TINTVERSITY OF GHANA SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE PRACTICE OF EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING AS RELATED TO THE TYPE OF HEALTH CARE PROVIDER ASSISTING DELIVERY BY DR. MORKOR NEWMAN . j !%)) j % )% !  )   % j   %)%   j j % j %j %   % )    jj!   !  j)   % j  AUGUST 1998 6c 3538TTS |^ J l ib ' N 4^ bftc, C, !jj % I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material, which to a substantial extent, has been accepted for award of any degree or diploma of a university or other institution of learning except where due acknowledgement is made in the text.     j This study is dedicated to the One who cares and watches over us always, and to 'the best people in the world', my family. j  ! I am deeply indebted to the Director and all the staff of the School of Public Health of the University of Ghana for their much needed support and encouragement during the training we received in the diverse aspects of public health. I am particularly grateful for the 'new view' of health I have developed. To my Supervisors, both Academic and Field for their very welcome assistance, and tolerance at all times, and the other academic staff whose offices I plagued. To the Akwapim South District Health Team, especially the DDHS, Dr E.K. Tinkorang and DHMT secretary Mr J.K. Amoah, for all their interest and support, the Management and Staff of the Nsawam Government Hospital; the District Assembly and all the staff of the other institutions in the District, for all their co-operation, assistance and support. And also to the Eastern Regional Health Administration, who tolerated all our last-minute changes as 1 initially floundered around the region. 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" 7%-!, *$#5 ,#$&+ #5 ,%#5.1 /& *5& 7$% ,.."+ 5"( -& .&# #5"# #5 #", *%3!( - %,$&+ #% #5 %,,3&$#8 #5 '",. $& '3.( #% *"$#1 8 #5 #$, * "$/( $& #5 %,,3&$#8 ,%.# %' #5 $&5"-$#"&#. 5"( "!"(8 !'# '% #5$ '",. "&( #5 ,"$&$&+ %,,3&$#8 ,,-. * !.. !$)!8 #% - &+"+( $& "+$ 3!#31 5 .",7! ($( &%# 5"/ #5"# ,"&8 '",. "!#5%3+5 $& #5 j)*"7$, )%3#5 !$.#$ # 9210M %' #5 7%73!"#$%& $. )&%*& #% - &+"+( $& "+$ 3!#31 $, %&.#"$&#. "!.% 7/&#( #5 3. %' .#"#$.#$ . #% %&#%! '% #5 7%..$-! H %&'%3&(.S *5$ 5 * "!.% .5%*& #% $&'!3&  -".#C'($&+ 7" #$ . $& !3($&+ #5 /$*. %' '",$!8 "&( '$&(. K%' #5 ,%#5.1 j #3 7$ #3 %' #5 " #3"! 7/"!&  %' E !3.$/ -".#C'($&+ $& #5 ($.#$ # %3!