Fungal Biology 127 (2023) 1157e1179
ts available at ScienceDirectContents lisFungal Biology
journal homepage: www.elsevier .com/locate/ funbioThe IV International Symposium on Fungal Stress and the XIII
International Fungal Biology Conference
Alene Alder-Rangel a, Alexandre Melo Baila~o b, Alfredo Herrera-Estrella c,
Amanda E.A. Rangel a, Attila Gacser d, Audrey P. Gasch e, Claudia B.L. Campos f,
Christina Peters g, Francine Camelim h, Fulvia Verde i, Geoffrey Michael Gadd j,
Gerhard Braus k, Iris Eisermann l, Janet Quinn m, Jean-Paul Latge n, Jesus Aguirre o,
Joan W. Bennett p, Joseph Heitman q, Joshua D. Nosanchuk r, Laila P. Partida-Martínez s,
Martine Bassilana t, Mavis A. Acheampong u, Meritxell Riquelme v, Michael Feldbrügge w,
Nancy P. Keller x, Nemat O. Keyhani y, Nina Gunde-Cimerman z, Raquel Nascimento g,
Robert A. Arkowitz t, Rosa Reyna Mourin~o-Perez v, Sehar Afshan Naz aa, Simon V. Avery ab,
Thiago Olitta Basso ac, Ulrich Terpitz ad, Xiaorong Lin ae, Drauzio E.N. Rangel af, *
a Alder's English Services, Sa~o Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil
b Instituto de Ciências Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Goias, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
c Unidad de Genomica Avanzada-Langebio, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados Del IPN, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
d HCEMM-USZ Fungal Pathogens Research Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
e Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, USA
f Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de Sa~o Paulo, Sa~o Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil
g Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Office Latin America, Sa~o Paulo, SP, Brazil
h German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), DWIH, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
i Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
j Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
k Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of
Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
l The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England, UK
m Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, UK
n Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology FORTH and School of Medicine, University of Crete Heraklion, Greece
o Departamento de Biología Celular y Del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
p Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
q Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
r Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY, USA
s Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados Del IPN, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
t Institute of Biology Valrose, University Côte D’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Nice, France
u Department of Crop Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
v Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigacion Científica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Mexico
w Institute of Microbiology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
x Department of Medical Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
y Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
z Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
aa Lab of Applied Microbiology and Clinical Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Gulshan Iqbal,
Karachi, Pakistan
ab School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England, UK
ac Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politecnica, Universidade de Sa~o Paulo, Sa~o Paulo, SP, Brazil
ad Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universita€t Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
ae Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
af Universidade Tecnologica Federal Do Parana, Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: drauzio@live.com (D.E.N. Rangel).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2023.04.006
1878-6146/© 2023 British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A. Alder-Rangel, A.M. Baila~o, A. Herrera-Estrella et al. Fungal Biology 127 (2023) 1157e1179a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 2 April 2023
Accepted 24 April 2023
Available online 11 May 2023
Handling Editor: Prof. G.M. Gadd
Keywords:
Morphogenesis
Organellar dynamics
Cytoskeleton
Cell wall synthesis
Fungal interactions
Biofuels
Agricultural mycology
Industrial mycology
Medical mycology
Control of fungal growth
Fungal stress mechanisms and responsesa b s t r a c t
For the first time, the International Symposium on Fungal Stress was joined by the XIII International
Fungal Biology Conference. The International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS), always held in Brazil,
is now in its fourth edition, as an event of recognized quality in the international community of
mycological research. The event held in S~ao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil, in September 2022, featured 33
renowned speakers from 12 countries, including: Austria, Brazil, France, Germany, Ghana, Hungary,
Mexico, Pakistan, Spain, Slovenia, USA, and UK. In addition to the scientific contribution of the event in
bringing together national and international researchers and their work in a strategic area, it helps
maintain and strengthen international cooperation for scientific development in Brazil.
© 2023 British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Fig. 1. Introduction of this manuscript written on napkins during a pizza and wine
night at Armazen da Pizza in S~ao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil.1. Introduction
The Fungal Kingdom contains the largest organisms on the
planet. Fungi display exceptional adaptivity and are ubiquitous in
the environment. The life span of a fungus can range from several
hours to several centuries. They are essential for life on our planet
due to their role in carbon recycling as main decomposers and have
symbiotic associations with many plant species. With each
passing year, there is a growing recognition of the importance of
fungi in human health, food, fermentation, biofuel production,
agriculture, and ecological stability. With a warmer planet, fungi
are adapting to higher temperatures. This increases the risk of
opportunistic infections to endothermic hosts, which are otherwise
immune due to their high body temperatures. Human fungal
pathogens are a major medical concern, which nonetheless have
often been overlooked compared with bacterial pathogens and
other diseases. Given their importance, unfortunately, fungi remain
under investigation. For example, the languages of fungi used for
intra-species and inter-species communication are barely explored,
yet many genera produce an abundance of bioactive molecules.
The paragraph above captures what some of the leading experts
on fungi spontaneously wrote on napkins at the opening dinner of
the XIII International Fungal Biology Conference (IFBC) and the IV
International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS) (Fig. 1). They
came to this conference to present their research, and these my-
cologists from throughout the world formed a tight-knit group
because of this conference. The Symposium took place in S~ao Jose
dos Campos, Sa~o Paulo, Brazil on September 25 to 29, 2022 (Fig. 2).
Although the size of the symposiumwas relatively small, the depth
and breadth of presentations and discussions were impressive.
The IFBC/ISFUS was organized by Drauzio E.N. Rangel and his
wife Alene Alder-Rangel, with the help of Jesús Aguirre and Claudia
B.L. Campos. The convivial atmosphere among the organizers and
all participants permeated the whole meeting. The Rangels
encouraged everyone to socialize and make lasting friendships and
collaborations (Fig. 3). The small size of the symposium also facil-
itated close interactions between the leading experts in the field as
well as students who were attending their first international
meeting. Nadine Hochenegger (a PhD student at TU Wien in
Vienna, Austria) wrote: “I loved the conference! It was the second1158biggest conference I attended, and I was overwhelmed by the hospi-
tality of Drauzio and Alene. I learned so much on a scientific level, and
also I made friends with such wonderful and interesting people. For
me, as a rather young and unexperienced scientist, it was a momen-
tous event that I won't ever forget!” According to Simon Avery
(University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England, UK) “There is a
different ‘feel’ compared with other conferences… as it creates a great
atmosphere for science as well as for making new friends.” Joan
Bennett (Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick,
NJ, USA) stated that “Those of us who love fungi, also love to talk with
other people who love fungi. The ISFUS venue is the perfect setting to
engage in our passion.” Audrey Gasch (University of Wisconsin,
A. Alder-Rangel, A.M. Baila~o, A. Herrera-Estrella et al. Fungal Biology 127 (2023) 1157e1179
Fig. 2. The official Logo of the IV International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS) &
XIII International Fungal Biology Conference (IFBC).Madison, WI, USA) said: “Thank you Drauzio, Alene, and Amanda for
such a wonderful time of science, fungi, fairy rings, positive thoughts,
and caipirinhas! What a fun time it has been getting to know you
better and seeing inspirational science.” (Electronic Supplementary
Material 1).
The joint meetings IV ISFUS and XIII IFBC featured 33 speakers
from 12 countries (Fig. 4, Electronic SupplementaryMaterial 2). The
meeting received grant funding from the Brazilian agencies FAPESP
and CAPES. It also received support from the Deutsche For-
schungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and the British Mycological Society.Fig. 3. Speakers and participants holding hands and s
1159Elsevier (Fungal Biology) and the Journal of Fungi sponsored the
student awards. The hosting institutions were the Universidade
Brasil and the Universidade Tecnologica Federal do Parana.
2. The XIII International Fungal Biology Conference
The International Fungal Biology Conference (IFBC) started as
the First International Fungal Spore Symposium, organized by
Professor Lilian Hawker https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilian_
Hawker in Bristol, England in 1965. The second symposium of
these series was organized by Darrell J. Weber and Wilford M. Hess
at Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA, in 1975 (Weber and
Hess, 1976), with the aim of bringing together scientists interested
in studying the form and function of fungal spores. Salomon Bart-
nicki-García, at that time working at the University of California,
Riverside, USA, attended this symposium and became an active
promoter of these series of meetings; later he became the chair of
the scientific steering committee. From the beginning, the intention
of these conferences was to emphasize cell biology and morpho-
logical aspects of fungal growth and development in many cases
using electron microscopy techniques.
In 1980, the third symposium of these series was organized by
Gilbert Turian (University of Geneva, Switzerland) and Hans R. Hohl
(University of Zurich, Switzerland) in Gwat, Switzerland (Turian
and Hohl, 1981). In 1987, the name of the conference changed to
the IV International Fungal Spore Conference, and it was held at the
University of Stirling, in Scotland, UK. In 1991, the V International
Fungal Spore Conference was organized by William Timberlake
(University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA), in Helen, Georgia, USA.
The sixth conference of this series was organized by Kurt W.
Mendgen (University of Konstanz, Germany) in Konstanz, Germany,
in 1996.
The name of the conference changed to the VII International
Fungal Biology Conference in 1999 and was organized in Gronin-
gen, The Netherlands by Johannes Hans Sietsma. In 2002, the VIII
IFBC was organized by Jesús Aguirre (Universidad Nacional
Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico) and Jose Ruiz-Herrera
(1935e2023) (Cinvestav, Irapuato Mexico) in Guanajuato, Mexico
(Gurr, 2003), https://funguscongress.ucr.edu. At that time, Jesúsharing happy moments at the opening ceremony.
