Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy VOL 33 (4) 2022: 515–539 | REVIEW ARTICLE Ethnopharmacology, Biological evaluation and Chemical composition of Boswellia dalzielii Hutch: A Review Abdulrahman Mahmoud Dogara1*, Abubakar Abdullahi Lema2, Harmand A. Hama1, Saber W. Hamad1, Nor Hasima Mahmod2, Mohammad Moneruzzaman Khandaker2 and Wandayi Emmanuel Amlabu3 1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Tishk International University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq 2. Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia 3. West Africa Center for Cell Biology and Infectious Pathogens, WACCBIP, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana. Info Article ABSTRACT Submitted: 23-03-2022 The Burseraceae family consists of 18 genera and 540 species. Revised: 05-10-2022 Boswellia dalzielii is a medicinal plant used in tropical and subtropical areas Accepted: 03-11-2022 for the treatment and management of various ailments. Despite the medicinal value of B. dalzielii, there is no comprehensive documentation. The study *Corresponding author aimed to review the ethnopharmacology, biological evaluation and chemical Abdulrahman Mahmoud Dogara composition of B. dalzielii. Scopus, Web of Science, BioMed Central, Science Direct, PubMed, Springer Link, and Google Scholar were searched to find Email: published articles. The results showed that the leaves, stem bark, and root of abdulrahman.mahmud@tiu B. dalzielii have been traditionally used in Nigeria, Cameroon, Burkina Faso, .edu.iq Benin, Sudan, and Guinee for the treatment and management of antirheumatic, antispasmodic, analgesic, antiseptic, hypotensive, malarial mental illness, ulcer, pain, and fever. It is also found that leaves, stem bark, and root have antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and antimalarial properties with stembark having the highest activity. Chemically, it was revealed the leaf has high contents of monoterpenes hydrocarbons with alpha-pinene as the major compound. The species were largely studied in vitro, according to the literature survey. A well-designed clinical experiment is required to obtain conclusive evidence on the efficacy of stembark. The standard dose and safety of the stembark should be established. Keywords: Antimicrobial, Antioxidants, Ethnomedicine, Medicinal plants INTRODUCTION plant have been studied, analyzed, and Plants have been utilized as medication for characterized for their medicinal values based on centuries, first as traditional mixtures and then as their major biological compounds present (Taylor pure active ingredients, with knowledge and et al., 2001; Abdulrahman et al., 2018). Living expertise passed down from generation to things depend relatively on the plants to meet their generation (Taylor et al., 2001). The use of natural basic need for survival. All over the globe, 85% of plants for human disease management begins from the modern medicines used for healthcare are the earliest civilization of Chinese and Indians derived either directly or indirectly from plants. (Abdulrahman et al., 2018). The present focus and Africa has diverse flora, and scientists have long interest in producing medicinal agents have shifted been interested in studying African medicinal toward the field of phytochemistry. Plants play an plants (Malterud, 2017). In various West African important role in human food production. countries, including Benin, Ghana, Northern Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAP) have long Nigeria, Togo, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, and been used as therapeutic medicines and Northern Ivory Coast, it is widely utilized for consequently have significant commercial value therapeutic purposes (Adebayo et al., 2020). The (Abdulrahman et al., 2018). Diverse varieties of the objective of this review was to provide as much Indonesian J Pharm 33(4), 2022, 515-539 | journal.ugm.ac.id/v3/IJP 515 Copyright © 2022 by Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy (IJP). The open access articles are distributed under the terms and conditions of Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/). Biological evaluation and Chemical composition of Boswellia dalzielii information as possible on ethnopharmacology, Ethnopharmacology taxonomic description, chemical composition, and Ethnopharmacology is the interdisciplinary biological assessment of B. dalzielii. study of biologically active medications used or observed by people in the past (Taylor et al., 2001). MATERIALS AND METHODS Plants and their derivatives have been employed Search criteria, inclusion, and exclusion criteria since the dawn of time. Several studies on the use A literature search was carried out in the of plants in traditional medicine have been following databases: Scopus, Web of Science, published (Ior et al., 2017). According to the World BioMed Central, Science Direct, PubMed, Springer Health Organization (WHO), around 80% of the Link, and Google Scholar. Only published articles world's population is dependent on traditional were considered, and reviews, research papers, medicine, which mostly involves the use of plant thesis, and abstracts were excluded. Data were extracts (Ior et al., 2017). The therapeutic efficacy, subjected to tabulation and graphical presentation accessibility, and low costs of herbal therapy (Figure 1). compared to modern treatment, as well as the fact that it is strongly connected with traditional belief, are the key reasons for this reliance (Ouedraogo et al., 2020). Traditional medicinal herbs are frequently used in rural places when synthetic medications are unavailable or, if available, are prohibitively expensive (Mahmoud et al., 2020). It is a tree species that the local population commonly uses as an ethnomedicine source (Kafuti et al., 2018). Boswellia dalzielii is locally called in Nigeria as Ararrabi, Basamu, Hano. Moreover, in Burkina Faso, it is called Kumdagneogo, Tree Man, Volta, and in Ghana, it is called Piangwogu, while in Ethiopia, it is known as Etan (Figure 2). It is reported to have traditionally treated different varieties of ailments (Abdulhamid & Sani, 2019; Abubakar et al., 