( )"/ -& %-#"$&( #5%3+5 .$,7! "&(%, .",7!$&+ % 3. %' " !"+ .",7! .$@1 40 td.iDen san  nefrDf g '/*1(+&9)2 $+"+ 5 .7"#$"! ($.#$-3#$%& %' #5 .7%&(&#. $. 7.&#( $& "-! 9101 5 .",7! %&.$.#( %' -%#5 3"! "&( 3-"& (*!!. *$#5 =>1;M '%3&( $& .3-C($.#$ #. $& *5$ 5 #5 ($.#$ #H. 3-"& 7%73!"#$%& $. '%3&(1 5. 3-"& .##!,&#. " ."*", "&( j(%"+8$$ *5$ 5 " '%3&( $& #5 ."*", .3-C($.#$ # "&( j-3$ $. $& #5 j-3$ .3-C($.#$ #1 j-%3# ;2M %' .7%&(&#. * %-#"$&( '%, #5 ."*", .3-C($.#$ #1 Table 4.1 Number of respondents by sub-district )3-C($.#$ # D3& 8  &#"+ j-3$ =0 0?10 !+% 4; >19 ."*", 0=; 9B12 ")% ;4 0;19 "&7"&.% 0B ;1= %)%, 0; 91= %#"! 66> 02212 "-! 914 $!!3.#"#. #5 "+ .#3 #3 %' #5 .7%&(&#. *5$ 5 "&+( '%, 0? #% 92 8".1 $/C8" "+ +%37. * 3.( #% !"..$'8 #5 .7%&(&#. "&( #5 ,"& "+ +%37 *". #5 4;C4B "+ +%<37 *5$ 5 *". "!.% #5 ,($"& "&( 5"( 6414M %' #5 7%73!"#$%&1 5 42C4B %,-$&( "+ +%37 " %3&#( '% %/ ;2M %' #5 .7%&(&#.1 % "&"!8.$. #5 "+ +%37. * !"..$'$( $&#% #5 ,"$& "+ +%37.J 0;C49 8". 4;C 69 8". "&( 69V 8".1 44 Table 4.2 Age groups of respondents j+C+%37 D3& 8  &#"+ 0;C49 00= 6919 4;C69 0=B ) ;210 6;V ;4 0;19 5 7"$#8 %' .7%&(&#. $. $!!3.#"#( $& "-! 916 "&( $+3 9101 5 7"$#8 "&+( '%, 0 #% ? 5$!(& *$#5 " ,"& %' 41? 5$!(& "&( " ,($"& %' 41 j-%3# 4;1;M %' #5 ,%#5. 5"( %&!8 %& 5$!( *5$!.# >01BM %' #5 .7%&(&#. 5"( 6 5$!(& % !..1 Table 4.3 Parity of respondents "$#8 D3& 8  &#"+ 0 ?= 4;1; 4 ?4 4916 6 >9 4412 9 9B 091; ; 46 =1? = B 41> > = 01? ? ? 419 5 "+ ($.#$-3#$%& %' #5 $&'"&#. *5%. ,%#5. * $&#/$*( $. $!!3.#"#( $& "-! 919 "&( $+3 9141 5 5$+5.# &3,- %' 5$!(& * '%3&( #% - "+( .$E ,%. %&.#$#3#$&+ 4610 M %' #5 7%73!"#$%& 46 Table 4.4 Age of infants j+ I %,7!#( ,%.F D3& 8  &#"+ = >? 4610 > => 0B1B ? ;9 0=12 B 96 041? 02 69 0210 00 60 B14 04 62 ?1B %#"! 66> 02212 Socio-economic status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able 4.5 Main occupations and educational levels of respondents 37"#$%& D3& 8 B 4619 "( # 0;6 9;19 $((!R:)) 062 6?1= %'..$%&"! 9? 0914 ) %&( 8 ! 4? ?16 &,7!%8( 90 0414 %.#C. %&("8 09 914 #$"8 6 21B < / "##&(( 0 ?6 491= %#"! 66> 02212 %#"! 66> 02212 35 p .,"',+"+- 2+(' 3# %' #5 66> .7%&(&#. *5% * $&#/$*( :$ : (vi.yvo) &"" "#&"" "&#&"#"! !$&$ "# !".# %&  (3$&+ #!$ 7+&"& 8 *5$!.# 49 I>10MF 5"( &%# "##&(( "# "!!1 $ "-! 91= $!!3.#"#. #5 #87. "&( 'D3& 8 %' 3. %' '" $!$#$. '% "&#&"#"! ./$ 1 5 ,"<%$#8 %' .7%&(&#. *5% "##&(( "&#&"#"! !$&$ . ($( .% $& %/&,&# % $..$%& '" $!$#$.1 58 %&.