A. Alder-Rangel, A.M. Baila~o, A. Herrera-Estrella et al. Fungal Biology 127 (2023) 1157e1179
Fig. 4. Speakers of the IV International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS) & XIII International Fungal Biology Conference (IFBC) in 2022 held in Sa~o Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
Front row from left to right: Alene Alder-Rangel, Amanda E. A. Rangel, Drauzio E. N. Rangel. Second row: Raquel Nascimento (DFG Brazil), Audrey P. Gasch (USA), Nina Gunde-
Cimerman (Slovenia), Laila P. Partida-Martínez (Mexico), Xiaorong Lin (USA), Iris Eisermann (UK), Joan W. Bennett (USA), Martine Bassilana (France), Janet Quinn (UK), Fulvia
Verde (USA). Third row: Mavis A. Acheampong (Ghana), Meritxell Riquelme (Spain), Robert Arkowitz (USA), Alfredo H. Herrera Estrella (Mexico), Rosa Reyna Mourin~o Perez
(Mexico), Nancy P. Keller (USA), Attila Gacser (Hungary). Fourth row: Cristina (DFG), Simon Avery (UK), Geoffrey M. Gadd (UK), Ulrich Terpitz (Germany), Jesús Aguirre (Mexico),
Jean-Paul Latge (France), Joshua D. Nosanchuk (USA), Joseph Heitman (USA). Speakers not in the picture: Alexandre Melo Baila~o (Brazil), Claudia B. L. Campos (Brazil), Gerhard Braus
(Germany), Irina S. Druzhinina (Austria), Nemat Keyhani (USA), Sehar Afshan Naz (Pakistan), and Thiago Olitta Basso (Brazil).Aguirre became the chair of the IFBC Steering Committee. The next
conference of the series was a joint meeting with the XVI New
Phytologist Symposium, organized by Francis Martin (INRAE,
Nancy, France), Nicholas Talbot (The Sainsbury Laboratory, Nor-
wich, UK), and Holly Slater (Lancaster University, UK) in 2006 in
Nancy, France. The conference returned to Mexico in 2009, when a
team headed by Salomon Bartnicki-García (University of California,
Riverside, USA) organized the X IFBC, which was held jointly with
the VIII National Congress of the Cellular and Molecular Biology of
Fungi branch of the Mexican Society of Biochemistry in Ensenada,
Baja California, Mexico (https://funguscongress.ucr.edu/home.php?
lang¼eng-US). Reinhard Fischer, Jo€rg Ka€mper, and Natalia Requena,
all from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, organized
the XI IFBC in Karlsruhe, Germany, in 2013 (http://www.iab.kit.edu/
conference/index.php). The IFBC was held in Asia in 2017, when
Kap-Hoon Han (Wonkwang University, Korea) organized the XII
IFBC in Songdo, Incheon, South Korea. Finally, the XIII IFBC was
organized in 2022 as a joint meeting along with the IV ISFUS
meeting by Drauzio E.N. Rangel, and Alene Alder-Rangel, Claudia
B.L. Campos, and Jesús Aguirre, in Sa~o Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil
(Fig. 5).1160The current IFBC Steering Committee, composed of Hans A.B.
Wosten, Antonio Di Pietro, Kap-Hoon Han, Reinhard Fischer, Natalia
Requena, Neil Gow, Meritxell Riquelme, Drauzio Rangel, and Jesús
Aguirre, has recently electedMeritxell Riquelme as the new chair to
continue to promote the conference series, characterized by
bringing together scientists interested in research at the frontiers of
fungal cell biology. The IFBC has evolved as a unique forum that
favors close academic and social interactions among scientists that
use different fungal models to approach fundamental questions in
cell biology. The following section summarizes the presentations at
the XIII IFBC.
2.1. IFBC e session 1: cell biology of fungal interactions
Fungi are exposed to many different external stressors affecting
their life cycle. As cosmopolitan organisms, fungi share a nichewith
multiple organisms and must deal with different competitors and
predators. The three speakers in this session presented recent re-
sults regarding fungi that were exposed to other organisms, sym-
bionts, or physical stressors, respectively. Fungivorous insects
injure fungal mycelia during grazing, and the attacked hypha needs
A. Alder-Rangel, A.M. Baila~o, A. Herrera-Estrella et al. Fungal Biology 127 (2023) 1157e1179
Fig. 5. The meet the speakers poster for the XIII International Fungal Biology Conference.to activate defense mechanisms based on a complex molecular
interplay including specialized kinases and micro-RNAs. A failing
defense may lead to a situation in which organisms successfully
exploit the fungus and survive there as bacterial and viral symbi-
onts. In this case, the entire fungal biology of the fungus could be
influenced by the symbiont, and both the fungus and the symbiont
should be considered as a holobiont. In their natural habitat, fungi
distinguish light and dark, as well as different wavelengths of light
(e.g., green light detection by rhodopsins), and adapt accordingly to
avoid cellular stress induced by irradiation.
Alfredo H. Herrera-Estrella (Centro de Investigacion y de
Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico)
described how the filamentous fungus Trichoderma atroviride re-
sponds to mechanical injury and attack by a fungivorous insect. He
pointed out that fungi, like plants and animals, respond to injury by
recognizing Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) that
activate Ca2þ and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK)
dependent signaling for the activation of defense mechanisms
(Medina-Castellanos et al., 2018). He described how grazing by
larvae of the fruit-fly (Drosophila melanogaster) on mycelia inhibi-
ted the transcriptional activation of genes required for hyphal
regeneration, and triggered the fungal innate immune and chemi-
cal defense responses (Atriztan-Hernandez and Herrera-Estrella,
2022; Medina-Castellanos et al., 2014). Herrera-Estrella further
discussed the participation of micro-RNA-like molecules in
response to injury. His group found that elimination of a single
milRNA phenocopied the main defects observed in an RNAi dcr21161mutant (Villalobos-Escobedo et al., 2022). This work demonstrated
the essential role of milRNAs in hyphal regeneration and asexual
development by post-transcriptionally regulating cellular signaling
processes.
Laila P. Partida-Martínez (Centro de Investigaciony de Estudios
Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico) explained that
the biological concept of a holobiont refers to a eukaryotic host plus
its microbiota and has been used for plants and animals. However,
fungi, as microbial eukaryotes, should also be considered hol-
obionts (Partida-Martinez, 2017). Partida-Martínez showed that
several species of the genus Rhizopus harbor bacterial (Mycetoha-
bitans spp.) and viral (Narnavirus spp.) symbionts that live in the
fungal cytoplasm and are vertically inherited (Espino-Vazquez
et al., 2020; Partida-Martinez and Hertweck, 2005; Partida-
Martinez et al., 2007). These symbionts affect the fitness of their
Rhizopus hosts in several ways, including the production of toxins
employed by the fungus to attack plants and animals (Partida-
Martinez and Hertweck, 2005), and influence the asexual and
sexual reproduction of the fungal host (Espino-Vazquez et al., 2020;
Mondo et al., 2017; Partida-Martinez et al., 2007). Altogether, these
microbial symbioses are relevant for understanding fungal biology
and evolution.
Ulrich Terpitz (Julius-Maximilians-Universita€t Würzburg,
Wuerzburg, Germany) explained that fungal rhodopsins are
membrane-embedded, green-light-sensing retinal proteins func-
tioning as either light-driven proton pumps or putative light-
sensory proteins (Adam et al., 2018; Panzer et al., 2019). Fungal
A. Alder-Rangel, A.M. Baila~o, A. Herrera-Estrella et al. Fungal Biology 127 (2023) 1157e1179rhodopsins are located in plasmalemma and/or tonoplast and un-
derlie dynamic relocalization processes with so far unknown
function (Adam et al., 2018; Panzer et al., 2019). As green light is
highly abundant in the plant environment, a role of rhodopsins in
the funguseplant interaction is suggested. Accordingly, rhodopsin
coding genes are predominantly found in genomes of ascomycetes
associated with plants (Adam et al., 2018; García-Martínez et al.,
2015). Furthermore, light-induced rhodopsin expression in fungi
is upregulated in planta compared to axenic conditions, and the
auxin indole-acetic acid augments the pump activity of CarO-like
rhodopsins (Adam et al., 2018; Lyu et al., 2016; Panzer et al.,
2019). Fungal rhodopsins are also involved in many other physio-
logical processes, such as growth regulation, germination, and
pathogenesis (Adam et al., 2018; Lyu et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2018).
2.2. IFBC e session 2: fungal morphogenesis and polar growth
This session discussed diverse aspects of fungal morphogenesis
and polar growth in human and plant pathogens. The talks in this
exciting field illustrated new ideas on how pathogens regulate
morphology and developmental switches as well as on effective
antifungal strategies. Keller described how two endogenous lipids
control the balance between hyphal tip growth and hyphal lateral
growth (aka branching). Eisermann discussed the importance of
turgor pressure and septins for appressorium development and the
promotion of polarized cell growth. Lin showed briefly that fungal
morphogenesis can be explored to develop vaccines. She then
detailed how host receptors to detect fungi are employed in
developing DectiSomes to increase the efficacy of antifungals.
