UNIVERSITY OF GHANA THE BALME LIBRARY BALME LIBRARY THESES 1. Balme Library theses are available fo r consultation in the Library. They are not normally available fo r loan, and they are never lent to individuals. 2. A ll who consult a thesis must sign an undertaking not to copy or quote from i t v/ithout the consent o f the author and o f this University. m i UNIVERS ITY OF G H A N A l ib r a r y ^ BOOK NUMBER s r i s - A m i 7 A e a « s K a o * * C < S 2 7 ? 2 * 0 The Balme Library SS Iilllfl 3 0 6 9 2 1 0 7 9 4 1 4 6 8 “ COCOA HUSK-AND SUGARCANE BAGASSE-BASED DIETS AS FEEDLOT FINISHING RATIONS FOR LOCAL BEEF CATTLE A Thesis submitted to the Board o f Graduate Studies University o f Ghana in Partia l Fulfilment o f the Requirements fo r the Degree o f MASTER OF SCIENCE Department o f Animal Science University o f Ghana Legon August, 1978. ( ^ 2 7 S - 2 6 i I hereby declare that, except fo r references to other people's work which have been duly cited , this work is the resu lt o f my own orig ina l research and that this thesis either in whole or in part has not been presented fo r another degree elsewhere® / I . ;" 1 .'-"I * K ofi Amaning-Kwarteng Prof® E.N.W. Op pong, (Supervisor) Department o f Animal Science, University o f Ghana, Legon® Dates Dr. S.O. Otchere, (Supervisor) Department o f Animal Science, University o f Ghana, Legon® Date: August 1978 August 1978 I'5y acknowledgements are due particu larly to Dr* E*0* Otchere and Prof. E*N»W* Oppong (Supervisors)* whose fatherly guidance* assistance and encouragement during ths course o f this study were unlimited* Funds and other fa c i l i t ie s fo r undertaking the project were provided by University o f Ghana ?s Agricultural Research Station, Kpong* Ify indebtedness goes to the s ta f f o f the Station, especia lly Ifessrs* A.N. Aryeetey (Senior Bssearch O fficer, in-charge) and A.A. Qiarcoopome (Principal Farm Supervisor) fo r their timely advice and special in terest in the project; and Ifessrs. Ea Logo, K. Siameh and T* Eaklewa fo r assisting in data collection and general management o f the bullocks® I also wish to acknowledge Messrs* M»N. Daniel (ifutrition Laboratory) and S.K* Doamekpor fo r analysing feed and faecal samples; Dr* Kow Benyi fo r his assistance with experimental design and s ta t is t ic a l analysis; Era. A* Barnes and Mr* B.K. Ashaley fo r helping in the co llection o f carcass data; Cocoa Research Institute o f Ghana, Tafo, fo r the g i f t o f cocoa husks and University of Ghana's Agricultural Research Station, Legon, fo r the supply o f feed ingredients® F inally , my hearty appreciation to my wife Grace and Children Shirley and Awura fo r the ir enduring patience, understanding, encouragement and prayers during the tenure o f this study* August 1978 University o f ©tana, Legon. Kofi Amaning-Ewarteng tablj of Declaration ,, «„ „. . , ♦. . . ... « . ,« » , i i Acknowledgements . „ , , .» .» »« . , . . .« » . i i i Table o f Contents , * , , . . „ *• ». »<> ,» iv L is t o f Tables., ,« »* . 0 . * . . .« a*v i i L is t o f Figures *» . . *• . » . * . , . . .* *» ix SUMARY , ........................... .. . . . . . . :c INTRODUCTION.................. . ..................... . . •. . . 1 LITERATURE EEVTJStf................... , , * .................. *» . , 4 Cattle Feedlot Finishing *, .. .» ... . 4 Nutrient Requirement of Finishing Beef Cattle «,.» ** 6 U tiliza tion o f Lignocellulose by Rmnincnts „♦ . . S' Physical and Chemical Procedures Used to «.» Increase Cellulose A va ilab ility to Rumejt Microbes ». 10 Studies on Cocoa Husk . . « * ., ... ,» » , . 6 '12 Feeding Trials with Sugarcane Bagasse ,» . , „. * * 14 Regulation o f Feed Intake . . . . . , .. , - . * 17 Urea-ifelasses Supplementation *, , , , , ,, . . 1 9 E ffect-o f Intensive Reding on Carcass Traits . *21 MATERIALS AtTD TGTHODS ....................................................................24 Location • > . . . . . 0 . . »» ». . . . . ,24 Animals Housing and Health .. . . „. , . .. » 9 24 Experiment 1 .. *. . . *. .„ . . . . . , .. 25 Experimental resign and Treatment .. .„ , « . * 25 Feeds c. .♦ , , . . ,, . . . . 2C Page T it le Page . • „ e » . . . *. . * «* . . .»,* » . i Feeding and Adjustment Period »» •• <.* D igest ib ility Studeis ». „ „ S ta tis tica l Analysis ». „» . . . . 0» Experiment 2 »• »» . . ». »» .• ®3 Experimental Design and Treatment 09 Steeds . « » » • a 0 » » . . » Feeding and Adjustment Period *. », D ig es t ib ility Studies * * S ta tis tica l ina lysis *. ,» , . Carcass Evaluation *. „«, RESULTS ............................................... Chemical Composition •• >« .................... Experiment 1 •» 00 • « Experiment 2 .. » . •• . • •• •• Feed Consumption, Growth and Feed E fficiency •• Experiment 1 •. «, • • *« Experiment 2 ... . . *» . . ... »» Experiment 1 Trs» Experiment 2 Health *. , . Ii: 7i-?c D iges t ib ility Studies e» Experiment 1 *» *« .* „. , . .• Experiment 2 ». . . .................. . Experiment 1 Trs. Experiment 2 *. .. Carcass Evaluation «.» *. . . ,. . , .. v Page 26 27 27 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 33 33 33 35 31 31 41 43 46 50 50 53 54 54 Fsed Costs *. <>» »• .0 », 0® o» 59 lixperiment 1 «. . • »» „ • » . , * 59 Experiment 2 ®. . . ». . * * *. g-j Szperiment 1 7rs. Experiment 2 , • „ => • • 66 DISCUSSION .................................................................................. 67 Chemical Composition ®» », „<> «® * * 67 Feed Consumption, Growth, and Feed 3 ffic ien c3r . • . • 69 In Vivo D ig es t ib ility Studies «, . . »„ „, . * 73 Carcass Evaluation »» . , *, . * „, „ „ 75 Steed Costs*. . . . . ,» », 76 CONCLUSION ................. 78 LITERA!TUIi2 C IT 3 D ............................................................................ 80 v i Page AEPMM3 SO Composition o f Experimental Rations and Their Respective Protein - Energy ~ Vitamin “ Mineral Supplements (PEVMS) in Experiment 1 Composition o f Experimental Rations and Their Respective Protein - Energy - Vitamin - Mineral Supplements (PEVITS) in Experiment 2 Percent Chemical Composition o f Cocoa Fusk, Sugarcane Bagasse, and Experimental Rations in Experiment 1 Percent Chemical Composition o f Cocoa Husk, Sugarcane Bagasse, Hay and Experimental Rations in Experiment 2 E ffect o f Experimental Rations on Animals in Feeding'T ria l ] I'fean Squares o f Analysis o f Variance fo r performance Traits o f Animals in Experiment 1 E ffect o f Experimental Rations on Animals in Ifeeding T ria l 2 Ilaen Squares c f .Analysis o f Variance fo r Performance Traits o f Animals in Experiment 2 I'iean Squares o f .Analysis o f Variance fo r Performance Traits Between Animals o f Experiment 1 and 2 Apparent Digestion Coefficients of Experimental Rations and Digestible ITutrients Consumed by Bullocks in Experiment 1 v i i i 1 1 ' 12 15 14 15 16 £dBL3 ifean Squares o f Analysis o f Variance fo r D igestib ility coe ffic ien ts in Experiment 1, 52 -Page Apparent Digestion coeffic ien ts o f Experimental Eat ions and Digestible Eutrients consumed by Bullocks in Experiment 2* 54 Kean Squares of Analysis o f Variance fo r D igest ib ility coe ffic ien ts in Experiment 2 55 E ffect o f Experimental Rations on Average shrink Losses and Carcass Traits in Experiment 2* 57 Ifean Squares o f Analysis o f Variance fo r Carcass Traits in Experiment 2* 59 Average Consumption o f Eeed Daring Experiment 1 and the coressponding Hfeed Costs. 61 - 62 17 Average Consumption o f Feed During Experiment 2 and the corresponding Ifeed Costs, 64 - 65 E ffect o f Roughage on Combined Average Cumulative TTeight Gain in Expsgiment 1, E ffect o f Protein Level o f Nations on Combined /Average Cummulative height Gain in Experiment 1« S ffect o f Roughage - Yellow Com Combination on Cummulative TTeight Gain in Experiment 2* XSUMMARY separate experiments, each lasting 84 days, were carried out on the University o f Ghana »s Agricultural Research Station, Kpong, The primary objectives o f the study were to: ( i ) Formulate cocoa husk - and sugarcane bagasse - based d iets, ( i i ) i'issess the acceptability o f d iets to loca l beef ca ttle , ( i i i ) Determine the e ffe c t o f roughage and protein le ve l ( i f any) on feed lo t performance o f the animals ( iv ) Find out .the extent to which soaking dried sugarcane bagasse overnight in fresh water would improve consumption o f bagasse- based rations (v ) Observe to what extent ( i f any) the addition o f 20 percent yellow com would improve the Total D igestible Nutrient (TDN) values o f cocoa husk - and bagasse-based rations, and (■±i) Formulate a standard fin ish ing ration fo r loca l beef ca ttle and compare its e ffic ien cy with that o f cocoa husk - and sugarcane bagasse-based d iets , Paramaters examined were: (1 ) Chemical composition o f the roughages as well* as the experimental d iets, (2 ) Ifeed consumption, growth and feed e ffic ieh cy • (3) Health o f the animals during the study, (4) In Vivo d ig e s t ib il ity studies on the rations. ( 5 ) Carcass evaluation (in experiment 2) and (6 ) Feed costs. crossbred Four N*da.ma and one Santa Gertrudis crossed West .African Shorthorn/ bullocks were randomly selected from 16 N’dama and 4 Santa Gertrudis bullocks and assigned to each o f four diets in experiment 1. The diets (A# 3, C and D) represented the treatments o f a 2 i 2 fa c to r ia l experi­ mental design. The factors were the major sources o f roughage and crude protein levels. Diets A and B contained cocoa husk and diets C and D sugarcane bagasse; whilst diets A and C had about 13 percent crude protein and B and D about 17 per cent. Ihe levels o f roughages in the diets were: A, 60.4; B, 47.5; C» 55.4 and D, 46.3 percent. During experiment 2 twenty N'dama. bullocks were randomly a llo tted into 4 treatments groups with 5 animals in each group. Ihe treatments were the four diets - A , B, C and D; a l l o f which had a crude protein le ve l o f about 17 percent. The major sources o f roughages were; d iet A, 50 percent cocoa husk; d iet B, 30 percent cocoa husk and 20 percent sugarcane bagasse; d iet C, 48*1 percent bagasse and d iet D (standard), 20 percent Panicum maximum hay. 15ie feed fo r the animals in each treatment in both experiments consisted o f a major roughage source, a Protein - Energy - Vitamin - Mineral Supplement (PSVKS), urea and molasses. Water and mineral licks were supplied to the bullocks ad libitum. 'Ehe results o f the study indicated that: ( l ) Both cocoa husk - and sugarcane bagasse-based rations were acceptable to loca l beef ca ttle without any detrimental physical or physiological manifestations resulting from the rations* QJie average da ily dry matter consumed in experinet 1 was 4.80, 4.04# 2*74 and 2.67kg fo r rations A, B, C and D respectively; while that in experiment 2 was 6,17 , 4.44, and 2.51 fo r rations A, B and C respectively. (2 ) ftie type o f roughage s ign ifican tly (pZ*0.0 i ) influenced dry matter consumption and hence feed lo t performance o f the bullocks. The cocoa husk-based rations were more consumed, e ffected more weight gain and were more e ff ic ie n t ly u tilized than the sugarcane bagasse-based d iets. (3 ) Bie leve l o f protein in the rations did not have sign ifican t e ffe c t on the feed lo t performance; indicating that the nitrogen requirement o f the animals was met by the rations. (4) Incorporation o f 20-percent yellow com s ign ifican tly (P^O.OI) improved the TDN value o f the cocoa husk-based rations and hence the feed lo t performance o f the bullocks. ( 5 ) ftie combined e ffe c t o f soaking the bagasse in fresh Water overnight and addition o f 20 percent yellow com did not enhance dry matter consumption. The treatment, however, improved the da ily l iv e - weight gains o f the animals and thus indicated better e ffic ien cy o f feed u tiliza tion . (6) The standard f i nishing ration formulated from 50 percent yellow com, 20 percent hay, 8 percent molasses, 10 percent wheatbran, 0.8 percent urea and 11.2 percent supplement was the most e ff ic ie n t in terms o f weight gain, feed conversion, fa t formation and feed cost. Ihe other rations were also commendable in terms o f weight gain, feed conversion, fa t formation and feed cost. $he averagQ figures fo r rations A, B, C and D were: Daily l iv e weight gain, 0.38, 0.33, 0.12 and 0o68kg; Ifeed conversion, 16.38, 13*39> 20.53 and 7.97; percent kidney fa t , 1.94* 2.03» 1.44 and 3*29 and Sfeed cost per kg. weight gain, 5*61, 4.69, 7.81 and 3*08 cedis® I t is anticipated that with the recommended means o f improvement such as grinding o f sugarcane bagasse and addition o f pure starch to cocoa husk-based d iets , rations containing cocoa husk and sugarcane bagasse could serve as feedlot fin ish ing rations fo r loca l ca ttle . INTRODUCTION World demand fo r beef is increasing more rapidly, than supply which grew at only 2»3 percent a year in the decade 1963-72* Ghana Veterinary Services Department (1975) put the national increase In beef supply as 18*6 percent as against the 24*7 percent increase in demand fo r beef cattle between 1969 and 1974© Associated with the growing world shortage, the progressive increase in market prices are o ffe rin g better opportunities to public and private investors to embark on more improved methods o f beef production# Beef cattle production in Ghana, however, has fo r fa r too long, re lied so le ly on natural pastures. For multiple reasons these pastures are nutriously poor and unproductive fo r a considerable part o f the year and available only in lim ited quantities® There has therefore been an alternating seasonal gain and loss pattern o f growth with overwhelming evidence o f undemutrition and malnutrition in the animals. improved I t is generally believed that / management o f existing range­ lands would lead to increased production o f fodder and meat. But i t must be recognised that this is a long term approach under prevailing socio-ecological conditions. F^ or thermo re , the improvement o f the e ffic ien cy o f existing rangelands is l ik e ly to cause