#$#3#( >01=M %' #5 .7%&(&#. I449F *5$!.# B1=M I62F "##&(( #"($#$%&"! -$#5 "##&("&# "&#&"#"! !$&$ .1 Table 4.6 Sources of antenatal care )%3  %' "&#&"#"! " D3& 8  &#"+ %/&,&#R $..$%& '" $!$#8 449 >01= $/"# 5%.7$#"! 69 021? $/"#R "#&$#8 5%, 4; ?12 "($#$%&"! -$#5 "##&("&#R 53 5 62 B1= %#"! 606 02212 5 &3,- %' "&#&"#"! /$.$#. " 5 ,%#5 ,"( /"$( '%, %& #% &$& % ,% ". $!!3.#"#( $& "-! 91>1 )$E#8C%& 7 &# %' #5 ,%#5. 7"$( 9 % ,% /$.$#. #% #5 7%/$( %' "&#&"#"! " *$#5 " ,"& &3,- %' /$.$#. %' 919 "&( " ,($"& %' 91 5 4; #5 7 &#$! "&( >; #5 7 &#$! %' /$.$#. * 6 "&( .$E1 Table 4.7 Number of respondent antenatal visits % %' /$.$#. D3& 8  &#"+ 0 0B =10 4 P 9B 0;1> 6 0 ;0 0=16 9 >6 4616 ; 6> 001? = 64 H 0214 > B 41B ? 46 >16 B % ,% 42 =19 %#"! 606 02212 38 c '"+)-0 *. $'-)>'(% 3  "-! 91? $!!3.#"#. #5 ($''&# 7!" . %' "&( "C7%/$(. #5"# "..$.# ,%#5. "# (!$/8 $& #5 j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able 4.8 Delivery place and assistance !!$/8 7!"  D3& 8  &#"+ !!$/8 "..$.#"&  D3& 8  &#"+ j# 5%, 040 6;1B !% #% 0; 91; %/#R,$ ..$% &R7$/"# 0;0 991? $(*$' 09B 9914 j %3#'$# % 53 5 =9 0B12 "$&( j B; 4?14 #5. 0 216 #5. >? 4614 %#"! 66> 02212 %#"! 66> 02212  b('+0";.''$),1 &(+2")2'0 *. /*"9'(0 "-!. 91B 9102 9100 "&( 9104 7.&# ,%#5 -".#C'($&+ 7" #$ . 37 #$!! #5 $&'"&# "+ %' .$E ,%.1 "-! 91B $!!3.#"#. #5 "+. "# *5$ 5 ,%#5. .#"#( +$/$&+ *"# +3!"!8 #% #5$ $&'"&#.1 5 7"). % 3 "# % .%%& "'# -$#5 "; #5 7 &#$!. -$&+ 6 "&( = ,%. .7 #$/!81 % , l %#8C.$E %' #5 $&'"&#. I061=MF * +$/& *"# %'#& "# -$#5 $& !.. #5"& %& ,%3 Table 4.9 Age at which water was first given j+ I,%.F D3& 8  &#"+ X0 9= 061= 0 06 61B 4 49 >10 6 4B ?1= 9 6> 0012 ; 0; 91; = 0>0 ;21> > 4 21= %#"! 66> 02212 5 "+ "# *5$ 5 .377!,&#"8 '(. * +$/& .5%*( " .!$+5#!8 ($''&# 7"##&1 & 53&(( "&( ./ .$E $&'"&#. I;414MF %' #5 $&'"&#. * +$/& .377!,&#"8 '(. "# % "'# = ,%.1 5 ,"& "+ *". =19 ,%. *$#5 " ,($"& %' = "&( #5 4; #5 "&( >; #5 7 &#$!. "# 6 "&( = ,%. .7 #$/!81 Table 4.10 Age at which supplementary feeds were given j+ I,%.F D3& 8  &#"+ X0 > 410 0 02 612 4 4= >1> 6  99 0610 9 R 6= 021> ; 44 =1; = 0>= ;414 > 02 612 ? 9 014 B 0 216 00 0 216 %#"! 66> 02212 p6 "-! 9100 $!!3.#"#. #5 "+ "# *!$$ 5 #5 -".#C,$!) %&!8 ($# *". .#%77( ". !"#( #% 0 #5 7%/$( %' "..$.#"&  (3$&+ (!$/81 5$. .5%*. #5 " #3"! "+ %' #5 $&'"&# "# Y *5$ 5 HE !3.$/ -".#C'($&+H *". .#%77(1 5 .#3(8 *". %& &( *$#5 #5 !/! %' #5 7" #$  %' .#%77$&+ E !3.$/ -".#C'($&+ "# % "'# "+ .