2017; Ohemu et al., 2014). The plant is considered in Nigeria as the major medication for children's diseases (Table I). This Figure 1: Flow chart of the methodology plant is widely used in African traditional medicine to treat diarrhea, malaria, vomiting, infection, and RESULTS AND DISCUSSION arthritis (Alemika et al., 2004; Kafuti et al., 2017; On a global scale, science is interested in Mbiantcha et al., 2018). It is used to cure uncovering patterns of knowledge about natural gastrointestinal problems, leprosy, septic sores, resources. The results discussed the traditional skin illnesses, rheumatism, and a wide range of usage of the different parts of B. dalzielii in some microbiological ailments (Kubmarawa et al., 2005; West African countries. The origin of B. dalzielii and Mamza et al., 2018; Olukemi et al., 2005; Otitoju et taxonomic description was well explained. The al., 2019). The people of Northern Nigeria have long study found that several biological evaluations utilized decocted root bark to cure diabetes were carried out on the various parts of the plant (Table I) (Yakubu et al., 2020). The stem bark using a different assay to validate its efficacy. secretes a fragrant white gum that is used to Similarly, the study found that the majority of the fumigate cloth and drive flies, mosquitoes, and chemical composition analyses were based on the other insects out of rooms (Hassan et al., 2009). essential oil of the plants and a few studies of The fresh bark is used as an emetic and to treat phenols and flavonoids. Quantitative and giddiness and palpitation symptoms (Nazifi et al., qualitative analysis of the plant was documented 2017). In the northwestern part of Nigeria, the based on the phenols, flavonoids, and other bark part is used in the treatment and management chemical components of the plant. Below is the of arthritis (Salihu et al., 2018). The raw bark schematic representation of the results and of the root is ingested in Nigeria to treat discussion. pain and as a poison antidote (Yakubu et al., 2020). 516 Volume 33 Issue 4 (2022) Abdulrahman Mahmoud Dogara In Burkina Faso, the bark is utilized for the forests (Alemika et al., 2004). They are abundant in treatment of diabetes (Compaore et al., 2020). West Africa's Savannah regions (Fig. 3) (Olukemi et According to reports, the herb has also been used al., 2005). This family originated in North America to cure tooth problems, swellings, bronchitis, and and is widely represented throughout the world. coughs (Balarabe et al., 2019; Owolabi et al., 2020). Boswellia dalzielii Hutch can be found from western A different method of traditionally preparing the Chad to Mali via Nigeria and Burkina Faso (Owolabi plant was reported (Kohoude et al., 2017; Sani et et al., 2020). It grows abundantly in the northern al., 2021). The extracts and essential oils have I v o ry Coast (Ohemu et al., 2018). Boswellia dalzielii long been used as antiseptics in mouthwashes and is an aromatic plant that thrives in rocky, shallow, for cough and asthma treatment (Medugu et al., and dry soils (Kohoude et al., 2017). It is a tree with 2020). All parts of the plants are traditionally used a rounded and transparent crown that grows up to in the treatment and management of various 13 meters tall (Fig. 3) (Kohoude et al., 2017). It is a ailments in Nigeria, Cameroon, Burkina Faso, tall tree with fragrant white blossoms (about 13 m Benin, and Guinée (Table I). It is consistent in tall) (Mbiantcha et al., 2018). The tree has a smooth reporting the usage of the plant parts in the study bark and peels that are high in non-allergenic resin (Table I). or essential oils, and some can yield frankincense and myrrh (Mbiantcha et al., 2018). It has complex light green and glossy leaves in terminal tufts with narrowly oval laminae with a saw-tooth form. Furthermore, it has a silky pale brown bark that is distinguished by ragged papery plates (Hassan et al., 2009; Mbiantcha et al., 2017). Flowering and fruiting occur throughout the dry season, usually before the development of the first leaves (Mbiantcha et al., 2017). Its natural habitat is savannas with saxicolous woods (Abdulhamid & Sani, 2019). Figure 2. Map of West African countries showing the Distribution of Boswellia dalzielii Figure 3: Boswellia dalzielii (Dressler et al., 2014) Origin and Taxonomic Description The Burseraceae family has 18 genera and Biological evaluation 640 species of tropical plants and shrubs. Africa, Natural products have gotten a lot of the Arabian Peninsula, and India are all home to attention recently, not just in terms of health these species (Owolabi et al., 2020). Burseraceae is promotion and disease treatment but also in terms a large family of flowering plants with over 18 of medication discovery and development. Natural genera and 540 species (Mbiantcha et al., 2018). products used for drug discovery and development The largest group is found in tropical regions and remain as one of the most important opportunities areas such as the desert, savannah, mangrove, and for developing therapies for a variety of disorders. Volume 33 Issue 4 (2022) 517 Biological evaluation and Chemical composition of Boswellia dalzielii Table I. Ethnopharmacology of B. dalzielii from different countries S/N Medicinal uses Parts of the Plant Country References Sudanian The most utilized plants in the 1 Roots Region of (Imorou, 2020) traditional system Benin 2 Stomachache, piles, and worms Leaf, bark Nigeria (Amusa & Jimoh, 2010) 3 Snake-bite, fever, and rheumatism Bark, root (Adamu et al., 2005) HIV, rabies, chickenpox, and Leaves, bark, and 4 Nigeria (Ohemu et al., 2014) hepatitis stem Heat rashes, diarrhea, umbilical Stem 5 Nigeria (Abubakar et al., 2017) cord and complications pile Bark 6 Ant sickling Stem bark Nigeria (Sani et al.) 2021 7 Malaria Stem Bark Nigeria (Zakariya et al., 2021) 8 Maternal ailments Bark Nigeria (Kankara et al., 2015) (Ouedraogo et al., 9 Stomachache and Wound healing Leaf Burkina Faso 2020) (Nadembega et al., 10 Mental disorders Stem bark Burkina Faso 2011) 11 Arthritis Stem bark Nigeria (T. Salihu et al., 2018) 12 Ethnoveterinary Bark Cameroon (Djoueche et al., 2011) 13 Anti-tuberculosis