Finally, Verde expanded on the role of the kinase Orb6 in cell
morphogenesis and stress response.
Nancy P. Keller (University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA)
presented work on endogenous signals that direct Aspergillus
fumigatus hyphal branching. Programmed branching is important
for colony formation and growth in host substrates where hyphal
tip growth is balancedwith hyphal lateral growth. Two endogenous
lipids direct this balance. The oxylipin 5,8-diHODE induces lateral
branching (Niu et al., 2020) and sulfated lipo-chitoologosaccharides
(LCOs) inhibit lateral branching (Rush et al., 2020). Keller, in
collaboration with Drs. Ane and Roy, developed a computational
program called GRAsp (gene regulation of A. fumigatus) to elucidate
the signaling networks directing 5,8-diHODE and LCO regulation of
branching.
Iris Eisermann (University of East Anglia, Norwich, England,
UK) presented new research on the turgor-driven, septin-depen-
dent infection mechanism of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe
oryzae. Rice blast is one of the most important crop diseases
globally. Infection proceeds via a specialized cell called an appres-
sorium, and its development is regulated by the Pmk1 MAP kinase
signaling pathway. A quantitative phosphoproteomic approach has
identified many direct downstream targets of Pmk1, which include
proteins related to cytoskeleton remodeling, vesicle trafficking, and
cell cycle control. A turgor-sensing histidine-aspartate kinase, Sln1,
enables the appressorium to sense when a threshold of turgor has
been reached, and facilitates host penetration. A mechanosensory
membrane-spanning dye has been used to reveal spatial variations
in membrane tension caused by appressorium turgor. Cytoskeletal
proteins called septins play a major role during appressorium-
mediated plant infection, and four M. oryzae septins form a
hetero-oligomeric ring structure at the base of the appressorium. A
combination of Ultra-High-Throughput Yeast Two Hybrid analysis
coupled with an in vivo immunoprecipitation tandem mass spec-
trometry has identified a wide range of novel interacting partners
during appressorium development, including polarity de-
terminants, cytoskeletal components, and a range of regulatory1162proteins. The role of these proteins in rice blast disease is being
investigated (Dagdas et al., 2012; Eseola et al., 2021; Oses-Ruiz
et al., 2021; Ryder et al., 2022).
Xiaorong Lin (University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA) discussed
how the treatment of invasive mycoses relies on a few classes of
antifungals. Host toxicity and insufficient fungal killing at clinically
relevant doses of current antifungals present major barriers for
successful treatment. To increase antifungal efficacy, Lin and her
collaborators developed DectiSomes: liposomes packaged with
antifungals that are coated with host C-type lectin receptors (dec-
tins). Like a guided missile, dectins that are present on DectiSomes
deliver drugs specifically to fungi in infected tissues and reduce
unspecific drug distribution to host cells, thus achieving higher
selectivity and improving drug efficacy. Relative to untargeted
liposomal drug, DectiSomes bound stronger to all fungal pathogens
tested and achieved better efficacy in mouse models of pulmonary
aspergillosis and invasive candidiasis in terms of organ fungal
burden and animal survival. Thus, DectiSomes have the potential to
usher in a new antifungal drug treatment paradigm (Ambati et al.,
2022; Meagher et al., 2021). Lin also discussed exploration about
the ability of Cryptococcus neoformans filamentous ZNF2OE strain to
elicit protective host responses to identify potential vaccine can-
didates. Cryptococcal antigens recognized by antibodies of ZNF2OE
-vaccinated animals reside within the capsule. Her group is
currently focused on GPI-anchored mannoproteins because many
are regulated by Znf2 and represent the major immunogens pre-
sent on cryptococcal cell surface (Lin et al., 2022; Zhai et al., 2015).
Fulvia Verde (University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA) focused on
the role of conserved nuclear Dbf2-related (NDR) kinase Orb6 in
cell morphogenesis and stress response in the fission yeast Schiz-
osaccharomyces pombe. Orb6 kinase spatially regulates the activity
of Cdc42 GTPase, a key morphology control factor, to promote cell
shape emergence (Das et al., 2009, 2012, 2015). Orb6 also inhibits
the degradation of specific mRNAs, thereby promoting polarized
cell growth (Nunez et al., 2016). Orb6 kinase activity is down-
regulated by a variety of stimuli, such as nutritional deprivation
(Chen et al., 2019). Verde and colleagues have discovered a role for
Orb6 kinase in regulating chronological lifespan and identified
novel mechanisms of control of Orb6 kinase activity in response to
environmental stress. Verde proposed that an important role of
NDR kinase in eukaryotic cells is to enable alternative physiological
states, from active cell growth to cell quiescence, to promote cell
resilience in the face of stress.
2.3. IFBC e session 3: cytoskeletal dynamics and growth patterns
This session focused on understanding how fungal cells orga-
nize their growth, cellular components, and processes alongside
development. Four different presentations explored how the
Fungal kingdom may have employed sexual reproduction even
before the division of the sexes. Furthermore, phospholipids,
especially phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, and their transport
and regulation are important for invasion and virulence in the
pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Other speakers focused on how
the complex fungal COP9 signalosome is assembled in Aspergillus
nidulans through the sequential assembly of distinct heterotrimeric
subcomplexes, and how microtubule organizing centers become
ordered with the aid of septal pores in the filamentous fungus
Neurospora crassa.
Joseph Heitman (Duke University, Durham, NC, USA) presented
his studies that have revealed novel modes of sexual reproduction
involving either one or two parents, including unisexual and
pseudosexual reproduction, which results in the production of
either clonal or recombinant progeny. He also showed evidence
that illustrates the capacity for sexual reproduction to generate
A. Alder-Rangel, A.M. Baila~o, A. Herrera-Estrella et al. Fungal Biology 127 (2023) 1157e1179diversity de novo. His findings revealed parallels in modes of selfing
shared with sexual reproduction in plants and animals. Studies by
his group also provided insights into the evolutionary trajectory of
sexual reproduction in eukaryotes and may provide insights into
how sex first evolved. These findings suggest that there may have
been an evolutionary epoch in which there was sexual reproduc-
tion before there were mating types or sexes (Heitman, 2015; Lee
et al., 2010; Yadav et al., 2021).
Martine Bassilana (University Côte d’Azur, Nice, France)
focused on the regulation by phospholipids of Candida albicans
hyphal invasive growth in response to external stimuli (Bassilana
et al., 2020). Phospholipids, such as phosphatidylserine (PS) and
the phosphatidylinositol phosphates PI(4)P and PI(4,5)P2, localize
preferentially at the hyphal apex, and this distribution is main-
tained both by enzymatic and transporter activities. In particular,
the PI4-kinase Stt4, which generates plasma membrane (PM) PI(4)
P, and the flippase Drs2, which transports PS from the external/
luminal to the cytoplasmic membrane leaflet, are critical for hyphal
growth (Labbaoui et al., 2017; Vernay et al., 2012). Quantitative
analyses of mutants in Stt4, as well as in its regulators Efr3 and
Ypp1, indicated that PI(4)P levels correlate with virulence in sys-
temic candidiasis (Garcia-Rodas et al., 2022). Deletion of the lipid
transfer protein Osh4 specifically restores hyphal invasive growth
in a drs2 mutant, indicating that a balance in Drs2 and Osh4 ac-
tivities regulates invasive growth via PI(4)P (Basante-Bedoya et al.,
2022). Together, these results highlight the importance of plasma
membrane PI(4)P regulation for invasive growth and virulence.
Gerhard Braus (University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany)
described how fungal COP9 signalosome (CSN) coordinates protein
degradation for stress responses, development, and secondary
metabolism (Busch et al., 2007; Nahlik et al., 2010). CSN assembly is
initiated through a seven-subunit pre-CSN, which is activated by
the integration of the catalytic CsnE/Cs5 deneddylase subunit
(Beckmann et al., 2015). This deneddylase activity is required to
exchange F-box substrate receptors of SCF ubiquitin ligases, which
label proteins for degradation (von Zeska Kress et al., 2012).
Numerous F-box receptors are located in the nucleus and interact
with regulatory proteins (Sarikaya Bayram et al., 2022). The as-
sembly of the native Aspergillus nidulans pre-CSN was dissected
in vivo by combined genetic and biochemical approaches. Two
distinct heterotrimeric CSN subcomplexes were identified as pre-
CSN assembly intermediates. Surveillance mechanisms control ac-
curate CSN subunit amounts and correct cellular localization for
sequential assembly.
Rosa Mourin~o-Perez (Centro de Educacion Científica y de
Educacion Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Mexico) explained
how microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) are organized in the
filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. She talked about the
different MTOCs in fungi, such as the spindle pole body (SPB)
(Kollman et al., 2010; Moritz et al., 2000) as the functional equiv-
alent of the centrosome and the non-centrosomal MTOCs present
in S. pombe (Bartolini and Gundersen, 2006; Horio and Oakley,
2003) and A. nidulans (Zekert et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2017).
Mourin~o-Perez showed that the N. crassa SPB is embedded in the
nuclear envelope, with the g-TuRC targeting proteins PCP-1Pcp1/
PcpA located at the inner face and APS-2Mto1/ApsB located at
the outer face of the SPB. PCP-1 is a specific component of nuclear
MTOCs while APS-2 is also present in the septal pore. Although g-
tubulin was only detected in the nucleus, spontaneous MT nucle-
ation occurred in the apical and subapical cytoplasm during re-
covery from benomyl-induced MT depolymerization experiments.