$E ,%.1 j!,%.# ;2M %' #5 $&'"&#. * E !3.$/!8 -".#C'( 37 #% #5 "+ = ,%.1 %#8C &$& I091;MF %' #5 $&'"&#. ($( &%# 5"/ " -".#C,$!)C%&!8 ($# /& -'% #58 * %& ,% %!(1 5 &E# 7") '% .#%77$&+ #5 -".#C,$!) %&!8 ($# *". "# "+ 9 ,%. I$+3 91;F1 5 ,"& "+ '% .#%77$&+ #5 E !3.$/ -".#C,$!) ($# *". 910 ,%. "&( #5 ,($"& *". ; ,%.1 5 4; #5 "&( >; #5 7 &#$!. * ; "&( = ,%. .7 #$/!81 Table 4.11 Age at which breast-milk only diet was stopped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able 4.12 Practice of exclusive breast-feeding by mother's age group j+ +%37. E !3.$/ ".#C($&+ 0;C49 4;C69 6;V %#"! % =2 ?0 4? 0=B . ;= ?? 49 0=? %#"! 00= 0=B ;4 66> M . 9?16 ;410 9=14 9B1? Table 4.13 Practice of exclusive breast-feeding by educational level (3 "#$%&"! !/! %' ,%#5 E !3.$/ ".#C ($&+ $,"8 $((!R :)) 4Z 8 ! %.#C . %&(" y #$"8 / "##&(( %#"! % ;0 ;0 06 4 4 ;2 0;B . 4? >B 0; 04 0 66 0=? %#"! >B 062 4? 09 6 ?6 66> M . 6;19 =21? ;61= ?;1> 6616 6B1? 9B1? Table 4.14 Practice of exclusive breast-feeding by main occupation 87 %' ./$  7%/$( +$/$&+ "..$.#"&  "# (!$/8 E !3.$/ ".#C ($&+ ", "( # %'..$%&"! &,7!%8( %#"! . =6 >6 09 0B 0=B % 64 ?2 69 44 K 0=? %#"! B; 0;6 9? 90 66> M. CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC 0C 661> ;416 >21? ;61= A 9B1? 4B "-!. 910;C0B (,%&.#"# #5 !"<$%&.5$7. -#*& #5 7" #$  %' E !3.$/ -".#Q '($&+ #5 5"!#5 " #5 ,%#5.  $/(1 5 53&(( %' #5 .7%&(&#. *5% / "##&(( "&#&"#"! !$&$ I;616MF E !3.$/!8 -".#C'( #5$ -"-$. 37 #$!! .$E ,%.1 5 7/"!&  %' E !3.$/ -".#C'($&+ $& ".( *$#5 $& ".$&+ &3,- %' j  /$.$#. -8 " 5 ,%#5 #% " 7") %' >610M "'# > % ,% "&#&"#"! /$.$#.1 E !3.$/ -".#C'($&+ 7" #$  7/"!&  *". 5$+5.# *5& #5 .%3  %' "&#&"#"! " *". " 7$/"# 5%.7$#"!1 Table 4.15 Exclusive breast-feeding practice by source of antenatal care of mother Place where mother attended ANC E !3.$/ -".#C'($&+ %/&1R ,$..$%& $/"# 5%.7$#"! $/"# ,$(*$' j %3#'$#1 %#"! . 024 06 09 0> 09= % 044 40 00 06 0=> %#"! 449 69 4; 62 606 % . ;91; =01? 99 9916 ;616 Table 4.16 Exclusive breast-feeding practice by number of antenatal visits 1 3,- %' "&#&"#"! /$.$#. E !3.$/ ".#C'($&+ 0C6 9C= >V %#"! % >> ;; 09 09= . 94 ?> 6? 0=> %#"! 00B 094 ;4 606 M . 6;16 =016 >610 "-! 910>17.&#. #5 7/"!&  %' E !3.$/ -".#C'($&+ -8 7!"  %' (!$/8 *5 $# *". 5$+5.# *5 (!$/$. % 3( $& +%/&,&# ,$..$%& "&( 7$/"# $&.#$#3#$%&. I>414MF "&( !%*.# *5& (!$/$. * (%& "# 5%, % H%#5H 7!"  .7 $'$ "!!8 "# " 5-"!$.