Stem bark Nigeria (Hassan et al., 2017) 14 Mental illness Stem bark Nigeria (Ibrahim et al., 2007) 15 Antidiabetic Root Nigeria (Shinkafi et al., 2015) 16 Cancer Bark Nigeria (Dogara et al., 2021) 17 Inflammatory diseases Stem-bark Guinée (Baldé et al., 2015) 18 Many forms of cancers/fibrosis Stem bark Nigeria (Abubakar et al., 2007) 19 Antidiarrheal Bark Nigeria (Etuk et al., 2009) Pharmaceutics industry cosmetics, 20 Leaves/ Bark Nigeria (Agbogidi, 2010) incense, perfume, and chewing gum 21 Syphilis Roots bark Cameroon (Sharifi et al., 2020) Management of hepatic 22 Bark Nigeria (Kankara et al., 2018) Ailments 23 Pile and body heat Stem bark Nigeria (Ali et al., 2017) Measles, Vaginal (Buochuama & 24 Bark, root Nigeria Diseases Akhabue, 2018) 25 Malarial management Leaves, Bark, flower Nigeria (Dogara et al., 2021) 26 Rheumatism, venereal diseases, Bark, Root Cameroon (Talom et al., 2018) Note; S/N = Serial Number 518 Volume 33 Issue 4 (2022) Abdulrahman Mahmoud Dogara Numerous biological evaluations were explains its antioxidant properties, which could be carried out on B. dalzielii, including antioxidants, used in drug development, as well as its high anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant capacity. Quercetin is the most anticancer, and many more (Table II and Figure 4). prevalent flavonoid. Anti-inflammatory Inflammation is caused by the release of chemical mediators from injured tissues and migratory cells in the majority of cases (Mahmoud & Abba, 2021). Invading pathogens are inactivated or eliminated, irritants are removed, and tissues are prepared for repair (Mahmoud & Abba, 2021). Pain and inflammation are two of the most common side effects of many diseases (Hajhashemi et al., 2021). The documented anti-inflammatory evaluation revealed the potential of B. dalzielii against inflammation. In both inflammatory and neuropathic pain models, the current study found the methanolic stembark possesses antinociceptive effects (Mbiantcha et al., 2017). During the first and second stages of the formalin test, 250 and 500 mg/kg of the administered stembark extract considerably reduced licking and biting behavior in a dose-dependent manner (Mbiantcha et al., 2020). It has the potential to be a valuable therapeutic drug for both the prevention and reversal of Figure 4. Schematic presentation of documented pathophysiologic pain. Our findings suggest that it biological evaluation and their methods of could be an effective treatment for preventing and evaluations reversing pathophysiologic pain (Table II). Antibacterial Antioxidants Antimicrobial resistance is being Depending on the plant and its sections, exacerbated by the creation and spread of drug- secondary metabolites occur in a range of shapes resistant bacteria with new resistance and functions as antioxidants (Dogara, 2021; Nouri, mechanisms, putting our capacity to treat common Salehi, et al., 2021). Compounds that can protect diseases in jeopardy (Abdulrahman et al., 2019). cells from the harm produced by free radicals, The extract's spectral index intensity was which are unstable molecules, are known to be determined to be positive against all the tested antioxidants (Abdulrahman, 2021). The chemicals pathogens (Mamza et al., 2018). The antimicrobial interact with free radicals, stabilizing them and evaluation sheds light on the antibacterial potential maybe preventing them from causing system of the plant parts. This supports its usage in damage (Zarei et al., 2021). A variety of methods ethnomedicine (Tegasne et al., 2020). The extract were used to assess the antioxidant potential of B. had a synergistic effect against all of the studied dalzielii (Table II and Fig. 4). All the evaluated bacterial strains, but the pure component methods are found to be significant (Table II). The (Incensole) exhibited the strains' growth on methanolic leaves extract demonstrated a high average (Table II). Because the ethanolic leaves antioxidant activity by radical scavenging activity extract has an MIC of 1.25 mg/mL and the essential at 100 mg/L, with an IC50 of 6.10 ± 0.01 mg/L oil has an MIC of 1.25 µl/mL, they have (Kohoude et al., 2017). The radical scavenging antibacterial properties (Bothon & Atindehou, activity of 1 mg of nanoparticles was reduced by 2019). The methanolic stembark extract spectral 53.73% (Adebayo et al., 2020). The maximal intensity index was determined to be 7.27 mm reducing power and scavenging activity of against all pathogens tested. The presence of ethanolic stembark, respectively, were 18 and 34 secondary metabolites in the plant caused the µg/mL (Table II). Antioxidant qualities may aid in observed sensitivity (Mamza et al., 2018). Terpene the treatment of chronic and degenerative compounds have been reported to have a strong diseases. The high flavonoid content of the plant antibacterial effect on both Gram-negative and Volume 33 Issue 4 (2022) 519 Biological evaluation and Chemical composition of Boswellia dalzielii Gram-positive bacteria (Martins et al., 2003). The antiepileptic properties. There are several stem bark contains potent phytochemicals that chemicals in the stembark, but flavonoids are the inhibit the growth of the tested clinical isolates, most common. Polyphenolic compounds with a revalidating its utilization in traditional medicine benzo—pyrone structure, also known as to cure diseases (Balarabe et al., 2019; Dogara et al., flavonoids. The findings show that it is widely used 2021). It also has some active element contents that in traditional medicine (Medugu et al., 2020). treat gastrointestinal issues, as traditional Antimalaria medicinal practitioners have indicated (Nwinyi et Malaria is the most common tropical disease al., 2004). The antibacterial evaluation of B. dalzielii in the world (M. Dogara et al.). Falciparum malaria revealed drugs could be made from it to treat has expanded widely as a result of the widespread infections caused by bacteria. usage of medications in the affected areas Antifungal (Mahmoud et al., 2020). Moreover, the plant The World Health Organization has methanolic stembark extract possesses good emphasized the proper use of natural products and