Heliyon 8 (2022) e12603Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Heliyon
journal homepage: www.cell.com/heliyonResearch articleCareer in radiology; the ghanaian clinical medical Student's perception
Klenam Dzefi-Tettey a,*, Emmanuel Kobina Mesi Edzie b, Edmund Kwakye Brakohiapa c,
Philip Narteh Gorleku b, Adu Tutu Amankwa d, Abubakari Bawah Abdulai e,
Iddrisu Baba Yabasin f, Kafui Kossi Kekessie g, Ewurama Andam Idun h,
Caroline Emmanuella Ntiamoah-Koufie a, Franklin Acheampong i, Bright Oppong b,
Frank Quarshie j, Henry Kusodzi b, Abdul Raman Asemah b
a Department of Radiology. Korle Bu Teaching Hospital. 1 Guggisberg Avenue, Accra, Ghana
b Department of Medical Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
c Department of Radiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana
d Department of Radiology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
e Department of Radiology, Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale, Ghana
f Department of Anaesthesia, Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale, Ghana
g Department of Medical Imaging, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
h Faculty of Radiology, Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons, Accra, Ghana
i Korle Bu Teaching Hospital. 1 Guggisberg Avenue, Accra, Ghana
j African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS), Summerhill Estates, East Legon Hills, Santoe, Accra, GhanaA R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Clinical medical students
Career
Radiology
Perception
Ghana* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: k.dzefitettey@kbth.gov.gh (K. D
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12603
Received 9 July 2021; Received in revised form 9
2405-8440/© 2022 The Authors. Published by Else
nc-nd/4.0/).A B S T R A C T
Background: The importance of radiology in this era of evidence-based medicine cannot be disputed. This has
resulted in the increase in demand for radiologists. Thus, the issue of whether there would be sufficient numbers
of medical students to meet this growing demand needs further probing.
Purpose: To assess Ghanaian clinical medical students’ perceptions about a career in radiology.
Materials and methods: This was an online questionnaire-based survey of 575 clinical medical students in five
public medical schools in Ghana from September 2020 to February 2021. Student's t-test and one way analysis of
variance was used to compare means. For the Likert scale questions, differences in the mean Likert scale responses
were assessed among various clinical year groups and across gender using Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann–Whitney
U tests. A logistic regression was used to determine the significant predictors of the choice of radiology as a career.
Results: Most 340 (59.1%) of the participants were males. The average age of participants was 24.64 
 3.084
years. Students agreed that, radiology is relevant in this era of evidence-based medicine (mean Likert score ¼
4.62, SD ¼ 0.819), which yielded significant responses in the third clinical year (p ¼ 0.004). Nearly 30% of
respondents stated they did not receive enough didactic lectures or tutorials in radiology, citing insufficient
lectures (89.9%), a lack of lecturers (9.5%), and trouble grasping ideas (0.7%) as their main concerns. 133
(23.1%) stated they would choose radiology as a specialty, with flexible working schedule (61.9%) and high
income (68.3%) as their topmost reasons. Less patient contact (8.0%) was the least observed reason. A flexible
working schedule increased the choice of radiology as a specialty by 2.319 folds (95% CI: 1.413–3.805, P ¼
0.001). Teleradiology significantly contributed to the choice of radiology as a career (p ¼ 0.001).
Conclusion: Generally, the clinical students had varied but positive perceptions on radiology as a specialty.1. Introduction
In recent years, medical staffing has dramatically shifted from huge
demand for primary care physicians in the twentieth century to demand
for medical specialists [1]. During the end of the nineteenth century,zefi-Tettey).
August 2022; Accepted 15 Decem
vier Ltd. This is an open access armedical science developed to the point where it was impossible to master
all areas but to choose one or two among several specialties. Therefore,
specialization became indispensable in contemporary medicine [2].
There is an extensive variety of medical specialties which may challenge
medical students, owing to the numerous factors that must be accountedber 2022
ticle under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
K. Dzefi-Tettey et al. Heliyon 8 (2022) e12603
Table 1. Characteristics of participants.