a decrease in the present livestock populations. Eie introduction o f a large scale industrial system involving feed lo t technique has a greater potential to y ie ld good quality beef cattle which would reach market weight in a shorter time. Millions o f tons o f lignocellu losic materials go to waste every year as unavoidable by-products around industrial sites such as sugar- m ills, cocoa industries and sawmills® She Cocoa Research Institu te o f Ghana has estimated that Ghana produces about 1 m illion tons of dry coooa husk annually most o f which is l e f t to roto Ihese fibrous materials have low nitrogen content, low d ig e s t ib il ity fo r livestock and consequently low animal production potential# !Hiey could, however, be made to contri­ bute s ign ifican tly to increased animal production by simple inexpensive treatments which w i l l increase lignocellu lose breakdown© Bie e ffec tiv e use o f these materials by livestock w i l l o ffe r the potential to convert waste products to animal proteino I t w i l l also assist in the partia l a llev ia tion o f disposal and pollution problems associated with the waste products ® Studies on cocoa husk-based rations have indicated the husk as an alternative cheap source o f energy fo r ca ttle during the dry season® Sim ilarly dried sugarcane bagasse has been found to be a fib re source fo r lactating cows® There is need fo r further studies on the u tiliza t io n o f lignocellu - los ic by-products by loca l cattle® The results from such studies could be extended to feed lo t system in the country® Ihis study was to : (a) form ilate cocoa husk - and sugarcane bagasse-based d iets , (b) assess the acceptability o f the d iets to loca l beef ca ttle , (c ) determine the e ffe c t o f rou^iage and protein leve l ( i f any) on feed lo t performance o f the animals, (d) find out the extent - 2 - - 3 - to which soaking dried sugarcane bagasse overnight in fresh water would improve consumption o f bagasse-based rations, (e ) observe to what extent ( i f any) the addition o f 20 percent yellow com would improve the Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN) values o f cocoa husk- and bagasse-based rations, and ( f ) formulate a standard fin ish ing d iet fo r lo ca l beef ca ttle and compare its e ffic ien cy with that o f cocoa husk- and sugarcane bagasse- based d iets0 - 4 - LITERATURE REVIEW Cattle Feedlot Finishing Hie fin ish ing o f ca ttle implies the laying on o f fato According to Ensminger (l970), and Morrison (1973)» the ultimate aim of the fin ish ing process is to produce meat o f improved flavour, juiciness, tenderness and quality which resu lt from "marbling". Between 1930 and 1967* cattle fin ish ing expanded from 3 m illion to 11*3 m illion head in the U.S.A. (Ensminger, 197o)® Bie quality beef was achieved through the feeding o f high energy rations to young animals ( 6 - 3 0 months o ld ). In developing countries, however, wiiii the exception o f Southern B razil, North-East Mexico, Cuba and Kenya, the bulk o f beef production s t i l l comes from extensive system (Auriol, 1974). In the trad itional system o f beef production (natural pastures without any feed supplementation and using unimproved Boran breeds) animals are, according to the w riter, slaughtered at 6-7 years o f age at 400kg. In a s ligh tly improved system (unimproved breeds under s ligh tly improved management) with feedlot feeding fo r 150 days, 400kg. is achieved at 36 months; while in the more improved system (improved breeding (Hereford x Boran) and management, based on improved pasture in the f i r s t year) with feedlot feeding fo r 150 days, animals are slaughtered at 30 months weighing 435kg. Unpublished data a t the Department o f Animal Science, Legon, indicate that beef ca ttle (N*dama) raised under extensive systems on the University o f Ghana's Research Station a t Legon are slaughtered - 5 - on the average at 76 months with an average weight o f 248kg* Fattening o f young ca ttle has developed into an important industry in Yugoslavia* According to Bacvanski, Cobic and Vucetic (1973) most Yugoslavs ca ttle are raised on small private farms, while fattening is carried out mainly in large scale co-operatively owned units® Biese units buy large numbers o f calves weighing 80 - 220kgs® from the rearing areas and fatten them up to 420- 450kg (male) and 400kg (female)® Squire and Creek (1973) reported o f a viable example of a feed lo t project in Kenya known as custom feeding o f cattle® According to Squire (1976), though the basic price ra tio o f l iv e weight beef to grain was 4 : 19 while the conversion ra tio o f grain to liveweight beef was, at least, 8 : 1 , a fte r 6 years o f operation an average o f $16®6 p ro fit per steer fo r 87 days was obtained® 'Hms an owner of 300 steers made @5P000 in 87 days® Wyatt, Lusby, Gould, Watters, Whiteman, and Totusek (l 977) have determined the e ffe c t o f breed o f dam on post-weaning feed lo t performance o f steers and h eifer calves from Hereford, Hereford x Holstein and Holstein cows* Bie ration composition fo r the individually fed steers was: whole com , Q7 oOfo; cotton seed hulls, 5®0^ and supplement, 8®0fo, Bie constituents o f the supplement were: soybean meal, urea, cotton-seed msal, wheat middlings, NaCl, KC1, CaCO^ , trace minerals and vitamin A® As percentage o f Holstein blood Increased, da ily feed intake and feed consumed per kg® liveweight gain increased® The Holstein progeny, crossbred and Hereford progeny consuned 9*1, 8®2 and 8®1 kg o f feed daily® Feed required per kg® gain was 9®04, 8®26 and 6.88kg in the same order. Ababio (1966) and Owusu-^omfeh and intw i (1972) have carried out feed lo t studies in Ghana® Ababio investigated the performance o f three indigenous cattle (N'dama, ’vest African Shorthorn (W.A.S.) and Sanga) on rations o f coin and cob, groundnut cake and molasses supplemented with com s illa g e and m ille t hay* .She investigation lasted s ix months* * He observed s ign ifican t differences in the rate o f gain as w e ll as the feed e ffic ien cy among the breeds* The Sanga was the best gainer and most e ff ic ie n t user o f feed. The TPdama and the W.A.S. appeared sim ilar in both tra its . The average da ily gain fo r N*dama, W.A.S. and Sanga was 0.38, 0.45 and 0.62kg. respectively while the average feed fo r kg. gain was 32.1, 27*7 and 19*6kg. in the same order. j Owusu-Domfeh and Antwi (1 972) evaluated the performance o f mature trade Zebu cattle finished on wheatbran and sugarcane bagasse. Based on the high cost o f the animals, and their poor health which resulted in th e ir in ab ility to gain weight, the workers reported that i t was uneconomical to fatten trade cattle before slaughter. The t r ia l was, however, not repeated with healthy animals and i t is dohotful i f a ration o f only wheatbran and bagasse could furnish the required TEST fo r fattening. Nutrient Requirement of Finishing Beef Cattle Dry Matter and Total Di^es tib le Nutrients: The National Research Council (NEC) feeding standards (1970) reported that fin ish ing beef cattle consumed feed equal to 2.55° to 3•Ofi o f th e ir liveweigat. Older cattle consumed less feed per unit body weight than younger animals. In absolute - 6 - - 7 - figures Morrison (1973) put the daily- dry natter required by an 182kg* growing beef ca ttle as 4.2 to 5*2kg, and 4*86 to 5®91kg fo r a 227kg beef ca ttle fed fo r rapid growthj while NRC (1970) put i t at 5,6kg for a 200kg small breed beef ca tt le gaining an average o f 0®7kg a day* lack o f su ffic ien t TEN could be a common deficiency in beef ca ttle fattening* According to Morrison ( l 973) the f i r s t requirement for fattening animals is an abundance o f TDK or net energy (NS)® Unless a large surplus o f the nutrients was le f t a fte r the maintenance requirements o f the body had been met, the rapid formation o f fa tty tissue was impossible® 2he NRC (l 970) suggested a TDN o f 58^ or 3«2kg as a da ily minimum TDN required by a 200kg fattening beef ca ttle , while Morrison (1973) recommended a range o f 3*27 to 3*8kg fo r a 227 beef cattle* Protein The quality o f protein or balance o f essential amino acids, is not a c r it ic a l factor in beef ca ttle fin ish ing ration because bacteria in the rumen ’’’manufacture * proteins o f high quality that are used by cattle* For this reason, i t makes l i t t l e difference to a bullock whether its protein comes from one source or several. Yet according to Sisminger (1970), a mixture o f d ifferen t protein sources could be more palatable than a single source0 Ensminger (1 970) further suggested that the percent protein supplement to add to a ration depended on the age o f the animal, the kind an amount o f roughage and the protein content of the carbonaceous concentrate being fed . He nevertheless recommended a crude protein leve l - 8 - o f 10*0 to 11 .556 (on DM basis) in the rationo For a fin ish ing beef ca ttle Kay, Bowers and Me Kiddie, (1 968) had found that a d iet containing 11.($ crude protein and supplying 205g d igestib le crude protein (DCP) reduced liveweight o f ca ttle by 14$ compared with that containing 16 . 6$ C.P. and supplying 31 5g DCP per day. Morrison (1 973) and NRC (1 970) respectively put the daily DCP required by a 227 and a 200kg fin ish ing ca ttle as 393g and 330g. Roughage Cattle require some ammnt o f roughage in their ration. Experiments have established that concentrate to roughage ra tios fa ll in g between 30 : 70 and 70 : 30 are satisfactory in promoting liveweight gains in fattening ca tt le . The feeding o f all-concentrate diets resulted in fluctuations in feed intake aid caused in-appetance (Kay, 1969)« McDonald, Edwards and Greenhalgh (1973) observed that acid production could be unusually rapid and saliva secretion low in animals given predominantly concentrate d iets. In such cases the pH o f the rumen could be as low as 4.5<> Si ere could also be increased incidence o f d igestive disturbances such as bloat, gastric impaction and increased occurance o f rumen papillae degeneration. I t is generally accepted that roughages should be fed dry. Ihey could be either in b ig or long form, or chopped or cracked form. Ensminger (1970) recommended the chopped or cracked form and argued that such could be stored in a smaller area, was easier to handle, had higher dry natter d ig e s t ib ility and could therefore promote better weight gains. He, however, cautioned - against the grinding o f roughages® McDonald, e t a l (1973) also reported that ground roughages passed through the rumen fas ter than the chopped materials and th e ir fibrous components were less completely fermented# 'Che grinding o f roughages, according to the w riters, reduced the d ig e s t ib il ity o f the crude fib re as much as 20% and that o f the dry matter as a whole by 5 - 15$. They, however, reported that grinding increased the acceptability o f roughages to ruminants * U tiliza tion o f Lignocellulose by 3aminants0 $he search fo r feed sources that do not provide d irect competition between livestock and man as i t is with most concentrates has resulted in the extensive use o f many lignoce llu los ic materials as feed ingredients fo r lievestock* Samples o f materials used are newsprint, bagasse, wood and sawmill residues, cocoa husk and cereal straws* Chemical Composition: Investigators have fo r a time now employed Chemical analysis to assess the feed value o f woody by-products* Beckman (1915) analysed several d ifferen t woods fo r nitrogen, fa t , starch and ash* He found the ir value to be much lower than those obtained fo r straw* K itts and Krishnamurti (1970) reported that wood and wood residues contained 70-85?* carbohydrates, 15-30/* lign in , 1-2$ crude protein and 0*2 - 0*4$ ash* Pigden and Bender (1972), on the other hand put the combined cellulose/kemicellulose content o f grasses, straw, hardwoods - 9 - - 10 - and bagasse between 60 and 75/^ > They found the lign in le ve l to be between 5 and 25 Prom nutritional point o f view Pigden and Bender (1972) grouped lignocellu lose into 3 fractions; v iz ; (a) Hie lign in which is essen tia lly unavailable to the rumen microbes* (b) The d igestib le energy (de) fraction which is read ily availab le, and (c ) The potentially d igestib le energy (PDE) fraction which is very resistant to bacterial attack but which could be made available by specia l processing lik e grinding, a lk a li treatment, steaming and N supplementation® Physical and Chemical Procedures Used to Increase Cellulose A va ilab ility to Rumen Microbes* Herbivores are unable to u t il is e fu lly the carbohydrate portion o f wood, straw and other lignocellu losic materials* Various methods have been used to study the e ffe c t o f treating these materials to in­ crease their d ig e s t ib ility * Procedures which include a lk a li treatment (Huffman, K itts and Krishnamurti, 1971; Randel, 1972; Carrero, Valencia, Ifemirez and Randel, 1972), alternate treatment with a lk a li and acid (jfcDonald et a l» 1973)» urea supplementation (Sandel, 1970); ensiling (Donerfer, 1976); and gamma irradiation (Pritchard, Pigden and Hinson, 1952; K itts , Krishnamurti, Shelford.and Huffman 1969; Huffman, K itts and Krishmanmurti, 1971) have been employed in the study« Sands1 (1.972) compared the d ig e s t ib il ity o f rations containing poni sugarcane bagasse and 2-percent TTaOH solution - treated bagasse, The mean apparent digestion coeffic ien ts in the treated bagasse - and raw bagasse-rations respectively we res D'T, 68.6 and 55»7; OTI, 76.1 and 62.0; CP, 79*6 and 71.0; SE, 86.4 and 83«0; CF, 67«9 and >7.5? TTFE, 77.6 percent. and 64*6; TDW, 67*4 and 55.8; and Calories 74*0 and 58.9/ deluding 5EP a l l o f the mean differences between the rations were s ta t is t ic a lly sign ifican t. According to McDonald, et. a l, ('I 973) spraying straw with a 3mall volume o f concentrated a lk a li and neutralising the excess with acetic or propionic acid increased the dry matter d ig e s t ib il ity o f straw from 40$ to 60 - 70$. Sugar-fith (a term referring- to fresh sugarcane stalk without the outer rind) is readily fermentable. Donefer (1976) reported Of a tr ia l in which 'the feeding value o f ensiled and fresh sugar-fith was compared® Ensiling resulted in substantial decreases in in talcs and liveweight gains by ca tt le . These were large ly reversed with molassess supplementation. K itts , e t a l (1969) subjected helmlock sawdust to gamma irradia­ tion up to a maximum o f 1.46 x 10S rads and used i t as a substrate fo r in v itro rumen fermentation tests. They observed that the percent dry matter disappearance and cellu lose d ig e s t ib ility showed a steady increase with increasing irradiation le ve ls . In a sim ilar study,; Huffman, e t a l ( l97l ) investigated the chemical composition and in v itro rumen d ig e s t ib il ity o f alder, f i r , poplar and sludge a fte r gamma irrad ia tion . Remarkable increase in the d ig e s t ib ility o f the woody materials in response to increasing irradiation dosages o f 1 s 1C7, 1 j 108 aad 2 i 10S rads -ras reported. - H r - - 12 - Studies on Cocoa Husk The exploitation o f cocoa husk as animal feed is currently being Studied in a l l the major cocoa-producing countries,* Various workers have analysed the fibrous material fo r its proximate chemical composition. The percent nutrient composition observed by Kenten ( l 964) » Acquaye (1966), Bateman and Fresnillo (1967), Oyenuga ( 1968) and Ankrah (1974) fo r the husk were: CP, 5*70 - 10.70; BE, 1.10 - 1.65; CF, 33.19 - 42.00; NFS, 44.20 - 51.27; Ash, 8.83 - 13.43. The ash o f the husk contains high levels caustic substances. Dittmar (1958) and inkrah (1974) reported that potash forms 30 - 40^ o f the ash. This is the basis fo r soap manufacturing* Doamekpor (1977) analysed two batches o f cocoa husk; one fa ir ly fermented and the other fresh. He observed that fermentation remarkably lowered the CP, EE and NFS components o f the husk while i t resulted in increased crude fib re content. He attributed the observations to possible loss o f the rich and soluble neutral and acidic polysacchrides during fermentation. This confirmed an ea r lie r observation by Ademosum and Kblade ( 1973). Alongside the proximate chemical analysis cocoa husk=based rations have been used in feeding tr ia ls with both ruminants and non-ruminants* Alba and Basadre (1952) fed a cocoa pod-based ration to fattening pigs. Other ingredients o f the ration were corn, sesame o i l meal, fish meal and ripe bananas. They reported that cocoa pod meal offered good p oss ib ilit ies as forage fo r p ig fattening. The e ffe c t o f coaoa husk meal on milk y ie ld was investigated by Alba Garcia, Cano and Ulloa ( l 954)* Two diets (one containing 50$ cocoa husk and the other 50$ cassava) were fed* No s ign ifican t difference was observed in the to ta l milk y ie ld o f the cows* Haines and Schevaria (l955) obtained the follow ing milk yields fo r a sim ilar t r ia l over a 23-day period using 12 cows: 2,462*0kg. fo r pod meal, 2,295*8 fo r com and 2,244.3kg. fo r cassava meal* I t was concluded that cocoa pod meal was 97$ as e ff ic ie n t as com meal* Doamekpor (1977) fed diets containing 3 leve ls o f cocoa husk (45, 60 and 75$) to sheep which indicated that maintenance rations could be formulated with dried cocoa husk i f the le ve l in the ration did not exceed 60$, The average da ily liveweight gains were 7.4g, 8.9g and -300g. respectively. Increasing levels o f cocoa husk have been noticed to reduce dry- matter, crude protein and energy d ig e s t ib il ity o f rations (Adeyanju, I lo r i , Ogutuga and Megbola, 1975; Fessey, 1976; Doamekpor 1977)* Kertesz (1951) explained that the lower d ig e s t ib ilit ie s could be due to high mucilaginous pectic substances as w e ll as the high proportion o f lignocellu losic polysaccharides present in the husk* These according to him do not support rumen bacteria l growth and hence could cause low d ig es tib ility * Bateman and Fresnillo (1967) observed that the reduced d ig e s t ib il ity was compensated fo r by the high pa la tab ility o f the cocoa husk-based diets. According to Bateman and Laragan (1966) cattle on fattening -trials consumed enough o f rations containing 40 and 60$ cocoa pod meal to make liveweight gains comparable to gains in control animals on com rations* theobromine, a tox ic principle in cocoa germ, ezpeller cake, shell and husk, has been incriminated as the major lim iting factor to the extensive use o f the materials by livestock# According to Oyenuga (l968 ), the methylated derivative o f Xathine (3» 7 - dimethyl-Xamthine) is feebly basic and b itter# Workers lik e Dittmar (1958), Greenwood-Barton (i 964), Osmsu-Domfeh (1972) and Adegbola and Omole (1973)* have reported the alkaloid to be highest in the germ (3*C$ ) 9 followed by the cake (2#5/£), the Shell (1.0fo) and the husk (0#2$)# Knapp and Churchill ( 1937) had shown that theobromine was mostly confined to the nib in the fresh, unfermented beans, with very l i t t l e in the shells# They argued that the s ign ifican t amount of theobromine found in the shells (1 - 1,5 percent ) appeared to diffuse from the nib to the surrounding shells during the process o f fermentation# Since actual fermentation takes place (a fte r the removal o f the beans) from the pod, the writers expected the cocoa husk to be re la t iv e ly free from the alkaloid# Theobromine poisoning has been reported in both ruminants and non-ruminants but the former have exhibited greater tolerance (Ueiniger, Funk, and Gresse, 1956)# Greenwo0d-Barton (1956) and Owusu-Domfe (1972) observed deaths in p igs, poultry and horses when theobromine intake was above G#025g and 0.027 g/kg body weight respective ly. One kg o f shell meal per animal per day had e a r lie r been suggested by Ehapp and Churchill (1937) as an optimum quantity fo r cows ( i . e . an optimum non­ toxic le ve l o f about O.O36 g/feg'body weight). deeding tr ia ls with Sugarcane Bagasse Sugarcane bagasse as a possible livestock feedstu ff has also been - 14 - a subject o f in terest in cane growing countries* Kirk, et a l (1962) reviewed a number o f reports, most o f which indicated that bagasse was in fe r io r to other common roughages in beef cattle rations. However, in a series o f experiments extending over 7 years, the above investigators obtained satis factory results with several bagasse-based rations* During a 17-week feeding period, Beams (1961), tested bagomolasses, (a mixture o f 3 0?o bagasses and 7Q5» molasses) in rations fo r 2-year old Hereford steers* Two rations which contained 70ft bagomolasses (Equivalent to bagasses and 49ft molasses) and 13»5 or 9®4$ crude protein resulted in average da ily gains o f 0*6kg and 0*7kg respectively* Another ration containing 50$ bagomolasses proved superior, y ie ld ing an average daily gain o f 1*0kg* Handel (1970) fed sixteen Holstein-Friesian and Brown Swiss male calves on 4 mixtures containing f in e ly ground sugarcane bagasse and concentrates* The calves weighed 7%7 to 154.1kg„ at start o f experiment and 454,3kg* at slaughter. T3ie diets had two leve ls o f bagasse (20 and 30/b) and two levels o f crude protein (l2 »5 and 16*0ft)* Ee observed that a l l the 4 formulae gave excellent and comparable results in growth response and carcass y ie ld . The higher le ve l o f protein was not s ign ifican tly b en e fic ia l, nor the higher le ve l o f bagasse s ign ifican tly - detrimental* The follow ing were the respective average responses observed on diets A (low bagasse - low p rote in ), B (low bagasse - high p rote in ), C (higji baggase - low protein) and D (high bagasse - high prote in ): da ily liveweight gain, 1*12, 1.19, 1*15 and 1.06kg; daily feed consumption, - 15 - - 16 - 8.77, 8,64, 9®32 and 8.95kg; and feed consumed per kg„ o f gain, 7.84* 7.28, 8.07 and 8.45kg. Donefer ( 'i 976) reported tr ia ls in Barbados in which Holstein male calves were raised from in i t ia l liveweight o f 120kg. on the average to an average slaughter weight o f 430kg. 'The eighty calves were fed on daily prepared fre3h sugar-fith given in combination with cane tops in a 70 j 30 ra tio . On dry matter basis the f i th constituted about 80fo o f the ration. From two tr ia ls with the sugar-fith/cane tops rations the average da ily gains were 0o7 to 1.0kg. When additional sources o f energy were supplied (molasses or maize gra in ), 10 - 30/2 increase in rate o f gain was observed* I t was suggested that the higher increase observed with maize was possibly due to the presence o f more slowly digested starch. ftorrison (1973) have determined the percent chemical composition CF o f dried sugarcane bagasse® The values fo r CP, S3, NFE/and Ash were 1.2, 0.4, 46.7, 41*0 and 2.5 respectively. Owusu-Domfeh and Antwi (1972) explored the p oss ib ility o f feeding sugarcane bagasse to livestock when they attempted fattening mature ca ttle on bagasse-based rations. The rations which contained only bagasse and wheat bran could not provide the animals with the requisite TDN or N.E. I t was therefore not surprising that the workers obtained negative results. I t would appear that not much work has been done in Ghana on the use o f bagasse in livestock feed* Kb re studies therefore need to be conducted to elucidate the feeding value o f the material. Regulation o f Feed Intake Factors which influence feed intake by ruminaftts are many. Ttfo m&jor ones have received considerable study in the past three decades* These are: ( i ) Animal factors and ( i i ) Forage factors. The animal factors studied include liveweight and ageo Raymond (1948), working with sheep observed that the da ily dry matter intake increased stead ily as ,the sheep increased in body weight. Langlands (1968) found no s ign ifican t relationship between dry matter consumption and livew ei^ it* He, however, noted that the forage intake o f two flocks o f Merino wethers increased with age up to 41 months and then declined. The relationship observed by Conrad, Pratt and Hibbs ( 1364) was among d ig e s t ib il ity o f the feed, voluntary feed intake and liveweight. They observed that when d ig e s t ib il ity o f a d iet was lower than 65fo (on DM basis ), voluntary intake was proportional to liveweight ( i . e . whereas with d iets o f higher d ig e s t ib il ity i t tended to be more c losely proportional to metabolic liveweight ( i . e . The forage factors, according to Jones ( 1 971) include those physical factors which regulate the rate o f passage through the gastro-intes- tin a l tract and physiological factors. Examples o f the la t te r factors are d ig e s t ib il ity and chemical composition, which relate more to metabolic regulation. Blaxter, tfainman and Wilson ( l96l ) fed hay o f poor, medium and good quality to mature wethers and found that dry matter intake per kg bodyweight and d ig e s t ib il ity increased with feed quality. Intake was greater when hay o f good quality (74$ D.3.) was compared to that o f - 17 - medium quality (59$ D.E.). In an experiment to investigate f,actors lim itin g feed intake Crampton ( 1957) fed dry forages to ewes. He concluded that volun­ tary intake was lim ited primarily by rate o f cellu lose and hemicellu- lose digestion which depended upon both the extent o f lign ifica tion in the forages and the nitrogen available to the rumen microbes. Maximum feed intake and milk yie ld by da ily cows resulted when their diets contained approximately 16$ crude fib re (Spa&r, Branding, Eesler and Cloninger, 1966). At a higher leve l (19$) energy intake was depressed and cows fa iled to maintain body weighto Weight was, however, gained at a lower C.F* le ve l (15$). ®ie optimal 16$ CP levels corresponded to a ration containing 45 to 55$ concentrates. Strozinski and Chandler (1971) have also studied the relationship between fib re content o f the d iet and feed intake in young claves. Crude fib re levels o f the four teat diets were 9»79 16.0, 18.8 and 23.4$ with their corresponding lign in levels as, 3.0, 4.0, 5o1 and 6.2$. Peed intake increased with increased f ib re levels^ reaching a plateau at 18.8$ C.P. A quadratic equation showed that d igestib le dry matter intake declined when ration exceeded 12 . 