antimalarial activities at IC50 of 1.25 μg/mL identified plant-based medicines as prime research (Table II). The stembark contains a number of targets (Biswas et al., 2020). Since ancient times, different compounds, the most common of which medicinal plants have been widely used to meet are called flavonoids. Polyphenols with a benzo- mankind's healthcare needs (Dogara et al., 2021). pyrone structure are called flavonoids. Food contamination has become a big concern as the number of outbreaks of food-borne illnesses Antidiabetic has increased (Lema et al., 2022). To date, there are A medicinal plant has restorative just a few classes of antifungal medicines, the ingredients or is a forerunner in the development emergence of resistance to the present medication, of drugs (Ahmad et al., 2009). Plants with and, increasingly, multidrug resistance has a therapeutic capabilities or good pharmacological significant impact on patient management (Perlin effects on the animal body are referred to as et al., 2017). Due to the shortage of efficient Medicinal Plants (Ahmad et al., 2009). Diabetes vaccines and the limited supply of existing mellitus (DM) is one of the most frequent metabolic expensive drugs, scientists working in viral diseases, with micro and macrovascular research have taken the initiative to study bioactive complications that lead to a severe sick state and leads (Biswas et al., 2020). The methanolic mortality (Aloke et al., 2021). After 2 hours, 3 stembark extract showed the highest inhibition on hours, and 6 hours, the blood glucose response was C. albicans at 100 mg/mL, with a zone of inhibition significantly reduced (Bobboi & Olesugun, 2005). of 38 mm (Kafuti et al., 2017). This indicates its The antidiabetic effects of the leaf of B. dalzielii antifungal properties (Owolabi et al., 2020). enhance when the extract is refined. Alkaloids, Flavonoids are the major compounds reported in flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids found in the the stembark. Flavonoids are a vast group of plant may be responsible for their antidiabetic polyphenolic chemicals with a benzo—pyrone properties in rats (Yakubu et al., 2020). Diabetes structure. Because of the current exploratory related disorders may benefit from the plant findings, stembark extract might be a valuable extract's preventative and therapeutic properties. source for the identification and development of Clinical trials are important because the novel antifungal active compounds. The plant may investigations on this plant were done In Vitro and be used to make effective antibiotics against fungal In Vivo. infections. Behavioral Effect Anticancer Depression is a long-term mental illness Natural products have gotten a lot of that affects one's emotions, thoughts, behavior, and attention recently, not just in terms of health physical well-being (Fekadu et al., 2017). Nature, as promotion and disease treatment but also in terms it is widely acknowledged, offers the finest of medication discovery and development. The answers to all disorders that strike the human dichloromethane extract had the highest percent body from time to time (Balkrishna & Misra, 2017). inhibition (65), whereas the rest of the samples The bark extract of Boswellia dalzielii has been were just somewhat anticancer (Table 2). The IC50 found to have a central nervous system depressant was 98.12 g/mL, indicating anti-proliferative potential and is employed in traditional mental activity of the ethanolic stembark extract (Otitoju et disorder treatment (Table II). Furthermore, it has al., 2020). 520 Volume 33 Issue 4 (2022) Abdulrahman Mahmoud Dogara Table II. Biological evaluation of B. dalzielii Activity Parts Solvents Methods Results References 1 Antioxidant Essential oil, Methanol, ethyl DPPH Through radical scavenging activity, (Kohoude et leaves acetate, the methanolic leaves extract at 100 al., 2017) dichloromethane, mg/L had a high antioxidant activity cyclohexane, with the IC50 of 6.10 ± 0.01 mg/L. Stem bark Methanol, DPPH, FRAP Maximum antioxidant activity was (Kafuti et al., aqueous identified in the aqueous and 2018) methanolic extracts with the IC50 of 1.58 and 1.99, respectively, based on radical scavenging activity. While the capacity to convert ion was 1 and 1.25 for aqueous and methanolic extracts, respectively. Leaves Methanol In Vivo Ocular Na+ and K+ ATPase activity (Onobrudu et was increased in the methanolic al., 2017) leaves extract-treated pups, but ocular Mg2+ ATPase activity was decreased. It showed a potential for correcting cataracts lenses' osmotic balance Stem bark Methanol Freund’s It could be a practical means of (Mbiantcha et adjuvant preventing and/or treating al., 2018) model infectious diseases like Anti- arthritic. Essential oil, Methanol, ethyl SOD Cyclohexane leaves extract at a (Kohoude et leaves acetate, concentration of 100 mg/L al., 2017) dichloromethane, exhibited the highest inhibition cyclohexane, percentage of 13.96 ± 0.04. Stem bark Aqueous DPPH The radical scavenging activity was (Adebayo et nanoparticles quenched by 1 mg of the stem bark al., 2020) nanoparticles at 53.73%. Stem bark Ethanol DPPH, FRAP The maximum reducing power and (Vedekoi & scavenging activities of the Selestin, 2020) ethanolic stem bark were 18 and 34 µg/mL, respectively. It contains antioxidant properties that can help in addressing chronic and degenerative disorders. Leaves/ Ethanol DPPH Even when compared to the (Bothon & essential oil standard utilized in the study, the Atindehou, essential oil had stronger radical 2019) scavenging activity with IC50 of 1.25 μg/mL. Essential oil, Methanol, ethyl Ellman’s The ethyl acetate extract of the (Kohoude et leaves acetate, method leaves showed the strongest activity al., 2017) dichloromethane, of IC50 76.10 mg/L. cyclohexane, Stem Bark 70% Methanol, DPPH, FRAP The stem bark aqueous extract (Alemika et al., hexane, ethyl through radical scavenging activity 2019) acetate, aqueous possessed strong antioxidant of IC50 value 1.58 μg/mL. Leaves Methanol DPPH The findings revealed that the leaves (Ezekiel et al., methanolic extract decreased 2020) radical scavenging percentage at concentrations as low as 