Item Count (%) P-value
Age
Minimum 19 -
Maximum 44 -
Mean (Standard Deviation) 24.64 -
(3.08)
Gender
Male 340 -
(59.1%)
Female 235 -
(40.9%)
Average Age for Males 25.05 <0.001*
(3.33)
Average Age for Females 24.04
(2.59)
Name of Medical School
Institution 3 117 -
(20.3%)
Institution 5 79 (13.7%) -
Institution 2 189 -
(32.9%)
Institution 4 179 -
(31.1%)
Institution 1 11 (1.9%) -
Average Age of Students per Institution (Standard
Deviation)
Institution 3 24.55 <0.001*
(3.16)
Institution 5 24.92
(1.62)
Institution 2 23.90
(2.59)
Institution 4 25.39
(3.83)
Institution 1 24.00
(1.34)
Which Level are You in?
Level 400(First Clinical Year) 127 -
(22.1%)
Level 500(Second Clinical Year) 132 -
(23.0%)
Level 600(Third Clinical Year) 316 -
(55.0%)
Nationality
Ghanaian 558 -
(97.0%)
Non-Ghanaian 17 (3.0%) -
Do you have any physicians in your family?
Yes 189 -
(32.9%)
No 386 -
(67.1%)
* Statistically significant.for in selecting a profession or area of specialization. Understanding the
factors that lead to the choice of a specialty is important to address the
job market requirements [3].
Radiology as an area of specialization has received attention globally
with many promising prospects [4]. The economic value of radiology
reduced owing to a robust supply of residents entering the specialty and
payment slashes for imaging services in the past, but with an improving
economy and an aging population usingmore medical services, radiology
is on the rise again [5]. It will interest you to know that, hospital-based
physicians like radiologists and anesthesiologists, who for a period
past, experienced a higher level of job insecurity than perhaps any other
medical specialists, have now become physicians who are in great de-
mand today [1].
Radiologists' roles have in recent times widened to encompass aspects
of economic gatekeeping, political advocacy, public health provision,
patient well-being, and information technology. It is through these roles
that radiologists keep on making significant impact in the health care
system [4]. If medical students are allowed the opportunity of doing
clinical rotations in radiology, they may end up showing keen interest in
the field. Decisions about careers are dependent on students' perceptions
and knowledge. Therefore, accurate information is needed for such de-
cisions to be made in order to benefit the students and the field of radi-
ology [6]. In Ghana, the medical field is a highly evolving sector with
many specialties and a growing number of specialists even though their
numbers are relatively inadequate in servicing the population especially
in radiology which is relatively a young specialty. Radiologists have
proven to provide effective services through patient health care delivery
even though they are few in number and their distribution skewed to-
wards the urban centers. The issue of whether there would be a sufficient
number of medical students who will opt for a career in radiology to meet
the growing demand for radiologists in this era of evidenced-based
medicine calls for a critical inquiry. It is in this light that this study
examined the Ghanaian clinical medical students’ perceptions about a
career in radiology with the following objectives.
 To determine the knowledge, thoughts/opinions and practices in
radiology as a specialty.
 To examine possible associations between the demographics, the in-
fluence of teleradiology, the availability of radiology rotations and
the presence of adequate lectures on the choice of radiology as a
specialty.
 To find out the main factors influencing the choice of radiology as a
specialty.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study design and study site
This was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey of clinical
medical students in five public medical schools in Ghana, namely Insti-
tution 1, Institution 2, Institution 3, Institution 4, and Institution 5 from
September 2020 to February 2021. The students included in this study
were medical students currently in their clinical years of study (Level
400-Level 600) since they are likely to be more exposed to radiology,
which is a clinical discipline.
2.2. Questionnaire
The self-administered questionnaire used for this study consisted of
both open and closed ended questions. This questionnaire was devel-
oped after a thorough review of literature and information relating to
the research topic. The questionnaire comprised five sections: Socio-
demographic characteristics of the students; Questions assessing the
knowledge, thought/opinion and practices concerning radiology as a
career; Knowledge on the influence of teleradiology and the types of
radiation used in radiology; Information concerning when students2
were first exposed to radiology and whether they would choose radi-
ology as a career; and questions ascertaining the main factors that will
influence their decisions to choose radiology as a career. A five point
Likert-scale (1-strongly disagree, 2-disagree, 3-neutral, 4-agree, 5-
strongly agree) was employed in assessing the knowledge, thought/
opinion and practices concerning radiology as a career. To ensure an
easy administration of the questionnaire at the convenience of the
participants, the questionnaire was transformed into an online-based
survey using Google Forms. The objectives of the research were
clearly explained to the participants at the beginning of the
K. Dzefi-Tettey et al. Heliyon 8 (2022) e12603questionnaire, after which participants were required to indicate as to
whether they would like to participate in the survey, before moving
onto the main sections of the questionnaire. The questionnaire was
pretested on 15 medical officers and 15 clinical medical students to
remove ambiguity in the questions and appropriate revisions were
made where necessary. This was done to ensure clarity, validity and
reliability of the questionnaire.Table 2. Likert scale means comparisons of items by gender and clinical year.