MT dynamics were monitored with the MT plus end tracking pro-
tein MTB-3 and revealed MT polymerization from septa (Lin et al.,
2015; Straube et al., 2003). Septal MT polymerization depends on
the septal proteins SPA-10Spa10 and SPA-18Mto2/Spa18 (i.e., the1163APS-2/SPA-18 protein complex) (Ramirez-Cota et al., 2022). The
main conclusions presented were that the SPB is the only MT
nucleator site, but the septal pore aids MT network arrangement
through the anchorage of the MT plus-ends.
2.4. IFBC e session 4: subcellular heterogeneity and organelle
dynamics and interactions
A characteristic feature of filamentous fungi is their ability to
coordinate polar growth for hyphal tip expansion (Riquelme et al.,
2018). To achieve this task, environmental, nutritional, and devel-
opmental signals must be integrated and converted into cellular
processes involving signaling cascades including kinases and
GTPases. Ultimately, the underlying signaling network leads to
altered expression or localization of key proteins involved in
membrane trafficking to support the function of the Spitzenko€rper
at the growth apex. The precise spatiotemporal expression of these
proteins is tightly regulated at both the transcriptional and the
posttranscriptional level. Another critical aspect is the coordination
of intracellular transport of proteins, mRNAs, and even entire or-
ganelles including endosomes. Furthermore, organelles like mito-
chondria are essential hubs that coordinate signaling and energy
supply to support hyphal growth. In this session, Aguirre described
how the generation of reactive oxygen species links signaling to
mitochondrial functions. Feldbrügge reported how regulation at
the level of transport and stability of mRNAs coordinates the polar
growth of hyphae. A particular focus is placed on key RNA-binding
proteins needed to execute this type of regulation. Riquelme
described how the underlying membrane trafficking is needed to
orchestrate secretion at the Spitzenko€rper. Arkowitz extended this
view by reporting how the keymachinery of polar growth is used to
determine the shape and branching of hyphae. This session dem-
onstrates that a holistic view of cellular processes at various levels
is critical to understand the fundamental growth principles of
fungi.
Meritxell Riquelme (Centro de Investigacion Científica y de
Educacion Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Mexico) studies hyphal
morphogenesis in the model filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa.
She discussed the role of the exocyst, an octameric tethering
complex conserved in all eukaryotes, in the last exocytosis stages of
the secretory vesicles in hyphae. Her group found that exocyst
subunits SEC-3, SEC-5, SEC-6, SEC-8, and SEC-15 localize at the
plasma membrane of hyphal apices, while subunits EXO-70 and
EXO-84 occupy the frontal outer layer of the Spitzenko€rper (SPK),
occupied by macrovesicles (Riquelme et al., 2014; Riquelme and
Sanchez-Leon, 2014). Recently, they investigated exocyst subunit
SEC-10, which also localizes at the apical plasma membrane. Hy-
phae of a strain expressing a GFP C-terminally tagged version of
SEC-10 displayed growth and polarity defects, and lacked a SPK,
indicative of exocyst dysfunction (Figueroa-Melendez et al., 2022).
Proteomics and transmission electron microscopy analyses
confirmed the essential role of SEC-10 in exocyst assembly and/or
stability, organization of macrovesicles at the SPK, and tip growth.
Michael Feldbrügge (Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf,
Düsseldorf, Germany) discussed the critical roles of RNA-binding
proteins (RBPs) in Ustilago maydis. The RBP Rrm4 is a key factor
for endosomal mRNA transport, an evolutionarily conserved pro-
cess across fungi, plants, and neurons (Müller et al., 2019; Müntjes
et al., 2021). Addressing the crucial question of how mRNAs attach
to endosomes, his group showed that Rrm4 carries a Ceterminal
binding platform containing three MademoiseLLE domains
(Devan et al., 2022). Specifically, a novel third MLLE domain is
essential for interaction with the PAM2L motifs of the endosomal
adapter protein Upa1, thus linking mRNAs to transport endosomes.
Shifting gears, they found that the RBP Khd4 (Vollmeister et al.,
A. Alder-Rangel, A.M. Baila~o, A. Herrera-Estrella et al. Fungal Biology 127 (2023) 1157e1179
Fig. 6. A) The countries of speakers at the ISFUS 2014, 2017, 2019, and IFBC/ISFUS 2022.
B) The countries of speakers at the IFBC/ISFUS 2022.2009) binds distinct mRNAs encoding regulatory proteins func-
tioning in membrane trafficking. By controlling mRNA stability,
Khd4 orchestrates precise gene expression control of the mem-
brane trafficking process during pathogenic development. Essen-
tially, these examples demonstrate the importance of RNA biology
in fungi at the level of transport and stability.
Robert Arkowitz (University Côte d’Azur, Nice, France) focuses
on Candida albicans morphogenesis at different temporal and
spatial scales. His group has been investigating the reorganization
of different organelles during germ tube formation, subsequent
hyphal growth (Silva et al., 2019; Weiner et al., 2019), and more
recently hyphal branch formation. In addition, they have been
examining the physical characteristics of the cytoplasm in these
different growth states, using a micro-rheology probe (Delarue
et al., 2018). Using loss of- and gain of- function mutants to probe
the link between filament morphology and growth rate, they found
a correlation between filament diameter and extension rate, which
appears to be mediated by the Spitzenko€rper (Puerner et al., 2021).
Based upon analyses of growth rate, morphology, and distribution/
dynamics of a range of cellular reporters, their results indicate that
hyphal branching and growth of the main hyphal filament are
distinct developmental states. These studies provide a framework
for studying hyphal branching in this human fungal pathogen.
Jesús Aguirre (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico,
Mexico City, Mexico) explained how his research on reactive oxy-
gen species (ROS) signalingmediated by the stress MAPKs SakA and
MpkC (Garrido-Bazan et al., 2018a, 2018b; Lara-Rojas et al., 2011)
revealed that the same H2O2 treatment that activates this MAPK
pathway induces widespread mitochondrial division (Jaimes-
Arroyo et al., 2015). The dynamin-like GTPase DnmA (Drp1 in an-
imals) and its receptor FisA are essential for mitochondrial division.
The lack of mitochondrial division in Aspergillus nidulans results in a
notable decrease in hyphal growth, asexual and sexual develop-
ment, as well as an increase in mitochondrial ROS (Garrido-Bazan
et al., 2020). Mutants lacking DnmA and FisA were used to
demonstrate that H2O2 induces extensive mitochondrial constric-
tions prior to actual division in a process that depends on mito-
chondrial depolarization, intracellular calcium, and close contact
between mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated
by the ERMES complex (Garrido-Bazan and Aguirre, 2022). These
results indicate that H2O2 plays a prominent role in the regulation
of mitochondrial dynamics.
3. The IV International Symposium on Fungal Stress
Fungi are exposed to a multifaceted set of abiotic or biotic
stresses in the environment, including during fungal pathogenesis
when infecting plants or animals, and during industrial processes
for the production of biotechnological goods. Understanding how
benevolent and dangerous fungi perceive stress is important to
augment the benefits and mitigate the harm. Although research on
fungal stress is not new, for example, Anita Panek published her
first studies around 1960 on the importance of trehalose in yeasts
(Panek, 1959; 1962; 1963), the International Symposium on Fungal
Stress is the only meeting that specifically brings together
renowned scientists exploring this area (Alder-Rangel et al., 2018,
2020; Rangel and Alder-Rangel, 2020; Rangel et al., 2015a, 2015b,
2018). The four ISFUS meetings to date have featured a total of 126
speakers from 24 countries and all continents (Fig. 6).
The ISFUS is the brainchild of Dr. Drauzio E.N. Rangel. In July
2013, he began to organize the Symposium, invite speakers, and
apply for grants. His wife, Alene Alder-Rangel, became the co-
chairman and brings in her experience as an event planner. ISFUS
has always been organized by the Rangels in Brazil and has become
a well-recognized international fungal conference (Fig. 7).1164The first ISFUS occurred on October 25e31, 2014, at the Uni-
versidade do Vale do Paraiba (Univap) in Sa~o Jose dos Campos, Sa~o
Paulo http://web.univap.br/isfus. As a visiting professor in Goias at
the Universidade Federal de Goias, Rangel organized the second
ISFUS held in Goiânia, Goias, from May 8 to 11, 2017 https://isfus.
wordpress.com. The third and fourth ISFUSs were both held at
the Hotel Nacional Inn, in Sa~o Jose dos Campos. The third ISFUS
occurred May 20e23, 2019 https://isfus2019.wordpress.com. To
continue the biennial schedule, this fourth ISFUS was originally
scheduled to take place in May 2021, but was delayed until the fall
of 2022 https://isfus2022.wordpress.com because of the Covid-19
pandemic (Rangel et al., 2020).
