The Journal of Peasant Studies
ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fjps20
Transforming critical agrarian studies: Solidarity,
scholar-activism and emancipatory agendas in and
from the Global South*
Diana Aguiar, Yasmin Ahmed, Duygu Avcı, Gabriel Bastos, Bosman Batubara,
Cynthia Bejeno, Claudia I. Camacho-Benavides, Komal Chauhan, Sergio
Coronado, Somashree Das, Mercedes Ejarque, Zeynep Ceren Eren Benlisoy,
Diana Isabel Güiza-Gómez, Adwoa Yeboah Gyapong, Hao Phuong Phan,
Rahma Hassan, Carol Hernández Rodríguez, Huiying Ng, Sardar Babur
Hussain, Sinem Kavak, Thiruni Kelegama, Amit John Kurien, Daren Shi-chi
Leung, Tania Martínez-Cruz, Boaventura Monjane, George Tonderai Mudimu,
Deniz Pelek, Tsilavo Ralandison, Andrea P. Sosa Varrotti, Dzifa Torvikey &
Diana María Valencia-Duarte
To cite this article: Diana Aguiar, Yasmin Ahmed, Duygu Avcı, Gabriel Bastos, Bosman
Batubara, Cynthia Bejeno, Claudia I. Camacho-Benavides, Komal Chauhan, Sergio Coronado,
Somashree Das, Mercedes Ejarque, Zeynep Ceren Eren Benlisoy, Diana Isabel Güiza-Gómez,
Adwoa Yeboah Gyapong, Hao Phuong Phan, Rahma Hassan, Carol Hernández Rodríguez,
Huiying Ng, Sardar Babur Hussain, Sinem Kavak, Thiruni Kelegama, Amit John Kurien, Daren
Shi-chi Leung, Tania Martínez-Cruz, Boaventura Monjane, George Tonderai Mudimu, Deniz
Pelek, Tsilavo Ralandison, Andrea P. Sosa Varrotti, Dzifa Torvikey & Diana María Valencia-Duarte
(2023) Transforming critical agrarian studies: Solidarity, scholar-activism and emancipatory
agendas in and from the Global South*, The Journal of Peasant Studies, 50:2, 758-786, DOI:
10.1080/03066150.2023.2176759
To link to this article:  https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2023.2176759
Published online: 12 Apr 2023.
Submit your article to this journal 
Article views: 1811
View related articles 
View Crossmark data
Citing articles: 1 View citing articles 
Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at
https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=fjps20
THE JOURNAL OF PEASANT STUDIES
2023, VOL. 50, NO. 2, 758–786
https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2023.2176759
COMMENTARY
Transforming critical agrarian studies: Solidarity, scholar-
activism and emancipatory agendas in and from the Global
South*
Diana Aguiar a, Yasmin Ahmed b, Duygu Avcı c, Gabriel Bastos d,
Bosman Batubara e, Cynthia Bejeno f, Claudia I. Camacho-Benavides g,h,
Komal Chauhan i,j, Sergio Coronado k,l, Somashree Das m, Mercedes Ejarque n,
ZeynepCeren Eren Benlisoy o, Diana Isabel Güiza-Gómez p, AdwoaYeboahGyapong q,
Hao Phuong Phan r, Rahma Hassan s,t, Carol Hernández Rodríguez u,
Huiying Ng v,w, Sardar Babur Hussain x, Sinem Kavak y,z, Thiruni Kelegama aa,
Amit John Kurien ab, Daren Shi-chi Leung ac,ad, Tania Martínez-Cruz ae,af,
Boaventura Monjane ag,ah, George Tonderai Mudimu ai,aj, Deniz Pelek ak,al,
Tsilavo Ralandison am, Andrea P. Sosa Varrotti an,ao, Dzifa Torvikey ap and
Diana María Valencia-Duarte aq,ar
aInstitute of Humanities, Arts, and Sciences (IHAC), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; bDepartment
of Sociology, Egyptology, Anthropology, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt; cFaculty of
Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey; dDepartment of Social Sciences,
Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil; eHuman Geography and Spatial
Planning, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; fCivic Innovation Group, International Institute of Social
Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Hague, Netherlands; gDepartamento de Producción Económica,
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico; hInvestigación y Acción
Biocultural, Anima Mundi, A.C., Coatepec, Veracruz, México; iDepartment of Humanities and Social Sciences,
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India; jFoundation for Agrarian Studies, Bengaluru,
India; kCentro de Investigacioń y Educacioń Popular, Bogota, Colombia; lPolitical Ecology Research Group,
Erasmus University Rotterdam International Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, Netherlands; mCentre for
the Study of Regional Development, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi,
India; nFamily Farming Research Institute Patagonia Region, National Institute of Agricultural Technology,
Plottier, Argentina; oPolitical Ecology Research Group, Erasmus University Rotterdam International Institute
of Social Studies, The Hague, Netherlands; pDepartment of Political Science and the Kroc Institute for
International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA; qCentre for Social Policy
Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; rSoft Skills Department, FPT University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet
Nam; sInstitute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; tFaculty of Science, University
of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; uUniversity Program of Bioethics, National Autonomous University
of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; vLudwig-Maximilians-Universitaẗ Müchen Rachel Carson Center for
Environment and Society, Munchen, Germany; wAgrarian Studies Program, Yale University, New Haven,
Connecticut, USA; xCentre for Decentralisation and Development, Institute for Social and Economic Change,
Bengaluru, India; yCenter for Sustainability Studies, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; zThe Raoul Wallenberg
Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Lund, Sweden; aaOxford School of Global and Area
Studies, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; abSchool of Liberal Arts and Sciences, RV University, Bengaluru,
India; acDepartment of Cultural Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong SAR, China; adDiscipline of Gender
and Cultural Studies, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; aeLaboratory of Anthropology of
CONTACT Diana Aguiar diana.aguiar@ufba.br Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-060, Brazil
*All authors are part of the Collective of Agrarian Scholar-Activists from the Global South (CASAS). Authors contributed to
the paper according to their abilities, and their names are listed alphabetically by surname. CASAS is a network emer-
ging from the 2019 Journal of Peasant Studies Writeshop on Critical Agrarian Studies and Scholar-Activism in Beijing,
China, and expanded through its following three annual editions till 2022. Self-organized by former Writeshop partici-
pants, CASAS aims to promote scholarship and activism in critical agrarian studies and to also seek ways to navigate the
structural barriers in academia by following principles of solidarity and mutual care (https://casasouth.org/).
This article has been corrected with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.
© 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
THE JOURNAL OF PEASANT STUDIES 759
Contemporary Worlds, Free University of Brussels – Campus de la Plaine, Brussels, Belgium; afStockholm
International Water Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; agInstitute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies,
University of the Western Cape, Belleville Cape Town, South Africa; ahCentre for African Studies, Eduardo
Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique; aiInstitute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies, University of
the Western Cape, Bellville Cape Town, South Africa; ajDepartment of Development Sciences, Marondera
University Of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (MUAST), Marondera, Zimbabwe; akDepartment of
Political Science, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; alInstitut Français d’Etudes
Anatoliennes (IFEA), Istanbul, Turkey; amEcole du Génie du Management d’Entreprise et du Commerce,
Institut Supérieur de Technologie, Antananarivo, Madagascar; anNational Scientific and Technical Research
Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; aoThe School of Interdisciplinary Advanced Social Studies,
National University of San Martin (EIDAES-UNSAM), San Martin, Argentina; apInstitute of Statistical, Social,
and Economic Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; aqSchool of Modern Languages (Department of
Hispanic, Portuguese and Latin American Studies), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; arFaculty of Humanities,
Arts and Social Sciences (Department of Archaeology and History), University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
ABSTRACT KEYWORDS
This paper examines the challenges and opportunities faced by scholar-activism; Global
critical agrarian scholars in and from the Global South. We argue South; critical agrarian
that despite the historical and structural limitations, the critical studies; academic
juncture of convergence of crises and renewed interest in inequalities; knowledge
agrarian political economies o ers an opportunity for fostering a politicsff
diverse research agenda that opens space for critical perspectives
about, from and by the Global South, which is mostly absent in
mainstream scholarship dominated by the Global North. We also
propose doing so by enhancing solidarity to transform injustices
within academia and other spaces of knowledge production and
dissemination. To develop the argument, first, we reflect on the
multiplicity of crises in rural areas and the changing character of
social struggles, as well as the interlinkages between
environmental crises and the re-emergence of critical agrarian
studies that are reshaping the agrarian question. Then, we discuss
the implications and conditions of the political agenda carried out
by a scholar-activist movement working on agrarian studies from
the Global South. Drawing on our experience as the Collective of
Agrarian Scholar-Activists from the South (CASAS), we conclude by
proposing three ways forward for enhancing solidarity through
networks of scholar-activists: knowledge accessibility, cooperative
organization, and co-production of knowledge.
A critical juncture for agrarian studies
Multiple crises around food, fuel, land, finance, labor, migration, environment, climate and
human rights have converged in the last two decades. These crises have both driven and
partly resulted from a race to global resource grabbing, thus heightening environmental
degradation and injustice affecting rural populations, mainly in the Global South.
Different figures illustrate the uneven impacts of the convergence of these multiple
crises, leading to a scenario of intense agrarian and environmental conflicts (Martinez-
Alier 2021). While global food production has increased at a higher rate than demo-
graphic growth for over five decades, between 10–20 percent of the population in
Africa, Asia, and Latin America suffer from hunger (FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO
2022; UN 2021). Much of this production increase relied on land use change through
deforestation, as well as the unsustainable use of technological packages, such as agro-
chemicals and Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) (Shattuck 2021). Globalized and
760 D. AGUIAR ET AL.
financialized agrifood commodity chains controlled by a few transnational corporations
have therefore been a key driver of large-scale land use change, erosion of biodiversity
and climate change on a planetary scale (Shand, Wetter, and Chowdhry 2022; GRAIN &
IATP 2018).
While the most impoverished people in urban and rural areas are disproportionately
affected, the richest are driving environmental crises. For instance, it is estimated that
since 1990, the bottom 50% of the world population has been responsible for only
16% of all carbon emissions, while the global top 1% has accounted for 23% of the
total emissions. In 1990, most global carbon inequality (over 60%) was due to differences
between countries, whereas today it is due to a gap between low and high emitters within
countries (Chancel 2022), adding an extra source of inequality. This is highlighted by
Ceddia (2020) who points out the role of foreign direct investments in Southeast Asia
and South America by the super-rich in driving the expansion of flex crop agriculture
which results in extensive forest loss.