Item Le
Total 40
Knowledge on Radiology as a Specialty Mean (SD)
Radiology is relevant in this era of evidence-based medical treatment. 4.62 4.
(0.819) (0
Radiology is a high technology driven profession. 4.31 4.
(0.756) (0
Plain X-ray, CT Scan, Mammography, Fluoroscopy, PET Scan and SPECT 4.96 4.
Scan are radiation-based imaging modalities used in radiology. (0.250) (0
MRI and Ultrasound Imaging are non-radiation-based modalities used in 5.00 5.
radiology. (0.059) (0
Thoughts and Opinions on Radiology as a Specialty
Radiologists are crucial in the hospital health care team. 3.50 3.
(1.141) (1
I will choose radiology because of manageable life style conditions. (e.g., 3.64 3.
hours worked, flexible schedule) (1.089) (1
Radiology has a higher income potential over other medical specialty/career. 3.42 3.
(0.987) (0
The lifespan of radiology workers is reduced when compared with other 2.87 3.
health workers. (1.088) (0
Practises in Radiology as a Specialty
Radiologists do not have direct contact with patients in most instances. 2.75 2.
(1.293) (1
Many physicians can read their own images and do not need radiologists. 2.32 2.
(1.001) (1
Appropriate radiological practices do not pose any significant threat/harm to 3.14 3.
your health. (1.176) (1
Radiology staffs are regularly monitored for exposure to radiation in order to 3.80 3.
regulate over exposure to radiation for safety reasons. (1.300) (0
Protective equipment are regularly used by radiologists to help reduce direct 3.85 3.
exposure to radiation. (1.112) (1
*Statistically significant.
Figure 1. A pie chart assessing the students' knowledg
3
2.3. Sampling and data collection
From the primary records of the various institutions; Institution 5,
Institution 3, Institution 4, Institution 2 and Institution 1 had 668, 633,
492, 209 and 167 clinical students respectively, giving a total population
of 2169 as at September 2020. Mugenda & Mugenda (2003) indicates
that whenever an accessible population is below 10, 000, a sample size ofvel (Clinical Year) Gender
0 500 600 P-value Male Female P-value
Mean (SD)
54 4.57 4.68 0.004* 4.67 4.55 0.090
.853) (0.783) (0.818) (0.755) (0.901)
22 4.29 4.36 0.107 4.34 4.27 0.351
.776) (0.757) (0.745) (0.726) (0.796)
92 4.99 4.96 0.096 4.93 5.00 <0.001*
.410) (0.087) (0.206) (0.322) (0.000)
00 5.00 4.99 0.440 4.99 5.00 0.239
.000) (0.000) (0.079) (0.077) (0.000)
17 3.54 3.62 0.001* 3.52 3.47 0.511
.024) (1.149) (1.161) (1.168) (1.103)
67 3.64 3.63 0.976 3.72 3.52 0.021
.047) (1.079) (1.112) (1.070) (1.107)
72 3.52 3.25 <0.001* 3.38 3.47 0.213
.999) (1.052) (0.921) (1.036) (0.912)
09 2.75 2.83 0.003* 2.76 3.02 0.001*
.960) (0.960) (1.175) (1.167) (0.945)
95 2.65 2.71 0.115 2.83 2.64 0.090
.221) (1.266) (1.327) (1.324) (1.241)
57 2.31 2.23 0.016* 2.44 2.15 0.001*
.124) (0.958) (0.952) (1.025) (0.942)
16 3.24 3.08 0.425 3.25 2.97 0.004*
.144) (1.099) (1.219) (1.193) (1.132)
76 3.89 3.78 0.588 3.71 3.93 0.090
.988) (0.930) (1.526) (1.072) (1.567)
83 3.81 3.86 0.631 3.83 3.87 0.851
.067) (1.071) (1.148) (1.138) (1.075)
e about the definition of radiology as a specialty.