# .5$&1 62 Table 4.17 Exclusive breast-feeding practice by place of delivery !"  %' (!$/8 E !3.$/ ".#C'($&+ j# 5%, %/&1R ,$..$%&R 7$/"# j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able 4.18 Exclusive breast-feeding practice by assistance at delivery 87 %' ./$  7%/$( +$/$&+ "..$.#"&  "# (!$/8 E !3.$/!8 -".#C'( #5%(%E 5"!#5 *%). "$&( j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able 4.19 Breast-feeding practice by assistance at delivery E !3.$/!8 -".#Q '( %# E !3.$/!8 -".#C'( j #5%(%E 7" #$#$%&. 009 ;0 0=; "$&( "($#$%&"! $#5 j##&("&#. 92 ;; B; #5 "..$.#"&  7%/$(. 09 =6 >> j 0=? 0=B 66> 5 ((. "#$% (,%&.#"#. #5"# *%,& *5%  $/( "..$.#"&  '%, #"$&( ,($ "! 7.%&&! * 02 #$,. ".1 !$)!8 #% 7" #$. E !3.$/ -".#C'($&+ ". #5%. *5%  $/( "..$.#"&  '%, 3&#"$&( 7.%&&!1 j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able 4.20 The time interval between delivery of the baby and the initiation of breast-feeding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jH. "&( !"#$/. "&( #5%. *5% 5"( &% "..$.#"&  '%, " 7%/$(. 5"( #5 !%*.# 7/"!& 1 %#5. *5% * "..$.#( -8 3&#"$&( jH. 5"( =210M %' #5$ -"-$. (!$/( .#"#( %& -".#C,$!) "'# %& ("81 Table 4.21 Time interval by assistance provider at delivery j..$.#"&  $, $&#/"! #5%(%E 7%/$(. "$&( j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eliefs in the practice of exclusive 'breast-feeding % #%#"! %' 604 ,%#5. IB41=MF +"/ %7$&$%&. %' #5$ -!$'. $& E !3.$/ -".#C'($&+1 3# %' #5. 49= I>?1?MF #5%3+5# $&'"&#. ($( -## %& E !3.$/ -".#C'($&+ *5$!.# == I4014MF ($( &%# -!$/ .%1 j!.% 44 ,%#5. IB14MF 5"( 7/$%3.!8 7" #$.( E !3.$/ -".#C'($&+ *5$!.# 40; IB21?MF 5"( &%# #$( $# 7/$%3.!81 & 53&(( "&( #*C &$& ,%#5. 5"( 7" #$.( % "# !".# "##,7#( #% 7" #$. E !3.$/ -".#C'($&+ "&( B6M %' #5. ,%#5. ."* " ($''&  -#*& #5 5$!( *5% *". E !3.$/!8 -".#C'( "&( #5 5$!( *5% *". &%#1 6 D9' 9'+-"9 '$#2+")*, 1)>', /*"9'(0 +" "9' ")/' *. $'-)>'(% j #%#"! %' 466 I==1?MF %' #5 ,%#5. * +$/& $&'%,"#$%& -8 #5 ./$  7%/$( (3$&+ (!$/8 % .%%&H "'#*"(. *5$!.# 6614M I000F * &%# +$/& "&8 .3 5 $&'%,"#$%& "# "!!1 3#5 D3.#$%&$&+ %' ,%#5. %& *5"# #58 * #%!( .5%*( #5"# 40> IB>16MF * +$/& % # $&'%,"#$%& *5$!.# 41>M I=F * +$/& $& %,7!# '"!. % ,$.!"($&+ $&'%,"#$%&1 "-! 9146 $!!3.#"#. #5 )$&( %' $&'%,"#$%& -8 #5 ./$  7%/$(1 5 '"!. $&'%,"#$%& %&.$.#( ,"$&!8 %' ,$.#"). ,"( %& #5 (3"#$%& '% *5$ 5 -"-$. * #% - E !3.$/!8 -".#C'(1 Table 4.23 0 f Information to respondent by assistance at delivery %&'%,"#$%& K j..