62.5 μg/mL. Volume 33 Issue 4 (2022) 521 Biological evaluation and Chemical composition of Boswellia dalzielii 2 Anti- Essential oil, Methanol, ethyl Soybean 5- The methanolic leaves extract were (Kohoude et inflammator leaves acetate, lipoxygenase found with best activity of IC50 28.01 al., 2017) y dichloromethane, mg/L. cyclohexane, Stem bark Petroleum ether, In Vivo The methanolic stembark extract's (Hassan et al., methanol median inhibitory concentrations 2009) on these spasmogens were assessed to be 4.85 mg/mL. It has antispasmodic properties. Stem bark Methanol In Vivo 500 mg/kg of the methanolic (Mbiantcha et stembark exhibited substantial al., 2017) analgesic activity. At p>0.001 0.5 hours after treatment, this activity was considerable, and it remained effective for 8 hours. The current study found antinociceptive properties in both inflammatory and neuropathic pain models. Stem bark Aqueous In Vivo The aqueous stembark extract (Nwinyi et al., significantly reduced intestinal 2004) propulsion at doses ranging from 25 to 100 mg/kg. Stem bark Methanol In Vivo The stembark methanolic extract (Mbiantcha et was shown to be significant 1 and al., 2018) 0.5 hours after the administration of the irritant at concentrations of 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively, with high inhibition of 83.50 % at a dose of 500 mg/kg. Leaves/bark Methanol In Vivo/ In In a dose-dependent manner, 250 (Mbiantcha et Vitro and 500 mg/kg of the bark extract al., 2020) significantly reduced licking and biting behavior during the first and second phases of the formalin test. Protein denaturation was prevented by 83.59% and 91 % at doses of 500 and 1000 g/mL, respectively, of methanolic bark extract. 3 Antibacteria Stem bark, 50% Ethanol, a Agar The stembark ethanolic extract was (Alemika et al., l incensole pure compound diffusion cup found to have a synergistic effect 2004) plate method against all the tested bacterial strains with the highest inhibition of 16 mm against E. coli. Leaves Ethanol Agar dilution The ethanolic leaves extract (Kubmarawa method demonstrated a synergistic impact et al., 2007) against E. coli strains with MICs of 0.50 mg/mL. Leaves, Ethanol 96 wells The ethanolic leaves extract (Bothon & essential oil microplates exhibited strongest activity with Atindehou, MIC of 1.25 mg/mL against strains 2019) of MRSA and E. faecalis respectively. Stembark Aqueous, MIC, MBC At a dosage of 100 mg/mL, the (Aliyu et al., methanol stembark aqueous extract 2021) demonstrated activity against all of the test bacterial isolates, with the Salmonella species having the largest zone of inhibition of 27.7 mm. 522 Volume 33 Issue 4 (2022) Abdulrahman Mahmoud Dogara Stem bark Methanol Discs method Against all pathogens examined, the (Mamza et al., methanolic stembark extract 2018) spectral intensity index was found to be 7.27 mm. The observed sensitivity was due to the presence of secondary metabolites in the plant. Bark/root Methanol MIC, MBC, The methanolic stembark extract (Talom et al., ager well had a significant zone of inhibition 2018) against all of the strains tested, with a maximal inhibition of 18.5 mm against Salmonella paratyhi, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli, respectively. Stem bark Butanol, Agar well All of the solvents had a significant (Abdulhamid methanol, ethyl zone of inhibition, but at a & Sani, 2019) acetate water, concentration of 100 mg/mL, and n-hexane methanolic stembark extract had the most action against S. typhiall (18.5 mm). Stem bark Ethanol MIC With a MIC of 12 mg/mL, the (Olukemi et al., methanolic stembark extract was 2005) shown to be the most effective against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Stem bark Methanol Agar well Methanolic extract of stembark (Salihu et al., inhibited E.coli and P. aeuroginosa 2020) with an inhibition zone of 6 - 10 mm at a dose of 0.1 mg/2 mL respectively. Stem bark Methanol MIC, 96 wells With MIC values of 3.125 mg/mL, (Tegasne et al., methanolic stembark extract 2020) inhibited the growth of E. cloacae, S. pneumonia, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and S. typhi, respectively. Leaves/Essen Agar dilution At MICs of 250 and 1000g/mL, the (Kubmarawa tial oil method oil inhibited the growth of B. subtilis et al., 2005) and S. aureus respectively. Stem bark Methanol/ Ager well Both methanolic and aqueous (Balarabe et aqueous stembark extracts demonstrated al., 2019) efficacy against the isolates, with the methanolic stembark extract having stronger activity against E. coli (16.67) at a 500 mg/mL concentration. Leaves/Essen MIC The essential oil's MIC inhibitory (Owolabi et al., tial oil against S. aureus was 156.3 μg/mL. 2020) Stem bark Aqueous Agar dilution The stembark aqueous extract at the (Nwinyi et al., concentration of 200 mg/kg has no 2004) activity against any of the tested bacterial strains. Stem bark Ethanol Agar well At 100 mg/mL, the ethanolic (Ohadoma et stembark extract has a moderate al., 2016) zone of inhibition against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa at 12 and 10 mm, respectively. 4 Antifungal Bark Methanol Seeded plates Candida albicans growth was (Kafuti et al., method inhibited by methanolic bark extract 2017) at a dosage of 100 mg/mL, with an inhibition zone of 38 mm. Volume 33 Issue 4 (2022) 523 Biological evaluation and Chemical composition of Boswellia dalzielii Leaves/Essen Agar dilution The oil was shown to have (Kubmarawa tial oil method significant antifungal properties et al., 2005) with MIC against the tested strain found at 250 and 1000μg/mL, respectively. Leaf/essentia MIC It exhibited strong activity with MIC (Owolabi et al., l oil of 78 μg/mL. 2020) 5 Behavioral Stem bark Methanol In Vivo At concentration of 20, 40, and 80 (Nazifi et al., Effects mg/kg, respectively. The methanolic 2017) stembark extract has the ability to depress the central nervous system at p< 0.001. Stem bark Ethanol In Vivo Pentylenetetrazol-induced clonic (Medugu et al., spasm was prevented in 20% of 2020) mice by an ethanolic stembark extract at a dosage of 100 mg/kg body weight. Moreover, it reduced the onset of seizure in convulsed mice from 4.40 to 3.75 minutes respectively. 