1$ fib re . Cowsert and Montgomery (1969) in a study, on the other hand, observed that as the concentrate portion o f the ration increased (0.33 and 67$) feed intake declined; d ig e s t ib il ity , however, improved while energy intake was maintained at a constant le v e l. Donefer, Lloyd and Crampton (1963) had suggested the possible ro le o f pH as a -18 - part o f physio lo g ic a l control in th is observation!, Cowsert and Montgomery (1969) reported a decrease in rumen pH from 7.1 to 5.4 when the propor­ tion o f concentrate in the ration increased,, There is considerable evidence to show that in ruminants, intake o f low protein rations results in reduced feed intake-, Ifoir and Harris (1962) fed a purified d ie t varying in nitrogen content to wether lambs* Dry matter intakes were reduced at the lowCP leve l (6 .2$). In a la te r work TJeston (1971) fed 3 rations containing 1 1 .7 i°, 15 ®8/o and 19*1$ Crude Protein respectively to wether lambs* The dry matter intake was lowest with the d iet containing the 11*7$ C.P* There was no s ign ifican t difference between the 15*8$ and 19.1$ rations. Campling (1970) explained that the low N content o f „ digesta could be a major factor lim iting ruminal fermentation and hence the rate o f passage o f digesta. Urea-Ibl&ss ss 5uy Pie sen tatior. Urea and molasses have been used by many workers either separately or together as supplements to improve the quality of roughages to ruminants* Beams (1S63) examined the possible use o f urea in the drought feeding o f ca ttle and observed that animals which could not survive on low quality roughages (3 .5$ C.P.) survived on urea-treated rations * Winks and Laing (1972) and imaning-Ewarteng (1974) also supple­ mented urea to cattle and reported that the animals fed urea-molasses supplements gained weight during the feeding period and performed - 19 - - 20 - s ign ifican tly better than the control during the dry season® Because o f the widely observed urea to x ic ity , the amount o f urea to feed fo r optimum e ffic ien cy has been the concern of many. Studies by McNaught and Smith (l 942 ) , Coombs and Tribe (lS63), Tillman and Swift (1953) and Oltjen (1965) have shown that the marginal advan­ tage o f urea diminished a fte r certain levels and became negative and thereafter, a disadvantage* Humphrey (l950) advised that cattle should not be fed more than 113®5 per head per day. Although Meiske, Yan Arsdell, Leucke and Koefer ('1955) had fed a d iet containing 3 per­ cent urea and had obtained no harmful e ffec ts , Ensminger (1970) and I-lbrrision (19T3) suggested that the amount o f urea to feed should not exceed 2 to 3 percent by weight- o f the ration. The improved e ffic ien cy o f urea u tiliza tion when fed together with read ily available carbohydrate sources such as molasses and com have been attributed to the contribution o f the carbohydrates as read ily available sources o f energy to the rumen microbes (McNaught and Smith, 1942; EbDonald, 1952)o The usefulness o f molasses as an energy source fo r ruminants, according to Johnson, Hamilton, Mitchell and Robinson (1942) was, however, lim ited by the fa c t that its net energy (UE) fo r productive purposes decreased as the quantity fed increased beyond a certain maximum. Lofgreen and Otagaki (l 950) in a study to determine the US value o f molasses fo r fattening beef steers observed that when fed at a le ve l o f 10$ in the ration, molasses was e ff ic ie n t ly u tilized while increasing the le ve l to 25$ and 40$ caused a markBd depression in feed - 21 - consumption* weight and energy gains o f the steers® In a sim ilar experiment with beef h e ife rs , Lofgreen (l965) again observed that animals receiving leve ls o f molasses at 5, 10 and 15$ o f the ration performed w e ll while those receiving 20$ required more feed when adjusted to equal energy gain® E ffect o f Intensive Deeding on Carcass Traits Carcass tra its have been extensively used in _in vivo feeding tr ia ls to evaluate the e ffe c t o f experimental rations on animals® iu r io l (1974) reported that intensive feeding permitted a con­ siderable increase in dressing percentage which rose from 45 'to 55 or 66$ in some cases® Sxpressed in feed units, the energy require­ ments fo r producing 1kg® o f carcass were 39, 15 and 13 feed units fo r extensive, semi-intensive and intensive feeding o f cattle® .animals on intensive feeding were s ta ll- fe d on feed lo t rations while those on extensive system grazed a l l day® For the semi-intensive system, animals grazed t i l l noon and returned to shed fo r supplements® Comparing the e ffic ien cy o f feed conversion by animals on intensive and extensive feeding, i t was concluded that intensive system o f feeding o f cattle could increase e ffic ien cy o f meat production three fold* In a 2 x 2 fa c to r ia l experiment, Handel (1970) investigated the e ffe c t o f 4 rations (a , 3, C and D) on average shrink losses and other carcass tra its o f male calves® Diets A and B contained 20$ bagasse and C and D 30$ while diets A and C had about 12®5$ crude protein and B and D 16$* During the 24 hour pre—slaughter feed withdrawal period the animals on rations A, B, C and B los t 3*10, 3*35, 5*13 and 5*0$$ o f their f in a l fed liveweights respectively. A combined average o f rations A and B versus C and D showed that the animals on rations with higher percentage o f bagasse had greater shrink loss . Average warm carcass weights ranged from 230*00 to 241®36kg, among the 4 groups. Upon, ch illin g the carcasses o f the animals fed d iets A through D lost an average o f 1.32, 1*33* 1*98 and 1*55 percent o f th e ir in it ia l weights respective ly. !Ehe loss was greater fo r diets C + D than A + 5* Eie ch illed carcass dressing percentages were 54.3, 54.8, 52.6 and 53*4* The advantage in dressing percentage in favour o f the diets o f lower bagasse content was not s ign ifican t. K itts , et_ a l (1S69) fed non-processed raw and ground wood at d ifferen t levels to' beef ca tt le , They reported no s ign ifican t difference in the dressing percentages o f the animals. The values were 55*1, 56*5, 57*7 and 59*2$ fo r the rations containing 35$, 27.2, 13.0 and 0.0% sawdust respectively. The trend observed here was sim ilar to that reported by Bandel ( l 970) in which animals on lower bagasse content also had higher dressing percentages. In comparative studies with IT,dama, ifest African Shorthorn (tfAS) and Sanga ca tt le , Ababio (1969) observed that the degree o f muscling as measured by the rib eye area (RSI) at the 10th rib showed no s ign i- among ficant difference/the breeds. The average RSA. values were 72,24, 61.92 and 53.54 sq.cm, fo r IT’ dama, UAS and Sanga respectively* The average dressing percentages based on 5 animals each were 53*2, 50.0 - 22 » and 49»4 in the same order# The results showed apparent correlation between dressing percentage and the degree o f muscling® iwuma (1976) reviewed the slaughter characteristics o f loca l breeds and the ir exotic crossbreds„ The data used fo r the study were the records kept on a l l ca ttle slaughtered on the University o f Ghana’ s Agricultural Hesearch Station (a .R .S ,), Legon between i960 and 1975® 3he results indicated that under the extensive system o f management the crossbreds did not perform any better than the loca l purebreds by way o f liveweight, carcass weight and dressing percentage, imong the loca l purebreds, however, the ¥1S showed s ign ifican tly heavier liveweight at slaughter and better carcass weight. These observations were presumably due to age differenceso The ¥AS were slaughtered at an average age o f 114 months as opposed to 76 months fo r H*dama. A linear relationship was established between carcass weight and liveweight. This ta llied with the findings of ¥ i l l i s and Preston (l968)<, - 23 - - 24 - MATERIALS AND I'STHODS Location The experiments were conducted on the University o f Ghana's -Agricultural Research Station at Kpong on the North-East Accra — o ^Us oPlains. Ok© grid reference o f Epong is 0 04 ; 06 07 « I t has a vegetation o f open medium grassland with scattered coppice shoots. The area experiences a two-peak ra in fa ll regime with an average to ta l annual ra in fa ll o f 118cm (Anonymous, 1973)* 'Eh© major rains occur between March and July and the minor from September to November; the la t te r 3eason being very uncertain. December through February is usually dryo The average annual re la tive humidity at 0900 hours, 1500 hours and 2100 hours GMT are 75? 58, and 87 respective ly. The average annual maximum and minimum temperatures of the area are 32.8°C and 22.2°C respectively with a mean o f 27*8°Co (Baranowski, 1970)„ animals, Sousing and Health Sixteen N'dama hullocks with an average age o f 2898 months and four Santa Gertrudis crossed #est African Shorthorn, averaging 41 .0 months were used in the f i r s t experiment. The average weights o f the N*dama bullocks and the Santa Gertrudis crosses were 228,4 and 259*3kg. respectively. During the second experiment 20 N’dama bullocks with an average age o f 36.8 months and an average weight o f 206. 18kg. were used. A ll the bullocks had been weaned at an average age o f 8 months. They had since then been raised on extensive system, t i l l the time o f the experiment. Sousing was in the form o f an open shed with corrugated metal roofing V and concrete f lo o r , elevated above ground le v e l. 2he shed was divided by wooden partitions into 20 pen3 (ten facing the 3ast and the otlier 10 on tlie r;95 (fa t thickness over rib eye muscle (ins) - 1,06 [Kidney fa t ($ ) j + 0*682 I'iIjSULTiS The results presented herein w i l l be discussed under the follow ing sub-titless (a ) Chemical composition (b ) Feed consumption, growth and feed e ffic ien cy , (c ) Health, (d) Jo. v ivo d ig e s t ib il ity studies, (e ) Carcass evaluation and ( f ) Feed costs„ For b rev ity the fo llow ing symbols w i l l be used where appropriates - 33 - CH = Cocoa husk-based ration without corn* = Sugarcane bagasse - based ration without corn, LF = Low protein-ration. HP = High protein ration. CE-LP = Cocoa hnsk-Low protein ration* SB-LP = Sugarcane bagasse-Low protein ration* CH-HF = Cocoa husk - High protein ration. SB-HP = Sugarcane bagasse-High protein ration, CH-YC = Coco.a husk-based ration containing yellow corn. S3-YC - Sugarcane bagasse-based ration containing yellow corn. CH-SB-YC = Cocoa husk-sugarcane bagasse-based ration containing yellow corn. SD = Standard fin ish ing ration, Chemical Cor.po s i tier. Experiment 1. Table 3 shows the chemical composition o f the dried cocoa husk, dried sugarcane bagasse and the rations fed in experiment 1. She bagasse-based rations had lower dry matter content as compared with the. cocoa-husk-based rations, Ihe values fo r rations A, B, C, - 34 - Ikble 3: Chemical Composition o f Cocoa Eusk-]t2 Sugarcane bagasse and Experimental Bit ions in Experiment 1 (Percent Dry le tter)® I ® I $ ) R A T I 0 H DriedCocoa Dried Sugarcane BagasseA B 0 D Husk Dry Matter 71.12 81 .41 63.30 73.33 79.32 85.81 Crude Protein 17.78 25.22 18.31 24.13 15.20 1.86 Ether Extract 5.60 5.45 3.20 3.12 10.01 0.89 Crude Elbre 28.01 19.45 27.89 20.67 34.42 43.61 Ash 13.69 12.58 6.10 6.72 14.40 3.12 Nitrogen-Pree Extractives 32.92 37.30 44.50 48.36 25.97 50.73 Gross Energy (Kcal/g) 4.73 4.89 4.91 4.98 5.40 5.72 Calcium 0.91 1.01 0.52 0.44 0.63 0.22 Phosphorus 0.82 0.91 0.69 0.71 0.30 0.12 Hieobromine 1.10 0.91 - - 1.85 - A ll components, except dry matter, expressed on DM basis* Averages o f 4 determinations each. - 35 - and D were: 71.12, 81.41* 63.30 and 73»33 percent respectively* Crude protein leve ls o f rations A (CH-LP) and B(CH-HP) were 17»78 and 25.22 percent respectively instead o f the 13.20 and 16*70 percent* The sugarcane bagasse-based rations, C (SB-LP) and D(SB-HP) also had crude protein levels o f 18.31 and 24o13 percent respectively instead o f the estimated levels o f 13*20 and 16.70 percent. Theobromine content o f the dried cocoa husk used in experiment 1 was 1 .S5 percent® Rations A'- and B, which contained 60 and 48 percent respectively o f the husk, had 1 .10 and 0.91 percent theobromine in the same order. Experiment 2* Presented in table 4 are the proximate composition o f dried cocoa husk, soaked sugarcane bagasse, Pahlcum maximum hay, and the rations fed in experiment 2* The soaked sugarcane bagasse had a very low dry matter (17.47 percent). Compared with the dry matter o f the dried bagasse used in experiment 1 (table 3) the soaked bagasse imbibed about 80 percent more water. The dry matter o f Rations B and C were 48*01 and 27.52 percent respectively. Ration B contained 50 percent o f the soaked bagasse while ration C contained 20 percent o f i t . Crude protein leve ls o f rations A, B, C and D were 16.86, 16.91, 16.56 and 16.74 percent respectively. Ash content was highest in the cocoa husk (15.6 percent) followed by the hay (11.4 percent) and the sugarcane bagasse (3.0 percent). The same trend was observed in the cocoa husk-, hay-, and bagasse-based rations. The values fo r rations a (CH-YC), 3(CH-SB-YC), C(SB-TC) and - 36 - (Dable 4 : Chemical Composition o f Cocoa Husk, Soaked Sugarcane bagasse, Hay and Experimental Bations. in Experiment 2 (Percent Dry le t te r ) o ITEM (50 R A T I O N DriedCocoa Husk Dried Sugarcane Bagasse Hay A B C D Dry le t te r 75.64 48.01 27.52 76.91 86.75 17.47 90.56 Crude Protein 16.86 16.91 16.56 16.74 10.64 2.01 5.08 Ether Extract 2.80 2.56 1.96 2.57 2.16 0.98 1.47 Crude Fibre 21 .83 27.30 28.37 10.27 43.82 42.74 39.01 Ash 10.06 8.15 4.42 5.65 15.69 3.00 11.14 Nitrogen-Free Extractives 48.45 45.08 48.69 64.74 27.69 51.27 43.30 Gross Energy (Kcal/g) 4.35 4.40 4.08 4.37 3.84 4.56 4.23 Calcium 0.95 0.93 0.50 0.61 0.99 0.16 ,0.50 Hiosphorus 0.71 0.53 0.45 0.66 0.25 0.04 0.20 Iheobromine 0.23 0.14 - - 0.42 - - 1 A ll components, except diy matter, expressed on DM basis* 2 Averages o f 4 determinations each® D(SD) were 10*06, 8*15» 4.42 and 5*65 percent respectively* Lower percent theobromine le ve l was obtained fo r the dried cocoa husk which contained no beans (0*42 percent)* The corresponding values fo r rations A and B were 0*23 and 0,14 percent* Feed Consumption, Growth and Feed E fficiency Experiment 1, A summary o f the e ffe c t o f the various rations on the experimental animals in-feeding t r ia l 1 is presented in table 5* 'She average da ily dry matter intakes fo r groups A* 3, C and D during the entire experimental period were 4*80, 4.04» 2*74 and 2.67kg. respectively. The consumption o f the cocoa husk-based rations (a + 3 ) per animal per day was s ign ifican tly higher (P^O .O l) than that o f the sugarcane bagasse-based rations (C + d)* There was, however, no sign ificant d ifference in the in-take between the low protein (A + C) and the high protein (C + D) ra t io n a l Analysis o f variance did not reveal any s ign ifican t interaction between roughage and protein le ve l in respect o f dry matter consumption (table 6 )« Correlations of dry matter intake ( i ) with liveweight (',.'