$.#"&  "!. $&'%,"#$%& 3 $&'%,"#$%& ' %#"! !% #%. 2 00 00 $(*$/. 0 049 04; "$&( jH. ; >4 >> &#"$&( jH. 2 $ 6 6 %#"! +$/& $&'%1 = 402 40= 6= 5 7%7%#$%&. %' ,%#5. 7" #$.$&+ E !3.$/ -".#C'7($&+ !"#( #% #5 7%/$( %' "..$.#"&  " $!!3.#"#( $& "-! 910?1 % 8 D9' =,*@-'$1'D 7'-)'.0 +,$ "'+29),10 *. 2+(' &(*>)$'(0 5 #87. %' ./$  7%/$( $&#/$*( $& !3(( #"$&( #"($#$%&"! -$#5 "##&("&#. "&( -%#5 73-!$ ./$  "&( 7$/"# ,$(*$/.1 5 "+ "&+ %' #5 jS. *". ;2C>9 8". *$#5 " ,"& "+ %' ;?16 8".1 5 &3,- %' (!$/$. #58 5"( (%& " 5 "&+( '%, 4 #% ;2 *$#5 " ,"& %' 0919 $& #5 !".# .$E ,%. "&( "& "/"+ %' 41B " 5 $& #5 !".# ,% *$#5 " "&+ %' 2 #% ? (!$/$.1 j!! #& %' #5, 5"( -& #5%3+5 j #"$&$&+ "# !".# %&  "&( "# ,%.# #5 #$,. *$#5 "& "/"+ %' 416 #$,.1 j!! 5"( "##&(( #5 0BB4 #"$&$&+ *$#5 #*% 5"/$&+ "##&(( #5"# %& "!%&1 5 #& jS. "!! 73# -"-$. #% #5 -".# #% .#"# -".#C'($&+ $,,($"#!8 "'# (!$/8 %' #5 -"-8 $#5 $' #5 ,%#5 *". -!($&+ % #% 5!7 E7! #5 7!" &#"1 5& #5 * &% %,7!$ "#$%&. #5 #$, $&#/"! /"$( '%, H$,,($"#!8H #% H*5&/ #5 -"-8 *". "(8S % H*5& #5 -"-8 ($( &%# < # $#S1 %.7 #$/ %' *5#5 ,%#5. * -!($&+ % &%# 02M %' #5 jS. I0F .#"#( -".#C'($&+ $,,($"#!8 "'# (!$/8 %' #5 -"-8 *5$!.# '%3 %' #5, %&.#$#3#$&+ 92% $&$#$"#( -".#C,$!) $,,($"#!8 % $& !.. #5"& 04 5%3. 3& %&($#$%&"!!81 j #%#"! &3,- %' 9 I92MF 5"( " #$, !$,$# %' 49 5%3. *$#5$& *5$ 5 -".#C'($&+ *". .#"#( 6> "&( #5%3+5# 4 D3$( #5"# #5 -"-8 *%3!( &%# H< #S #5 -".#1 j&%#5 #*% .#"#( -".#C'($&+ "# %&  $' -!($&+ %#5*$. *5&/ #5 -"-8 *". "(81 j!#5%3+5 "!! #5 jS. -!$/( #5"# #5 7" #$  *". +%( 6 %3# %' #5 02 I62MF ($( &%# #5$&) "!! #5$ !$&#. * %&/$& (1 5. * #5 .", #*% *5% ($( &%# '$&( #5 E7!"&"#$%& 5"!#5 *%). 5"( +$/& ". #5 ".%& #% 7" #$. -".#C'($&+ ". #31 5. #*% 5"( -& #%!( #5"# #5 *". H*"# $& %& -".# "&( '%%( $& #5 %#5S " .#%8 *5$ 5 #58 #5,.!/. * &%# %&/$& ( "-%3#1 j. #% $' #5 ,%#5. * "(5$&+ #% #5 7" #$  %' E !3.$/ -".#C'($&+ 4 I42MF %3# %' #5 02 * &%# .3 $' ,%#5. "(5( *5$!.# %& '!# ('$&$#!8 #5"# #58 * &%# (%$&+ .%1 5 %#5 > -!$/( ,%#5. ($( "(5 -3# %&!8 ; %' #5, I;2MF #5%3+5 #58 %3!( /$'8 #5"# ,%#5. * (%$&+ .%1 /& #5& #5 /$'$ "#$%& %3!( %&!8 - -#*& #*% *). "&( #*% ,%. "'# (!$/81 & j 5%*/ ."$( #5 ,,-. %' #5 %,,3&$#8 * "'"$( %' 5 .% ($( ". .5 ."$( *5$!.# "&%#5 ."$( 5 " #3"!!8 ."* #5, +$/$&+ *"# "&( '%%( .377!,&#. #% #5$ -"-$.1 td.iDen se  ftffa- .- ta-trfa-f g '/*1(+&9)2 $+"+ 5 ($.#$-3#$%& %' #5 .7%&(&#. -8 .3-C($.#$ #. '! #. #5 7%73!"#$%& ($.#$-3#$%& $& #5 ($.