6 Antimalarial Stem bark Methanol In Vivo The IC50 value of 1.25 g/mL for the (Salihu et al., methanolic stem bark extract 2020) showed promising antimalarial activity. 7 Antidiabetic Stembark Aqueous In Vivo In diabetic rats treated with the (Bobboi & stembark aqueous extract Olesugun, (I0mg/I00gm) daily for three 2005) weeks, fasting blood glucose levels returned to normal by week two. Leaf Methanol In Vivo 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of (Yakubu et al., the leaves methanolic extract were 2020) given. At 400 mg/kg body weight, the maximum percentage of glycaemia inhibitions was 71.21 %. 8 Anticancer Essential oil, Methanol, ethyl MTT assay The leaves dichloromethane extract (Kohoude et leaves acetate, demonstrated the highest % al., 2017) dichloromethane, inhibition at 65, whereas all other cyclohexane, samples were modestly anticancer. Stembark 70 % ethanol MTT assay Proliferation and colony formation Otitoju et al., was inhibited, and the AW8507 cell 2019) cycle was halted in the G2/M phase by the ethanolic stembark extract. Stembark Aqueous Cytometry At 48 and 72 hours, the IC50 (Adebayo et nanoparticles analysis inhibitory concentrations of the al., 2020) nanoparticles against Kasumi cell were 49.5 and 13.25 g/mL, respectively. In the S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle, the nanoparticles triggered cell cycle arrest by 5% and 3%, respectively. Stembark Ethanol Bromide The stembark ethanolic extract has (Otitoju et al., assay an anti-proliferative effect with an 2020) IC50 of 98.12 g/mL. Leaves Methanol BSLA The methanolic extract activity of (Ezekiel et al., the leaves was so high that even at 2020) 1.0 g/mL, the mortality rate was 68.42%. Stem bark Aqueous Presto Blue Ten of the nanoparticles μg/mL (Adebayo et nanoparticles assay inhibited about 3% of cell al., 2020) 524 Volume 33 Issue 4 (2022) Abdulrahman Mahmoud Dogara development, and there was a drop in the cell number with the increase in the concentration. Stem bark Methanol The anti-proliferative properties of (Kafuti et al., the stembark methanolic extract 2018) showed the greatest inhibition (90%) at 125 µg/mL. 9 Cytotoxicity Essential oil, Methanol, ethyl MTT assay At a concentration of 50 mg/L, the (Kohoude et leaves acetate, cytotoxicity of the leaves extracts al., 2017) dichloromethane, and essential oil was assessed. The cyclohexane, results revealed that, with the exception of the methanolic extract at 23.50%, all other extracts showed good inhibition. Leaves Methanolic Carbon Hepatotoxicity was induced using (Onoriose et tetrachloride 0.63 mL of CCl4 per kilogram of al., 2012) (CCL4) body weight. Methanolic leaves induced extract at doses of 100, 200, and 300 hepatotoxicit mg/kg, respectively were given y orally for four weeks. The methanolic extract from the leaves helps to strengthen the liver. Leaf Methanol BSLA At 1000 and 1 μg/mL (Ezekiel et al., concentrations of the methanolic 2020) leaves extract, the death rate was 94, 68, and the blank 12.50 %, respectively, implying that the toxicity was caused by the solvents. Stem bark Aqueous In Vivo 2000 mg/kg of the aqueous (Nwinyi et al., stembark extract was administered 2004) to the model, but no significant effect was recorded. Note: S/N = Serial number, DPPH; 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH) Radical Scavenging Activity, FRAP; Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay MIC; Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations, MBC; Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations, SOD; Superoxide Dismutase, CCL4; carbon tetrachloride Volume 33 Issue 4 (2022) 525 Biological evaluation and Chemical composition of Boswellia dalzielii Table III. Chemical Composition of Boswellia dalzielii from different countries Plant Parts Compound (Peak area) Peak area Country Reference 1 Leaves α-Pinene 15.18 Benin (Kohoude et al., 2017) E-isolimonene 0.37 Camphene 0.26 3-Carene 27.72 Myrcene 5.72 p-Cymene 9.54 Z-b-ocimene 0.28 α-Terpinene 0.45 β -Phellandrene 8.48 E-sabinene hydrate 0.67 Isoterpinolene 0.40 1S-b-Fenchol 0.19 c-Terpinene 0.20 E-pinocamphone 0.69 Z-chrysanthemol 0.64 3-Terpinenol 0.17 Terpinen-4-ol 1.41 Methyl salicylate 0.52 Lavandulol 0.42 Z-carveol 0.33 β-cyclocitral 0.38 Carvenone 0.24 α-Cubebene 0.70 Undecan-2-one 0.27 Cyperene 0.20 Isolongifolene 6.15 β -Caryophyllene 0.75 β -Patchoulene 0.25 α-Longipinene 0.23 E- α -bergamotene 0.20 Italicene 0.17 Z- β -farnesene 4.53 Z-4,5-muuroladiene 0.24 Aromadendrene 0.79 β -Santalene 0.91 Z- β -guaiene 0.22 β -Chamigrene 0.43 9-Epicaryophyllene 0.23 α -Patchoulene 0.47 β -selinene 2.13 Viridiflorene 0.16 β -Himachalene 0.20 E- α -bisabolene 0.12 Viridiflorol 0.41 Caryophyllene alcohol 0.35 Lilial 0.11 Widdrol 0.38 γ--Eudesmol 0.53 1,6-Humulanedien-3-ol 1.61 Torreyol-a-cadinol 1.93 526 Volume 33 Issue 4 (2022) Abdulrahman Mahmoud Dogara 2 Leaves 5,5-Dimethyl-1- 0.5 Nigeria (Owolabi et al., 2020) vinylbicyclo[2.1.1]hexan α-Thujene 0.3 Tricyclene 0.1 α-Fenchene α-Pinene 20.1 Thuja-2,4(10)-diene 1.3 Camphene 0.6 Sabinene 0.1 Myrcene 0.6 β-Pinene 0.6 3,7,7-Trimethylcyclohepta-1,3,5- 0.2 triene α-Phellandrene 0.1 3-Ethenyl-1,2- dimethylcyclohexa-1,4- 0.3 diene Limonene 0.3 p-Cymene 2.6 α-Terpinene 0.1 p-Menth-1-ene 0.1 β-Phellandrene 0.1 γ-Terpinene 0.1 Terpinolene cis-Linalool oxide (furanoid) 1,8-Cineole 0.1 p-Cymenene 0.8 Nonanal 0.1 trans-Linalool oxide (furanoid) Linalool Perillene 0.2 trans-Pinocarveol 0.3 α-Phellandren-8-ol 0.2 Camphor 0.1 Pinocarvone 0.5 trans-Pinocamphone 0.4 Borneol α-Campholenal 1.0 Terpinen-4-ol 0.2 cis-Pinocamphone 0.5 α-Terpineol Methyl salicylate cis-Dihydrocarvone 0.2 Myrtenal Verbenone 0.3 Cuminaldehyde 0.1 Carvone 0.2 β-Cyclocitral Phellandral 0.1 Carvotanacetone 0.2 β-Bourbonene 0.1 α-Cubebene 2.1 Bornyl acetate 0.3 α-Copaene 3.0 β-Elemene Volume 33 Issue 4 (2022) 527 Biological evaluation and Chemical composition of Boswellia dalzielii Cadalene Mustakone Cembrene Eudesm-7(11)-en-4-ol (=Juniper camphor) Pentadecanal α-Phellandrene dimer 0.4 α-Pinacene 0.2 Phytone Neocembrene 3.3 iso-Cembrol 6.8 (E, E)-Geranyl linalool Phytol Incensole 27.5 Serratol 6.2 Toluene 6,6-Dimethylhepta-2,4-dien 