The prospects for the future are not only challenging but also life-threatening. It is now
common knowledge that ever since the advent of industrialization in the mid-nineteenth
century there has never been as much heat-trapping carbon dioxide concentration in the
Earth’s atmosphere as there is today. The sixth report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) points to a significant increase of average temperature of 1.09°C
and highlights that if the world reaches the critical point of 1.5°C increase, the scenario
will be disastrous with significant probability of extreme weather conditions, severe
droughts, high risk of extinction of many species and consequent agricultural collapse.
Peasant households across the Global South will be the most severely impacted, particu-
larly those practicing subsistence rainfed agriculture and reliant on native agrobiodiver-
sity. Consequently, this would result in more widespread hunger, reduced scope for
adaptation, and exacerbated societal inequalities (IPCC 2022).
Institutionalized responses to these convergent crises have rendered peasant com-
munities even more vulnerable. For instance, the food crisis has been observed as
an opportunity to continue increasing food production of major crops. However, gov-
ernments and other powerful actors such as agribusiness corporations, investment
funds and multilateral financial institutions usually regard peasant and Indigenous
Peoples’ agricultural systems as unproductive and inefficient in terms of both land
use and yield per unit area (Borras and Franco 2018). Thus, their territories are com-
monly classified as ‘vacant’ or ‘wastelands’ ー or simply as a resource ー available
for capture by large-scale industrial agriculture to increase food production through
commodity chains (Li 2014; Tsing 2004).
Crisis-induced land, water, and green grabbing have been observed in several
countries of the Global South (Bruna 2019; Franco, Mehta, and Veldwisch 2013;
Gyapong 2021a) with dire consequences for land and territorial rights and access to
the commons by Indigenous Peoples and peasant communities (Borras et al. 2012;
Rulli, Saviori, and D’Odorico 2013). For instance, one-third of the world’s investment
funds are operating in the Brazilian land market (Yoshie Martins Kato and Pereira Leite
2020). Land market operations are not reduced to existing farmlands but are one of
the drivers of agricultural frontier expansion and deforestation in Brazil (Aguiar and
Torres 2021). The environmental and socio-economic impacts of the expansion of indus-
trial farming and cattle-ranching disproportionately affect pastoralists and peasant
THE JOURNAL OF PEASANT STUDIES 761
communities (Scoones 2020). In many cases, these groups face evictions and suffer con-
sequences of rising territorial conflicts.
Of all the Global South regions, Africa is at the crosshairs for land and resource grabs
today. Although peasant agriculture contributes over 70% of the continent’s food basket,
this farming system is still deemed inefficient in comparison with large farms (Collier and
Dercon 2014) and perceived as backward or as only capable of subsistence. Thus, instead
of supporting peasant agriculture, some governments and multilateral agencies pursue a
‘modernisation’ agenda while the displacement by large-scale agricultural corporations is
rationalized by a development discourse (Gyapong 2021b; ROPPA 2014), such as in the
infamous and controversial case of the ProSavana project in Mozambique (Monjane
and Bruna 2020).
Similarly, in many Asian countries, land dispossession for plantation expansion is a
growing trend (Julia and White 2012; Lamb et al. 2017; Li 2017; Morgan 2017). Widely
observed in the agrobiodiversity and wild biodiversity rich regions of Southeast Asia
with consequences for water availability, erosion of cultural practices around agriculture,
rising societal inequalities, etc. it is also observed in other locales now. For instance, in
Bangladesh, violation of property rights through corruption and coercion has led to the
displacement of owners and tenants (Feldman and Geisler 2011). The shrimp processing
zone in the southern part of the country forced many poor farmers out of their land
(Adnan 2013). Significantly, Indigenous Peoples’ land rights are systematically being dis-
regarded (Kapaeeng Foundation 2010).
The crises, their drivers, their institutionalized responses, and their social and environ-
mental consequences, as well as the political reactions to these processes from rural
social movements, have captured the attention of critical scholars and researchers world-
wide. Thus, critical agrarian studies is currently witness to a dynamic historic moment, in
which theories, cases, and methodologies – indeed, knowledge production as a whole –
are being constantly debated and revisited (Edelman and Wolford 2017; Akram-Lodhi
et al. 2021; Borras 2023). The resurgence of academic interest in rural areas and agrarian
political economies associated with this moment also brings with it political questions
about how knowledge is produced, who is producing it and interpretations about what
is taking place on the ground. Academic research, knowledge production, and its dissemi-
nation is a contested field and a political arena shaped by global inequalities and power
relations. In this context, scholars from the Global South struggle to gain space and recog-
nition in a field dominated by their Global North counterparts.
Therefore, this paper examines the obstacles, challenges, and opportunities faced by
critical agrarian scholars in and from the Global South. We argue that despite the historical
and structural limitations for our research and knowledge dissemination, the current his-
toric moment offers an opportunity for enhancing solidarity as a way to transform injus-
tices within academia and other spaces of knowledge production and dissemination in
order to provide new insights into understanding the challenges facing the rural world.
In the following section, we reflect on critical issues of agrarian studies today, such as the
struggles takingplace in rural areas, and the interlinkages between the environmental crisis
and the re-emergence of critical agrarian studies. Then, based on the accumulated knowl-
edge and experiences within the Collective of Agrarian Scholar-Activists from the Global
South (CASAS), we deepen the debate to showcase the obstacles, challenges and political
agenda of a movement of scholars-activists working in critical agrarian studies from the
762 D. AGUIAR ET AL.
Global South. We conclude by considering the ways forward for enhancing solidarity
through networks of scholar-activism which we feel are integral to bringing about
change in a world that needs more engaged scholarship and multiscalar collective action.
Changing agrarian social movements, environmental politics, and
academia
As the convergence of multiple crises expands around the globe, struggles led by rural
workers, pastoralists, peasant communities and Indigenous Peoples for land, territory,
environmental and climate justice, food, water and seed sovereignty, as well as
complex processes of resistance to dispossession, exploitation, oppression, marginaliza-
tion and authoritarianism are emerging as a historical necessity. Faced with this reality,
scholar-activism – understood as ‘rigorous academic work that aims to change the
world, or committed activism work that is informed by rigorous academic research,
which is explicitly and unapologetically connected to a political project or movement’
(Borras 2016, 5)1 – has an essential role to play. Committed to a deep dialogue and col-
laboration with these struggles, we, as scholar-activists in and from the Global South,
are claiming our active role and place in mobilizing efforts to produce syntheses and
analytical tools to reflect on new and old perspectives on the agrarian question that
have shaped current global debates.
Peasants were and remain makers of history, albeit not in the conditions of their own
choosing (McMichael 2008). Historically, when and where possible, rural working classes
have sought to take to collective action and political struggles to confront the processes
of dispossession, marginalization, exploitation and oppression that accompanied colonial
and capitalist transformation of agriculture and appropriation of resources, as well as the
imposition of state power in the name of national development and modernization. They
have also devised multiple alternative ways of organizing social and ecological reproduc-
tion, managing a plethora of diverse agroecosystems, forest and water resources and, in
the process, accumulated intergenerational knowledge associated with biodiversity and
land management.2
The agency and politics of rural working classes have taken different forms across time
and space. Examples can be found in contexts as diverse as the revolt of the enslaved
people forced to work in the sugar plantations in Haiti (James 1989), the peasant rebel-
lions of the twentieth century in Mexico, Vietnam, Algeria (Wolf 1969) or the Philippines
(Kerkvliet 1977; Pomeroy 1978; Lanzona 2009), the agrarian laborers and Indigenous
Peoples who fought for the independence of India (Sainath 2022), the contemporary
struggles of small farmers, Indigenous Peoples and peasant communities against neolib-
eral policies, extractivist development projects and land grabbing, and mobilization for
access to land, control over resources, food and seed sovereignty across the world
(Avcı 2017; Kavak 2021; Monjane 2022; Hernández Rodríguez 2022). In civil wars, rural
1See also Rosset 2020 and Mora 2017 for a discussion of collaborative research with and by social movements and the
ethics and implications for researchers carrying out ethnographic work within indigenous communities in resistance.
2See Kothari et al. (2012) for a global overview of territories and areas conserved by Indigenous Peoples and local com-
munities. For an overview of Indigenous Peoples and peasant communities’ territorialities connected to the manage-
ment of biodiversity that endured in the face of the expansion of the frontier respectively in Brazil and in the Amazon
across several countries in South America, see Almeida (2011) and Little (2001). For the case of communal forest man-
agement in Thailand, see: Aquino and Narintarakul Na Ayutthaya (2001) and Pobsuk (2019).
THE JOURNAL OF PEASANT STUDIES 763
movements have also played a critical role in not only resisting lethal violence and rebel
governance (Arjona 2016; Hernández Delgado 2004; Uribe de Hincapié 2006) but also
configuring new landholding systems and forms of resource distribution (Berman-
Arévalo 2021; Hristov 2005; Vergara-Figueroa 2018). Peasants have also been key political
agents who contributed to the culmination of nation-wide uprisings. Scholarly work on
the Middle East shows that rural areas witnessed recurrent waves of small-scale
farmers’ and rural mobilizations long before the 2010–2011 uprisings, particularly in
countries such as Egypt and Tunisia (Ayeb and Bush 2019).
These struggles and revolts have attracted attention from academics, largely addressed
from the perspectives of political economy, class conflict and moral economy. A vast lit-
erature has examined specific grievances and motivations for peasant rebellion or
peasant support for revolutionary guerrilla movements based on the assumption that
certain sorts of peasants are more prone or more able to rebel. For instance, the ‘Wolf-
Paige’ debate discusses what stratum of peasants have the potential to be revolutionary
(Wolf 1969; Paige 1975), and the ‘Scott-Popkin’ debate draws attention to the relative
weight of economic, organizational and cultural determinants of peasant behavior
(Scott 1977; Popkin 1979; Goodwin and Skocpol 1989). Scott (1977) asserts that peasants
rebel as a reaction to the threat to their minimal subsistence caused by capitalist pen-
etration in the countryside. Popkin (1979) contested Scott arguing that peasants are indi-
vidual decision-making, utility maximizing individuals and they rebel to maximize
potential for profit, an opportunity, to tame capitalism in their favor, and not as a reaction
to economic distress. Scholarship has also paid attention to rural mobilization through
institutional means and its impacts on land rights regimes (Coronado 2021), including
women’s land rights (Bejeno 2021) and constitutional frameworks (Güiza Gómez et al.
2020). In doing so, burgeoning research emphasizes the rural poor agency to shape
policy outcomes via institutional channels such as politico-legal mobilization.