* *? ) and metabolic liveweight were determined fo r animals in each group* The correlation coeffic ien ts pertaining to ( l ) and W1 were, r = 0*946, r = 0*205, r = 0*419> and r = 0*632 fo r groups A, B, C and D respectively. The coe ffic ien ts fo r A and D were sign ifican t at 1 and 5 percent probabilities respectively. Corresponding correlation o 75coeffic ien ts between I and 71 - were, r = 0*948, r = 0.212» r = 0.806 - 37- - - 38 - Table 5 ; E ffect o f Experimental Rations on .animals in Feeding Tria l 1 . I T E II l i l ' 0 II A. B 0 D In it ia l Age o f Bullocks (l-b) 30.50 31.90 32.30 32.30 Duration o f T ria l (Dys) 84 S4 84 84 In it ia l Liveweight (kg) 186.19 163.28 190.72 196.42 Final Lveweight (kg) 201.91 185.60 191.52 194.60 Total Liveweight gain (kg) 15.72 2.32 0.80 -1 .82 Daily liveweight gain (kg) 0.19 0.03 0.01 -0.02 Daily Dry Matter Consumed (kg) 4.80 4.04 2.74 2.67 Peed E fficiency (kg Feed/kg liveweight gain) 25.67 146.28 288.14 -123.25 Daily Fsed Consumed per Ketabolic Liveweight 0.09 0.08 0.05 0.05 ana r = 0.625. Apart from group B a l l the coefficei&fcs w ra s ign ifican t (p-<0.01 fo r groups A, and C, and p/_0.05 fo r group D). Daily liveweight gains averagedO.19, 0.03, 0.01 and -0.02kg. on rations kt B, C and D respectively during the experimental period of 84 days (table 5 ). Animals on cocoa husk-based rations (A + B) gained s ign ifican tly more weight than those fed bagasse-based rations (p-^0.01). The combined average da ily livewsight gain on A -*• B was 0.11kg while that on C + D was -0.01 kg, Protein le ve l o f rations had sign ifican t e ffe c t o f the average daily weight gains with animals on LP gaining more weight than -those on EP (P^O .O l). Ihe interaction between roughage and protein le ve l was s ign ifican t (P-C0«01). Figures 1 and 2 show the e ffec ts o f roughage and protein respec­ t iv e ly on the combined average cummulative liveweight gains. Figure 1 c lea rly shows that the rate o f growth o f animals on cocoa husk-based rations (a + B) was remarkedly higher than that o f animals on sugarcane bagasse-based rations (c + D). S im ilarly, the growth rate o f animals on low protein rations (a ■+• c) was higher than that o f animals on high protein rations (b + D). I5iis difference is portrayed in Figure 2. Eie combined •average f in a l cumulative weight gains fo r the various groups, as seen from the two figures, were: A + B, 9.53; C + D, -0.20; A + C, 8.29; and B + D, 0.54kg. Sations B, C and D were poorly u tilized by the experimental animals. Ani mal s on ration ® even showed a negative e ffic ien cy o f feed conversion (table 5 ). She combined average feed per kg. liveweight gains on rations A + B, C + Dj A + C and S + D were 85.98, 82.45; 156.91 and 336kg. . respectively. Thus, there was no sign ifican t difference in the feed - 39 - - 40 - Table 6 1 Mean Squares o f Analysis o f Variance fo r Performance Traits o f inimals in Experiment 1. T R A I T S Source d .f . Daily DM Consumed Daily Liveweight Gain Feed Consumed Per Eg. Liveweight Gain Daily DM Consumed Per Ifetabolic Liveweight Boughage (a ) 1 ** 14.71 0*0638** 8359.14 ns 0.00518** Protein (P) 1 0.87ns ■s* 0.0470 78924.54*" 0.00015 ns E X P 1 0.59ns 0.0200*~ 335565.59*"* 0.00004 ns Error 16 0*37 0.0005 2753.31 0.00013 * Indicates significance at P<£0.05 Indicates significance at I-'-^O.OI ns Indicates non-significance* C O M 8I N E O AV ER AG E C U M M U LA TI V E W EI G HT GA IN {K G .} - 41 - KEY o o----- o Growth r a te on Cocoa H u s k - b a s e d r a t ion s (A+B ) o— - o --------- o Growth r a t e on S u g a r c a n e B a g a s s e - based ra t io n s (C + D ) A V E R A G E C U M M U L A T IV E W E IG H T GAIN IN E X P E R I M E N T 1 . C 0M 8I N E D A V E R A G E C U M M U LA T IV E W EI G H T GA IN (K G .) - 42 - KEY o -o-------o Growth rote on Low Protein Rations (A + C) o--------o-----o G row th ra re on H igh Prote in Rat ions (B+D) FIG. 2 E F F E C T OF PROTEIN L E V E L OF RATION ON COMBINED AVERAGE C U M M U L A T IV E WEIGHT GAIN ' IN E X P E R IM E N T 1. e ffic ien cy between animals on A + B and C + D. Animals on A + C, however* u t ilized their rations more e f f ic ie n t ly than did those on B + D (p < 0 .0 l). A converse resu lt was obtained with the daily feed consumed per meta­ b o lic liveweight. Whilst there was no s ign ifican t difference between the daily feed consumed 'per metabolic liveweight o f animals on 1 + C and B + D, animals on A + B consumed s ign ifican tly more feed per meta­ bolic liveweight than did those on C + D (P<£0.01). Experiment 2. Table 7 indicates the average feed consumption, growth and feed conversion responses o f animals to the rations fed in t r ia l 2. Dry matter intake per day averaged 6.17, 4*44, 2.51 and 5«40kg fo r groups Af B, C and D respective ly. Analysis o f variance showed treatoant differences to be s ign ifican t (p < p .0 l)« However, a comparison o f each treatment mean against the standard, using Dunnett's t- te s t, did not show the consumption o f any test rations to be better than that of the standard fin ish ing ration. 1 0S ignificant correlations existed between I and ¥ fo r a l l the groups. Eie coeffic ien ts o f correlation were: r = 0.993, r = 0.638, r = 0.681 and r = 0.927 fo r groups A, B, C and D respectively. Ihe coeffic ien ts fo r groups A, C and D were s ign ifican t at 1 percent while that o f group B was s ign ifican t at 5 - percent probability. Significant correlations also existed between I and Eie correlation coeffic ien ts fo r the various groups were } i , E = 0.996 (P - 44 - Table 7: E ffect o f Experimental Rations on Animals in Ceding T ria l 2» I T E M R A T I 0 N A B C D In it ia l Age o f Bullocks (lip) 35.20 38.40 36.20 37.80 IXiration o f T ria l (Dys) 84 84 84 84 In it ia l Liveweight (kg) 207.09 206.91 200.73 210.00 Final Liveweight (kg) 238.73 234.73 211.00 266.91 Total Liveweight gain (kg) 31.64 27.82 10.27 56.91 Dai 13 ^ Liveweight gain (kg) 0.58 0.33 0 .12 0.68 Daily Dry Matter Consumed (kg) 6.17 4.44 2.51 5.40 Jfeed E fficiency (kg Psed/ig Liveweight gain) 16.58 13.39 20.53 7.97 Daily Psed Consumed per I\ktabolic Liveweight 0.09 0.08 0.05 0.05 - 45 - Sable 3: ,’ fean Squares o f Analysis o f Variance fo r Performance Traits o f .Animals in Experiment 2, ?- S A I T S Source d .f . DM Consumed Liveweight Cain Feed Consumed ■ Per Kg. Liveweight Gain Daily DU Consumed Per I-fetabolic Liveweight 'treatment 5' -** 12.49 '0.227 '" ■286*88" 0.00250^' Error 16 0.64 0.021 50,56 - . _ ____ 0.00003 -S-'k'- _ indicates significance at F«CG,01 - 46- Eie average da ily liveweight gain on rations A, 3, C and D were 0*38, 0.33* 0,12 and 0.68kg. respectively* The treatment d i f fe ­ rences were shown by analysis o f variance to be s ign ifican t (p*£0.0l ) . None o f the groups, however, according to Dunnett's t- tes t gained better on the test rations than on the standard ration* The e ffe c t o f treatment on cummulative liveweight gains showed higher rate o f growth on the standard fin ish ing ration D than on the test rations A, 3 and C (figure 3)* Rations A and B (which showed almost the same resu lt) e ffected higher rates o f growth than ration C* The average f in a l , cummulative liveweight gains were 31.64, 27*82, 10*37 s-ud 56*91 kg on rations A, B, C and D respectively. Analysis o f variance showed treatment differences in the e f f i ­ ciency ox feed u tiliza tion to be s ign ifican t (P<0*01 ). The feed per kg. liveweight gain on rations A, B, C and D were 16*38, 13.39, 20*53 and 7»97kg respectively. None o f the test rations was more e f f ic ie n t ly u tilized than the standard ration. The daily feed consumed per metabolic liveweight o f the anircals on rations A, B, C and D were 0.09> 0.08, 0.05 and 0.05 respectively. Treatment d ifferences, according to analysis o f variance, were s ign i­ ficant (P<.0.01). Dunnett's t- tes t showed only animals on ration a(CH-YC) to have consumed s ign ifican tly more feed per metabolic l iv e ­ weight than did animals on the standard ration D(P-^0 .0 1 ) . C O M BI N ED AV E R A G E C U M M U LA TI V E W EI G HT GA IN (K G ; - 47 - KEY -o Growth rare on Cocoa H usk -Y e l lo w C o rn R o r io n (A ) ^ Growth ra te on Cocoa H u s k -S u g a rc a n e B o g osse - Yellow Corn R at ion ( B ) _q G ro w th ra te on Sugarcane Bagasse - Yellow Corn R ot ion ( C ) - ^ G r o w th r o te on S ta n d a rd F inishing Rat ion (D) F I G .3 . E F F E C T OF ROUGH AGE — YELLOW CORN COMBINATION ON C U M M U L A T IV E W E IG H T GAIN IN EX P E R IM E N T 2. - 48 - Experiment 1 Vps . Experiment 2 A comparison was made between the performance o f animals on ration A o f experiment 1 (CH) and that of animals on ration A of experiment 2 (CH-YC) o On the average animals on CH consumed 4.80kg, while those on CH-YC consumed 6,17kg per day, The difference was not s ign ifican t. S ign ificant d ifferences, however, existed: between the two groups with respect to average da ily liveweight gain (p-CO.Ol) and feed consumed per kg, liveweight gain (p Eie d ig e s t ib il ity o f the feed components in the rations fed in d ig e s t ib il ity study 1 are presented in table 10, Apparent dry matter d ig e s t ib ility coe ffic ien ts obtained fo r rations A, B, C and D were 24*86, 51*06, 61.78, and 63«12 percent respectively, Eie results indicated sign ifican t e ffe c t o f roughage (p ^ 0o0 1 ) on dry matter d iges tib ility ,, ffiie combined average d ig e s t ib il ity coe ffic ien ts fo r cocoa husk-based rations (a + B) against sugarcane bagasse-based rations (c + D) were 37.S6 and 62.45 percent respectively, Ihe e ffe c t o f roughage on the d ig e s t ib il ity coeffic ien ts o f CP, CP, Ash, IJFEf Energy and TM was also s ign ifican t (p^LO .d), She difference with respect to the d ig e s t ib il ity o f Ash was s ign ifican tly in favour o f A + B (p«C0.0i), The apparent d ig e s t ib ilit ie s o f the other feed components as w e ll as TEST were, however, s ign ifican tly higher fo r C + D than A.+ B (P ^ O .d ) . Xfae difference in S3 d igesti­ b i l i t y was not s ign ifican t. The apparent d ig e s t ib il ity coeffic ien ts - 51 - Table 10; .Apparent Digestion Coefficients o f Experimental Rations and Digestible nutrients Consumed by Bullocks in Experiment 1. Apparent D ig es t ib ility (jo) R A T I 0 A B Q 2 Dry Matter 24.86 51.06 61.78 63.12 Crude Protein 37*60 70.76 84.50 85.26 Ether Extract 73.98 79.40 82.28 84.66 Crude Fibre 15.10 18.77 52.47 39.09 Ash 58.88 49.02 39.02 44.15 Uitrogen Free Extractives (NFE) 11.97 58.17 59.58 64.90 Energy 14.21 44.72 58.45 61.83 TD1T 24.18 52.94 62.51 63.48 Digestible Nutrients Consumption Daily TDN Consumed (kg) 1 .16 2.14 1.71 1.69 Daily DCP Consumed (g ) 320.64 720.74 423.06 479.80 Daily DE Consumed (Meal) 3.26 8.89 8.63 9.61 Table 11 : I fe a r i S q u a re s of A n a ly s is o f T a r ia n c a f o r D igestib ility Coefficients in Experiment 1• Coef fic ien t o f Digest:Lb ility Source d .f . DM CP BE OF Ash NFE Energy TEN Roughage (r) 1 2999.54 4713.5? 157.?f 4228.23 764.fi' 3689.^ 4706^? 2986.S f Protein (? ) 1 947.<}5 1438.I f 76.81 106.1? 27.51 !f«' 3318.15 1433.So *■* 1104.84 a x p 1 772.?5 131^.52 11. §8 343.11 281.33 2089**7 919.?? 965.08 Error 16 13.04 6.39 38.43 25.69 23.93 17.56 34.88 11.30 * Indicates significance at P^/0.05 ** Indicates significance at P^O.OI ns Indicates non-significance. - 5 3 - o f rations A + B : C + D averaged: CP, 54*18: 84*88; EE, 76.69* 83*47; CF, 16.94; 45.78; Ash, 53*95: 41*59; NFS, 35*07: 62.24; Eaergy, 29*47: 60.14 and TDN, 38.56: 63.00 percent respectively. Protein leve l showed sign ifican t e ffe c t (p^.0.01) on the d ig e s t ib il ity coe ffic ien ts o f DM, CP, NFS, Energy and TDN» A ll differences were in favour o f high protein rations (B + D)* The eiffect o f protein le ve l on the d ig e s t ib ilit ie s o f BE, CF and Ash was not s ign ifican t. Apparent d ig e s t ib il ity coeffic ien ts fo r the rations A + C as opposed to 3 + D were; DK, 43*32: 57*09; CP, 61*05: $8.01; EE, 76.69: 82.03; CF, 33*79: 28.93; Ash, 48.35: 46.59; NFS, 35*78: 61.45; Energy, 36.33: 53*28 and TUN, 43*35: 58.21 percent respectively# Experiment 2. aSae apparent d ig e s t ib il ity coe ffic ien ts o f the rations fed in experiment 2 are shown in table 12. Analysis o f variance showed treatment differences to be s ign ifican t (pZ.0.01) with respect to the d ig e s t ib ilit ie s o f DM, CP, CF, Ash, NFE, and energy as well as TDN. A comparison o f treatment means using Dunnett's t- te s t, however, did not show any o f the tes t rations' d ig e s t ib ility coeffic ien ts to be better than those o f the standard fin ish ing ration* Treatment differences in the d ig e s t ib il ity ox EE were, according to analysis o f variance, not s ign ifican t. - 54 - Table 12; apparent Digestion Coefficients o f j&pe rimer, ta l Rations and Digestible Nutrients consumed by Bullocks in j&cperiment 2* Apparent D iges t ib ility (jo) 2 A T I 0 1 A B C D Dry Matter 47.53 4i.40 59.82 72.5_' Crude Protein 57.33 54.58 76.62 Ether Extract 63.54 68.60 65.91 55.19 Grade D’i'bre 39.12 47.27 54.66 56.60 Jsh 41.12 37.99 24.56 51.17 ITitrogen ^ree Extractives (nfe) 48.42 45.76 63.08 ?£.;o Bnergy 47.53 49.73 54.92 71.92 TDU 45.67 48.38 62.64 72.66 Di-'QStiblG Nutrients Consumption Daily TDK Consumed ( ig ) 2.82 2.15 1.57 3.92 Daily DCP Consumed (g ) 596.64 484.85 325.30 692.82 Daily D3 Consumed (Meal) 12.77 9.72 5.6 16.96 '.Cable 15: Ifean Squares o f toalysis o f Variance fo r D igestib ility Coefficients in Experiment 2. Coefficient o f D igestib ility TDNSource d . f , DM ,CP vBE CF Jsh KFB Energy Treatment 3 659.1* 499.® 177.§§ 316.04 **622.13 1C^0.|| -'09.25 798.*58 Error 16 2.72 73.75 120.81 5.08 6.37 5.75 6.03 2. 