Since the first meeting in 2014, ISFUS has achieved great success,
receiving substantial research grants from the Fundaça~o de Amparo
a Pesquisa do Estado de S~ao Paulo (FAPESP) and the Coordenaç~ao de
Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), both from
Brazil, to bring together the top international scientists (Fig. 8). The
grant money provided for ISFUS, in Brazilian currency, from both
grant agencies has been similar for all the symposia, approximately
100 thousand Brazilian Reais from FAPESP and approximately 45
thousand Brazilian Reais from CAPES (Fig. 9). However, the serious
devaluation of the Brazilian currency against the US Dollar in recent
years limited the ability to pay for international travel to Brazil in
2022, but many of the invited speakers gladly paid their own ex-
penses to participate in this high-level meeting (Fig. 9).
Most speakers have published an article related to their talks in
a special issue in leading journals in the field. In the first meeting,
all speakers published in a special issue in Current Genetics. From
the second to the fourth meeting, articles from the speakers have
been published in three special issues in the top mycology journal,
A. Alder-Rangel, A.M. Baila~o, A. Herrera-Estrella et al. Fungal Biology 127 (2023) 1157e1179
Fig. 7. The meet the speakers poster for the IV International Symposium on Fungal Stress.
1165
A. Alder-Rangel, A.M. Baila~o, A. Herrera-Estrella et al. Fungal Biology 127 (2023) 1157e1179
Fig. 9. Values of the grants obtained from A) FAPESP and B) CAPES.
Fig. 8. Funding and sponsors of the IV International Symposium on Fungal Stress
(ISFUS) & XIII International Fungal Biology Conference (IFBC).
Fig. 10. Number of presented posters, number of participants, number of speakers, andFungal Biology, published by Elsevier on behalf of the British
Mycological Society. The number of articles in the special issues
increased from 19 articles in ISFUS 2014, 27 articles in ISFUS 2017, to
32 articles in ISFUS 2019. Approximately 18 articles will be pub-
lished in this Special Issue for IFBC-ISFUS 2022 (Fig. 10).
The number of poster presentations has also increased from 29
poster presentations in ISFUS 2014, 45 posters in ISFUS 2017, 58
posters in ISFUS 2019, to 87 posters in IFBC-ISFUS 2022 (Fig. 10).
The number of participants rose from 73 people in ISFUS 2014,
100 people in ISFUS 2017, to 155 people in ISFUS 2019 (Fig. 10). The
small reduction to 129 participants in the IFBC-ISFUS 2022 was due
to uncertainties related to the Covid 19 pandemic (Rangel et al.,
2020) as well as increased airfare prices. The following section
summarizes the presentations at the VI ISFUS.number of publications in each special issue.3.1. ISFUS e session 1: fungal biology in the environment
Extraordinary discoveries are continuously being made about
the biology of fungi in all kinds of habitats. The organic and inor-
ganic transformations that fungi carry out for ecosystem function
and human health were discussed in this session. The production of
volatile organic compounds by fungi is well known, but their sig-
nificance in inter-organismal communication or in affecting human
health is less understood. The latter might be significant in build-
ings where flooding, water ingress, and condensation can lead to
health-threatening fungal proliferation. Black melanized fungi are
now known to be ubiquitous in all kinds of environments, including
those with extreme temperatures, desiccation, and solar1166irradiation. Certain halotolerant “black yeasts” thrive in marine
habitats with high salinity. Studies of these extreme fungi have
extended the known physicoechemical parameters for fungal
survival and revealed unique cellular mechanisms underlying hal-
otolerance. The formation of minerals is a feature of many fungal
metal and mineral transformations, which is important in
elemental cycles for many metals and other elements, e.g., phos-
phorus. The fungal production of nanoscale minerals can have
surprising benefits for the organism, e.g., certain metal oxy-
hydroxide nanoparticles forming a protective sheath around hy-
phae can catalyze key organic and inorganic environmental
transformations, including pollutant degradation.
A. Alder-Rangel, A.M. Baila~o, A. Herrera-Estrella et al. Fungal Biology 127 (2023) 1157e1179Joan W. Bennett (Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New
Brunswick, NJ, USA) was planning to continue her research on
mycotoxins when her home in New Orleans got flooded by hurri-
cane Katrina and its contents became fodder for fungi (Bennett,
2015). The horrible odor associated with the flooded house redir-
ected her research to fungal volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Subsequently, her laboratory has studied the physiological effects
of these low molecular weight molecules in genetic models and
found that 1-octen-3-ol can cause Parkinsonian symptoms in a
Drosophila melanogaster model (Inamdar et al., 2013) and that
decene can enhance growth in Arabidopsis thaliana (Lee et al.,
2019). Numerous other fungal and plant VOCs have major e but
underappreciated e physiological consequences in inter-
organismal communication (Gomes et al., 2020; Hung et al.,
2015; Inamdar et al., 2020; Jaddaoui et al., 2023).
Nina Gunde-Cimerman (University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana,
Slovenia) explained that Hortaea werneckii is a cosmopolitan black
yeast, which was known only as the primary etiological agent of
tinea nigra. Later, it was discovered that marine eutrophic solar
salterns around the world are its primary ecological niche.
H. werneckii can grow across a wide range of NaCl concentrations,
from 0% to 32% at saturation, with a broad optimum range of 6%e
14% NaCl. It is an important model organism for the study of hal-
otolerance in Eukarya (Gunde-Cimerman et al., 2000, 2018). The
molecular responses to extremely saline conditions involve
rigorous changes in gene expression, influencing synthesis of
compatible solutes, regulation of intracellular alkali-metal cations,
cell membrane fluidity, and changes in cell wall ultrastructure
(Gunde-Cimerman et al., 2018). Genome sequencing of the refer-
ence H. werneckii strain (EX e F 2000) revealed an almost 50 Mb
genome, initially considered as a result of genome endoreplication.
Sequencing of genomes of 50 strains originating from around the
world revealed that one-third of the population of H. werneckii is
represented by 1n genomes, while two-thirds are 2n, due to recent
hybridization events. The resulting hybrids are stable. They do not
undergo recombination, as typical for sexual fungi, or loss of
chromosomes, characteristic for parasexual processes. This new
mode of reproduction, for the first time described in wild pop-
ulations of extremophilic fungi, was named “stable parasexuality”
(Gostincar et al., 2022).
Geoffrey Michael Gadd (University of Dundee, Dundee, Scot-
land, UK) discussed fungal biomineralization that occurs in natural
and human-influenced habitats. Common fungal biominerals
include oxides, carbonates, phosphates, and oxalates. Highly
insoluble minerals immobilize toxic metals, e.g., lead and uranium
phosphates, while biomineralization is also evident in fungal
biodeterioration of the built environment and cultural heritage.
Some fungal biomineralization processes result in nanoscale min-
eral and metallic products (Li et al., 2022). Nanoparticles of e.g., Ag,
Se, and Te are produced by a range of fungal species. Nanominerals,
including oxides, carbonates, and phosphates, can incorporate
metals such as Cu, Cd, Zn, Mn, Ni, Fe, Pb, and Sr (Liu et al., 2021).
Such nanoscale products have applications as electrochemical
materials and catalysts (Chi et al., 2022a; Li et al., 2022; Liu et al.,
2021). Some nanoparticles benefit the fungus because of their
catalytic properties, behaving as nanozymes that exhibit enzyme-
like properties (Chi et al., 2022a; Yu et al., 2020). Fungal forma-
tion of reactive metal oxyhydroxide nanoparticles results in a
cytoprotective “exoskeleton” around hyphae, which has peroxidase
activity, conferring protection from oxidative stress, ensuring iron
acquisition, and enabling organic pollutant breakdown through
production of oxidant HO radicals (Chi et al., 2022b). Such findings
highlight the significance of biogenic nanomaterials in evolution of
the biosphere and the potential of fungal biomineralization in
nanobiotechnology.11673.2. ISFUS e session 2: stress in fungal pathogenesis
This session on the effects of stress on fungal pathogenesis
presented some complex challenges and exciting work in fungal
biology. Latge described how rigorous studies over a half-century
have not fully elucidated the mechanisms of cell wall dynamicity.
For example, Aspergillus fumigatus has different regulatory pro-
cesses for the walls of hyphae and conidia. The adaptability of fungi
was highlighted by Gacser who detailed how Candida parapsilosis
and C. auris readily acquire resistance and cross-resistance after
antifungal exposure, and the complexity of the resistance mecha-
nisms. The effect of the host environment was discussed by
Nosanchuk, who demonstrated how Histoplasma capsulatum
changes its production of extracellular vesicles in response to
stressors such as nutritional resources and antibody binding.
Further exploring the importance of interactions between fungi
and other cells, Naz characterized how bacteria, such as Pseudo-
monas aeruginosa, produce peptides with antimicrobial activity
against diverse Candida species and how these peptides could be
harnessed as antifungal compounds. Quinn expanded on the role of
bacteria in polymicrobial communities through the lens of Type VI
secretion systems producing antifungal effectors that inhibit
diverse microbes, including pathogenic fungi.