Today, however, peasant societies have become more culturally, socially and economi-
cally diverse, which reflects the structural change that agrarian societies and landscapes
are going through (Edelman 2013). The proliferation of capitalist forms of farming, land
grabs, altered property relations, patterns of proletarianization and migration, the pen-
etration of new information technologies and developing travel opportunities have
affected the structural composition of the peasantry. Meanwhile, space–time com-
pression (Harvey 1989) seriously and irreversibly shook the historical construction of
the peasantry as a remote, static and conservative entity. In response, the paradigms to
understand peasant dissidence have become more diverse and sophisticated, especially
in the period of neoliberal economic restructuring, which demolishes old theories on
peasant mobilization in the face of strong and impactful movements such as the landless
movement MST of Brazil (Kröger 2011), the EZLN of Mexico (Collier and Quaratiello 2005),
the Landless People’s Movement of South Africa (Alexander 2004), Nayakrishi Andolan
(New Agriculture Movement) of Bangladesh (Mazhar 2019), and the transnational
peasant organization of La Via Campesina (Martínez-Torres and Rosset 2010) and on
the pressing issues of food sovereignty (Boyer 2010; Giunta 2014; Masson, Paulos, and
Beaulieu Bastien 2017) and seed sovereignty movements (Kloppenburg 2014; Peschard
2017; Peschard and Randeria 2020; Felicien et al. 2020; Muller 2020) and those against
land and water grabbing (Hall et al. 2015; Martinez-Alier et al. 2016).
764 D. AGUIAR ET AL.
Concurrently, rapid environmental degradation and environmental threats have
reshaped the context of agrarian conflicts and the political framing of agrarian struggles.
Especially since the 1970s peasant and Indigenous Peoples struggles against large-scale
infrastructure projects – such as the Sardar Sarovar Dam in the Narmada River valley in
India, and multiple roads and dams in the Amazon, as well as against logging and defor-
estation – such as the Chipko movement in India and the rubber-tappers led by Chico
Mendes in Brazil – drew significant attention and brought environmental concerns to
the center stage of agrarian conflicts. The development of such struggles in Latin
America has led to the so-called ‘territorial turn’ in the political practices of agrarian move-
ments and, therefore, in theoretical debates (Porto-Gonçalves and Leff 2015). This became
increasingly apparent as movements were not only claiming their right to land and
resources against environmental degradation but were framing their struggles in terms
of the defense of their territories and diversified land use (Schwartzman 2018). Dynamics
of territoriality and territorial conflicts beyond the nation-state reshaped the landscape of
the agrarian question in the region. Similarly, in India, the Forest Rights Act of 2006 is a
culmination of years of struggle to lawfully redress the historical injustice against
forest-agrarian communities and to regain their right to access and use of land.
Meanwhile, environmental concerns also gained centrality in the Global North. Rachel
Carson’s Silent Spring (1962) showcased the dire consequences of industrialization of agri-
culture and the ill-effects of the indiscriminate use of pesticides on the environment. The
variegation of the environmental movement into an environmental justice movement
against the targeting of African American neighborhoods and communities as the desti-
nation of toxic waste in the United States (Bullard 2000), and the Tar Sands Healing Walk
by a coalition of First Nation Indigenous women against the damage by crude oil extrac-
tion on land and fish resources in Alberta, Canada (Zalik 2015; Wong 2013) are key illus-
trations of this trend. Most recently, the commodity boom in an era of Chinese ascent has
produced new scholarship on neoextractivism and environmental conflicts in Latin
America (Svampa 2019), especially related to megaprojects such as large-scale mining
and infrastructure under South America’s IIRSA/Cosiplan program (Peregalli 2022) and,
most recently, China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) (Amar et al. 2022; Apostolopoulou
2021). The growth of the field of political ecology in recent years (Perreault, Bridge, and
McCarthy 2015), building upon Marxist agrarian political economy but opening new
avenues of inquiry to build bridges between the agrarian question and environmental
politics, is a testament to this trend. The special forum and conference by this journal
together with other partners in 2022 on Climate Change and Critical Agrarian Studies is
attuned with this theoretical imperative to engage with the diverse character of environ-
mental issues.
We identify four aspects of contemporary rural and agrarian struggles that need to be
addressed in research by critical agrarian scholars. First, capital’s response to the food and
environmental crises has ushered in a new rush for land and resources, especially in the
Global South. The concepts of ‘land grabbing’ (Borras and Franco 2012; McMichael 2012;
White et al. 2012) and ‘green and blue grabbing’ (Fairhead, Leach, and Scoones 2012;
Rocheleau 2015) indeed highlight these processes, where land and natural resources
are appropriated in the name of food security and for purportedly environmental ends.
This dynamic, which dates back to the colonial era but gained new life in the early
twenty-first century with the confluence of crises, seems only to exacerbate. In particular,
THE JOURNAL OF PEASANT STUDIES 765
climate change mitigation projects, either in the form of large-scale renewable energy,
tree plantations to be marketed as carbon sinks, biofuel production or REDD + initiatives,
substantially increase the global demand for land and water, especially for the expansion
of flex crops (Borras et al. 2016; Alonso-Fradejas et al. 2016; Gillon 2016). We call upon our
colleagues from the critical agrarian scholar community to continue investigating the
various ways that rural people are affected by such initiatives as well as how they
respond to them with specific references to socio-economic and political effects.
Second, and in close relation to the first, the ongoing food crisis aggravated by climate
change, has put agriculture and food back at the center of development debates (Clapp
2022). In fact, agriculture and food have become key arenas of struggle with diverse actors
advancing conflicting views on the causes of and solutions to the food crisis (Holt
Giménez and Shattuck 2011; Clapp and Moseley 2020). On the one hand, powerful
actors of the corporate food regime are trying to promote solutions that prioritize tech-
nological and market-based interventions without addressing the concentration of power
and resources entrenched in the way global commodity chains are structured, as well as
the erosion of agrobiodiversity. On the other hand, agrarian social movements (and their
allies in civil society) and many research institutions are pushing for a more progressive
and radical transformation of the food systems and regime (McMichael 2014). In this con-
frontation, the future of agriculture and food is at stake. Hence, we need to pay close
attention to how to amplify the voices of those calling for radical transformation
towards just, diverse and sustainable food systems (CSIPM 2022; IPES-Food & ETC
Group 2021).3
Third, agrarian struggles for control over land, resources and conditions of production
and social reproduction are increasingly intertwined with other social struggles, including
those for food and seed sovereignty, environmental and climate justice, defense of terri-
tories and alternative ways of living, Indigenous Peoples’ rights and autonomy, gender
and urban justice. Agrarian struggles also involve solidarities that cross national bound-
aries, i.e. are transnational (Borras 2016; Klein 2015, Mingorria 2018, Martinez-Alier et al.
2016). In this sense, the crucial task for critical agrarian scholars is to understand the
ever-changing terrain of social justice struggles – the new alliances and solidarities includ-
ing tensions and challenges, and the question of how these influence the movements’
demands, discourses, organizational practices and strategies.
Lastly, there are many examples of peasants and their allies developing alternative
ways of organizing social and ecological reproduction. These alternatives, including but
not restricted to agroecology, social and solidarity economy, territorial self-government,
practices of commoning, buen vivir, do not necessarily and always work towards a prede-
termined socialist horizon, but work from their territories to foster more caring, just and
ecologically attuned ways of living.4 Transnational, national and local agrarian and
environmental justice movements have also been increasingly mobilizing and jointly col-
laborating around and in the face of the global crises in order to scale up these alternative
frameworks and practices. The acceleration of the processes reshaping capitalist develop-
ment and directly or indirectly affecting territories such as financialization (Clapp and
3See also the numerous proclamations and actions in this sense of the international peasant organization La Vía Cam-
pesina (LVC) on its official website: https://viacampesina.org/
4See e.g. Kothari et al. (2019) for a plethora of concepts under which such alternatives are organized.
766 D. AGUIAR ET AL.
Isakson 2018), digitalization (Ajates 2022; Fraser 2019), and the advancement of a green
corporate capitalism (Friedmann 2005) requires that we support the political processes
and transformative social practices on the ground. To do so, we need to understand
the complexities of rural realities and be part of a collective effort to transform food
systems (Gliessman 2016) while improving peasant – and neo-rural – livelihoods.
In this regard, scholar-activists from the Global South are called to critically analyze
these old and new struggles without essentializing rural communities but rather employ-
ing multidisciplinary approaches to understanding diverse forms of exploitation, oppres-
sion, dispossession and marginalization that they are subjected to, recognize the full
complexity of their agency, and emphasize their right to land and livelihoods. Such a
research agenda cannot be conducted from a disinterested stance. It must involve politi-
cal commitment and loyalty to these struggles, to contribute to their efforts to change the
world. It also needs to have ethical commitments to dismantle the hierarchies in the pro-
cesses of knowledge production, co-produce knowledge in dialogue and collaboration
with rural struggles, and be accountable to them (Duncan et al. 2019; Montenegro de
Wit et al. 2021; Borras 2016).
As a response to these crises, academics and scholar-activists from diverse back-
grounds have been devoting their research efforts to analyzing and finding answers to
the questions, and confront challenges posed by and to development (see Stephens
and Bagelman 2023). We, as scholar-activists in and from the Global South committed
to social, agrarian and environmental justice, are assuming our role in this matter.
Rethinking the Global South
The concept of ‘Global North’ as opposed to the ‘Global South’ entered the development
lexicon to identify regions that make up the wealthy and industrialized world and those
that are not. The application of the term ‘North–South divide’ emerged from the need to
map the patterns of uneven development across countries and regions. The term Global
South, broadly comprising Asia, Middle East, Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean,
has been used to represent low- and middle-income countries as per categorization in
World Bank income-per-capita index. Historically, the Global South represents former
colonized nations with a shared history of social and economic differentiation, located
roughly at the geographical south.
This conceptualization has been problematic from the onset as it lends itself to reinfor-
cing binary narratives of superiority and inferiority, and detract attention away from cul-
tural and territorial specificities and complexities. It has also been challenged as the
increasing polarization within Global North and Global South countries is leading to
the development of internal ‘north’ and ‘south’ layers in different societies (Therien
1999, 724). Thus, there exists a need to challenge the internal homogeneity of the
nation-state, mainly because inequality is also increasingly pronounced at smaller
scales, between and within countries and communities.
Accordingly, we aim to conceptualize the Global South beyond a geographical and
binary emphasis. In lieu of a better concept, and as part of a wider effort to decolonize
knowledge production and scholarship, we maintain that the term ‘Global South’ be
used carefully to describe spaces where various forms of exploitation and oppression
deliberately undermine specific social groups.