0.1 3 Nil (Z)-Salvene Nigeria (DeCarlo et al., 2019) Santolina triene 5,5-Dimethyl-1-vinylbicyclo 0.4 [2.1.1]hexane Tricyclen 0.1 α-Thujene 9.8 α-Pinene 67.7 β-Citronellene 0.1 α-Fenchene Camphene 1.3 Thuja-2,4 (10)-diene 0.1 Sabinene 1.1 β-Pinene 1.6 Myrcene α-Terpinene 3-p-Menthene 1,5,8-p-Menthatrien δ-3-Caren o-Cresol methyl ethe α-Phellandrene m-Cymene 1,8-Cineole 2.6 p-Cymene 0.3 β-Phellandrene o-Cymene 0.1 Limonene 0.8 (Z)-β-Ocimene 0.2 (E)-β-Ocimene γ-Terpinene 0.3 6,7-Epoxymyrcen cis-Sabinene hydrate p-Cymene 0.1 Terpinolene 0.3 Perillene α-Pinene oxide Linalool 528 Volume 33 Issue 4 (2022) Abdulrahman Mahmoud Dogara trans-Sabinene hydrate trans-Thujone 0.7 cis-Thujone 0.3 Myrcenol 0.1 α-Campholenal 0.4 Chrysanthenone 0.1 trans-Sabinol cis-Verbenol rans-Pinocarveol 0.1 cis-Limonene oxide trans-Verbeno 1.9 α-Phellandren-8-ol 0.1 Camphor 4.0 Pinocarvone Thuj-3-en-2-one (Umbellulone) trans-Pinocamphone 0.4 p-Mentha-1,5-dien-8-ol α-Terpineol 0.8 Terpinen-4-ol 0.4 Isopinocamphone p-Cymen-8-ol 0.2 Verbenone 0.6 Myrtenal Cuminal trans-Carveol 0.3 Carvone 3,5-Dimethoxytoluen Carvotanacetone 0.1 Bornyl acetate 0.8 Thymol 0.1 Carvacrol 0.2 α-Copaene (3E)-Cembrene A α-Terpinyl acetate 0.1 Serratol Cembrenol Incensyl acetate Incensole 0.2 α-pinene 45.7 α-phellandrene 2.3 4 Leaves α-phellandrene 2.3 Nigeria (Kubmarawa et al., 2006) myrcene 0.7 γ-terpinene 11.5 trans-sabinene hydrate 4.6 p-cymene 0.1 0.1 cis-p-menth-2-en-1-ol 2.9 pinocarvone 1.9 p-cymenene 1.0 Myrtenol 1.3 Linalool 1.5 Crytone 2.0 2.0 α-Campholenal 2.7 carvone 1.7 1.7 Volume 33 Issue 4 (2022) 529 Biological evaluation and Chemical composition of Boswellia dalzielii Cumin aldehyde 0.5 α-ylangene 0.2 Isobornyl acetate 0.6 β-bourbonene 0.2 Cumin alcohol 1.6 Carvacrol 0.4 β-caryophyllene 1.0 α-humulene 0.1 δ-muurolene 0.1 Trans-α-bergamotene 0.2 α-muurolene 0.2 α-cadinol 0.3 δ-cadinene 0.1 germacrene 0.4 Caryophyllene oxide 2.3 5 Oleogum Santolina triene 1.2 Burkin (DeCarlo 2019) resin a Faso 5,5-Dimethyl-1-vinylbicyclo [2.1.1] 1.1 hexane α-Thujene 1.4 Tricyclene 0.2 α-Fenchene α-Pinene 39.9 Thuja-2, 4(10)-diene 0.8 β-Fenchene 0.2 Camphene 0.9 β-Pinene 1.4 Sabinene 1.3 Myrcene 1.0 trans-p-Mentha-2, 8-diene 3, 3, 7-Trimethylcyclohepta-1, 3, 5- 0.1 triene δ-2-Carene (E)-2,6-Dimethyl-2, 6-octadiene p-Mentha-1(7), 8-diene α-Phellandrene o-Cresol methyl ether cis-p-Menth-8-ene δ-3-Carene 1,5,8-p-Menthatriene 0.4 m-Cymene 0.6 p-Cymene 0.5 p-Menth-1-ene α-Terpinene 0.5 β-Phellandrene (Z)-β-Ocimene 0.2 1,8-Cineole 2-Acetyl-5-methylfuran 0.1 (E)-β-Ocimene 0.1 cis-Sabinene hydrate o-Cymene 1.2 γ-Terpinene 1.9 p-Cymenene 0.1 6-Camphenone 530 Volume 33 Issue 4 (2022) Abdulrahman Mahmoud Dogara Terpinolene 1.2 6,7-Epoxymyrcene Perillene Rosefuran trans-Sabinene hydrate α-Pinene oxide cis-Thujone 1.2 Linalool 1.3 trans-Thujone 0.6 exo-Fenchol E)-2, 4-Dimethylhepta-2, 4-dienal Chrysanthenone 0.2 Myrcenol cis-Limonene oxide cis-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol cis-Verbenol trans-p-Mentha-2, 8-dien-1-ol trans-Sabinol α-Campholenal 2.0 Camphor 0.2 trans-Limonene oxide α-Phellandren-8-ol 0.7 trans-Pinocarveol 2.4 trans-Verbenol 1.6 Pinocarvone 0.5 p-Mentha-1, 5-dien-8-ol 1.5 trans-Phellandrene epoxid trans-Pinocamphone 0.5 Terpinen-4-ol 0.4 p-Cymen-8-ol 0.8 cis-Pinocamphone Borneol trans-Carveol 0.1 Myrtenal Linalyl acetate Bornyl acetate 3.4 Verbenone 28 α-Terpineol 1.2 Thymol 3, 5-Dimethoxytoluene Carvone 5.1 α-Cubebene 3.4 α-Copaene 4.8 α-Terpinyl acetate 2.1 (Z)-β-Farnesene cis-α-Bergamotene Carvacrol 2.2 trans-α-Bergamotene α-Himachalene β-Caryophyllene (3E)-Cembrene 0.1 β-Selinene α-Selinene α-Humulene Volume 33 Issue 4 (2022) 531 Biological evaluation and Chemical composition of Boswellia dalzielii m-Camphorene 0.1 p-Camphorene Caryophyllene oxide α-Pinacene Incensole + Serratol 0.4 Cembrenol 0.1 6 Leaves Zerumbone 33.69 Benin (Bothon & Atindehou, 2019) Germacrene 9.08 alpha – bourbonene 0.63 tau-Muurolol 1.32 alpha - cubebene 2.68 Alpha - cadinol 0.78 Alpha – Humulene 0.97 Terpinene – 4 – ol 0.68 delta - cadinène 1.64 alpha-terpineol 1.02 Copaene 2.85 Trans beta - caryophyllene 7.45 beta - phellandrene 8.19 beta - ocimene 1.09 alpha-pinene 9.71 alpha - phellandrene 11.8 delta - 3- carene 0.45 7 Incensole (Alemika et al., 2004) 8 Stem bark Flavonoids, Tannins, Saponins, Nigeria (Abdulhamid & Sani Glycosides 2019) Alkaloids, Steroids Terpenoids, Phenols. 9 Stem bark Total phenolics and total flavonoids 373.9 and Nigeria (Kafuti et al., 2018) 142.2 10 Stem bark Flavonoids, saponin, pseudo tannins, Nigeria (Aliyu et al., 2021) alkaloids 11 Stem bark Diterpenoid 481.20 and (Alemika et al., 2005) 142 12 Stem bark Flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac (Mbiantcha et al. 2017) glycosides, triterpenoids, steroids, saponins, and tannins 13 Stem bark Flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenoids, (Mbiantcha et al. 2020) steroids, saponins, and also gallic acid. 14 Fresh Phenolics, flavonoids, tannins (Kohoude et al., 2017) leaves 15 Tannins, flavones, triterpenoids, (Otitoju et al., 2020) steroids, saponins, and alkaloids 532 Volume 33 Issue 4 (2022) Abdulrahman Mahmoud Dogara Cytotoxicity compound present in plants (Ueno et al., 2019). The Medicinal plant use is on the rise all around US Food and Drug Administration has approved it the world these days (Awang et al., 2018). Because as a safe food ingredient (DeMartino et al., 2021). of their natural origins and cultural acceptance, Furthermore, α-pinene has been shown to diminish medicinal herbs are typically thought to be safe neuronal activity in several studies (Ueno et al., (Kayfi & Abdulrahman, 2021). This belief may lead 2019). The compound reduced behavioral to their indiscriminate application. Nonetheless, abnormalities in mice (Ueno et al., 2019). Alpha- multiple laboratory investigations and clinical pinene-containing essential oils have been utilized reports have discovered that therapeutic plants to treat a variety of ailments (Mercier et al., 2009). may have negative effects similar to These terpenes have a high antibacterial and pharmaceutical medications (Abedini et al., 2021). antifungal effect on both Gram-negative and Gram- The cytotoxicity of leaves extracts and essential oil positive bacteria (Martins et al., 2003). It has was tested at a concentration of 50 mg/L. Except gastro-protective properties (Magalhães et al., for the methanolic leaves extract, which exhibited a 2015). Alpha‑ Pinene has been linked to several 23.50% inhibition, all other extracts showed good interesting pharmacological effects, including inhibition (Table II). The model received 2000 bronchodilator, broad-spectrum antibacterial, anti- mg/kg of the aqueous stembark extract; however, inflammatory, sedative, hypoglycaemic, and there was no discernible effect (Nwinyi et al., antioxidant properties (Magalhães et al., 2015). 