Sehar Afshan Naz (Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and
Technology, Gulshan Iqbal, Karachi, Pakistan) discussed the emer-
gence of fungal infections at an alarming rate, particularly among
the population of immune compromised individuals. Candidiasis is
one of the predominant fungal infections with manifestations
ranging from mild superficial infections to severe invasive in-
fections. These infections are difficult to treat because of the
growing resistance to antifungal drugs. To overcome this issue,
antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria are being investigated
for potential antifungal activity. Pseudomonas aeruginosa HS 28, a
Gram-negative bacterium, demonstrates appreciable bioactivity
against C. albicans and non-albicans Candida species (C. tropicalis, C.
glabrata, C. kruzei, C. lipolytica., etc.). This antifungal metabolite was
isolated, purified, and characterized. Exposure to low temperature
(4 to 20 C), high temperature (up to 40 C), varying pH (5e8),
metallic salts (BaCl2, CaCl2, HgCl2, etc.), and organic solvents
(acetone, butanol, ethanol, etc.) has no drastic effects on its bioac-
tivity. Further demonstration of its antifungal activity in vivo is
required before presenting it as an addition to the current anti-
fungal chemotherapy (Naz et al., 2015; Simons et al., 2020;
Tumbarski et al., 2021).
Janet Quinn (Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, En-
gland, UK) discussed the emerging role of the bacterial Type VI
secretion system (T6SS) in surviving polymicrobial environments
by producing antifungal effectors against fungal competitors. She
explained that although the primary role assigned to the T6SS is in
inter-bacterial competition, recently it was shown that this ‘anti-
bacterial’ T6SS is also a potent antifungal weapon, able to kill model
and pathogenic yeasts by delivering two dedicated antifungal ef-
fectors, Tfe1 and Tfe2 (Trunk et al., 2018). Antifungal T6SS is likely
to be widespread and possibly shape many diverse polymicrobial
communities (Trunk et al., 2019).
Jean-Paul Latge (University of Crete Heraklion, Greece)
explained that the fungal cell is surrounded by a thick cell wall that
protects the fungus against external environments. Despite 50
years of molecular and biochemical studies, the cell wall remains
poorly understood, especially the role of its modifications during
growth in different environments. At the level of the cell wall,
A. fumigatus has set up several stratagems to fight stress. First, the
distinct cell wall structural organization between the conidium and
mycelium facilitates the completion of its life cycle and survival in
different habitats. Second, the heterogeneity of the cell wall
A. Alder-Rangel, A.M. Baila~o, A. Herrera-Estrella et al. Fungal Biology 127 (2023) 1157e1179
Fig. 11. Amanda E.A. Rangel delivering the Elsevier award to Karla Cecilia Licona Juarez
from the Technological Institute of Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico.composition of each cell within a conidial population or hyphal
cells within the same colony will help the fungus handle hostile
surroundings. Finally, tolerance and resistance to antimicrobials are
concepts well studied in the bacterial world but are just beginning
to be investigated in mycology.
Joshua D. Nosanchuk (Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The
Bronx, NY, USA) discussed the complexity of environment sensing
by fungi (Liu et al., 2023). In response to their environment, diverse
fungi form and release extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying a broad
array of compounds. An example of this is the modifications in the
characteristics of EVs produced by the human pathogenic fungus,
Histoplasma capsulatum, in response to changes in nutritional re-
sources (Cleare et al., 2020). The binding of an antibody to the
fungal surface is often simply looked at as a docking of a protein to
the cell that enables host effector cells tomore effectively recognize
and phagocytose the invading microbe. However, the binding of a
monoclonal antibody to heat shock protein 60 on the surface of
H. capsulatum yeasts can induce a cascade of changes, including
significantly altering the loading and release of EVs (Matos Baltazar
et al., 2016). This antibody-mediated process of EV formation and
release is dynamic and highly regulated as changes in antibody
concentration markedly shift the compositions of the
H. capsulatum-derived EVs (Baltazar et al., 2018). These findings
demonstrated a newmechanism for antibody function in microbial
pathogenesis. Furthermore, antibody binding to the surface of
H. capsulatum results in global shifts in MAPK signaling, sterol
metabolism, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, and fatty acid meta-
bolism (Burnet et al., 2020). The study of EVs from H. capsulatum
has provided new and interesting insights into the biology of fungi
(Zamith-Miranda et al., 2021) and opened diverse avenues for
further study.
Attila Gacser (University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary) lamented
the limited number of applicable antifungal drugs. Therefore, it is
essential to understand the possible mechanisms of antifungal
resistance development and their effect on virulence to optimize
antifungal treatment strategies in the clinical setting. To address
this later question, Gacser and colleagues used directed adaptation-
evolution experiments to generate Candida parapsilosis and C. auris
strains with acquired resistance to azoles and echinocandins. Their
study aimed to examine the effect of acquired antifungal resistance
on various physiological features e such as antifungal cross-
resistance, stress response, membrane sterol composition, efflux
pump activity e as well as virulence characteristics. Gacser's data
indicate that resistance development may occur through different
mechanisms that can also alter the virulence of both C. parapsilosis
and C. auris. These results highlight the consequences of prolonged
drug use and suggest the need to develop alternative antifungal
treatment strategies in clinical practice (Bohner et al., 2022; Papp
et al., 2018, 2020).
3.3. ISFUS e session 3: stress mechanisms and responses in fungi
The stress mechanisms and responses discussed during this
session covered a broad range of topics, including single-cell re-
sponses to salt stress in yeast, physiological conditions affecting
fungal conidiation, control of fungal pathogens and fungal spoilage,
and stress responses of fungal-beetle mutualists. In salt stress, yeast
continues to provide novel insights on how repression of genetic
networks allows for coupling to translational programs that help
maximize the ability of cells to rapidly respond and recover from
osmotic stress. Conidiation can be considered as the last step in the
lifecycle of many fungi, and the results presented reinforced the
concept that these cells are dynamic and that their viability and
ability to respond to stress are intimately linked to the conditions in
which conidiation occurs and conidia mature. Stress can also be1168exploited to control fungal pathogens, and manipulation of stress
conditions in terms of mitigating fungal-caused spoilage can lead to
decreased usage of fungicides. Finally, fungi were also recognized as
having mutualistic interactions with animals, in this case, ambrosia
beetles. The way in which stress (pH) may affect their interaction
was investigated.
Audrey Gasch (University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI,
USA) presented new results focusing on single-cell responses of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae to salt stress. Gasch highlighted the power
of genome-scale studies of stress response, including tran-
scriptomic analysis to study how the transcriptome changes in
response to diverse stresses (Gasch et al., 2000). A major question
in the field has been the purpose of repressing genes involved in
A. Alder-Rangel, A.M. Baila~o, A. Herrera-Estrella et al. Fungal Biology 127 (2023) 1157e1179
Fig. 12. Delivery of the Journal of Fungi Award for the student posters delivered by Amanda E.A. Rangel (Brazil) and Alene Alder-Rangel (United States). From left to the right:
Bhagya C Thimmappa (India), Jo~ao Neves da Rocha Fonseca (Brazil), Philipp Ernst (Germany), Lennart Greifenhain (France), Natalia Sayuri Wassano (Brazil), Everton Paschoal
Antoniel (Brazil), and Nadine Hochenegger (Austria).growth as part of the common environmental stress response
(ESR), a conserved stress response activated in other fungi and
organisms. Gasch's research followed dynamic changes in tran-
scription factor localization using live, single-cell microscopy.
Remarkably, cells with stronger activation of the repressor of
growth-promoting genes showed faster growth acclimation after
stress. Gasch integrated results from several recent studies (Ho
et al., 2018; Lee et al., 2011) to present a model in which stress-
activated transcription repression in fungi helps to redirect trans-
lational capacity of stress-induced genes to promote acclimation.
Drauzio E.N. Rangel (Universidade Tecnologica Federal do
Parana, Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil) explained how physiological,
physical, and chemical conditions during mycelial growth may
induce conidial priming. Conidial priming is defined as an exposure
of a fungus to gentle stress during mycelial growth that leads to the
development of conidia, which primes the conidia to become more
tolerant to the same or other stress conditions. Mycelial growth
under nutritive stress (Rangel et al., 2006), heat shock, osmotic and
oxidative stresses (Rangel et al., 2008), salicylic acid (Rangel et al.,
2012), hypoxia and alkaline stress (Rangel et al., 2015c), white
and blue light (Dias et al., 2020, 2021, 2022), hypoxia and anoxia
(Silva et al., 2023), or biotic stress caused by a deadlock formedwith
Metarhizium robertsii and Trichoderma atroviride dual culture
(Medina et al., 2020) all induce higher conidial tolerances to UV-B
radiation, heat, osmotic, or oxidative stresses, which is caused by
higher accumulation of trehalose and mannitol inside the conidia
(Rangel et al., 2008, 2015c). Here, to study themagnetic and electric
fields on conidial priming, the insect-pathogenic fungusM. robertsii
was cultured in the dark on potato dextrose agar medium
(PDA ¼ control), on PDA medium under magnetic field (MF) or1169electric field (EF), and under nutritive stress minimal medium
(MM¼ positive control). The tolerance of conidia produced in these
conditions to oxidative and osmotic stress, heat, and UV-B radiation
were evaluated and the fungus showed no difference in vegetative
growth. However, the three treatments (PDA, MF, and EF) yielded
more conidia than the control on the MM. M. robertsii conidia
produced under MF and EF were more tolerant to oxidative and
osmotic stress, heat, and UV-B radiation than the conidia produced
on PDA medium alone (control). Both treatments (MF and EF)
produced conidia with similar tolerance to all stress conditions
tested, except for osmotic stress, where conidia fromMFweremore
tolerant than conidia from EF. On the other hand, conidia produced
under MF and EF were less tolerant than conidia produced on MM,
which causes nutritional stress. In conclusion, both MF and EF
induced priming on M. robertsii but at lower level than nutritive
stress.