K. Dzefi-Tettey et al. Heliyon 8 (2022) e12603between 10% and 30% is a good representation of the target population
and hence 25.0 %was adequate for analysis [7]. A sample size of 542 was
estimated for this survey. This figure was adjusted to 6.0% non-response
rate and the new sample size was estimated at 575. After permission was
sought from the school authorities, the link for the questionnaire was
shared with the students through their class representatives via their
class Whatsapp platforms. Responses obtained were monitored by the
lead researcher until the required sample size was attained, after this, the
questionnaire was then closed to the students.
2.4. Statistical analysis
Data obtained from the completed questionnaires were collated,
organized, coded and analyzed using SPSS version 23 and Microsoft
Excel. The results were then presented in appropriate tables and charts.Figure 2. Distribution showing students' first exposure to radiology as a subject, the
in radiology.
Figure 3. Pie charts showing the reasons why there is adequ
4
Student's t-test was employed to determine differences in means between
two continuous variables and one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was
used for three means. For the Likert scale questions, differences in the
mean Likert scale responses were assessed among the various clinical
year groups as well as across gender using Kruskal-Wallis test and
Mann–Whitney U tests. An average Likert scale score of 3.00 was taken as
neutrality, a score greater than 3.00 was taken as an agreement and a
score less than 3.00 was taken as a disagreement. Furthermore, the
greater an average Likert scale score above 3.00, the stronger the level of
agreement and vice versa. Also, a Chi-squared test was used to determine
the association between the socio-demographics, influence of tele-
radiology, the presence of radiology rotations in the various institutions,
availability of adequate didactic lectures/tutorials in radiology and the
choice radiology as a career. A binary logistic regression was used to
determine the significant predictors of the choice of radiology as a career.availability of radiology rotations and the presence of didactic lectures/tutorials
ate or inadequate didactic lectures/tutorials in radiology.
K. Dzefi-Tettey et al. Heliyon 8 (2022) e126033. Ethical issues
Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the institutional
review boards with clearance numbers CCTHERC/EC/2020/083 and
KBTH-ADM/00224/2021 respectively. Confidentiality and anonymity
were maintained throughout the entire work.
4. Results
A total of five hundred and seventy-five students participated in this
survey, of which majority 340 (59.1%) were males. The average age of
participants was 24.64
 3.084 years. The average age of the females was
significantly lower than that of the males (24.04 
 2.585 years vs 25.05

 3.328, p< 0.001). Students belonging to Institution 2 and Institution 4
medical schools constituted the majority (64.0%) of the studied popu-
lation, Table1.Figure 4. Distribution showing how teleradiology influ
Figure 5. Students' consideration of radiology as a specialty
5
The knowledge, thoughts/opinions and practices on radiology as a
specialty were assessed according to gender and clinical year. This
comparative analysis revealed differences in certain responses. The stu-
dents agreed on the relevance of radiology in this era of evidence-based
medical treatment (mean Likert score¼ 4.62, SD¼ 0.819). This response
was more significant for the students in their third clinical year (p ¼
0.004), as shown on Table 2.
Only 2 (0.3%) had the response to the definition of radiology wrong
(Figure 1).
The majority of the students, 427 (74.3%) indicated they had
adequate didactic lectures/tutorials in radiology and stated the tuto-
rial sessions were effective as their main reason for the response
(Figures 2 and 3).
Teleradiology and its ability to influence the choice of radiology as a
career are presented in Figure 4.ences the decision to choose a career in radiology.
versus whether they will choose radiology as a career.
K. Dzefi-Tettey et al. Heliyon 8 (2022) e12603
Table 3. Binary logistic regression assessing the factors that influence the choice
of radiology as a specialty.
Factors Odds Ratio (OR) 95% Confidence P-value
Interval (CI)
Lower Upper
High Income 1.128 0.731 1.739 0.587
Flexible Working Schedule 2.319 1.413 3.805 0.001*
Interest in the field 0.706 0.406 1.227 0.217
Improved Health Facilities 1.230 0.793 1.909 0.356
Less Patient Contact 1.148 0.564 2.337 0.704
Lesser duration of Specialization 0.443 0.168 1.169 0.100
* Statistically significant. Hosmer and Lemeshow: Chi square ¼ 1.054, P ¼
0.994.Out of the 208 (36.2%) of the students that indicated they would
consider choosing radiology as a career, 133 stated they would in effect
choose radiology as a specialty (Figure 5).