THE JOURNAL OF PEASANT STUDIES 767
The notion should also encompass the many differences existing within Global North
countries, where scholars from the working class, migrants and their children, racialized
groups, women, and Indigenous Peoples − among other marginalized groups − face
similar obstacles.We also acknowledge that in theGlobal South, there are capitalist structures
of knowledgeproductionwhich enforce class divisions andother formsof injustice. Usually, at
the top of those structures are elites influenced by colonial ways of knowledge production.
Therefore, we also problematize the idea that the world is not just divided between South
and North: multiple imbrications of categories of oppression and privilege (Gill and Pires
2019) need to be recognized. Critical agrarian studies acknowledge the effects of the global
order on agrarian communities in the Global South that also depend on imbricated identities
such as class, caste, ethnicity, race, gender, generation, and religion. Incorporating these con-
siderations into research agendas helps to identify social agency of dominated groups and
embraces global struggles and solidarities that result from shared experiences from the
margins under contemporary capitalist globalization. The Global South should be, therefore,
understood not merely as a place of provenance of researchers and scholar-activists, but as a
place situatedwithin a broad framework of social struggles ranging fromworkers’ struggle to
women’s movement, from food sovereignty to environmental and anti-nuclear movements.
Whilemany efforts havebeenmade to rethink agrarian issues from theGlobal South, our
colonized societies − and subjectivities − have largely accepted mainstream interpret-
ations and solutions produced in the Global North as the best ones for too long. Academic
elites in the Global South tend to uncritically reproduce and reinforcemainstream theories,
enhancing themarginalization of critical perspectives. Power disputes betweengeographi-
cal contexts and inside Global South countries expose the current challenges and call for
new ideas and critical analysiswithin academia, that havebeen there but remainedmargin-
alized (Dados and Connell 2012; Jha, Yeros, and Chambati 2020).
However, bringing these ideas into the center stage is not an easy task for scholar-acti-
vists from the Global South, since there has been an established system of power in aca-
demic knowledge production, circulation and status, taking place everywhere.
Inequalities in knowledge production are unevenly dispersed across the globe and inter-
sect with colonialism, post-colonialism, racism and gender injustices. In several cases, it
has echoed citation analysis by intensification of references in certain core countries
while others are neglected and their scholars treated as ‘sub-contractors’ (Collyer 2016, 3).
Thus, we aim to develop an expanded solidarity network of researchers, writers,
readers, and reviewers to provide mutual support and create a diverse network that pro-
motes collaboration among critical scholarship engaged with rural movements fighting
for social, agrarian and environmental justice, and thus contribute to a more internation-
ally influential production of knowledge by Global South scholars. A solidarity network
among scholars from the Global South is important for bringing equality in knowledge
advancement and a symbolic representation in this field that makes it inclusive. It aims
to help decolonize scholarship in the field of critical agrarian studies by identifying, criti-
quing and correcting the inequalities embedded within scholarship.
The dominance of English and a call for language justice
We recognize language as a vehicle of power in both academia and activism. Currently,
English is the vehicular language of academic and activists’ forums. This predominance
768 D. AGUIAR ET AL.
invites us to recognize not only its links to colonial legacies, but also how knowledge pro-
duction and dissemination is one of the strategies through which imperial domination is
enforced. English language predominance tends to perpetuate and reproduce inequal-
ities of the kinds of knowledge it advances (R’boul 2022).
The dominance of English in research and scholarly publications reinforces epistemo-
logical hierarchies and dominant narratives by limiting knowledge diversity, defining
whose voices count, what messages matter, and the audience they can reach. Since
science plays a role for policy-making, these hierarchies can perpetuate inequalities
and social injustice. In this section, we draw attention to the ways in which English con-
tinues to be dominant in all facets of knowledge production and dissemination. Consid-
ering this, we present the implications of this dominance on the emancipatory agendas
that we are pursuing and look for ways to have other languages and knowledge
systems integrated in scholar-activist spaces and initiatives.
Scholars in the Global South that are non-native English speakers are compelled to use
this language in order to engage with dominant debates in the Global North, many of
which are rendered as international debates. However, its preponderance reveals
deeper inequalities and injustices. To start, it limits whose voices and what messages
can be shared in broader global debates and who can read or access these debates
(McAlvay et al. 2021). Specifically, writing in English becomes a challenge as many
times it is learned as a second or third language therefore limiting the articles, debates,
research opportunities, and resources that academics can have access to if they are not
proficient (ibid). The challenge is even more pronounced for some groups within the
Global South, e.g. women, rural population, Indigenous Peoples, racialized groups and
persons with disabilities, among others who often struggle to enter academia simply
because enacting the right to higher education is a privilege.
Publishing in English is considered a must not only to be known and to have a voice in
academia, but also for other academics to engage with our ideas. For instance, in the
context of the Arab World, the colonial legacy led to the emergence of a university
system that produced a compartmentalized elite, whereby scholars either ‘publish glob-
ally and perish locally’ or ‘publish locally and perish globally’ (Hanafi 2011, 291). Further-
more, many journals require a certain standard of English without consideration of other
linguistic traditions or other ways of creating knowledge or conveying ideas, e.g. the
orality of Indigenous Peoples’ knowledge and how perpetuating an education in other
language and based on knowledge systems other than their own, kills not only a
language but Indigenous Peoples (Redvers et al. 2022; Martinez-Cruz 2022). In terms of
knowledge production, the choice of language already becomes an automatic mechan-
ism of exclusion towards certain groups.
Academics and researchers from the Global South who are primarily non-native English
speakers face greater difficulty fitting into the language standards and requirements in
their publications but also navigating the complex world of academia that is based on
networking, building collaborations and certain competencies where, if English is not
your first language, you stand at a disadvantage.
Additionally, the largest academic forums, journals, and publications where main-
stream ideas and discourses are debated and reinforced are usually dominated by
renowned scholars affiliated with wealthy universities and research centers, mainly
from the Global North. Ironically, many of these debates are focused on analyzing
THE JOURNAL OF PEASANT STUDIES 769
dynamics in the Global South through the lens of the Global North. This trend has a few
important consequences for knowledge generation. Firstly, this reduces the accessibility
of scholars from the Global South to participating in these debates to set research
agendas. Secondly, it can also make it onerous to disseminate important ideas that are
outside the bounds of what is deemed to be relevant scholarship by standards set by
the Global North. However, the obverse of the above points is perhaps more pertinent.
The knowledge generated and published in non-English language journals is not signifi-
cantly integrated in the dominant English language publications world. It is therefore safe
to assume then that the knowledge being claimed as state-of-the-art in the English
language domain is, at its best, incomplete, and at worst, flawed.
Such barriers and fundamental problems continue to not only alienate research and
researchers from the Global South, further deepening the existing underrepresentation
in international publications by scholars from these countries, but also silence their
interpretations of the worlds they occupy voiced in their own language journals. Bridging
this gap to ensure more Global South scholars and activists at the forefront of sharing,
debating, and publishing in critical agrarian studies, therefore, becomes crucial.
Avenues identified under CASAS to support the achievement of this goal include
solidarity and support for translation, proofreading, and academic writing courses for
upcoming scholars, creating collaborations among different scholars with a broad
range of profiles, and supporting each other in navigating the challenging and
complex world of academia. Other alternatives involve finding available resources to
fund not only translation and collaborative research, but also improving language
skills, supporting capacity development, and creating opportunities for young scholars
and activists as part of our solidarity network. The articulation of these initiatives under
the umbrella of an organized effort to face inequalities would even the terrain of
struggle. However, these efforts do not suffice to transform structural inequalities
that Global South scholars will continue to face while power structures reinforce the
dominance of English and certain standards of knowledge production, presentation
and attribution of relevance in academia.
‘Buscando visa para un sueño’5: Overcoming structural barriers for
academic exchange
Personal health and safety, time differences, travel costs, and ever-changing government
regulations are some of the few risks and challenges that scholar-activists from the Global
South face when we lead or participate in academic or activist conferences or other gath-
erings that are held in the Global North. Against this backdrop, we raise questions about
how to overcome these challenges that decrease reliance on us having to make long-dis-
tance, cross-border travel and to form new academic and activist communities in our own
places. The ultimate goal is that the knowledge production around critical agrarian issues
and its dissemination are not centralized in the Global North, but rather in the places
where research is being conducted.
5Title of a song authored by Dominican artist Juan Luis Guerra. The song title translates into English as ‘Seeking visa for a
dream’ and tells the histories of several migrants making the line for a visa request in Santo Domingo, facing embassy
bureaucrats with their folders packed with documents.
770 D. AGUIAR ET AL.
The Covid-19 pandemic has transformed academic conferences. During the period of
hard mobility restrictions, academic conferences took place in virtual formats. For over
two years, instead of packing universities’ auditoriums and classrooms, we attended
conferences, seminars, and different forms of academic events remotely. At present,
many academic conferences have resumed in-person formats, with the option of
hybrid participation. The return of normal academic conferences reminded us of the
great difficulties to promote the participation of scholars from, and especially based
in, the Global South.
Securing a visa to travel abroad to participate in an academic event is much more
than a procedure to successfully meet. Global South researchers applying for a visa
confront in their own bodies the weight of global inequalities. Visas are expensive,
and not all academic events include in their budgets the costs of those fees.
Besides, people must often gather a stack of documents to prove that they are
indeed traveling to an academic event in the face of immigration policies that increas-
ingly treat Global South citizens as potential illegal migrants. Proof of employment and/
or university letters, health insurance, personal references, invitation letters, bank state-
ments (and proof of accommodation), travel history, flight reservations, are just a few
items that people must gather to apply for a visa to attend a conference. That this pro-
longed and costly work can affect academic work is rarely even given thought. By the
end of the process, one might have a visa rejection or, even if granted, might have to
endure hostile treatment when going through migration. Both situations are filled with
harassment and symbolic violence that the holders of privileged passports from the
Global North rarely experience.
The situation may be worse when attempting to participate in a conference in the
Global North, but not exclusive to it. Governments in the Global South usually welcome
visitors with Global North countries’ passports and impose enormous restrictions for
allowing travelers from other countries in the Global South to enter their borders
and visit their universities. For instance, a researcher from Cuba is only allowed to
travel visa-free to 29 countries in the world. Most countries in Latin America and the
Caribbean request a visa from Cuban travelers. A Palestinian researcher is only wel-
comed without a visa in 34 countries. A Pakistani can only enter 31 countries
without a visa. Conversely, as of December 2022, US passport holders can travel
visa-free to 143 countries and territories. This situation is not only faced by early
career young scholars, but also by senior scholars, who despite having achieved recog-
nition in their fields and earned the respect of their colleagues, are often subject to
humiliation when attempting to attend seminars abroad. Scholar-activists also face
the risk of being denied research permits or visas, and some are altogether refused
entry to undertake 6fieldwork.