Simon Avery (University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK)
emphasized how traditional approaches to control fungal patho-
gens and fungal spoilage that rely on the use of chemical actives
suffer from problems of resistance and tightening regulations. He
described how combinations of agents that synergistically stress
fungi can reduce total chemical usage, and this approach may be
particularly appealing for synergies between natural products, as
these are more accepted (Augostine and Avery, 2022; Davies et al.,
2021; Harvey et al., 2023). Avery explained the mechanistic basis
for synergy before progressing onto how fungal control measures
could avoid chemical actives altogether. Specifically, polymer ma-
terials that passively resist fungal attachment were discovered in
high-throughput screening programs (Vallieres et al., 2020). This
blocks a key first step that precedes many of the problems that
A. Alder-Rangel, A.M. Baila~o, A. Herrera-Estrella et al. Fungal Biology 127 (2023) 1157e1179
Fig. 13. Poster session at IFBC/ISFUS and the stand of the initiative “Research in Germany” from the DFG Office Latin America and DAAD Brazil.fungi cause. He presented data supporting applications of this
approach in medical materials and crop protection.
Nemat Keyhani (University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA)
focused on Harringtonia (prev. Raffaelea) lauricola (Ascomycete:
Ophiostomataceae), a filamentous fungus that forms obligate mu-
tualisms with ambrosia beetles in the genus Xyleborus. It is also the
causative agent of laurel wilt, a devastating disease that affects
members of the Lauraceae family, including avocado. Vectored by
its beetle symbiont within specialized fungal transport organs
termed mycangia, this fungus can infect the vascular system of
healthy trees, leading to wilting and death (Joseph and Keyhani,
2021). Keyhani showed that Raffaelea lauricola grows at an
optimal pH range from 5 to 7, displays cold adaptation, and can
utilize a wide range of phosphorus and sulfur containing com-
pounds, as well as its fungicide susceptibility (Joseph et al., 2021;
Zhou et al., 2018). Aspects of mycangial colonization that have been
examined include the dynamics of initial colonization as well as
fungal growth and proliferation within the mycangia. These data
are the first steps toward identifying determinants of fungal-insect1170symbionts as a new model system for understanding the diversity
of fungal genetics and development (Zhou et al., 2020).
3.4. ISFUS e session 4: fungal stress in industry, agriculture, and
medicine; ultraviolet radiation, heat, and other stresses in fungal
biology
The final section discussed wars fought with opposing objec-
tives, while in industry and agriculture that harness the benefits of
fungi or their products, the war is against the fragility of fungi to
stress, in medicine, the battle is to fight against fungal resilience to
stress. On the one hand, Basso and Acheampong study stress in
fungi to look for ways to increase their resistance or mitigate its
deleterious effects; on the other hand, Baila~o and Campos study
stress in fungi to be able to reduce resistance to them. In any case,
the physiological and molecular mechanisms behind resistance to
stress must be known to achieve the goal of war: be able to
manipulate the resistance of fungi to different types of stress. What
unites these very different areas is the need to know and
A. Alder-Rangel, A.M. Baila~o, A. Herrera-Estrella et al. Fungal Biology 127 (2023) 1157e1179
Fig. 14. Participants at the IFBC/ISFUS in the auditorium and at the coffee break
Fig. 15. Participants and speakers of the IFBC/ISFUS in the excursion bus to the beach
in Sa~o Sebasti~ao, Sa~o Paulo, Brazil.understand the mechanisms underlying adaptation and to apply
this knowledge for the benefit of society.
Thiago Olitta Basso (Universidade de S~ao Paulo, Sa~o Paulo, SP,
Brazil) stated that industrial biofuel production is severely affected
by bacterial contamination (Walker and Basso, 2020). These bac-
teria interact with the fermenting yeast and compromise yeast
fermentative efficiency, leading to a drop in industrial yield and
productivity (Basso et al., 2014). Additional obstacles arise in the
second-generation ethanol production process, where lignocellu-
losic residues are the substrates for fermentation. The pretreatment1171processes of these substrates generate a variety of molecules (fur-
anic compounds, phenolic compounds, and organic acids) that
inhibit microbial metabolism (Cola et al., 2020). Basso discussed the
effects of furanic compounds on the physiology of lactic acid bac-
teria (LAB) strains that are potential contaminants in ethanol pro-
duction. In general, homo-and heterofermentative LAB are affected
differently by furanic compounds (Giacon et al., 2022). Studies
involving co-cultivation of S. cerevisiae and species of lactobacilli
were used to understand the potential effects of bacterial
contamination in second-generation bioprocesses.
Mavis A. Acheampong (University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana)
presented on three biological trait studies (temperature tolerance,
humidity requirement, and UV sensitivity) of selected entomopa-
thogenic fungal isolates being developed for use in citrus Integrated
Pest Management programs in South Africa. Her studies aimed to
establish why three highly virulent entomopathogenic fungal iso-
lates yielded good control of subterranean stages of the key phy-
tosanitary pest of citrus, false codling (Thaumatotibia leucotreta),
following soil application, while foliar application using the same
isolates resulted in insignificant control of citrus mealybug (Pla-
nococcus citri) and thrips (Scirtothrips aurantii). The findings
showed that neither temperature nor humidity, when considered
alone, is likely to significantly influence the efficacy of any of the
isolates in the field, given that they are active within the temper-
ature and humidity ranges experienced in South African citrus or-
chards (Acheampong et al., 2020a). However, all isolates
investigated were highly sensitive to UV radiation (Acheampong
et al., 2020b). These findings indicated that a suitable UV protec-
tant formulation of these fungi or a different application strategy
would be required for success against P. citri and S. aurantii.
AlexandreMelo Baila~o (Universidade Federal de Goias, Goiânia,
GO, Brazil) explained that the human pathogenic fungus
H. capsulatum is poisoned with copper in the macrophage
A. Alder-Rangel, A.M. Baila~o, A. Herrera-Estrella et al. Fungal Biology 127 (2023) 1157e1179
Fig. 16. Participants and speakers of the IFBC/ISFUS onboard of the boat going from S~ao Sebastia~o to the island Ilhabela, S~ao Paulo, Brazil.phagosome. The increase of Cu in phagosomes is mediated by
ATP7a since its silencing decreases fungicidal activity of phago-
cytes. To avoid copper toxicity, H. capsulatum activates the copper
efflux pump Crp1. Furthermore, the copper chaperone Ccs1 is
induced in high copper conditions, which likely buffer free copper
inside the fungal cells. The adaptive mechanism to high Cu is co-
ordinated by the transcription factor Ace1, as it activates Crp1 and
Ccs1 in such a condition. The Cu detoxifying machinery is essential
to H. capsulatum virulence since depletion of both Crp1 and Ace1
decreases fungal burden in macrophages. Additionally, excess
copper promotes changes in cell wall structure/composition, in-
creases ROS content, and activates lipid turnover, as revealed by
proteomic analysis.
Claudia B. L. Campos (Universidade Federal de S~ao Paulo, Sa~o
Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil) works with Paracoccidioides spp., the
agents of a systemic human mycosis endemic in Brazil and other
South American countries. Campos’ group aimed to understand
how calcineurin regulates fundamental processes that support
cellular adaptation of Paracoccidioides spp. to environmental
changes, such as thermo-dimorphism and proliferation, which are
two hallmark virulence factors that enable these fungi to succeed
within the host and cause disease. Proteome analysis showed that
calcineurin inhibition by cyclosporine A in yeast cells of Para-
coccidioides brasiliensis led to an overall reprograming of the1172primary metabolism, including lipid synthesis and degradation.
Using anti-PbCNA, Campos demonstrated that calcineurin is found
in few yeasts in exponential cell cultures and that most of the
calcineurin-labeled yeast cells have a low number or lack lipid
droplets (LD). Campos’ group evidenced that calcineurin suits
metabolism to the conditions imposed by the environment and
that the regulation of the production/consumption of LD is part of
the adaptation changes required for P. braziliensis fitness (Campos
et al., 2008; Matos et al., 2013; Ribeiro et al., 2018).4. Student awards
The presentation of the student awards added to the family
atmosphere of the IFBC/ISFUS because Amanda E.A. Rangel, the 10-
year-old daughter of the organizers, announced the awardees and
handed out the awards. The international invited speakers judged
the students’ work before (Elsevier award) and during the sym-
posium for their poster presentations (Journal of Fungi award).4.1. Elsevier student awards
Similar to the past three ISFUSs, Elsevier sponsored an award to
recognize student research. To apply for the award, students had to
submit a manuscript and present their research. Only one student
A. Alder-Rangel, A.M. Baila~o, A. Herrera-Estrella et al. Fungal Biology 127 (2023) 1157e1179
Fig. 17. Participants and speakers of the IFBC/ISFUS during the excursion to the beach in Sa~o Sebastia~o, Sa~o Paulo, Brazil: A) Senior editors of Fungal Biology Geoffrey Michael Gadd
and Simon Avery enjoying the Barequeçaba beach. B) The fun-guys Joe Heitman and his wife Mary Tayal, Martine Bassilana, Robert Arkowitz, and Drauzio Rangel having some
“caipirinhas” and enjoying a good conversation the Barequeçaba beach. C) Speakers and Participants disembarking the schooner boat to visit the small villa in Ilhabela (Beautiful
Island). D) The meeting chairs Jesús Aguirre and Drauzio Rangel visiting a colonial church in Ilhabela.submitted an article. Karla Cecilia Licona Juarez, a PhD student from
the Instituto Tecnologico de Celaya in Mexico studying under
Humberto Medina, submitted the article: Tolerance to UV-B radi-
ation of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium rileyi to
develop a microbial agent for management of the main lepidop-
teran species in soybean and cotton crops. She received a bronze
award and US$200.00 and received a big hug fromAmanda (Fig.11).4.2. Journal of Fungi student poster award
Of the 87 posters presented at the IFBC/ISFUS, 20 were eligible
for the student poster award sponsored by the Journal of Fungi. The
student had to be the first author and present their work to the
judges during the poster sessions. The posters reflected the wide
variety of topics presented at the Symposium. Moreover, the
awardees were a good representation of the international partici-
pation in the Symposium (Fig. 12). Two gold awards won R$ 1000
(US$ 200) each and five silver awards won R$ 600 (US$ 120) each.