305 X-tf- Indicates significance at P^0*01 ns Indicates non-significance iSxperiment 1 Vrs. Experiment 2» A comparison 'between rations A o f experiment 1 and A o f experiment 2 indicated that the incorporation of 20 percent yellow com e ffe c t iv e ly improved the apparent dry matter d ig e s t ib il ity o f the cocoa husk-based ration. The d ig e s t ib il ity o f other feed components that are constituents o f organic matter (except Sii) as well as TIM was also improved. The percent improvement fo r DM, CP, CP, HF3 and TDN was 47.70 , 34*41, 61.41, 75*28-and 47.05 respectively. The addition of yellow com , however, depressed the apparent d igesti­ b i l i t y coe ffic ien t o f ash by 30*16 percent. Comparing rations C o f experiment 1 and C o f experiment 2, i t was observed that the combined e ffe c t o f soaking bagasse in water and the incorporation o f 20 percent yellow com did not show any .marked change in the d ig e s t ib il ity coe ffic ien ts o f any o f the feed components o f the sugarcane bagasse-based rations. Carcass Evaluation The animals used in experiment 1 were not slaughtered at the end o f the feeding t r ia l . Three bullocks in experiment 2 were, however, randomly selected and slau^itered at the end o f the second feeding t r ia l . Table 14 shows a summary o f the main e ffe c t o f the rations fed in experiment 2 on the average shrink losses and carcass t r a its . During the 24-hour pre-slaughter starvation period, animals lo s t 9.97t 9.65, 8.93 and 10.04 percent o f their fin a l fed liveweights on rations A, B, C and D respectively. The lowest percentage weight loss occured in animals on the ration with the highest crude fibre - 56; - - 57 - Table 14: E ffect o f Experimental Rations on Average Shrink Losses and Carcass Traits in Experiment 2. I T E M R A T I 0 N A B C D Final liveweight (kg) 279.70 239.24 225.61 280.86 Pre-slaughter starved liveweight(kg) 251.81 216.21 205.45 252.73 Starvation period weight loss as percentage o f f in a l livsweight (/o) 9.97 9.65 8.93 10.04 Warm carcass weight (kg) 136.21 118.03 104.09 144.39 Chilled carcass weight (kg) 135.30 115.90 103.03 143.49 Chilling shrink loss as percentage o f warm carcass weight (^) 0*67 1.80 1.02 0.62 Chilled carcass dressing percentage (/£) 53.73 53.61 50.15 56.78 Total o f 4 wholesale cuts (cliuck, Rib, Loin, Round) weight (kg) 100.65 88.60 78.17 101.71 Percent o f ch illed weight (fo) 74.39 75.93 75.87 70.88 Rib eye area (REA)-(sq.cm) 52.20 52.03 40.14 47.88 Percent kidney fa t- (^ ) 1.94 2.03 1.44 3.29 Percent boneless r e ta il cut (^) 53.62 53.88 53.44 51.59 content (ration C) Tfchile the highest loss occured on the ration with the lox*est fib re content (ration D* ©ius an inverse relationship appeared to ex ist between the crude f ib re content o f the rations and the percentage pre-slaughter weight loss o f the animals* Correlations were determined between the ch illed carcass weight and the f in a l liveweight fo r the groups* The coe ffic ien ts of corre­ lation were: 0*923» 0.998, 0*980 and 0*987 fo r rations A, B, C and D respectively* A ll the coe ffic ien ts were s ign ifican t (P 0*01)* Upon ch illin g , carcasses from the animals on rations A, B, C and D lost an average o f 0*67, 1*80, 1*20 and 0*62 percent of their warm carcass weights respectively* The differences in the loss which appeared greater fo r the bagasses-based rations were not s ign ifican t. The sum o f the four wholesale cuts (chuck, r ib , round and lo in ) represented 74*39* 75*93> 75*87 and 70*88 percent o f the chilled carcasses from animals on rations A, B, C and D respectively* No s ign ifican t e ffe c t o f the rations on the four wholesale cuts as percent o f the respective ch illed carcass weights was found* Significant d if fe ­ rences, however, existed among the treatments with regard to chilled carcass weight (PZ-0*05), ch illed carcass dressing percentage (PZ-0*01 ) and the to ta l weight o f the four wholesale cuts (Pzl0*05)* Treatment mean compa­ risons with Dunnett *s t- tes t did not, however, show any o f the rations to be better than the standard in any o f the tra its * dhe corresponding figures fo r groups A, B, C and D were: ch illed carcass weight, 135*30, 115*90, 103.03 and 143*49; chilled carcass dressing percentage, 53*41, 53*61, 50*51 and 56.78; and to ta l weight o f the four wholesale cuts, - 58 - Jabio 15: Veaii Squares o f .Analysis o f Variance fo r Carcass Traits in ISzperiment 2. CABCJS3S TiUIT Source d .f. Starvation period percent weight loss Chilled carcass weight Chilled carcass dressing percent” txQH Chilling percent shrink loss Total weight o f 4 whole­ sale cuts Iiib eye area Percent kidney fa t Treatment 3 0.72ns 1011.37 21.49 o .9 l 375.96 95. *?! *2.03 Error 8 2.14 141.09 1.44 0.25 80.06 32.56 0.43 * ■ Indicates significance at 5^0.05 ** Indicates significance at K^O.OI ns Indicates non-significance 100.65t 83*99, 78,17 and 101,71 percent respective ly. Group D was highest in a l l the 3 tra its followed by groups A, B and C in that order, Thus both ch illed carcass dressing percentage and the to ta l weight o f the four wholesale cuts appeared to have a linear relation­ ship with ch illed carcass weight. Variation among treatments in percent boneless r e ta il cuts was not s ign ifican t. The s ligh t treatment differences in respect o f rib-eye area (SEA) was also not s ign ifican t. Average percent kidney fa t fo r animals on rations A, B, C and T) were 1.94# 2.03» 1*44 and 3»29 respectively. The variation was s ign i­ fican t at 5-percent probability. Peed fr-?-1-.? Experiment 1 . Analysis o f the feed cost was made to assess the economics o f the feed lo t fin ish ing technique. Table 16 shows the average feed consumption and the corresponding- costs during the experimental period 1, The cost figures given fo r cocoa husk were made up o f cost o f transportation, chopping and drying o f the material. Transportation formed 41 percent of the to ta l expenses on the husk. The to ta l trans­ portation cost o f the husk was 0214*00 while i t cost 0312.00 to chop and dry the material throughout experiment 1 . Expenses on sugarcane bagasse comprised the purchase price o f the material, the cost o f chopping an5 that o f drying. The cost c f - 60 - •■Table 'io; Average Consumption o f Sheds During Experiment 1 and the Corresponding Feed Costs® S i l l 0 H DATA ON FEED UTILIZED A B C D Average Total Ifeed Consumed (kg) 403.52 339.37 230.51 224.32 Chopped Cocoa Husk amount consumed fce) (iCost) cedis 243.73 162.56 - - 63.13 42.11 Chopped Sugarcane bagasse Amount consumed (kg) - - 127.70 103.86 Cost (ced is) 41 .03 33.37 Triheat Bran Amount Consumed (kg) 80.70 84.84 46.10 51.59 Cost (cedis) 11.05 11.61 6.31 7.07 Groundnut cake Amount consumed (kg) 28.25 40.72 25.36 32.75 Cost (cedis) 13.59 19.59 12.20 15.75 Urea^ Amount consumed (kg) 2.12 3.39 3.46 4.49 Cost (cedis) - - - - I\b lasses Amount consumed (kg) 40.35 40.72 23.05 26.92 Cost (cedis) 13.52 13.64 7.72 9.02 Bone I&al .amount consumed (kg) 4.04 3.39 2.31 2.24 Cost (cedis) 5.39 4.52 3.08 3.00 Common Salt Amount consumed (kg) 4.04 3.39 2.31 2.24 Cost (cedis) 0.81 0.68 0.46 0.45 Vitamin A-D Crumbles Amount consumed (kg) 0.40 0.34 0.23 0.22 Cost (cedis) 0.62 0.53 0.36 0.34 Kade up o f cost of transportation, chopping and drying. The Husks were collected free o f charge from Cocoa Research Institu te - Tafo. 2 Made up o f cost o f the bagasse, chopping and drying. 3 Supplied free o f charge by the U.S.A.I.D. - '62 — Table 16 cont» DATA ON FEED UTILIZED A B C D I-Iinaral Licks Amount consumed-(biocks) Cost (cedis) 2 12.00 2 12.00 2 12.00 2 12.00 Cost o f grinding (ced is) 11.31 12.78 7.35 8.57 Total feed costs (ced is) 131.42 117,84 90.51 89.57 Total liveweight gain (kg) 15.72 2.32 0.80 -1.82 Peed co3t per kg. o f liveweight gain (cedis/kg) 8.36 50.79 113.14 -49.21 a l l other feed ingredients entailed only their purchase prices. See appendix 14 fo r the sources o f the ingredients and the ir unit prices at time o f experiment. I t cost an average o f 01.48 feed animals on rations A + .33 a day as against an average of 01.08 fo r rations C + D« 4 saving of 00.40 per animal per day was thus made on feeding bagasse-based rations. The performance cn the sugarcane bagasse-based rations, by way o f feed cost per kg« liveweight gain, was so poor that the saving made in feeding bagasse-based rations was uneconomical. I t cost 0113.14 to feed an animal on ration C per kg. liveweight gain* 'The corresponding figu re fo r ration D was negative due to the weight loss o f animals on the ration . Between the low-protein and the high-protein rations ( A i C 7rs. B + d) , a da ily amount o f 00.08 was saved per animal by feeding high- protein rations (01.24 as against 01.32). Again the saving was unecono­ mical considering the high cost o f feeding both the low-protein and high-protein rations per kg. liveweight gain. Thus, none o f the rations in experiment 1 performed commendably by way of the feed cost of producing a kg. o f liveweight gain. jszperiment 2 Presented in table 17 are the average feed intake and the correspon­ ding costs during experimental period 2. The areas o f cost fo r the cocoa husk, the sugarcane bagasse and a l l other feed ingredients were as ou tlined fo r experiment 1 . Transportation, this time, formed 37 percent o f the to ta l expenses on cocoa husk. - 64 - gable 17: Average Consumption o f Feeds Daring Experiment 2 and the Corresponding Feed Costs,' DATA 0n FEED UTILIZED a i r c i A B D Average Total Eteed Consumed (kg) 518.42 372.62 210.84 453.54 Chopped Cocoa Husk Amount consumed (kg) Cost (ced is) 259.21 69.25 111.79 29.87 - - Chopped Sugarcane bagasse j&aoujjt consumed (kg) Cost (cedis) - 74.52 21.01 101.41 28.59 - Panicum maximum hay Cost (cedis) -Amount consumed (kg) 31.20 90.71 Yellow com Amount consumed (kg) Cost (ced is) -i 03.66 31.93 74.52 22.95 42.17 12.99 226.77 69.85 Iflieat bran .taount consumed (kg) Cost (cedis) 51.84 7.10 37.26 5.10 21.08 2.89 45.35 6.21 Groundnut cake Amount consumed (kg) Cost (cedis) 48.73 23.44 32.42 15.59 21.08 10.14 41.27 19.85 Urea Amount consumed (kg) Cost (cedis) 2.59 4.47 3.80 3.63 ISslases Amount consumed (kg) Cost (ced is) 41.47 13.89 29.81 9.99 16.87 5.65 36.28 12.15 Made up o f cost o f transportation, chopping and drying. The husks were collected free o f charge from Cocoa Research Institu te - Tafo* 2 I-!a&e up o f cost o f 'bagasse, chopping and drying. 3 Consisted o f the cost o f fetching chopping and drying. ^ Supplied free ox' charge by U.S.A.I.D. Table 17 cont. D m 01T TIED UTILIZED A B C D Bone meal Mount consumed (kg’) Cost (ced is) 5.18 6.90 . 3.73 4.97 2.11 2.81 4.54 6.05 Common sa lt .amount consumed (kg) cost (ced is) 5.18 1.04 3.73 0.67 2.11 0.28 4.54 0.91 Vitamin i-D Crumbles .Amount consumed (kg) Cost (Cedis) 0.52 0.81 0.37 0.58 OJ tA o o 0.45 0.70 Mineral Licks Mount consumed (blocks) cost (cedis) 2 12.00 2 12.00 2 12.00 2 12.00 Cost o f grinding^ (cedis) 11.05 • 7.81 4.56 16.58 Total feed cost - do - 177.41 130.54 80.24 175.50 Average feed cost/day -do- 2.11 1.55 0.96 2.09 Total Liveweight gain (kg) 31.64 27.82 10.27 56.91 Ifeed cost per kg, o f liveweight gain (cedis/leg) 5.61 4.69 7.81 3.08 ^ Cnljr the PWIS was ground* - 66 - Eie - cos t o f the hay fed during experiment 2 consisted o f fetching, chopping and drying the grass# Yellow com supplementation yielded sign ifican t and promising results as portrayed in da ily cost o f feeding figures fo r experiment 2® I t cost an average o f 02*11, 01*55, 00.36 and 02.09 a day to feed rations a (CH-YC), B(CH-SB-YC), C(SB-YC) and D(SD) respectively* The corresponding feed cost per kg. liveweight gain figures were: 05*61, 04.69, 07.81 and 03»O8« The trend o f e ffic ien cy here ta llied with that o f the e ffic ien cy o f feed u t iliza tion (kg o f feed per kg o f liveweight gain) • Ptation D was most e ff ic ie n t in both tra its followed by rations B, A and C in descending order. I t is remarkable that inspite o f trie high amount o f com in the standard finshing ration, the ration yielded the least cost of producing a kg. o f liveweight gain. .L&rperiaient i 7r s . Experiment 2 A comparison was made b6ti?een the expenses incurred.in feeding ration A o f experiment 1 and that incurred in feeding ration A of saving experiment 2. An average/of 00.55 was made per day in feeding a bullock on CEo However£ when the to ta l feed cost was divided by the to ta l kg. o f liveweight gain i t was found that the average cost o f feed per kg, liveweight gain was 02.75 lower on CH-YC than CH. Similar comparisons between ration C o f experiment 1 (SB) and ration C 0f experiment 2 (S3-YC) revealed a saving o f 00.12 per animal per day when the bullocks were fad on SB-YC. She cost o f feeding an animal fo r a kg livew ight gain was 0105.33 lower on SB-YC than on SB, - 67 - D.L£> GU ool 01^ Ehe primary objective o f this study was to : ( i ) Formulate cocoa husk - and sugarcane bagasse-based d iets, ( i i ) assass the acceptability of the rations to loca l beef ca tt le , ( i i i ) determine the e ffe c t o f roughage and protein le v e l ( i f any) on feed lo t performance o f the animals, ( iv ) find the extent to which soaking dried sugarcane bagasse over­ night in fresh water would improve consumption of bagasse-based rations, (v ) observe to what extent ( i f any) the addition o f 20-percent yellow corn would improve the TEN Values of cocoa husk and bagasse based rations, and (v i ) formulate a standard finishing- ration fo r loca l beef cattle and compare its e ffic ien cy with that o f cocoa husk - and sugarcane bagasse-based rations* Chemical Composition Ihe percent nutrient composition obtained in this study fo r both the cocoa husk w ife beans and gocoa husk without beans were: CP, 15.20 and 10,64; 33, 10.01 and 2*01; CF, 34*42 and 42.74; UFS, 25*97 and 27*67; ish, 14*40 and 15*69 respectively* -apart from UE3 which was on the lower side, the figures obtained in this study fo r the husk without beans f e l l within the ranges obtained by lenten ( 1964) , icquaye ( 1 S66) , Sateman and Fresnillo ( l 967)* Oyenuga (1968) end inkrah (l974). Shis suggested that the material worked on by these workers might have been devoid o f cocoa beans# - 68 - Cocoa husk-based rations o f experiment 1 had higher crude protein, leve ls than estimated* Elis could have been caused by the beaus that were mixed with the husk* lihen the beans were removed from the husk in experiment 2 the proximate crude protein leve ls ta llie d with the estimated values. The higher values o f CP and EE and the lower le ve l o f ash obtained fo r the husk with, beans as compared with the values fo r the husk without beans indicated the s ign ifican t e ffe c t the beans had on the nutrient composition o f the husk. Theobromine content o f the cocoa husk with beans compared with that without beans (l .85 and 0.42 percent respective ly) showed that the beans increased the theobromine content o f the husk by about 77 percent. The 0.42 percent obtained in the husk without beans was higher than the value reported by Dittmar (1958) fo r cocoa husk. The difference could be due to variations in treatment such as fermentation, drying and