-awards/p olaris-pr oject/ H oll oway, R. (2001) T owards Financial Self-Reliance. A handb o ok of Appr oach t o Res ource M obilizati on. L ond on: Earthscan. Internati onal Lab our Organisati on. (IL O) (2013). Analytical Study on Child Labour in V olta Lake Fishing in Ghana. Issa, G. (2005). Silence in NG Os Disc ourse: The R ole and Future of NG Os in 47 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Africa. Internati onal Labour Organisati on. (2013). Analytical Study on Child Labour in V olta Lake Fishing in Ghana. I OM. (2004). Yeji Trafficked Children Pr oject: First Circular Rep ort. Ghana: Accra. IL O-IPEC. (2001). C ombating Trafficking in Children f or Lab our Expl oitati on in West and Central Africa: A Synthesis Rep ort based on Studies in Benin, Burkina Fas o, Camer o on, C ote d'v oire, Gab on, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria and T og o. Geneva: Internati onal Labour Organisati on - Internati onal Pr ogramme f or the Eliminati on of Child Labour. Kavita, N. (n.d). Fundraising f or Change. A Practical Guide f or Women’s Rights  Organisati on. Access 3rd March, 2010, www.gl obalfundf orw omen. org Keyn ote Paper Presented t o the Symp osium on NG Os held at the MS- Financing Centre f or Devel opment C o operati on in Arusha, Tanzania 28–29 N ovember, 2005. K oettl, J. (2009). ‘Human Trafficking, M odern Day Slavery, and Ec on omic expl oitati on’, SP Discussi on Paper 0911 (Washingt on, D. C.: W orld Bank) L otsmart, N. (2007). The Challenges of N on-G overnmental Organisati on in Angl oph one Camer o on. N ova Science Publishers Inc. Ministry of Gender & S ocial Pr otecti on. (June, 2017). Nati onal Acti on Plan t o C ombat Human Trafficking, p. 30. Patt on, M.Q. (1990). Qualitative Evaluati on and Research Meth ods. SAGE Publicati on Newbury park L ond on New Delhi. United State Department. (June, 2018). Trafficking in Pers ons Rep ort, p. 199. United Nati ons C onventi on against Transnati onal Organisati onal Crime. (2001). UN General Assembly, 55th Sessi on, UN D ocument A/RES/55/25 Waugh, D. (1995): Ge ography, An Integrated Appr oach (2nd Editi on): Nels on H ouse, Mayfield R oad, UK 48 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh APPENDICES UNIVERSITY OF GHANA DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA BUSINESS SCH O OL APPENDIX ONE: QUESTI ONNAIRE Dear Sir/Madam, I am a Master of Business Administrati on (MBA) student of the Sch o ol of Business, University of Ghana. As part of the Pr ogramme, I am required t o write a dissertati on on the t opic: AN EVALUATI ON OF D ON OR FUNDS T O STAKEH OLDERS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST M ODERN SLAVERY. I w ould be grateful if y ou c ould please spare me s ome few minutes of y our time. This inf ormati on given out is s olely f or academic purp oses and resp ondent’s c onfidentiality is assured. 1. Name of NG O/G overnment Instituti on/Internati onal Agency …………………………………………………………………………… 2. L ocati on of NG O/G overnment Instituti on/Internati onal Agency …………………………………………………………………………… 3. List of S ources of Funding. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 49 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ……………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… 4. Which of these funding s ources are m ore reliable? a. External s ources b. Internal S ources 5. Why the ab ove answer? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… 6. D o the d on or funds meet y our instituti on’s target expenditure annually? a. Yes b. N o Why? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 7. H ow much d o y ou raise annually? Internal and External (range). 50 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………… 8. H ow are the d on or funds disbursed? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… 9. What impact d oes it have on the fight against m odern slavery? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 10. List the financial strategies used t o raise funds t o c ombat human trafficking. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………… 51 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 11. H ow much funds sh ould be c ommitted annually t o have a significant impact  on the fight against m odern slavery? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… 52 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh UNIVERSITY OF GHANA (All rights reserved) DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA BUSINESS SCH O OL APPENDIX 2: INTERVIEW GUIDE Dear Sir/Madam, I am a Master of Business Administrati on (MBA) student of the Sch o ol of Business, University of Ghana. As part of the Pr ogramme, I am required t o write a dissertati on on the t opic: AN EVALUATI ON OF D ON OR FUNDS T O STAKEH OLDERS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST M ODERN SLAVERY. I w ould be grateful if y ou c ould please spare me s ome few minutes of y our time. This inf ormati on given out is s olely f or academic purp oses and resp ondent’s c onfidentiality is assured. INTERVIEW GUIDE – INTERNATI ONAL AGENCY 1. H ow often d oes y our g overnment pr ovide funds f or y our agencies f or fighting m odern day slavery? 2. Have the supp orts t o the agency increased or declined in the past 10 years? 3. What financial supp orts d oes y our agency gives l ocal NG Os fighting m odern day slavery? 4. Is y our agency’s financial c ommitment t o fighting m odern day slavery yielding the needed results? 5. H ow much funds sh ould be c ommitted annually t o have a significant impact on the fight against m odern slavery? 53 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh UNIVERSITY  OF GHANA (All rights reserved) DEPARTMENT  OF FINANCE UNIVERSITY  OF GHANA BUSINESS SCH O OL APPENDIX 3: INTERVIEW GUIDE Dear Sir/Madam, I am a Master  of Business Administrati on (MBA) student  of the Sch o ol  of Business, University  of Ghana. As part  of the Pr ogramme, I am required t o write a dissertati on  on the t opic: AN EVALUATI ON  OF D ON OR FUNDS T O STAKEH OLDERS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST M ODERN SLAVERY. I w ould be grateful if y ou c ould please spare me s ome few minutes of y our time. This inf ormati on given out is s olely f or academic purp oses and resp ondent’s c onfidentiality is assured. INTERVIEW GUIDE- MINISTRY OF GENDER AND S OCIAL PR OTECTI ON 1. H ow much d oes the ministry receives fr om the g overnment’s annual budget? 2. H ow much of that am ount is all ocated t o the fight against m odern day slavery? 3. D oes the ministry financially supp ort l ocal NG Os fighting against m odern day slavery? 4. H ow significant is such supp ort t o their operati ons? 5. H ow d oes the ministry plan t o invest t o eradicate m odern slavery fr om our s ociety? 54