Besides visa-related constraints, flight costs are exorbitantly high for scholars based in
the Global South. The availability of flight routes and reasonable itineraries is unevenly
distributed around the globe. It is not uncommon that a scholar from Latin America
and the Caribbean would have to fly to Europe or North America in order to get to
6See: The Washington Post (June 11, 1982) ‘Judge Upholds U.S. Denial of Visas for Activists’. Available at: https://www.
washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1982/06/11/judge-upholds-us-denial-of-visas-for-activists/26222176-5c84-4b27-
884b-e572b3a3d68b/
THE JOURNAL OF PEASANT STUDIES 771
Africa or Asia and vice versa, while most European and North American countries will have
direct flights to most countries in the Global South. Furthermore, outside of a few global
cities in the Global South, such as São Paulo, Johannesburg or Beijing, the situation is even
more chaotic, as multiple connections and an even more fragile infrastructure is the per-
vasive reality of travel experiences. As a result, longer, less comfortable, and more expens-
ive flights are in the way of Global South scholars’ access to academic events, exactly
those who have much scarce resources available.
Travel restrictions and high costs affect academic collaboration of scholars from the
Global South. While there are attempts to foster other forms of academic exchange,
especially in the early times of the Covid-19 pandemic, in-person interactions are
irreplaceable.
Infrastructure and funding for critical research
Although in many countries of the Global South, most scientific research takes place at
public universities, the working conditions and stipends for master’s, PhD students and
scholars are precarious. Access to graduate training does not usually address pre-existing
inequalities in undergraduate training. One such important instance is that universities do
not actively address the systemic inequalities for Indigenous Peoples and racialized
groups, women, people with disabilities, and working-class students. If attrition rates
are high there are systemic reasons for it.
We count on unequally available and insufficient funds for our research, such as
scholarships, travel grants, conference and fieldwork funds. The value of most scholar-
ships is insufficient to live in large and medium-sized cities, where most of the main
university centers are located. Moreover, it is not uncommon for graduate students
to experience delays in payment of scholarships. Meanwhile, these students often
face, in practice, a workload of more than 40 h per week, sometimes undertaking
tasks which are not part of their responsibilities such as teaching without payment
or working for other research projects. Further, they frequently lack any kind of
labor rights such as health insurance, paid holiday, vacations, pension benefits, or
maternity and paternity leave. Along with limited access, these working conditions
have a higher impact on women, who continue to take a harder toll for the work of
social reproduction within their families.
Similarly, institutions do not always have the infrastructure or services to develop
necessary research infrastructure: office space, up-to-date computers and software
(with licenses that are needed to be paid most often in USD), libraries and access to jour-
nals, which are mostly subscription-based and written in English. As a result, scholars are
more vulnerable to predatory journals, all of which tend to affect research outputs and
recognition. Scholars and institutions usually lack affordable English courses, training or
staff to assist with writing in the languages recognized in the academic world. Such
working conditions often force graduate students to look for secondary jobs, mostly
resorting to teaching or consultancies. These jobs are also precarious and sometimes
informal or illegal since most scholarships demand exclusiveness.
To exacerbate these conditions, the possibilities of access to the academic labor market
after obtaining a PhD degree remain scarce. Available positions are insufficient, precarious
and frequently underpaid. In many countries, decades of neoliberalization – first through
772 D. AGUIAR ET AL.
Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) imposed by International Financial Institutions
and Development Cooperation and later through the neoliberal rationale ingrained in
state bureaucracy – have meant that public capacity to fund autonomous and critical
research has consistently diminished (Silva Júnior, Mendes Catani, and Fargoni 2021).7
In sum, the academic world tends to reproduce and reinforce different types of inequal-
ities. Even though many critical agrarian scholars in the Global South endure and resist
these conditions, the situation tends to be even more constraining for scholar-activists
or researchers who are politically engaged and committed to social change, especially
those working in conflict-affected countries and regions.
Scholar-activism and sensitive research in conflict-affected contexts
Hundreds of environmental defenders, climate activists and journalists based in the
Global South are killed, incarcerated and/or tortured yearly. Most of them are members
of Indigenous Peoples and peasant communities who are resisting extractivist activities,
land and water grabbing, and infrastructure development projects affecting their terri-
tories (Global Witness 2022). In addition, long-term armed conflicts and the rapid expan-
sion of illegal activities such as drug-, human-, and natural resources-trafficking, as well as
the rise of authoritarian populism (Scoones et al. 2017) have severely undermined social
stability and security across rural areas. Scholars and activists working in countries under
authoritarian rule face greater challenges, since human rights institutions and infrastruc-
tures in these countries are usually undermined (Sandwell et al. 2019). This is the context
where many critical agrarian scholars and scholar-activists in and from the Global South
work.
There are diverse ways of being a scholar-activist. Some will see themselves as primarily
activists who also conduct research as a tool to enhance their activism goals and strat-
egies. Others conceive of themselves as scholars, who either take part in activist networks
or consciously conduct politically engaged research – be it as a response to social move-
ments needs and requests or as an endeavor sensitive to the political context and impact
of one’s research process and results.
As scholar-activists, we are committed to conducting research aimed at not only
addressing structural inequalities in rural contexts but also promoting radical change.
Such normative commitment calls for theorizing and practice infused by reflexivity,
responsibility, and reciprocity (Lederach 2016). Firstly, academic research and activism
ought to be guided by a constant scrutiny of power relations in knowledge production
and dissemination. As such, we constantly reflect on and rework theoretical frameworks,
methods, and data collection and analysis procedures employed to analyze agrarian poli-
tics, seeking to develop academic accounts open to and affected by processes of social
transformation. Secondly, we also assess the implications of our engagement with rural
movements on gender, race and class power dynamics in the contexts we study.
Rather than undertaking a naïve, neutral approach to rural settings, we are aware of
7See: Daniela Hirschfeld, Aleida Rueda, Meghie Rodrigues and Marielba Núñez (19th October 2022). ‘Fuga de cerebros:
Desafíos en la pospandemia’. Available at: https://www.scidev.net/america-latina/features/fuga-de-cerebros-desafios-
en-la-pospandemia/
THE JOURNAL OF PEASANT STUDIES 773
previous power dynamics and power relationships we develop with the people with
whom we engage. Thirdly, our work is geared towards acknowledging rural movements
as knowledge producers, change seekers, and peacebuilders despite seemingly insur-
mountable hurdles they encounter in their quest for social justice. Hence, we regard Indi-
genous Peoples and peasant communities as research participants who largely influence
our positionality and research findings as opposed to being mere recipients of treatments
designed and implemented by foreigners.
The challenges of Global South scholar-activism are multifaceted. We must tackle
the risks to our personal life and security and challenges of carrying out sensitive
research (Lee 1993). This includes working on controversial topics related to land dis-
possession, resource extraction, marginalization and violation of rights of Indigenous
Peoples, and researching politically unstable environments such as conflict zones or
regions under military occupation. Global South scholar-activists often face severe per-
sonal risks for exposing and denouncing abuses undertaken in the name of develop-
ment. Those working on conflict-affected contexts may face state surveillance, threats
by state and non-state actors, and in some cases, they may even be arrested or some
have to seek asylum.8 Authoritarian regimes often target activists and scholars so as to
block research on state policy and keep the situation under wraps. Scholars from
Indian administered Kashmir, for instance, often face intimidation and censorship
from state agencies (Zargar 2022). This complicates even more their acceptance
within those countries that scrupulously exclude people with histories of ‘extremist’
or ‘radical’ ideas.
Along the same lines, scholar-activists based in the Global South usually face threats to
academic freedom (Baser, Akgönül, and Öztürk 2017). Particularly, young scholars grapple
with acute dilemmas between a normative commitment to social transformation for rural
communities and career development based on mainstream criteria to reward academic
work. In most instances, they face these dilemmas when choosing their topic of interest.
They further face significant delays to be awarded a PhD, unsuccessful job applications,
hostile environments, administrative and bureaucratic barriers, rejection of proposals
for funding, conferences and journal articles, and difficulties in obtaining funding from
mainstream academic institutions.
Under such circumstances, scholar-activism does not translate into neglecting research
standards and protocols, yet entails acknowledging the impracticability of neutrality. Neu-
trality is, in fact, often pleaded to disguise a support for the maintenance of the status quo
while claiming moral superiority. Scholar-activism – in its multiple forms – means being
sensitive to the power relations that most likely emerge between a researcher and
their counterparts in the field, thus developing clear agreements on boundaries and
mutual collaboration that ensure trust-based relationships and avoiding intellectual
extractivism.
8See: The Guardian (13 April, 2022) ‘Myanmar jailed more writers in 2021 than any other country, says rights group’.
Accessed at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/13/myanmar-jailed-more-writers-in-2021-than-any-other-
country-says-rights-group; Human Rights Watch (25th October, 2022) ‘Kyrgyzstan Arrests Activists en Masse’. Accessed
at https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/10/25/kyrgyzstan-arrests-activists-en-masse; Haaretz (May 16, 2010); The Leaflet
(March 10, 2022), "Adivasi activists and international organizations call on Chhattisgarh CM to free activist Hidme
Markam". Accessed at: https://theleaflet.in/adivasi-activists-and-international-organisations-call-on-chhattisgarh-cm-
to-free-activist-hidme-markam/
774 D. AGUIAR ET AL.
Towards an academia that is more diverse and unapologetically engaged
with social transformation
Under the difficult conditions in which we find ourselves, Global South scholar-activists
should undertake concrete steps and strategies to nurture new and innovative frame-
works and social configurations that lean on fellowship and human wellbeing in their
broadest sense. Such a scenario opens spaces for new answers and interpretations
where we will have so much to contribute, and a solidarity-based network of scholars
from the Global South working in critical agrarian studies offers a broad range of
possibilities.
First, scholar-activists from or working in the Global South have firsthand knowledge
and language abilities relevant for our own countries, which equips us with nuanced
understandings of everyday lives, links between the social dynamics within the agrarian
world as well as between that and wider politics, rural mobilization, among other topics.
Besides a commitment to social change, following the political dynamics in our specific
social and cultural context allows us to have access to sources and information and to also
pick up language and cultural cues to navigate shifting cultural and institutional contexts.