storage. I t could also be brought about by climatic differences as well as differences in the varie ty o f the cocoa analysed. Average da ily -theobromine consumption on rations A and 3 in expe­ riment 1 and A and B o f experiment 2 were 0.262 and 0.198, 0.058 and 0.02Sg per kg. body weight respective ly. Knapp and Churchill (1937) suggested an optimum non-toxic le v e l o f about 0.036g per kg. body weight fo r cows. No sign o f theobromine poisoning was, however, observed in any o f the animals in this study. The sugarcane bagasse-based rations of experiment 1 had lower dry matter content than the cocoa husk-based rations. Eiis could be explained by the fac t that in an attempt to make the otherwise hard bagasse acceptable - 69 - to the "bullocks more water was used to dissolve the urea and molasses meant fo r the bagasse-based rations. Proximate composition o f the bagasse used in this study showed higher values fo r CP, ES, NFj3 and ash than reported by Lbrrision (1973) fo r sugarcane bagasse0 The higher CP value was re flected in the CP leve ls o f the bagasse-based rations o f experiment 1 which were higher than estimated* The higher proximate composition figures suggested that •the bagasse used in this study might have contained more o f the pulp than the rind* This in turn could have been caused by differences in the crushing operation as well as differences in the varie ty o f the cane used. jfeed Consumption, Growth and Feed E fficiency Finishing beef ca tt le , according to NRC (1970), consume feed equal to 2.5 to 3*0 percent o f th e ir liveweight* In absolute figures an 182 kg. beef ca ttle consume 4*2 to 5*2 kg. dry matter daily© The animals in experiment 1 o f this study averaged 201.91, 185*60, 191.52 and 194*60kg. fo r rations A, B, G and D respectively. Their corresponding average da ily dry matter intake was 4®80, 4«04, 2.74 and 2.67 kg. The intake respsesented 2.40, 2.20, 1.40 and 1.40 percent o f the respective l iv e - weights. I t is obvious that on both percentage and absolute basis the dry matter consumption o f animals on cocoa husk-based rations was very near the recommended valuesj while consumption o f the bagasse-based rations was on the lower s ide. I t is , however, d if f ic u lt to make any f ig id conclusion since the recommended values were fo r animals o f d ifferen t - 70 - breeds and age3 fed on d ifferen t rations <> Judging from the amount of the various rations consumed.it could be said that both the cocoa husk and sugarcane bagasse-based rations were acceptable to the loca l cattle# Bie results showed a s ign ifican t e ffe c t (p-s o f roughage had sign ifican t e ffe c t on dry matter consumption and hence on feed lo t performance* Animals consumed more o f the cocoa husk-based ration, gained more weight and more e f f ic ie n t ly u tilised the ration<> She le ve l o f protein in the rations did not s ign ifican tly a ffec t the feed lo t performance; indicating that the nitrogen requirement o f the animal was met by the rations. 4. The incorporation o f 20 percent yellow corn s ign ifican tly improved the TDN value o f the cocoa husk-based ration and hence the feed lo t performance o f the animals. The TM value could, however, be improved further by addition o f pure starch to the ration, 5. The combined e ffe c t o f soaking the sugarcane bagasse over-night in fresh water and addition o f 20 percent yellow coin did not enhance dry matter consumption due to the higher water content o f the soaked material. The treatment, however, improved the da ily liveweight gains of the animals and thus indicated better e ffic ien cy o f feed u tiliza tion . 6. Ihe ration formulated from 50$ yellow corn, 20;o hay, 3$ molasses, 1 wheatbran, 0..8/& urea and 11V2/& supplement was most e ff ic ie n t in terms o f cost, weight gain, feed conversion and fa t formation. I t could serve as a standard feed lo t fin ish ing ration fo r ca ttle . 7. She other rations containing d ifferen t combinations of cocoa husk>sugarcane bagasse and yellow corn were e ff ic ie n t in terms of cost, feed conversion and fa t formation and could, with the recommended means o f improvement, serve as feed lo t fin ish ing ration fo r ca ttle . F inally i t should be said that Ghana has a great potential to improve beef production by feeding ca tt le , p rior to marketing for slaughter, in confinement with lignoce llu los ic by-products along with the necessary supplementation® ‘ihe establishment o f a feed lo t is , however, an expensive business involving a large capital outlay on stock and building* I t needs a high le ve l o f managerial e ffic ien cy . Ihis type o f enterprise could be established by one or more business­ men, who would provide the capital and employ a manager to look a fte r their investment. I t could also be practised bjr groups o f small farmers who w i l l fom themselves into a co-operative to fatten their stock. 'Biey could be financed by some interested government or semi- government agency and should be able to achieve successful results provided they work together and leave the running of the feedlot to someone who has the know-how. Ihere is always a considerable disease hazard when large numbers o f animals are confined on a small area. Herd prophylaxis must therefore be o f a very high standard and veterinary services should be read il3r available. - 79 - - 80 - L I T E R A T U R jS _ C Ababio, L.N.K. (1S66). Dry-lot perfozm^-nce ox three indigenous cattle - N’dama, West African Shorthorn and Sanga* annual Report. University o f Ghana Agricultural Research Station Legon. Acquaye, Dolt* (1966), Mine r a lis at ion of pod husk. Rep. Cocoa Ees0 Inst. Ghana "I 963-65. Adegbola, A.A. and Omole, T.A# (1973) o A simple technique fo r preparing discarded cocoa bean meal fo r use as livestock feed» N iger. Aerie . J. 10 j 72-81. 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(1954)* Valor nu tritive de la cascara de cacao para production deleche encomparacion con maiz molido y harina de jnica. ■parrialba 23-34. - 81 - Amaning-Kwarteng, K* (1974)® Supplementary feeding o f cassava peels with urea and molasses to cattle© B*Sc* Piss, Fac» Agric* University o f Ghana« Legon» Ankrah, E*K* (1974)® Chemical studies o f some plant wastes from Ghana* J. Sci* Fd. Agrico 2£: 1229-1232. Anonymous (1 973)• Rain fa ll patterns fo r Agricultural Research Station, Kpong. Annual Report, University o f Ghana„ Agric* Research Station# Kpong. 1972-73 Association o f O ffic ia l Analytical Chemists (1970)„ O ffic ia l Methods o f Analysis, 11th Edo Washington* D*C* Auriol, P* (1974) o Intensive feeding systems fo r beef production in developing countries* Wld Anim* Rev* (F*A*0*)* 18-23® Awuma, K.S* (1976)« Slaughter characteristics o f loca l ca ttle and their exotic crossbreds* BoSc* Diss<, Fac* Agric* Uhiv* Ghana8 Legon* Bacvanski, S*, Cobic, T* and So fija Yucetic (l973)« Fattening Young ca ttle in Yugoslavia. Wid* Anim0 Rev* (F.A.O.) 8s 13-16 Baranowski, A. (1970). Sugarcane in Ghana. Crop Res* Inst* Bull* 2; 7-10 Bateman, J.T* and Fresnillo , 0*1* (1967)® D igestib ility of 'Eheobroma Cacao pods when fed to ca ttle* J* Agric* Sci® 86: 23-25 Bateman, J*7* and Larragan, A. (l966)* El uso de cacao en raciones para e l engorde de bovinos. Turrialba* 16: 25-28 - 82 - Beams, R.M. (i9 60 * BagGmolasses as the "basis o f a fattening ration fo r c a tt le . 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Fac* .'gric. University of T-iana» Legor. Donefer, B. (l976 ). Beef cattle production from processed sugarcane (sugar-fith ). In Beef cattle production in Developing Countries (Ed. Smith, J .A .) pp 258-260. Edinburgh Univ. Press. Donefer, E ., Lloyd, L.S. and Crampton, E.if. (1963)® E ffect o f varying a l fa l f a ; barley rations on energy intake and v o la t ile fa tty acid production by sheep. J. Atiim. 5ci. 22; 425-428. E llio t , R. C. ( 1967)0 Voluntary intake o f low-protein diets by ruminants. I . Intake o f food by ca tt le . J. Asrric. Sci. 6£; 375-382. Snsminger, I',S. (l970). .Stockman’s Handbook; 4th e&. pp 63-163* Interstate Publ. Inc. I l l in o is . Qreenwood-Sarton, L.H. (1964)0 Cocoa beans and cocoa podsj have they Unconventional uses?. F irst Sessi;::, FAC F^A-iioal ]jorking P-srty on Cocoa Production. Rone. Sept. 1954. - 83 - Haines, C.E. and Echevarria, A.J. (1955)<> Cocoa pods as a substitute fo r com in trop ica l dairy rations# ?oreippi Ac,~ric. 19; 99-101. Huffman, J.G ., K itts , T?#D# and Erishnamu.rti, C.R. (l97l)# Effects o f allcali treatment and Gama irradiation on the chemical composit5.on and In v itro i-umen d ig e s t ib il ity o f certain species, o f wood. Can. J, Anim. Sci. J1_j 457-464* Humphrey, D# (1950). The u t iliza tion o f urea as a protein supplement fo r ruminants (A review)* ISiodesia A?ric. J, 53" ? i 1 - 256, Johnson, B.C., Hamilton, T.S., M itchell, H.H. and ^-obinson, TJ.3. ^1342). fJ3ia re la tive e ffic ien cy o f urea as a protein substitute in the ration o f ruminants. J, Anim. Sci. 1: 236-245. Jones, G.M. ( l9 7 l) . V o la tile fa tty acids in concentrate rations fo r lactating dairy cows# J. Dairy Sci. 5t ’> 1142-1149* Kay, II# C1969) • Intensive beef production# aid# Rev# Anim# Prod# 2. (21 ) : 64- 70# Kay, !•!#, Bowers, H.B# and Mc.Kiddie, C# (1968)• Physiological and Ehysical factors lim iting feed intake. Anim. Prod# 10: 37-41 Kenten, R#H. U964). Other uses o f the cocoa bean and the by-products arising from the faresb. pod# Intom# I&rao Qhes. 1 6^4)0 Kertees, 2.1# (1951)• ^ e pectic substances, pp. 3^5-391 Intersciences Publ# ST.I# Kirk, .;.G,, Peacock, F.I-'# and Davis, G.E. ( l 962). U tilisa tion o f bagasse in cattle fattening rations. 71. , V -r lj. !£':-# Sta# Pu ll "4 i - 84 - K itts , J,D. and Krishnamurti, C.R. (l970;<> Ihe p oss ib ilit ies c f wood as livestock feed* Can. A°:ric, Inst. Hey. , ITov-Dec. Ed,, pp 18-19 K itts , 'J.D., Krishnamurti, C.R., Shelford, J.-A. and Huffman, J.G, (l 969)• Use o f wood and woody by-products as a source o f energy in beef cattle ration* In "Cellulases and their application** Adv. Che in. Ser. 92: 219-241 Knapp, AolJ• and Churchill, A. (1937’) * Cacao shell and its uae as an accessor, ladder, Jnl« Soc. Chem, Ind., Lond. 6j_: 29-33 Langlands, J.P. (l968 ). The feed in-take o f grazing Sheep d iffe r in g in Age, Breed, Previous nutrition and Livsweight. J. A,?ric. Sci. 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Einson, D.J. and l i l fo r d , Ro ('1968), Nitrogen a v a il ib i l i t y and requirements fo r lignocellu lose digestion, Alis'c. J» A&rio.. Anima A.'.sbo 8; 269-276. ffoir, R .Jo and Harris, L.3. M962). Rural.nal f lo ra studies in the sheep, z . Influence o f nitrogen intal® upon ruminal function. J. ITutr. 77 : 285-298, I’brrison , F.3. (l 973)* Fee ds. and Fee ding. 9th ed. pp. 625-631 I'lorrison Publ. Co. Ithaca. 1T.Y* tairphey, C.E., H a lle tt, D.K., Tyler, T7,E. and Pierre, J. 0. (i960). Estimating yields o f r e ta i l cuts from beef carcasses. J. Atiim. 3cl. 1_9: 1240-1246 National Academy o f Science - National Research Council (1970). Nutrient Requirements o f Beef Cattle. Publ. 11J7o N.R.C. Washington D. C. Oltjen, R.R. ('1965). Urea d iet studies with sheep. .'Uric. He s . 1 3 : S-9* (fcrnsu-Domfeli, X. (1972). Hie future o f cocoa and its by-products in ■the feeding o f livestock# Ghana J. A?ric. 5 c i. 57-64* Oirasu-Domfeh, IC. and Antwi, K.K. (1972) • Some observations on fattening cattle on wHeatbran and bagasse. Annual Report. Anim. Res. Inst Achimota. pp. 27-36. - 86 - Oyenuga, 7.^,. ( l 968)» N5,--;3rls *s V: :?di : f rs. ghe?:.i3':z7.- and N u tr it iv e Value, 3rd Ed. Ibadan Univ. Press. Ibadan. - 87 - Pessey, D®E® (1976)® Preliminary studies on the nu tritive value of some cocoa by-productso B«Sc® Piss, fe e , Agric® University o f Ghana. Legon* Pigden, W.J® and Bender, F® (1972)® U tiliza tion o f lignocellu lose by ruminants '■/Id. Anim® Rev® (FAO)® 7-10* Pritchard, G .I», Pidgen, W®Jo and Minson, D®J® (1962) E ffect of gamma irradiation on the u t iliza tion o f wheat straw by rumen micro-organisms, Can,J, Anim® Sci, 42 : 205-217o Randel, P.P. (1970), Dairy beef production from mixtures o f sugarcane bagasse and concentrates, Univ, Puerto Rico, J, Agricc 54: 237-246, -------- (1972). A comparison o f the d ig e s t ib ility o f two complete rations containing either raw or a lka li-treated sugarcane bagasse, Univ® Puerto Rico Jo Agric, J56 ( l ) s 18-25o Raymond, W.F® (1948), Evaluation o f Herbage fo r grazing. Nature, 161: 937-938. Snedecor, G#W, and Cochran, V/,G, (l967)* S ta tis tica l Ifethods. 6th ed, Iowa State Univ® Press Ames® Iowa, Spahr, S,L, Branding, A®E., Kesler, E,M® and Cloninger, W.H, (1966), Short-term e ffec ts o f d ieta iy fib re le v e l o f feed intake and production by w ell-fed cows, J. Dairy Sci, 49: 1046-1049® Squire, H,A® (l976 ). Experiences with the development o f an intensive beef feeding systems in Kenya® In E^Seef Cattle Production in Developing Countries" , (31® Smith, J®A.) pp.150-153* Biinburgh Univ® Press, Squire, H.A. and Creek, M, J* (1973)* Custom feeding o f Cattle - a proposal fo r a standardized package approach to project formulation. Wld» Anim,, Rev® (FAO) 8: 27-30® S teel, R*C.D® and Torrie, J®H. (i960) Principles and Procedures o f S ta tis tics* McGraw-Hill Book Co®, N.Y* Strozinski, L.L. and Chandler, P,T® (1971)° Effects o f d ietary fib re and acid-detergent lign in on body f i l l o f ruminating calves, J® Dairy Sci, 54: 1491-1495* Tillman, A.D. and Swift, R*W® (1953)® dhe u t iliza tion o f ammonia ted industrial by-products and urea by sheep J® Aninu Sci, 12; 201-21.2® Veterinary Services Department (l975)e Livestock Census o f Ghana, 1969-1974* Unpublished® Weiniger, J*E*, Punk, K® and Gresse, P, (l956). Investigations on the feeding o f theobromine and by-products o f cocoa manufacture. Chem* Abst* 50: 1735-1736 o Wellington, G,H® ( l 953)• Recommended procedure fo r cutting beef® Proc, Recipe Meat Conf, £: 73-81• Weston, R,H* (l 971)• Factors lim iting the intake o f feed by Sleep* V* Peed intake and the productive performance o f the ruminant lamb in relation to the quantity o f crude protein digested in the intestines* in st, J, A?ric, Bes, 22: 307-320® W illis , M.B. and Preston, T.R. (1968)* The performance o f d ifferen t breeds o f ca tt le in Cuba0 Anim. Prod, 10 (1 ): 77-83® - 88 - - 89 - Winks, L„ and Laing, A*R. (1972)* Urea, Phosphorus and I-tolasses Supplements fo r grazing beef weaners* Proc» Aust» Soc* inim, Prodo _9: 321-327* Wyatt, IUD*, Lusby, K*S. Gould, M,B., Walters, L.E«, Whiteman, J.Y,, and Totusek, R. (1977)* Feedlot performance and Carcass tra its o f Progeny o f Hereford, Hereford X Helstein and Holstein coes«, .Aninu Scio (5 ) : 1131-1137* .U -raJIiU 1 : Ind iv idual Fortn igh tly Dry l i t t e r Consumption (kg ) In 3:cperiment 1 — S .H CO A a a o u p 3 a 3 OBJ C £r I 0 U P D n s n iB animal .Animal Jnimal iUiimal 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 j 4 5 1 7G. 79 48.13 53.47 32.92 76.08 57.31 46.77 20.56 60.68 25.90 29.35 29.35 26.47 .17.55 29.26 28.45 31.69 33.32 27.32 -p . 