The two topmost reasons for choosing radiology as a specialty were
flexible working schedule (68.3%) and high income (61.9%). Other
reasons that influenced the choice of radiology as a career can be seen in
Figure 6.
Analysis of the factors influencing the choice of radiology as a spe-
cialty found that, flexible working schedule was the only significant
factor influencing the choice of radiology as a specialty (OR: 2.319, 95%
CI: 1.413–3.805, P ¼ 0.001), seen in Table 3.
Responses indicated that, a significant proportion of the students who
wanted to pursue radiology as a specialty were males (72.2%, p< 0.001).
The feature of teleradiology was seen to also significantly contribute to
the choice of radiology as a career (p ¼ 0.001). No significant associa-
tions were noted among the other variables and the choice of radiology as
a specialty, Table 4.
5. Discussion
The result of our study showed that, 52.5% of the total population
considered radiology as a career, but just 23.1% would choose it as a
specialty (Figure 5). Compared to a study in Morocco, none of the
medical students considered choosing a career in radiology but the
majority of them considered a career in cardiology and general
surgery [8]. We found that, Ghanaian clinical medical students
would choose radiology as a career largely because of its scheduling
flexibility (Figure 6). This was consistent with a study conducted in
Sydney [9]. The value medical students place on a favorable lifestyle
has previously been identified as a significant factor in specialty
selection. This was strongly corroborated in our study, by the binary
logistic regression performed (OR: 2.319, 95% CI: 1.413–3.805, P ¼
0.001). This scheduling flexibility presumes a lot of women pursuing
radiology, yet only 35% female representation has been reported in
Ghana [10]. We observed that, significantly more males than females
were willing to choose radiology as a specialty (p < 0.001, Table 4).
Whereas in Canada and Switzerland, studies have shown that job
flexibility attracted more women than men to radiology [11, 12].
Minimal administrative responsibilities and good work-family bal-
ance have been reported as more influential to practicing femaleFigure 6. Distribution of the factors influenci
6
radiologists compared with male radiologists in Australia and
Switzerland [13, 14].
Most of the respondents disagreed that radiologists do not have
direct contact with patients and only 8.0% of them considered this
notion to choose a career in radiology (Table 2 and Figure 6). This
current finding is encouraging as other studies have reported that, lack
of direct patient contact discourages medical students from pursuing
radiology as a specialty [15, 16]. It is important to point out that many
radiological disciplines such as such as mammography and interven-
tional radiology involve a high level of patient interaction [17].
Advanced imaging and technology have elevated the radiologist's
importance not only by increasing diagnostic imaging use, but also by
placing the radiologist in a more central position in integrated patient
care [18, 19]. We found that, the majority of the students were exposed
to radiology before their clinical years (Figure 2). Early exposure to
certain specialties during the preclinical years has been shown to in-
crease interest in those fields [20].
We found in this current study that, 25.7% of the students were not
satisfied with the didactic lectures and tutorials they received and 38.4%
of them did not have rotations in radiology (Figure 2). Rather than being
a separate course, radiology is typically spread in medical school as an
adjunct subject to other courses [21]. Bransletter et al. looked at
first-year students who were exposed to an integrated radiology program
for an entire year and discovered that, they were more interested inng the choice of radiology as a specialty.
K. Dzefi-Tettey et al. Heliyon 8 (2022) e12603
Table 4. Assessing the effect of demographics, the influence of teleradiology, the
availability of radiology rotations and the presence of adequate lectures on the
choice of radiology as a specialty.
Variable Will you choose P-value
radiology as a Specialty?
Yes No
Gender
Male 96 244 <0.001*
(72.2%) (55.2%)
Female 37 198
(27.8%) (44.8%)
Which Level are You in?
Level 400 25 102 0.569
(18.8%) (23.1%)
Level 500 31 101
(23.3%) (22.9%)
Level 600 77 239
(57.9%) (54.1%)
Do you have any physicians in your family?
Yes 47 142 0.489
(35.3%) (32.1%)
No 86 300
(64.7%) (67.9%)
Will this feature of teleradiology influence
you in considering a career in radiology?
Yes 117 325 0.001*
(88.0%) (73.5%)
No 16 117
(12.0%) (26.5%)
Do you have rotation in radiology?