The silver awards were presented to the following students.
Philipp Ernst is a PhD student studying Industrial Biotech-
nology at the Forschungszentrum Jülich, in Germany, with Nick
Wierckx. His poster was about the production and characterization
of the itaconic acid-derived compounds 2-hydroxyparaconic and
itatartaric acid.1173Nadine Hochenegger is a PhD student studying Microbiology at
TU Wien in Vienna, Austria, and she is supervised by Dr. Robert
Mach. Her poster looked at the transcription factor Xpp1 interact-
ing with SREBP Sah2 to regulate primary and secondary meta-
bolism in Trichoderma reesei.
Lennart Greifenhain was a master’s student in Molecular
Biotechnology at Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Germany.
He presented the study based on bioimaging that he did during his
internship with Robert Arkowitz at the Côte d'Azur University in
Nice, France. Greifenhain’s poster was about the physical properties
of the cytoplasm and cell wall in the human fungal pathogen
Candida albicans during morphogenesis and antifungal drug stress.
Natalia Sayuri Wassano is a PhD student in the Program in
Functional and Molecular Biology at the Universidade Estadual de
Campinas, in Campinas, SP, Brazil. She is studying with Andre
Ricardo de Lima Damasio. Her poster looked at understanding the
roles of sirtuins in A. fumigatus.
Everton Paschoal Antoniel is a PhD student in Applied Micro-
biology at the Universidade Estadual de Campinas, in Campinas, SP,
Brazil also studying with Andre Ricardo de Lima Damasio. His
poster was entitled: Identification of transcription factors involved
in Aspergillus nidulans adaptation to recombinant protein
production.
A. Alder-Rangel, A.M. Baila~o, A. Herrera-Estrella et al. Fungal Biology 127 (2023) 1157e1179The gold award went to Joa~o Neves da Rocha Fonseca, who is
studying for his PhD in Genetics with Nilce Maria Martinez Rossi at
the Universidade de S~ao Paulo in Ribeira~o Preto, SP, Brazil. His
poster discussed a transcriptome meta-analysis about how alter-
native splicing modulates fungal metabolism by establishing a
crosstalk between transcription and post-transcription
machineries.
The top poster was presented by Bhagya C. Thimmappa, who is
originally from India and currently studying for her PhD at the
University of Montreal in Quebec, Canada, with Gertraud Burger.
Her poster was titled: Plant pathogen resistance and growth pro-
motion: the role of fungal endosymbionts (Secret life inside plants:
the role of fungal endosymbionts). In addition, she was honored to
be awarded by Joseph Heitman with a book on Mycota.5. Research in Germany e fellowships, exchange, and
collaboration programs
On Monday afternoon of IFBC/ISFUS, there was a special pre-
sentation by the organization and sponsor DFG in cooperationwith
DAAD. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) is the central self-
governing research-funding organization in Germany. The DFG
funds research projects and facilitates national and international
collaboration among researchers. Scientific and academic excel-
lence, the advancement of early career researchers, interdisci-
plinary and internationality, and gender equality in research are
key elements in the work of the DFG. In cooperation, the German
Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) is the largest organization
promoting academic and scientific exchange in the world. The
DAAD acts as a mediator of German foreign scientific, university,
and development policy.
The goal of their presentation at IFBC/ISFUS was to offer
comprehensive information on the German research landscape and
on funding opportunities for researchers at all career levels. The
program included the participation of Michael Feldbrügge of
Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany, who presented
some of his research history in the field of microbiology, and
exemplified his work in international cooperation, citing the proj-
ect “Determinants of polarized growth in fungi,” conducted in
partnership with Mexico and funded by the DFG and CONACYT.
In addition, Katherine Kistner (DFG Department of Life Sciences
1) and Christina Peters (Director of DFG Office Latin America)
presented to the audience the main DFG research funding in-
struments and gave application tips for those who want to develop
their research in Germany or in cooperation with Germany. Fran-
cine Camelim from DAAD Brazil also presented DAAD’s fellowship
modalities for doctorates. It was an excellent opportunity to ex-
change ideas (Fig. 13) (see Fig. 14).Fig. 18. Poem written by Joan W. Bennett, a member of the US National Academy of
Sciences.6. Excursion
Several scientific collaborations have begun during the excur-
sions after the ISFUSs, proving that the excursions are an important
part of the meeting and a very good way to become better
acquainted with colleagues.
The ticket for the excursion included the bus to Sa~o Sebastia~o
(Fig. 15), schooner expedition (boat trip) (Fig. 16), and barbecue
onboard the boat. However, the stormy weather prevented the
barbecue onboard. Instead, the boat picked up the participants at
the pier in Sa~o Sebastia~o and took everyone to the island of Ilhabela
(which means Beautiful Island), which is about 50 min by boat. On
Ilhabela, the weather cooperated, and everyone enjoyed strolling
through the old villa and purchasing their souvenirs (Fig. 17).
Amanda even played in the water.1174After spending about 2 h on Ilhabela, the boat returned to Sa~o
Sebastia~o, and the participants returned to the Hotel Brisa do Mar
Barê in Barequeçaba beach where a Brazilian barbecue was waiting
for the famished participants. Despite the temperate weather,
many enjoyed swimming in the warm Atlantic water.
A. Alder-Rangel, A.M. Baila~o, A. Herrera-Estrella et al. Fungal Biology 127 (2023) 1157e1179
Fig. 19. Ending of the IFBC/ISFUS meeting with most of the participants and speakers on stage.7. Conclusion
Joan Bennet read the poem (Fig. 18) as part of the closing cer-
emony of the IFBC/ISFUS. After that, everyone (speakers and par-
ticipants) was invited to the stage for a final picture to celebrate and
commemorate our time together (Fig. 19). Then Amanda stood at
the exit of the auditorium offering hugs to everyone willing to
receive them.
The IV International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS) and
the XIII International Fungal Biology Conference (IFBC) brought
together scientists from around the world to present their work,
learn from each other, and make friends or strengthen existing
bonds. As with previous versions of these meetings, the focus was
on fungal stress and fungal biology, and convened ~120 colleagues
over four days of outstanding scientific presentations. An important
contribution to the meeting was vibrant poster sessions featuring
students and fellows, and their recognition through the awards
program. As is a tradition with this meeting, the invited partici-
pants had a post-meeting shared adventure at the Brisa do Mar
Barê Praia Hotel located on the seafront, right on the sand on
Barequeçaba beach, in Sa~o Sebastia~o, including a boat trip to visit
the nearby island. As a community, we are indebted to Drauzio
Rangel for his vision and his effort organizing this highly successful
international meeting over the years.
Given the success of this meeting, plans are already well un-
derway for the V International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS)
to be held September 22e26, 2024 https://isfus2024.wordpress.
com. The meeting will be sponsored by the Universidade Tec-
nologica Federal do Parana (UTFPR) e Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil. It
will be held in Iguazu Falls, Brazil, which will facilitate the post-1175meeting adventure to visit the famous and stunningly gorgeous
Iguaçu Falls from both the Brazilian and the Argentinian vistas. We
welcome you to join us for a continued celebration and exploration
of the luster of the Fungal Kingdom and the beauty of the natural
world.
Author Statement
Relevant CRediT roles: Conceptualization AAR, DENR; Funding
acquisition: DENR;Writing - review& editing: all authors in the list
of authors contributed to and approved the manuscript.
Declaration of competing interest
The manuscript has been prepared in accordance with the
formatting guidelines for Fungal Biology. The work is not under
consideration for publication in any form elsewhere. The manu-
script does not infringe any personal or other copyright or property
rights and has been approved for publication by all authors. All
authors declare that they have no conflicting interests.
Acknowledgments
This article is part of the “Fungal growth, development, and
stress responses” special issue for the XIII International Fungal
Biology Conference (IFBC) & IV International Symposium on Fungal
Stress (ISFUS), which was supported by the Fundaça~o de Amparo a
Pesquisa do Estado de S~ao Paulo (FAPESP) grant 2021/13614-3 and
the Coordenaça~o de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
(CAPES) grant 88887.680665/2022-00.
A. Alder-Rangel, A.M. Baila~o, A. Herrera-Estrella et al. Fungal Biology 127 (2023) 1157e1179Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2023.04.006.
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