Conducting research and action-research in our own languages and ambiances opens the
door to plentiful sources of information including printed sources, local collaborators, as
well as everyday dynamics. This nuanced (and sometimes subliminal) information and its
complex meanings might not exist yet in current Global North academic debates. We,
however, highlight its necessity in order to refine analysis as well as gaining a more com-
prehensive understanding of the processes to be studied and the problems to be solved.
As scholars driven by normative commitments to social transformation, we can build
bridges between scholarship as much as we can join efforts to collectively decolonize aca-
demic practice. We come from a wide range of academic training in the social sciences as
well as interdisciplinary fields and who adopt methodologically pluralist approaches to
our fields of research. We are also willing to critically and strategically engage with
research agenda including land and resource grabbing, climate change politics, environ-
mental conflicts, agrarian social movements, agroecology, social and ecological reproduc-
tion, indigeneity and feminist politics, among other dynamics that are central to the lives
of rural workers, peasant communities and Indigenous Peoples, as well as their organiz-
ation and autonomy.
The transdisciplinary and cross-regional dialogue also helps us to discriminate between
the actions that deepen the inequalities and those that overthrow them, including those
inside academic practice. As mentioned earlier, capitalist structures and colonization
inheritance still have a strong influence on knowledge production in most universities
around the world, and contribute to deepening injustices. Some of us, for instance,
have encountered enormous resistance in certain Global North and English-speaking con-
texts when using a word that is key in critical agrarian studies such as ‘peasant’. For certain
academics, peasants no longer exist. However, from a scholar-activist perspective, this
conclusion remains problematic and disparate to the reality we find on the ground.
Power imbalances between scholars and departments from Global North and Global
South turns this divergence of views into an inhospitable environment for scholar-acti-
vists and Global South perspectives. A cross-regional scholar’s work, with a common pol-
itical and ethical guidance, helps us to identify those colonial and patriarchal practices in
THE JOURNAL OF PEASANT STUDIES 775
academia that weakens Global South scholars’ work and influence. As pointed out, these
include differentiated access to funding, valid publications in our own language, training
programmes, security and labor rights.
Within the academic world, one of the major critiques is the point-based university
system, which follows a productivist vision of the academic labor: (1) the more you
write and produce, the more points you earn; (2) certain publications (mainly in
English) will provide more points than others; (3) the points can then be translated into
monetary incentives, employment promotions, academic privileges, among others
(Borras 2016). Despite the inherent problems of such a system, publishing in such
highly-valued publications is a key avenue for engaging critically with mainstream
ideas and promoting perspectives from the Global South. This, however, requires con-
siderable access to publications, language editing and conference funds.
The solidarity-based network that we propose and are already engaged with, seeks to
provide support in these areas of need and beyond. Nevertheless, it cannot in itself
promote structural change unless it also raises significant solidarity and self-scrutiny
within the Global North. We are aware that neoliberalization of academia and knowledge
production combined with increasing precarity and an increasing workload to meet pro-
ductivity standards is also taking a toll on the well-being and mental health of scholars in
the Global North. Therefore, the radical change we are proposing here − not only for a
‘slower’ academia but towards one that is more diverse and unapologetically engaged
with social transformation − will bring richness in terms of the quality and ground-break-
ing character of knowledge production across the board. The sum of these opportunities
also entails theoretical and practical efforts to decolonize our thinking, research and
science.
Way forward: community, network and movement building among
scholar-activists
The way we look forward points to a call for nurturing and sustaining community, net-
works and movements through and with scholar-activism. While addressing some emer-
ging challenges, it is necessary to take further actions to generate concrete
transformations within these social spaces. We are therefore keen to facilitate dialogue
across thematic sectors such as agriculture, forests, and water, and between academic dis-
ciplines and widen access and plough new furrows in critical agrarian knowledge for
various communities. Through collaborative organization, cooperation and joint research,
we ought to bring together various people, institutions and interests that matter for
broader social change.
Collectively reflecting on the structural barriers and obstacles posed by mainstream
academia to Global South scholars, and specifically within the field of critical agrarian
studies, is just the first step for advocating towards its transformation. However, this is
not an easy task. As scholars, we are also compelled to write, teach, attend conferences,
publish, and engage with wider audiences. As activists, we are committed to addressing
injustices and to critically supporting social movements. Eventually, those ends might
clash with one another, and we, as scholar-activists, must navigate these very contradic-
tions of our own position.
776 D. AGUIAR ET AL.
The greatest challenge is articulating dispersed efforts for making knowledge construc-
tion more just and democratic. CASAS emerged in 2019 as an organizational umbrella
aimed at bringing scholar-activists from diverse disciplines and backgrounds into fruitful
conversation and collaborative work. We share principles and goals with other inter-
national and regional networks, such as the Young African Researchers in Agriculture –
YARA9, the working group in Critical Studies in Rural Development hosted by the Latin
American Social Sciences Council – CLACSO10, Thimar, an independent, self-funded
initiative covering the Arab Middle East region11, and the Agrarian South Network pro-
moted by the Sam Moyo African Institute of Agrarian Studies in Harare12, just to
mention some of the most visible experiences. Each network has its own emphasis,
and they act in complementary ways.
Different ways forward emerge out of the sum of these considerations. In the following
lines, we consider some urgent tasks to attend to. In general terms, academic language
tends to exclude subjects who are not trained for participating in its own terms.
Through our network, we consider the importance of translating academic work into mul-
tiple formats such as outlines, policy briefs in order to support other activists who have
little opportunity to read scientific and technical peer-reviewed papers, or other
outputs produced in popular formats such as podcasts13 or blog entries. Making knowl-
edge accessible to both the community of agrarian studies and the general public is
critical.
Another key element to strengthening scholar-activism is a cooperative organization.
Networking encourages scholars to take initiatives in alliance with activists, community
members, NGOs, and even local authorities to promote more secure, just and democratic
paths for agrarian struggles. Some scholar-activist ‘alliances’ have been developed
recently, such as the Rural Reconstruction Movement, the Food Sovereignty Network
and others in China (Yan, Bun, and Siyuan 2020; Leung 2021), the food sovereignty
CaLiSaS network in Argentina14, or the Agrarian Resources Center in Indonesia.15 These
‘alliances’ aim to enable cooperation between researchers and frontier practitioners, to
document the existing and emerging peasants and farmers’ struggles and alternative
farming practices, and, ultimately, to offer radical discourse to agrarian transformation
in local and trans-local contexts.
Lastly, joint research is crucial. Addressing the politics of co-authorship, promoting
cooperation between and among academics, activists and scholar-activists to strengthen
knowledge co-production, and broadening the scope of its dissemination, are just a few
tasks to consider. This implies the recognition of the multiple layers of academic research
and exploring different ways in which the people we engage with during our research,
can be actively considered and taken on board in our research. Even though writing is
9See: http://www.yara.org.za/
10See: https://www.clacso.org/grupos-de-trabajo/grupos-de-trabajo-2019-2022/?pag=detalle&refe=1&ficha=1775
11For Thimar, please check: https://athimar.org/en/about
12See: https://www.agrariansouth.org/
13For instance, the ‘Agrarian Politics’ podcast conducted by Boaventura Monjane and Ruth Hall. See: https://www.plaas.
org.za/agrarian-politics-podcast/. Another good example is the podcast ‘Peasants, food and agrarian change’ con-
ducted by A. Haroon Akram-Lodhi, available in Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/3FchJhLrFiCV1aVvcsLXDZ?si=
2647fb7a777b4367
14See: https://redcalisas.org/
15See: http://arc.or.id/en/
THE JOURNAL OF PEASANT STUDIES 777
a form of cooperation and resistance, activism requires defining together the purposes
and means of the research to be part of the process of social change (Dueholm Rasch
2022). Such engagement also facilitates the creation of a conduit for members in local
groups to engage with the scholars of broader agrarian studies groups elsewhere who
might be facing similar challenges not only in academia but also in the contexts they
work locally.
Such consideration enables the development of dialogues amongst researchers from –
and located in or outside – the Global South for finding ways of co-authorship that meet
ethical dilemmas. The transformation of predatory practices in academia requires the devel-
opment of newways of cooperation andknowledge constructionbetween scholars from the
Global North and from the Global South. Social justice standards should be considered not
only as topics to research, but also, methodologically, as approaches to knowledge and rec-
ognition within academic communities (Tilley and Kalina 2021).
As a community of scholar-activists, we are conscious about the necessity of being
reflexive and sensitive to issues pertaining to our collaborative efforts and the building
of cross-border solidarity. In an academic world dominated by profit-making and ruthless
competition, we propose and pursue an alternative politics to knowledge production, cir-
culation and legitimation, based on solidarity and mutual care as a way of making and
pursuing social justice.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes on contributors
Diana Aguiar is an Assistant Professor in the Institute of Humanities, Arts, and Sciences (IHAC) at the
Federal University of Bahia, Brazil.
Yasmine M. Ahmed is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Sociology, Egyptology and
Anthropology at The American University of Cairo.
Duygu Avcı is a postdoctoral researcher at the Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences at the
Sabancı Unıversity, İstanbul, Türkiye.
Gabriel Bastos is a Substitute Professor in the Department of Social Sciences at the Federal Univer-
sity of Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
Bosman Batubara is a postdoctoral researcher at Human Geography and Spatial Planning Depart-
ment, Utrecht University.
Cynthia Embido Bejeno is a postdoctoral researcher at the International Institute of Social Studies,
Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Claudia I. Camacho-Benavides is a posdoctoral researcher in the Department of Economic Pro-
duction at the Autonomous Metropolitan University, Xochimilco Unit, México City.
Komal Chauhan is an Associate Fellow at the Foundation for Agrarian Studies, Bengaluru, India. She
is currently pursuing her PhD in Sociology at the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences,
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India.
Sergio Coronado is a researcher at the Center for Research and Popular Education - Cinep, Bogotá,
Colombia.
778 D. AGUIAR ET AL.
Somashree Das is a doctoral researcher at the Centre for the Study of Regional Development, School
of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
Mercedes Ejarque is a researcher in the Family Farming Research Institute Patagonia Region at the
National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Argentina.
Zeynep Ceren Eren Benlisoy is a postdoc visiting scholar at the International Institute of Social
Studies, Erasmus University of Rotterdam.
Diana Isabel Güiza-Gómez is a PhD candidate in Political Science and Peace Studies at the University
of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States.
Adwoa Yeboah Gyapong is a Research Fellow at the Centre for Social Policy Studies, University of
Ghana, Legon- Accra.
Hao Phuong Phan is a Lecturer-Researcher in the Soft Skills Department at the FPT University, Ho
Chi Minh City.