Yes 84 270 0.667
(63.2%) (61.1%)
No 49 172
(36.8%) (38.9%)
Do you have enough didactic lectures/
tutorials in radiology?
Yes 104 323 0.236
(78.2%) (73.1%)
No 29 119
(21.8%) (26.9%)
* Statistically significant.radiology careers afterwards [22]. The combination of technology and
medicine and the wide range of clinical work have been cited as some of
the reasons for interest in radiology in other studies [23]. In our study,
we had positive feedback from the majority of the students on tele-
radiology influencing their decision to choose radiology as a career
(Figure 4 and Table 4). Rapid innovation in radiology has led to continual
advances in subspecialty knowledge, with significant implications for
radiology teaching [24].
One limitation for this study was potentially skewed responses to-
wards certain medical schools. The determination of the number of
medical students who will potentially pursue a career in radiology based
on their perception maybe an overestimation.
The authors recommend that, clinical radiology rotations must, be
included in the medical school clinical training curriculum and given a
higher priority, which should help improve students’ perceptions
regarding radiology as a specialty. Mentorship sessions, and elective
training internships are also recommended.
6. Conclusion
The clinical students had varied but positive perceptions on radiology
as a specialty, and as many as 23.1% of them are willing to pursue a
career in radiology.7
Key Results:
 The commonest reason for the choice of radiology as a specialty was
flexible working schedule (68.3%) followed by high income (61.9%).
However, a logistic regression revealed that, flexible working
schedule was the only significant factor influencing the choice of
radiology as a specialty and increases the choice by 2.319 folds (95%
CI: 1.413–3.805, P ¼ 0.001).
 Teleradiology was also seen to significantly contribute to the choice
of radiology as a career (p ¼ 0.001).
Declarations
Author contribution statement
Klenam Dzefi-Tettey, Emmanuel Kobina Mesi Edzie, Philip Narteh
Gorleku, Edmund Kwakye Brakohiapa, Adu Tutu Amankwa, Abubakari
Bawah Abdulai, Iddrisu Baba Yabasin: Conceived and designed the ex-
periments; Performed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the
data; Wrote the paper.
Kafui Kossi Kekessie, Ewurama Andam Idun, Caroline Emmanuella
Ntiamoah-Koufie, Franklin Acheampong, Bright Oppong, Frank Quar-
shie, Henry Kusodzi, Abdul Raman Asemah: Performed the experiments;
Analyzed and interpreted the data; Contributed reagents, materials,
analysis tools or data; Wrote the paper.
Funding statement
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies
in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Data availability statement
Data will be made available on request.
Declaration of interest's statement
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
No additional information is available for this paper.
Acknowledgements
We thank the authorities of the various medical institutions for their
help and all the medical students in these facilities for consenting to be
part of this study.
References
[1] J. Hawkins, Addressing the shortage of radiologists, Radiol. Manag. 23 (4) (2001
Jul 1) 26–29. Link: https://www.merritthawkins.com/pdf/articles/mha-addressin
g-shortages-of-rad-rad-mgmt-article.pdf. (Accessed 20 December 2019).
[2] G. Weisz, with the technical assitance of DON FYSON, Mapping medical
specialization in Paris in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Soc. Hist. Med. 7
(2) (1994 Aug 1) 177–211.
[3] A. Ashour, A. Ashour, M. Asiri, M. Alghamdi, A. Jamjoom, A. Alghamdi,
A. Chaudhary, Career choices of final year medical students and interns at King
Abdulaziz University: where does orthopaedics stand? J. Health Specialties 6 (1)
(2018 Jan 1) 23.
[4] P.M. Knechtges, R.C. Carlos, The evolving role of radiologists within the health care
system, J. Am. Coll. Radiol. 4 (9) (2007 Sep 1) 626–635.
[5] Kaplan D. A. Is radiology part of the physician shortage? Link: https://www.diagn
osticimaging.com/view/radiology-part-physician-shortage. Published August 11,
2016. (Accessed 20 December 2019).
[6] R.B. Gunderman, D.V. Hill, Student concerns and misconceptions about a career in
radiology, Acad. Radiol. 19 (3) (2012 Mar 1) 366–368, doi.org/10.1016/
j.acra.2011.10.028.