2004). Essential oils containing alpha-pinene have antifungal and antibacterial properties (Kim et al., Chemical Composition 2015). Natural compounds have medicinal properties, making them a valuable source of pharmacologically active molecules (Kohoude et al., 2017). Its essential oil has long been used for medicinal and religious purposes and is still widely used today (DeCarlo, Johnson, Okeke-Agulu, et al., 2019). The chemical evaluation of B. dalzielii leaves in Benin reported the plant contents to be dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (68.58) of the total contents (Table III) (Kohoude et al., 2017). The analysis of the compounds revealed 3- Carene (27.72), α-Pinene (15.18), and p-Cymene (9.54) as the three most dominant compounds in Benin. Similarly, another investigation carried out in the same country showed alpha-phellandrene (11.8), α-Pinene (9.71), and Germacrene (9.08) (Figure 5) (Table III). The dominance of monoterpene hydrocarbons was found in the study carried out in Nigeria (Table III) with the following dominated compounds Incensole (27.5), iso- Cembrol (6.8), Serratol (6.2), α-Pinene (67.7), α- Thujene (9.8) and γ-terpinene (11.5) (Dimas 2006; DeCarlo et al., 2019; Owolabi et al., 2020). In Burkina Faso, similar terrain was seen with α- Figure 5. Major compounds in B. dalzielii Pinene (67.7) (Figure 6) (Abbasi et al., 2013). Geographical location and environmental factors Usage and Biological Evaluation of Boswellia are responsible for the differences in chemical dalzielii Parts (Table I and II) composition (Owolabi et al., 2020). Alpha-pinene A medicinal plant has restorative (Figure 5) is a bicyclic monoterpene that functions ingredients or is a forerunner in the development as an insect repellent in plants (Magalhães et al., of drugs (Ahmad et al., 2009). Plants with 2015). Alpha-Pinene is the compound found in both therapeutic capabilities or good pharmacological countries' essential oil (Table III). Alpha-Pinene is a effects on the animal body are referred to as food additive made from an organic terpene Medicinal Plants (Ahmad et al., 2009). Over- Volume 33 Issue 4 (2022) 533 Biological evaluation and Chemical composition of Boswellia dalzielii exploitation of natural resources is being caused by action of the compound, in vivo cytotoxicity and population increase, urbanization, and the clinical trials to obtain more conclusive evidence unregulated gathering of medicinal plants from the about its usefulness. wild (Zschocke et al., 2000). From the survey and the biological evaluation bark of B. dalzielii was the ACKNOWLEDGMENT most utilised at 38.6 and 31.4 % respectively The authors would like to offer my heartfelt (Figure 2). The frequent utilisation of the stembark gratitude to Hannah Surji for English proofreading. (54.9%) of the plants in traditional medicinal systems and a large number of pharmacological REFERENCES evaluations present the part of the plant as a Abbasi AM, Khan MA, Shah MH, Shah MM, Pervez A, promising source of novel drugs for human Ahmad M. (2013). Ethnobotanical appraisal ailments (Figure 6). Frequent utilisation of the and cultural values of medicinally important plant parts in west African countries poses a wild edible vegetables of Lesser Himalayas- serious challenge to its conservational status. Pakistan. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 9: 1-13. Abdulhamid A, Sani I. (2019). Phytochemical Screening and In-Vitro Antibacterial Potential of Boswellia dalzielii (Hutch.) 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Antinociceptive anthocyanin stability profile and its activities of the methanolic extract of the stem bark of Boswellia dalzielii Volume 33 Issue 4 (2022) 537 Biological evaluation and Chemical composition of Boswellia dalzielii Hutch.(Burseraceae) in rats are Ohemu T, Agunu A, Olotu P, Ajima U, Dafam D, Azila NO/cGMP/ATP-Sensitive-K+ channel J. (2014). Ethnobotanical survey of medical activation dependent. Evidence-Based plants used in the traditional treatment of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, viral infections in Jos, plateau state, Nigeria. 2017: 1-12 International Journal of Medicinal Aromatic https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6374907. Plants, 4: 74-81. Medugu AN, Yakubu, J., Medugu, U. N., Marte, H. I., Ohemu T, Okwori V, Dafam D, Kagaru D, Yakubu T, Tata, F. Y., & Balami, V. M. (2020). Usman Y. (2018). 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Natural Product Communications, 15: 1-9. 538 Volume 33 Issue 4 (2022) Abdulrahman Mahmoud Dogara Salihu S, Otitolaiye C, Hizbullah M. (2020). Invitro dalzielii Hutch.(Burseraceae) for Antimalarial and Antibacterial Activities of antibacterial agents and a new Methanol Stem Bark Extract of Frankincense glucopyranoxylmethoxybenzyle. Natural Tree (Boswellia dalzielii) and Leaves Extract Product Research, 1-10. of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus). Asian Ueno H, Shimada A, Suemitsu S, Murakami S, Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Kitamura N, Wani K, Ishihara T. 2019. Molecular Biology, 5: 19-23. Attenuation effects of alpha-pinene Salihu T, Olukunle J, Adenubi O, Mbaoji C, Zarma M. inhalation on mice with dizocilpine-induced (2018). Ethnomedicinal plant species psychiatric-like behaviour. Journal of commonly used to manage arthritis in Evidence Based Complementary Alternative North-West Nigeria. South African Journal of Medicine. 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