Rahma Hassan is a doctoral researcher at the Institute for Development Studies, University of
Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya and at the Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen,
Denmark.
Carol Hernandez Rodriguez is a researcher in the University Program of Bioethics at the National
Autonomous University of Mexico.
Huiying Ng is a doctoral researcher at the Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society,
Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, in Germany.
Sardar Babur Hussain is a doctoral researcher at the Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC),
Bengaluru, India.
Sinem Kavak is a researcher at the Center for Sustainability Studies, Lund University, Sweden.
Thiruni Kelegama is a Lecturer in Modern South Asian Studies at the Oxford School of Global and
Area Studies and a Junior Research Fellow at Wolfson College, University of Oxford, UK.
Amit John Kurien is an Assistant Professor in Environmental Science at the School of Liberal Arts and
Sciences in RV University, Bengaluru, India.
Daren Shi-chi Leung is a Research Assistant Professor in the Department of Cultural Studies at
Lingnan University, Hong Kong, and an affiliated researcher in the Discipline of Gender and Cultural
Studies at the University of Sydney, Australia.
Tania Eulalia Martinez-Cruz is a Research Associate at the Laboratory of Anthropology of Contem-
porary Worlds, Free University of Brussels - Campus de la Plaine in Brussels, Belgium.
George T. Mudimu is a senior lecturer in the department of Development Sciences at the Marondera
University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (MUAST) in Marondera, Zimbabwe.
Boaventura Monjane is a postdoctoral researcher at the Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian
Studies, in the Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences at the University of the Western
Cape, in Cape Town.
Deniz Pelek is a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Political Science at Universitat Auton-
oma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Andrea P. Sosa Varrotti is a researcher of the National Scientific and Technical Research Council
(CONICET) in the The School of Interdisciplinary Advanced Social Studies, National University of
San Martin (EIDAES-UNSAM), Argentina.
Tsilavo Ralandison is an Adjunct Faculty in the School of Management and Commerce at the Higher
Institute of Technology, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
Gertrude Dzifa Torvikey is a Research Fellow in the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic
Research at the University of Ghana, in Accra, Ghana.
THE JOURNAL OF PEASANT STUDIES 779
Diana Valencia-Duarte is a researcher for the project ’Bringing Memories from the Margins’ at the
University of Bristol. She has been appointed lecturer in History of the Global South at Aberystwyth
University, UK.
ORCID
Diana Aguiar http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8277-4867
Yasmin Ahmed http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1617-502X
Duygu Avcı http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7865-5857
Gabriel Bastos http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1961-3635
Bosman Batubara http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0391-6324
Cynthia Bejeno http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5654-5195
Claudia I. Camacho-Benavides http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4720-6332
Komal Chauhan http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-1334
Sergio Coronado http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1234-6258
Somashree Das http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2718-1273
Mercedes Ejarque http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2451-6031
Zeynep Ceren Eren Benlisoy http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8017-2408
Diana Isabel Güiza-Gómez http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5136-6358
Adwoa Yeboah Gyapong http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3583-2096
Hao Phuong Phan http://orcid.org/0009-0002-0274-0777
Rahma Hassan http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9537-6697
Carol Hernández Rodríguez http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-8164
Huiying Ng http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8214-4144
Sardar Babur Hussain http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0193-0731
Sinem Kavak http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4781-9438
Thiruni Kelegama http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6545-0868
Amit John Kurien http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0791-9955
Daren Shi-chi Leung http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5415-0691
Tania Martínez-Cruz http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0893-2182
Boaventura Monjane http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8944-629X
George Tonderai Mudimu http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2292-0986
Deniz Pelek http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2092-3377
Tsilavo Ralandison http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4062-1042
Andrea P. Sosa Varrotti http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7376-6213
Dzifa Torvikey http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8848-5994
Diana María Valencia-Duarte http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3945-5582
References
Adnan, S. 2013. “Land Grabs and Primitive Accumulation in Deltaic Bangladesh: Interactions
Between Neoliberal Globalization, State Interventions, Power Relations and Peasant
Resistance.” Journal of Peasant Studies 40 (1): 87–128. doi:10.1080/03066150.2012.753058.
Aguiar, D., and M. G. Torres. 2021. “Deforestation as an Instrument of Land Grabbing: Enclosures Along
the Expansion of the Agricultural Frontier in Brazil.” AGROéFOGO: Agribusiness’ Global Trail of Fire.
https://en.agroefogo.org.br/dossier/deforestation-as-an-instrument-of-land-grabbing/.
Ajates, R. 2022. “From Land Enclosures to lab Enclosures: Digital Sequence Information, Cultivated
Biodiversity and the Movement for Open Source Seed Systems.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 0
(0): 1–29. doi:10.1080/03066150.2022.2121648.
Akram-Lodhi, A. H., K. Dietz, B. Engels, and B. M. McKay. 2021. Handbook of Critical Agrarian Studies.
Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. doi:10.4337/9781788972468.
780 D. AGUIAR ET AL.
Alexander, A. S. 2004. “‘Not the Democracy We Struggled For’: The Landless People’s Movement and the
Politicization of Urban-Rural Division in South Africa.” A Bachelor of Arts Degree. Presented to the
Department of Government, PhD diss., Harvard College.
Almeida, A. W. B. de. 2011. Traditionally Occupied Lands in Brazil. Manaus: PGSCA-UFAM.
Alonso-Fradejas, A., J. Liu, T. Salerno, and Y. Xu. 2016. “Inquiring Into the Political Economy of oil
Palm as a Global Flex Crop.” Journal of Peasant Studies 43 (1): 141–165. doi:10.1080/03066150.
2015.1052801
Amar, P., L. Rofel, M. A. Viteri, C. Fernández-Salvador, and F. Brancoli, eds. 2022. The Tropical Silk
Road: The Future of China in South America. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Apostolopoulou, E. 2021. “Tracing the Links Between Infrastructure-Led Development, Urban
Transformation, and Inequality in China’s Belt and Road Initiative.” Antipode 53: 831–858.
doi:10.1111/anti.12699
Aquino, K., and K. Narintarakul Na Ayutthaya. 2001. “Tragedy of the Communities.” Forests, Trees and
People, Newsletter No. 45, 14–18.
Arjona, A. 2016. Rebelocracy. Social Order in the Colombian Civil War. New York: Cambridge University
Press.
Avcı, D. 2017. “Mining Conflicts and Transformative Politics: A Comparison of Intag (Ecuador) and
Mount Ida (Turkey) Environmental Struggles.” Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and
Regional Geosciences 84: 316–325. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.07.013.
Ayeb, H., and R. Bush. 2019. Food Insecurity and Revolution in the Middle East and North Africa:
Agrarian Questions in Egypt and Tunisia. London: Anthem Press.
Baser, B., S. Akgönül, and A. E. Öztürk. 2017. ““Academics for Peace” in Turkey: A Case of
Criminalising Dissent and Critical Thought via Counterterrorism Policy.” Critical Studies on
Terrorism 10 (2): 274–296. doi:10.1080/17539153.2017.1326559
Bejeno, C. 2021. “On the Frontlines: Peasant Women and Land Reform Struggles in the Philippines” PhD
diss., International Institute of Social Studies.
Berman-Arévalo, E. 2021. “Mapping Violent Land Orders: Armed Conflict, Moral Economies, and the
Trajectories of Land Occupation and Dispossession in the Colombian Caribbean.” The Journal of
Peasant Studies 48 (2): 349–367. doi:10.1080/03066150.2019.1655640.
Borras, S. 2016. “Land Politics, Agrarian Movements and Scholar-Activism.” Inaugural lecture (April
14). International Institute of Social Studies, The Hague. http://hdl.handle.net/1765/93021.
Borras, S. 2023. “Politically Engaged, Pluralist and Internationalist: Critical Agrarian Studies Today.”
Journal of Peasant Studies 1–41. doi:10.1080/03066150.2022.2163164.
Borras, S. M. Jr, and J. C. Franco. 2012. “Global Land Grabbing and Trajectories of Agrarian Change: A
Preliminary Analysis.” Journal of Agrarian Change 12 (1): 34–59. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0366.2011.
00339.x
Borras, S.M. Jr, and J.C. Franco. 2018. “TheChallengeofLocatingLand-BasedClimateChangeMitigation
and Adaptation Politics Within a Social Justice Perspective: Towards an Idea of Agrarian Climate
Justice.” Third World Quarterly 39 (7): 1308–1325. doi:10.1080/01436597.2018.1460592.
Borras, S. M. Jr, J. C. Franco, S. Gómez, C. Kay, and M. Spoor. 2012. “Land Grabbing in Latin America
and the Caribbean.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 39 (3-4): 845–872. doi:10.1080/03066150.2012.
679931.
Borras, S., J. Franco, R. Isakson, L. Levidow, and P. Vervest. 2016. “The Rise of Flex Crops and
Commodities: Implications for Research.” Journal of Peasant Studies 43 (1): 93–115. doi:10.
1080/03066150.2015.1036417
Boyer, J. 2010. “Food Security, Food Sovereignty, and Local Challenges for Transnational Agrarian
Movements: The Honduras Case.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 37 (2): 319–351. doi:10.1080/
03066151003594997.
Bruna, N. 2019. “Land of Plenty, Land of Misery: Synergetic Resource Grabbing in Mozambique.”
Land 8 (8): 113. doi:10.3390/land8080113
Bullard, R. D., ed. 2000. Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality. Boulder: WestView
Press.
Carson, R. 1962. Silent Spring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
THE JOURNAL OF PEASANT STUDIES 781
Ceddia, M. G. 2020. “The Super-Rich and Cropland Expansion Via Direct Investments in Agriculture.”
Nature Sustainability 3: 312–318. doi:10.1038/s41893-020-0480-2
Chancel, L. 2022. “Global Carbon Inequality Over 1990-2019.” Nature Sustainability 5: 931–938.
doi:10.1038/s41893-022-00955-z
Clapp, J. 2022. “Concentration and Crises: Exploring the Deep Roots of Vulnerability in the Global
Industrial Food System.” Journal of Peasant Studies 50 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1080/03066150.2022.
2129013
Clapp, J., and S. R. Isakson. 2018. Speculative Harvests: Financialization, Food, and Agriculture. Rugby,
UK: Practical Action Publishing, Fernwood Publishing. doi:10.3362/9781780449920.
Clapp, J., and W. Moseley. 2020. “This Food Crisis is Different: COVID-19 and the Fragility of the
Neoliberal Food Security Order.” Journal of Peasant Studies 47 (7): 1393–1417. doi:10.1080/
03066150.2020.1823838.
