University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh COLLEGEOfKEALTHSCIENCU SCHOOL OF puaLic HEALTH PAnERNSINMEONATId.MORTld.rTYRATTSANDTllDRO£'TDtMJJri'ANTS INSELECfEDIDGHPRiVAU:NTWESTAFRlCANCOVN11lIES AnELDPRACTlctJMWORKSUBMllTEDTOTHESCHOOLOFPVBUC IlEALTII,UNVUSrTYot'GHANA,"P.urJlAI.FUUU.LM£NTOflHl UQVIUMENT FOR THE AWAaDOI"T1II: DEGR£l:0I"MAST£1l0F Hf.ALTH University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh lW.. ...... Sib Morn. ... homIoy ...d ... II\.oI,tIwwwk ... pn>MlofIlt)'OWIIOf'IIIIIOI ......tI-... ..., .,onjDf . M. .... DfH.ohh l.r.-"".O'. .. AUideu.qoooonOlMl .. ~ ..." (CAHOIOAn:) ~~.""". .02./1I11'f······ (SUPEIVTSOk) University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh AClOIOWLE[)(;EMun _. __ ._. . ~ ... ~._ .. _._. . _._. ___ ., ... ___ .~. __" ... _ ... 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IDOfIaIityUld ........... -uw...n University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh APPENDlX l : Neonl wmorulityioO""irI ._ .. _ ..... _ ...... _ .. _ TlbItI : Di.lrib.lionolneonatalmorulilyiflO""in ... ... _. ._ ._ T.blel:ClUd.oddsostios of .........w ..-tolity .. BaliJo ._ Tl bIo ):Adj"""'o¢do .., .,. of_. ..l l.lmonalityioBcnio _ APPENDlXl : N-..tol .......... lityu.M. 1i T.b&.I , D;"';I"lIianof_lmortalilyiBMoli Tlbkl,Crud.ocIdIrati", ofoeonatal_ityinMM Tabltl; Adj.aledodds ....... or........wmorlllityMoli APPENDIX4: Neon.atol..-..lityiu.N~ ..... _. . _ .. _._ ... _._ TJbk I: DiJlrib.lionofllOOlWal_Iil)'ill.Nit_sh .. owveydltlllLllysi.I'iD:Iions. AdjllJledlDduroodjOlNdLocisti<- ..p uo;o...,..... ....... lacr<""",,ohild.urrinlioimQQdSoulhAsia.21"WperIOOOliYebinlu(Jbo&. Alexlllldtt.You,&'AIlerm,20Ig). 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Re(ritm:dfraoo bItp"~ . .....;d._·"".qi1T~JSA.PAGE""''''''''' loaNEWS-N. WHO,(2011).BomTooS-, n..OIobolActiooo~ .. ~8it1b.E40CP~ MVItiIlM)',m ........ WotldHMkll OrpDiatio. . ae-.2012. WHOLiIInq University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh WHO, (lOll ), MOO., ,...jllt>U, 1OIJl2~1 1!).64-1O_ 1U1ti.,·baI·''''''·iD-JbauIlI2iJlcmi ....... ....1 opm ••U ·.o.. b/ md,. ..r «l ""e-o:hild.mooU!ily,hImI WiIlo::m. ht_ L. . k~E.DialIo.D .. Muboqili.V. • kirabino" P·.NoUcr. .. F. . Horncb.AilO1 1), Comanu'-'nofotod.""ndnti"rnq"ily. 1MUvocttGI4IMIHNII1<.6(6~ c69) .... 702. Wcnd H. ... dI~(101 6J,C6oe d ·l ..... i. .. , ""HO c..-,.eoop.r.r;.. ShIq)-. (M.yI.20 14-20U _R.:tri .... tdfrum hllp:l'op.-...1 Io.iII&I."....-.........,.... 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