#$ #1 5 ,%.# 5"/$!8 7%73!"#( .3-C($.#$ #. * #5 ."*", "&( j-3$ )3-Q ($.#$ #. "&( ,%.# %' #5 .7%&(&#. * %-#"$&( '%, #5%. "".1 5 .3!# *". #5"# #5 .#3(8 7%73!"#$%& *". -$".( #%*"(. 3-"& "#5 #5"& 3"! "".1 5 7%73!"#$%& ($.#$-3#$%&. -8 "+ '% ,%#5. "&( $&'"&#. * ". E7 #( '% " 7%73!"#$%& 78",$( %' " (/!%7$&+ %3&#8 *$#5 #5 ,"& "+ +%37 4;C4B 8".1 5 7"$#8 "!.% $!!3.#"#( #5 '#$!$#8 7"##&. #5"# E$.# *$#5 >01?M %' .7%&(&#. 5"/$&+ 6 % '* 5$!(&1 %& " .$,$!" .#3(8 $& 3"! 77 ".# $& 5"&" #5 ,"& "+ %' #5%. $&#/$*( *". 4> 8". "&( #5 ,"& 7"$#8 *". 6 Ij,"C!,.3 1 # "!1 0BB4F 5 #87. %' " 7%/$(. *5% "..$.# ,%#5. (3$&+ #5 "&#&"#"! "&( (!$/8 7$%(. $& #5 j)*"7$, )%3#5 !$.#$ # $& !3( (% #%. ,$(*$/. I-%#5 $& 73-!$ "&( 7$/"# 7" #$ F #"$&( "&( 3&#"$&( #"($#$%&"! -$#5 "##&("&#. !"#$/. 5-"!$.#. "&( p d'+-"9 2+(' &(*>)$'(0 @9* +00)0" /*"9'(E $#(),1 $'-)>'(% .7$$#3"! 53 5 !"(.1 5 " "!.% #5 +%37 %' $&($/$(3"! *5% 5"/ #5$ -"-$. *$#5 &% 5!7 "# "!!1 5 .37/$.( (!$/8 %/"+ $& #5 .#3(8 *". >B1BM %' #5 (!$/$. *5$ 5 $. ,3 5 5$+5 #5"& #5 92M D3%#( '% #5 ($.#$ # $& $#. 0BB> "&&3"! 7%#1 5$. *". ,%.# !$)!8 (3 #% #5 -$". .3!#$&+ '%, " !"+ 7%7%#$%& %' #5 .7%&(&#. -$&+ '%, #5 3-"& "". "&( #5 "-.&  %' . #$%&. %' #5 '"&&$&+ %,,3&$#8 (3$&+ #5 ("#" %!! #$%& 7$%(.1 j!#5%3+5 jH. " %3&# '% ;2M #5 .37/$.( (!$/8 %/"+ %' ($.#$ # #58 %&!8 " %3&#( '% 4?14M %' #5 (!$/$. $& #5 .#3(8 *5$!.# #5 %#5%(%E " 7%/$(. "..$.#( 9?1>M1 5 ,$(*$/. %& #5$ %*& "..$.#( 9914M *5$ 5 "!.% (,%&.#"#( " -$".1 c t+(' &(*>)$'( =,*@-'$1'D 7'-)'. +,$ &(+2")2' 5 ,$(*$/. * "!! '%3&( '%, #5 " 7%/$( $&#/$*. #% - "(D3"# $& #5$ )&%*!(+ %' "&( -!$'. $& #5 7" #$  %' E !3.$/ -".#C'($&+1 %*/ '%, #5 D3.#$%&&"$ "(,$&$.#( #% #5 ,%#5. #5 * .%, *5% ,"8 &%# 5"/ +$/& "!! #5 & .."8 $&'%,"#$%& % $&.#$#3#( #5 %7#$,3, 7" #$ .1 %# *". '%3&( 5%*/ #5"# %&!8 41>M C%' ,%#5. * +$/& '"!. $&'%,"#$%& -8 #5 " 7%/$(. %& -8 " ,$(*$' "&( '$/ -8 jH.1 5 ,%.# .$+&$'$ "&# %' #5$. *". #5 $&'%,"#$%& "-%3# #5 #$, !$,$# '% E !3.$/ -".#C'($&+ -$&+ 9 "#5 #5"& .$E ,%.1 ' 5  A'i 5%*/ 5"( " *$( /"$#8 %' )&%*!(+ "&( 3&(.#"&($&+ %' #5 $&$#$"#$%& "&( 7" #$  %' E !3.$/ -".#C'($&+1 5 ,%.# 7%,$&&# *". #5"# #58 "!! " 7#( #5"# "!8 % $,,($"# $&$#$"#$%& 5!7( #% %&#%! ,"#&"! -!($&+ (3$&+ (!$/81 58 %#5*$. .#$!! 5"( #5$ %!( $(". %' *5j -".#C'($&+ .5%3!( .#"#1 58 "!.%  5"( &%# %&/$& ( #5$ !$&#. %' #5 &( #% 7" #$. E !3.$/ -".#C'($&+ ". $& .%, ".. #58 5"( .$%3. 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