K. Dzefi-Tettey et al. Heliyon 8 (2022) e12603[7] O.M. Mugenda, A.G. Mugenda, Research Methods Quantitative and Qualitative
Approaches, African Centre For Technology Studies, 2003.
[8] M. Sebbani, A. Mansouri, L. Adarmouch, M. Amine, Medical students’ career choice
and attitudes towards family medicine in Morocco, Educ. Res. Int. (2020 Aug 28)
2020.
[9] N. Maggacis, A. Pearce, D. McMenamin, Factors Influencing Radiology Specialty
Choice Amongst Junior Doctors, European Congress of Radiology, 2014. CSM.
[10] E.K.M. Edzie, K. Dzefi-Tettey, P.N. Gorleku, E.A. Idun, B. Osei, O. Cudjoe,
A.R. Asemah, H. Kusodzi, Application of information and communication
technology in radiological practices: a cross-sectional study among radiologists in
Ghana, J. Glob. Health Rep. 4 (2020 Jun 9), e2020046.
[11] R. Zener, S.Y. Lee, K.L. Visscher, M. Ricketts, S. Speer, D. Wiseman, Women in
radiology: exploring the gender disparity, J. Am. Coll. Radiol. 13 (3) (2016 Mar 1)
344–350.
[12] B. Buddeberg-Fischer, A. Hoffmann, S. Christen, D. Weishaupt, R.A. Kubik-Huch,
Specialising in radiology in Switzerland: still attractive for medical school
graduates? Eur. J. Radiol. 81 (7) (2012 Jul 1) 1644–1651.
[13] I.M. Scott, A.N. Matejcek, M.C. Gowans, B.J. Wright, F.R. Brenneis, Choosing a
career in surgery: factors that influence Canadian medical students' interest in
pursuing a surgical career, Can. J. Surg. 51 (5) (2008 Oct) 371. Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2556546/.
[14] S.W. Ip,H.S. Ko, K.E.Applegate, Factors influencing career choices in radiology trainees
in Queensland, Australia, J. Med. Imaging Radiat. Oncol. 54 (2) (2010 Apr) 93–99.
[15] A.E. Schlesinger, C.E. Blane, K.H. Vydareny, First-year medical students' attitudes
toward radiology, Invest. Radiol. 27 (2) (1992 Feb 1) 175–178.8
[16] E.A. Kazerooni, C.E. Blane, A.E. Schlesinger, K.H. Vydareny, Medical students'
attitudes toward radiology: comparison of matriculating and graduating students,
Acad. Radiol. 4 (8) (1997 Jul 1) 601–607.
[17] European Society of Radiology (ESR), Communications@ myESR. org Andrea
Rockall Adrian P. Brady Lorenzo E. Derchi, The identity and role of the radiologist
in 2020: a survey among ESR full radiologist members, Insights Imaging 11 (2020
Dec) 1–6.
[18] P.M. Knechtges, R.C. Carlos, The evolving role of radiologists within the health care
system, J. Am. Coll. Radiol. 4 (9) (2007 Sep 1) 626–635.
[19] Professions in Diagnostic Radiology, Who is a radiologist? Link: www.radiologyin
fo.org/en/careers/index.cfm?pg¼diagcareer. (Accessed January, 23 2021).
[20] A. Vo, L. McLean, M.D. McInnes, Medical specialty preferences in early medical
school training in Canada, Int. J. Med. Educ. 8 (2017) 400.
[21] F.N. Alqahtani, Radiology learning or teaching subject areas vs modalities: students’
perspective and experience at Albaha University, Adv. Med. Educ. Pract. 9 (2018)
791.
[22] S.F. Alnajjar, H.M. Alshamrani, A.M. Banasser, H.Z. Alshehri, M.A. Wazzan,
A.H. Abduljabbar, Awareness of interventional radiology among medical students
at a Saudi Medical School: clerkship versus pre-clerkship years, Oman Med. J. 34
(5) (2019 Sep) 420.
[23] European Society of Radiology 2009 communications@ myESR. org, The future role
of radiology in healthcare, Insights Imaging 1 (2010 Jan) 2–11.
[24] B. Rehani, I. Brown, S. Dandekar, B. Sarkodie, G. Mwango, M.M. Rehani, L. Lau,
Y.C. Zhang, W.P. Dillon, Radiology education in Africa: analysis of results from 13
African countries, J. Am. Coll. Radiol. 14 (2) (2017 Feb) 247–252.