55 2 55.10 66.83 50.34 55.74 91.43 59'. 90 63.94 33.00 67.49 40.29 39.99 38.21 33.66 32.86 40.80 37.97 40.61 37.78 32.85 45.18 3 70.46 * 71.46 51.55 65.41 97*83 59.35 64.93 39.26 70.19 57.76 38.33 40.51 36.08 40.39 43779 40r85 *• 40.08 37.52 29.42 34*52 4 71.74 65.77 51.41 71.31 04.96 57.42 66.90 42.74 . 63.01 60.75 30.71 38.76 34.44 44.71 41.29 39.25 38.32 35.05 31,89 42.11 5 81.41 (57.40 52.54 72.17 74.44 55.28 77.11 44.55 ' 67.16 60.31 42.35 39.56 36.34 44.83 46,41 33.82 38.48 35.08 32.75 45.95 6 02.04 68.11 50.55 73.30 05.G9 50.64 80.77 56.87 63.57 74.37 44.77 42.19 39-53 46.09 53.46 ----- 41.28 41.41 41.68 38.98 48.64 Blood smaars ahowod presence o f Babesia pa ras ites . jgMHDlX 2 : Ind ividual Fortaigdrtly Dry l e t t e r Consumption (kg ) In Experiment 2 Foptiani' G R OU P it a i 0 U v S H O P i Q 5 2 0 U P D .Animal .'.nimal Animal Animal 1 2 3 4 ■ 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 96.44 104. rc 66.07 96.55 63.60 56.57 47.59 46.52 67.39 42.93 30.70 31.20 32.40 43.04 33.48 68.49 71.07 63.77 68.45 80.17 z 90.52 94.66 71.65 90.26 64.22 66.01 60.65 50.37 64.53 57.29 30.75 31.11 34.95 42.92 34.90 17.30 74.11 72.50 72.34 88.69 3 94.30 90.59 66.63 98.36 65.14 65.58 63.07 47.55 72.99 52.64 24.49 # 28.95 32.15 39*59 36.26 69.24 76.52 71.52 68*39 91.11 4 100.CO 94.04 60.16 99.01 56.49 60.06 69.96 55.43 74.14 55.25 33.46 25.67 36.55 47-50 30.39 74.40 72.93 69.60 70.50 03.39 5 109.96 100.16 60.32 105.99 64.36 69.42 68.94 64.83 72.93 64.38 31.98 27. SO 31.57 42.78 41.63 75.61 75.16 69.15 71.43, 90.41 6 108,27 105.59 72.34 100.20 74.54 71.25 63.93 64.79 72.37 65.74 34.84 30.30 32.50 48.72 42.58 74.01 73.45 70.37 75.44 102.1' Blood smaars Showed presence o f Babesia para3ite3. ATTUTDTX ji: Ind iv idual U brto igk tly Liveweights (leg) In Experiment 1 WM- t i c o _A GROUP B a no U F 1 0 0 P D Animal ,1niiflal inia al Animal fflffll 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 . 1 2 3 4 5 0 UiS.61: 175.50 131.62 181.80 258.24 174,51 140.20 143.60 212.73 237.30 172.72 165.52 131.80 229.13 254.50 157.31 183.60 172.72 181,40 287.34 J 187.70 103.70 138.22 179.10 265.50 173.59 147.31 143.76 209.12 237.30 172.73 164.00, 133.12 225.47 257.29 156,25 180.9.1 170.85 182®25 290.84 2 190.09 188.64 140.50 193.21 272.31 175.50 150.02 143.61 210.89 240.89 173.17 163.65 131.76 222.71 254.51 153.25 177.32 168.22 178.20 289.11 * * * * * 3 195.60 103.56 M0.89 194.51 269.08 176.43 149.07 144.50 213.21 238.50 170.00 162.63 130,07 223.19 253.53 153.18 180.43 158.23 177.30 286.33 4 195.50 180.52 141.41 195.4B 273.23 176.43 150.01 144.50 216.75 239-50 171.76 163.55 130.92 225.03 254.52 152.12 180.53 169.45 177*32 282,77 5 196.79 187.28 142.29 136.40 276.37 177.24 150.49 143-63 215.03 239.51 173.21 165.02 131.42 226.33 254.55 154.46 181.30 170.51 178,20 234.10 6 108.71 ino.no 143.32 197.70 2C0.04 175.90 151.81 145.60 21403 240.31 173.42 166.03 132.71 229.74 255.90 155.53 181.42 1 179-53 235.05 Blood 3iQ©.?.ra showed presence o f Babesia paras ites* t Afcl'ijETDLi 4 t ,Ind iv idual Fortn igh tly Liveweights (k g ) In I*po:rime.nt 2 toan- s a o u i a It DUP G It 0 U 1 G R 0 U S 0 itniwal .inimal .animal .animals lilCJHT 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 0 0 223.64 254.55 152.73 241.02 162.73 204.55 196.36 200.00 240.91 192.73 103.64 184.55 171.82 242.73 220.91 200.00 208.18 201.82 210.91 229.09 1 225.45 259-09 155.45 247.73 164.55 208.18 200.91 202.73 244.55 197.27 182.27 185.45 173.64 245.36 223.64 209.09 212.73 204.55 217.73 241.01 2 232.73 203.64 150.64 251.62 160.18 211.36 204.55 205.91 246.64 204.55 182.73 189.55 176.82 250.45 226.36 221.36 219.55 215.45 226.36 253.64 3 241.82 269.55 162.73 256.36 171.82 214.55 206.18 210.00 251.82 210.45 182.73 193.64 178.64 240.91 220.64 232.27 233.64 226.02 235.45 270.45 4 244.55 274.55 164.55 265.45 175.00 219.09 211.36 214.55 255.45 215.45 183.64 187.27 180.91 245.45 230.91 241.82 238.18 235.45 244.55 284.55 5 250.00 200.00 170.00 275.91 178.13 222.73 215.45 220.00 259.55 224.09 135.45 188.18 103.18 249.09 233.64 254.55 245.45 242.73 253.64 294.55 5 263.64 209.09 172.73 286.36 131.82 226.82 220.00 221.21 265.45 234.09 188.18 190.00 106.82 253.64 236.36 262.27 253.64 248.18 263.18 507.27 Blood amaara showed presence o f Bahesia parasites - S 4 - APPELID.LK 5: Percent (jUi^mical Composition o f the Refusals ' i n i&rperiment 1. i t s :: 0£) D I a T A 3 C D Dry ilattsr 67.72 63.14 65.30 72.05 Crude Froteln 14.09 2' .61 16,08 22.00 Stlier Extract 6.23 7.61 2.92 1.91 Crude ifibre 28.27 21.26 30.61 23.33 Ash 13.81 12.83 6.05 3.11 Kitro^-aa-jxea HKtraotives 37-50 36.69 44.34 44.65 Gross Energy (Scal/g) 5.36 5*4 5.42 5.00 Calcium 1.11 1.10 0.33 0.72 Hiosphorus 0.61 o.so 0.52 0.71 Ihso'bromine 1.52 0.96 1 AH components, except Dry Eatter, expressed on DM basis. Average o f 4 detenair.aticns each. - 9 5 - P^PiiZTS-LiC 6 i Percent Chem:j.cgl Composition of the Refusals 1’ in Experiment 2 * I T E M {%) I I B T A B C D Dry Matter 61.83 61.75 33.79 74.31 Crude Protein 14.67 14.59 14.87 LTV Ol-T» Ether Extract 3,16 1.52 1.05 1.99 Crude Fibre 23.33 31.61 35.24 13 .18 ish 13.03 10.34 8.24 S. 86 Nitrogen-Free Extractives 45.76 41.94 40.60 62.92 Gross Energy (Ecal/g) 4.26 4.38 4.42 4.33 Calcium 1.07 0.86 O.63 0.94 Phosphorus 0.59 0.46 0.58 C.74 Theobromine 0 M o^ 0.15 xJ.1 components, except Dry Matter, expressed on DM basis. 2 Average o f 4 determinations each. - 96 - APPENDIX 7 1 Percent Proximate Giemical Composition o f the Faeces from Ind iv idual Bullocks in D ig e s t ib i l i t y Study 1. RATION BULLOCK D* CP HE C7 Sah HPE 2 Ba«pgy 1 28.89 15.30 2.20 30.11 8.81 36.75 5.02 2 27.61 15.01 1.93 31.02 8.70 39.10 5.31 A 3 27.27 14.95 1.42 31.71 7.55 38.62 5.40 4 27.25 15.02 1.60 32.80 9.20 38.12 5.13 5 27.50 15.30 2.60 32.31 9.31 37.70 5.61 1 29.61 15.32 2.01 31.10 12.71 31.82 5.46 2 28.33 15.70 1.84 29.85 11.83 33.90 5.51 B 3 27.85 15.23 2.00 34.20 13.70 32.91 5.50 4 28.81 15.71 2.51 30.11 14.00 27.75 5.90 5 29.80 14.46 2.70 35.01 13.72 34.11 5.24 1 17.00 7.83 1.01 33.90 9.75 47.63 5.43 2 16.83 8.11 0.95 32.63 10.30 48.01 5.64 C 3 17.21 8.41 1.31 32.23 10.81 47.35 5.81 4 14.80 6.68 2.31 36.00 8.61 46.51 5.90 5 15.11 7.31 1.94 34.61 9.32 47.01 6.61 1 15.74 9,10 1.13 32.05 9.42 47.23 5.73 2 16.40 7.56 1.31 33.11 9.46 48.81 6.00 D 3 15.55 7.83 1.05 32.21 9.60 48.63 6.90 4 15.72 8.11 1.82 32.12 9.42 46.55 6.22 5 16.91 9.00 2.10 33.90 9.80 45.26 6.71 1 111 components, except DM, expressed on DM basis* Expressed as Kcal/g o f DM* 2 - 97 - -i?p:iT3IX 8 ; Percent Proximate Chemical Composition1 o f faeces from individual Bullocks in D iges tib ility Study . HID? BOIIOCK BE CP EE CP -ish MS Energy2 1 28.10 13.35 1.30 24.83 11.99 38.53 4.60 £ 27.63 14.02 1.52 23.65 13.80 47.01 4.28 'A 3 30.30 15 . 1.20 25.43 11.24 48.23 4.45 4 23. 3S 14.03 2.07 25.09 12.19 49.62 4-58 5 29.03 14.10 2.64 25.93 12.92 44.41 4.49 1 25.91 12.70 2.23 27.94 11.61 45-52 4.42 2 23.04 11 .8 3 1.89 26.95 11.78 47.55 4.30 B 3 23.2S 12 .23 1.25 27.77 12.49 46.26 4.39 4 23.30 1 1 .19 1.37 -45 9.32 51.17 4.34 5 26.01 13.07 1.92 28.06 10.89 46.06 4.37 1 18.02 7.60 1.32 29.07 11.65 49.36 4.39 2 20.39 9.08 1.29 28.16 12.47 49.00 4.39 0 3 19.21 10.09 1.20 30.26 15.12 43.23 4.59 4 19.26 9.19 2.26 31-33 12 .13 45.09 4-51 5 21.94 9.65 2.32 51.62 10.17 46.24 4.59 1 25.44 15.11 3.02 15.65 11.39 54.83 4.44 2 26.40 13-51 4.94 14.67 11.47 55.41 4.58 B 3 26.97 13.57 5.92 15.95 12.06 52.50 4.44 4 26.53 14.38 3.00 14.79 11.98 55.85 4.39 5 25.46 ___ 14.S8 4.62 15.09 10.13 55.28 4.37 1 A ll components, ezecept DTI, expressed, on DH basis, 2 Expressed as Eoal/g o f EM, - 98 - 9: SJotal Dry Matter Consumed and that eliminated in the faeces o f individual bullocks during D ig es tib ility Study 1. S ition Bullock IM Consumed 351: SLininated in D^eces (te ) 1 42.88 33.21 2 34.79 26.94 A 3 26.00 19.56 4 36.55 26.41 5 43.37 31.94 1 26.91 13.71 2 40.73 21.97 B 3 23.76 12.72 4 33.0°. 17.52 5 38.14 16.26 1 22.72 9.09 2 ■ 21.48 8.04 C 3 20.24 6.49 4 24.57 10.77 5 27.91 10.53 1 21.09 8.13 • 2 21.91 7.09 D 3 19.73 8.03 4 20.33 8.39 5 25.33 8.14 - 99 - Total Dry T-latter Consumed and that Eliminated in the Faeces o f Irnriduai Bullocks during D igest ib ility Study 2. Ration 3ullock DM Consumed t e ) DM Eliminated in Faeces 1 57.89 31.10 2 49.95 26.49 A 3 35.27 IS. 23 4 55.05 28'. 59 5 23.37 12.40 1 33*65 18.16 33.46 17.75 B 3 32.99 15.90 4 36.09 17.70 C 30.23 14.76 1 15.61 6.02 2 14.61 5.91 C 3 13.09 8.05 4 22.36 8.98 5 21.64 8.56 1 33.42 11.05 2 38.88 10.15 3) 3 35.51 9.45 4 33 '7*7 9.60 5 50.5? 14.26 - 100 - c^iriik.j.1 V. i Oos&ficient o f ip i Diges t ib i l i t y , Digestible Siergy and Dotal Digestible ITutrients determined in Individual Bullocks in D igestib ility Study 1 * IUIIGN BUL-LOCIv DM v-'< Ci (?») ■<] OP (0 w (P ) iinargy Dili fefei/g ) ins(?3 1 22.55 34.33 69.75 16.53 56.57 13,26 16.22 0.81 23.89 2 22.56 36.08 73.96 14.09 57-50 6.81 11.11 0.53 21.93 A 3 24.77 38.11 80.56 14.59 64.49 10.23 12.50 0.59 24.38 4 27.74 41.31 79.10 15.10 58.70 ^4.40 19.64 0.93 26.28 5 26.69 36.15 66.53 15.20 57.16 15.16 10r39 0.52 24.41 1 49.05 69.74 80.43 17.12 48.82 56.70 43.08 2.12 51.93 2 4o.06 66.89 81.40 16.24 49.61 51.12 39.20 1.93 49.09 3 3 55.77 73.57 S^.44 21.34 51.79 61.08 50.00 2.47 55.73 4 47.05 67.61 74.14 17.01 41.24 60.79 36.42 1.80 52.13 5 57.57 75.9S 77.61 22.13 53.64 61.18 54.84 2.70 55.80 1 59.99 83.23 87.67 50.48 36.23 57.34 59.84 3.23 61.61 2 52.57 84.03 90.00 54.91 36.64 59.79 61.21 3.30 63.74 C 3 67.93 85*64 87.88 61.79 42.62 66.04 66.06 3.56 68.61 4 56.17 84.46 68.34 42.58 37.58 54.37 51.52 2.73 56.43 5 62.27 65.14 77.53 52.60 42.01 60.35 53.64 2.89 62.67 1 61.45 83.07 87.67 37.76 41.67 63.52 64-34 3.74 62.19 2 67.64 83.35 88.00 46.22 51.80 68.14 67.67 3.94 65.31 D 3 59.30 84.60 88.24 33.93 37.90 60.20 53.78 3.33 60.16 4 53.73 83«81 79.17 32.75 37.30 61.61 58.40 3-40 59.30 5 68*49 86 *46 80.23 47.13 52.10 71 .02 64.94 3.78 67.96 - 101 jLPpj&TDII'L 12: Coefficien t o f Apparent D igestib ility , Digestible Siergy and Total D igestible Nutrients determined in Individual ,’jiimals in. Tria l 2» ration BUL­ LOCK DE (? ) CP M EE Cl? w ) ish . Energy v'/. - DE (fasal/fi) 1>HJ (si) 1 46.28 57.70 72.79 38.73 .'3.35 46.28 43.25 1 .88 45i21 2 36.97 56.51 rs.oo 42.20 38.82 43.83 47.93 2.08 46.63 A 3 48.31 57.93 75.28 39.45 45.19 48.72 44.40 2.06 46.12 4 48.07 57.11 57.55 37.6’8 40.61 45.48 52.92 2.30 43.53 5 48,03 57.42 44.07 37.48 42.65 52.73 46.15 2.01 46.21 1 45.05 60*65 57.45 42.71 37.76 46.37 45.95 2.02 46.13 2 46.92 64.04 63.83 45.51 38.35 44.93 43.30 2.13 47.21 B 3 51.79 66.08 78.02 49.49 37.42 .51.16 51.72 2.28 52.23 4 50.97 68.47 76,24 50.89 37.41 45.12 51.57 p. 27 50.20 5 51.29 63,65 67.44 47.73 39.01 41,19 51.13 2.25 45.15 1 61.43 82.90 68.57 56.25 27.34 62.96 57.38 2.34 64-31 2 59.55 78.57 76.47 55.35 19.93 61.74 55.17 2.25 62.37 o 3 57.33 74.92 75.61 52.71 29.70 63.79 51.32 2.09 61.72 4 59.83 77.98 58.33 53.71 20.84 63.37 55,56 2.27 62.69 5 60.44 77.07 55.56 54.76 24.42 63.03 55.17 2.25 62.39 1 71.95 74.96 63.27 55.75 49.60 76.34 71.51. 3.12 72.03 2 73.S9 73.15 49.49 59.12 52.07 76.56 71.43 3.12 73.23 D 3 73.33 78.81 40.43 56.61 51.49 78.53 73.08 3.19 74.40 4 71.58 76.00 67.78 53.30 49.12 75.60 71.62 3.13 71.53 5 71 .S2 75.13 50.00 57.63 53.55 75.99 71.95 3.14 72.05 - 102 - iiPPSITSIK 13; Carcass data on Individual Bullocks Slaughtered in Experiment 2. CARCASS TRAIT (llg) GROUP A K I II .4 I 1 2 3 A 260♦00 23S.34 259.09 Pre-slaughter shrink weight B 200.91 231.82 215.91 C 216,36 230.00 170.00 D 233*64 233.18 286.36 A 141.36 131.2S 133.91 B 110.31 129.09 114.C9 *7arm carcass 'height C 112.27 112.73 87.27 D 132.27 138.18 162.73 139,55 130.91 135.45 Chilled carcass weight B 108.18 127.27 112.27 Q 110.45 111.82 86.82 3) #1.82 137.27 161,36 34.35 29.30 31.35 3 27.70 28.20 27.40 Weight o f the chuck 28.10C 29.35 20.70 D 29.50 32.35 36.90 A 13.10 13.80 13.85 B S.45 13.15 11.10height o f the Sib c $+25 19.73 7.40 L oo 12.05 14.15 A 16.10 15.00 13.85 ■g 13.4C 15.15 10.45 ..eight o f the Loin (j 12.40 12.80 11,00 12.90 15.55 17.95 A 40.65 39.45 40.35 3 32.39 33.20 37.50 "e igh t o f "la Zo™d c 33.75 34.10 26.00 - t05 ~ Source and Unit Costs o f Feed Ingredients at time o f Experiment Ingredient Source Unit Unit Price (ced is ; Cocoa liusk 1. Cocoa Hesearch Institute - la fo . 2. Univ. o f Ghana’ s % ric l* Beis Station - ICade, - Free of Charge Sugarcane bagasse Local Gin D is tille rs in and around ICpong 5-ton truck fu l l 10.00 Yellow com University o f Ghana’s Agriel. Research Station, Legon. lOO&g 28.00 Wheat bran Sema Food Complex Corporation (40.9kg) 5.00 Groundnut cake GIKOC Vegetable O il K il l - Accra 1 tonne 4S6.76 Urea Univ. o f Ghana. 2es * Station - Legon. 73kg Fse of Charge I'lo lasses Ghana Sugar Estate L td ., Accra 1 tonne 334-50 Bone meal 7etrico 51kg 68.00 Common sa lt Univ. o f Ghana. Agric l. 3es. Station - Legon . 92.75kg 18.54 7 i t . D Crumble s University o f Ghana's Agrcl. 3es. Station, Legon. 16kg 25.00 Kineral Lick univei^ity o f Ghana's Agricl. Ses, Station, Legon. 1 block 6.00 1 Cost of grinding was 02.00 per a bag o f 100kg»