Collier, P., and S. Dercon. 2014. “African Agriculture in 50 Years: Smallholders in a Rapidly Changing
World?” World Development 63: 92–101. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.001.
Collier, G. A., and E. L. Quaratiello. 2005. Basta!: Land and the Zapatista Rebellion in Chiapas. 3rd ed.
Oakland, CA: Food First Books.
Collyer, F. M. 2016. “Global Patterns in the Publishing of Academic Knowledge: Global North, Global
South.” Current Sociology 66 (1): 56–73. doi:10.1177/0011392116680020.
Coronado, S. 2021. “Peasants, Protests and Litigation. Struggles over Land and Institutions in
Colombia.” ISS-UniKassel, The Hague - Kassel.
CSIPM. 2022. Voices from the Ground: From Covid-19 to Radical Transformation of Food Systems.
Dados, N., and R. Connell. 2012. “The Global South.” Contexts 11 (1): 12–13. doi:10.1177/
1536504212436479.
Dueholm Rasch, E. 2022. “Investigación Comprometida con Defensores del Territorio en
Guatemala.” In Metodologías Para Desarrollos Situados, edited by C. Puerta Silva, 102–136.
Medellín: Fondo Editorial FCSH.
Duncan, J., P. Claeys, M. G. Rivera-Ferre, E. Oteros-Rozas, B. Van Dyck, C. Plank, and A. A. Desmarais.
2019. “Scholar-activists in an Expanding European Food Sovereignty Movement.” Journal of
Peasant Studies, 6150. doi:10.1080/03066150.2019.1675646.
Edelman, M. 2013. “What is a Peasant? What are Peasantries? A Briefing Paper on Issues of Definition.”
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/WGPleasants/MarcEdelman.pdf.
Edelman, M., and W. Wolford. 2017. “Introduction: Critical Agrarian Studies in Theory and Practice.”
Antipode 49 (4): 959–976. doi:10.1111/anti.12326.
Fairhead, J., M. Leach, and I. Scoones. 2012. “Green Grabbing: A new Appropriation of Nature?”
Journal of Peasant Studies 39 (2): 237–261. doi:10.1080/03066150.2012.671770
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. 2022. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022.
Repurposing Food and Agricultural Policies to Make Healthy Diets More Affordable. Rome: FAO.
doi:10.4060/cc0639en.
Feldman, S., and C. Geisler. 2011. “Land Grabbing in Bangladesh: In-Situ Displacement of Peasant
Holdings.” International Conference on Global Land Grabbing, April, 6–8. http://www.iss.nl/
fileadmin/ASSETS/iss/Documents/Conference_papers/LDPI/5_Shelley_Feldman_and_Charles_
Geisler.pdf%5Cnpapers2://publication/uuid/B11EA2AB-56A9-45C4-99E2-DFDF3CD20834.
Felicien, A., C. M. Schiavoni, E. Ochoa, S. Saturno, E. Omaña, A. Requena, and W. Camacaro. 2020.
“Exploring the ‘Grey Areas’ of State-Society Interaction in Food Sovereignty Construction: The
Battle for Venezuela’s Seed Law.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 47 (4): 648–673. doi:10.1080/
03066150.2018.1525363.
Franco, J., L. Mehta, and G. J. Veldwisch. 2013. “The Global Politics of Water Grabbing.” Third World
Quarterly 34 (9): 1651–1675. doi:10.1080/01436597.2013.843852
Fraser, A. 2019. “Land Grab/Data Grab: Precision Agriculture and its new Horizons.” The Journal of
Peasant Studies 46 (5): 893–912. doi:10.1080/03066150.2017.1415887.
Friedmann, H. 2005. “From Colonialism to Green Capitalism: Social Movements and Emergence of
Food Regimes.” In New Directions in the Sociology of Global Development, edited by F. H.
Buttel, and P. McMichael, 227–264. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
782 D. AGUIAR ET AL.
Gill, A., and T. Pires. 2019. “From Binary to Intersectional to Imbricated Approaches: Gender in a
Decolonial and Diasporic Perspective. Special Issue Gender in the Global South.” Contexto
Internacional 41 (02): 275–302. doi:10.1590/S0102-8529.2019410200003.
Gillon, S. 2016. “Flexible for Whom? Flex Crops, Crises, Fixes and the Politics of Exchanging use
Values in US Corn Production.” Journal of Peasant Studies 43 (1): 117–139. doi:10.1080/
03066150.2014.996555
Giunta, I. 2014. “Food Sovereignty in Ecuador: Peasant Struggles and the Challenge of
Institutionalization.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 41 (6): 1201–1224. doi:10.1080/03066150.
2014.938057.
Gliessman, S. 2016. “Transforming Food Systems with Agroecology.” Agroecology and Sustainable
Food Systems 40 (3): 187–189. doi:10.1080/21683565.2015.1130765.
Global Witness. 2022. “Decade of Defiance. Ten Years of Reporting Land and Environmental Activism
Worldwide.” https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/environmental-activists/decade-def
iance/?gclid=Cj0KCQiAic6eBhCoARIsANlox840ICxGgsnxBqC19XLHIHJfRIQ65qwZrwWy8mg5SW
BdDzuH38r50MUaAlUoEALw_wcB.
Goodwin, J., and T. Skocpol. 1989. “Explaining Revolutions in the Contemporary Third World.”
Politics & Society 17 (4): 489–509. doi:10.1177/003232928901700403.
GRAIN, & Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP). 2018. “Emissions Impossible: How Big Meat
and Dairy are Heating Up the Planet.” https://grain.org/en/article/5976-emissions-impossible-
how-big-meat-and-dairy-are-heating-up-the-planet.
Güiza Gómez, D. I., A. J. Bautista Revelo, A. M. Malagón, and R. Uprimny. 2020. La Constitución del
Campesinado. Luchas por Reconocimiento y Redistribución en el Campo Jurídico. Bogotá: Dejusticia.
Gyapong, A. Y. 2021a. “Commodification of Family Lands and the Changing Dynamics of Access in
Ghana.” Third World Quarterly 42 (6): 1233–1251. doi:10.1080/01436597.2021.1880889
Gyapong, A. Y. 2021b. “Land Grabs, Farmworkers, and Rural Livelihoods in West Africa: Some
Silences in the Food Sovereignty Discourse.” Globalizations 18 (3): 339–354. doi:10.1080/
14747731.2020.1716922
Hall, R., M. Edelman, S. Borras, I. Scoones, B. White, and W. Wolford. 2015. “Resistance, Acquiescence
or Incorporation? An Introduction to Land Grabbing and Political Reactions ‘from Below’.” The
Journal of Peasant Studies 42 (3–4): 467–488. doi:10.1080/03066150.2015.1036746.
Hanafi, S. 2011. “University Systems in the Arab East: Publish Globally and Perish Locally vs
Publish Locally and Perish Globally.” Current Sociology 59 (3): 291–309. doi:10.1177/
0011392111400782
Harvey, D. 1989. The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry Into the Origins of Cultural Change.
Oxford: Blackwell.
Hernández Delgado, E. 2004. Resistencia Civil Artesana de Paz: Experiencias Indígena, Afro-
Descendientes y Campesinas. Bogotá D.C: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.
Hernández Rodríguez, C. 2022. “Seed Sovereignty as Decommodification: A Perspective from
Subsistence Peasant Communities in Southern Mexico.” Journal of Peasant Studies, doi:10.
1080/03066150.2022.2025780.
Holt Giménez, E., and A. Shattuck. 2011. “Food Crises, Food Regimes and Food Movements:
Rumblings of Reform or Tides of Transformation?” The Journal of Peasant Studies 38 (1): 109–
144. doi:10.1080/03066150.2010.538578
Hristov, J. 2005. “Indigenous Struggles for Land and Culture in Cauca, Colombia.” Journal of Peasant
Studies 32 (1): 88–117. doi:10.1080/0306615042000322402.
IPCC. 2022. “Climate Change 2022. Working Group III contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.” https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg3/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_
Full_Report.pdf.
IPES-Food & ETC Group. 2021. A Long Food Movement: Transforming Food Systems by 2045.
James, C. L. R. 1989. The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L’Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution.
New York: Vintage Books.
Jha, P., P. Yeros, and W. Chambati. 2020. Rethinking the Social Sciences with Sam Moyo. New Delhi:
Tulika Books.
THE JOURNAL OF PEASANT STUDIES 783
Julia and B. White. 2012. “Gendered Experiences of Dispossession: Oil Palm Expansion in a Dayak
Hibun Community in West Kalimantan.” Journal of Peasant Studies 39 (3&4): 995–1016. doi:10.
1080/03066150.2012.676544
Kapaeeng Foundation. 2010. “Human Rights Report 2009–2010 on Indigenous Peoples in
Bangladesh.” Human Rights Report.
Kavak, S. 2021. “Rethinking the Political Economy of Rural Struggles in Turkey: Space, Structures, and
Altered Agencies.” Journal of Agrarian Change 21 (2): 242–262. doi:10.1111/joac.12389
Kerkvliet, B. 1977. The Huk Rebellion. A Study of Peasant Revolt in the Philippines, edited by Benedict J.
Kerkvliet. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.
Klein, N. 2015. This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate. New York: Simon & Schuster
Paperbacks.
Kloppenburg, J. 2014. “Re-purposing the Master’s Tools: The Open Source Seed Initiative and the
Struggle for Seed Sovereignty.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 41 (6): 1225–1246. doi:10.1080/
03066150.2013.875897.
Kothari, A., C. Corrigan, H. Jonas, A. Neumann, and H. Shrumm, eds. 2012. “Recognising and Supporting
Territories and Areas Conserved By Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities: Global Overview
and National Case Studies.” In Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, ICCA
Consortium, Kalpavriksh, and Natural Justice, Montreal, Canada. Technical Series no. 64, 160.
Kothari, A., A. Salleh, A. Escobar, F. Demaria, and A. Acosta, eds. 2019. Pluriverse: A Post-Development
Dictionary. New Delhi: Tulika Books.
Kröger, M. 2011. “Promotion of Contentious Agency as a Rewarding Movement Strategy: Evidence
from the MST-Paper Industry Conflicts in Brazil.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 38 (2): 435–
458. doi:10.1080/03066150.2011.559016.
Lamb, V., L. Schoenberger, C. Middleton, and B. Un. 2017. “Gendered Eviction, Protest and Recovery:
A Feminist Political Ecology Engagement with Land Grabbing in Rural Cambodia.” The Journal of
Peasant Studies 44 (6): 1215–1234. doi:10.1080/03066150.2017.1311868
Lanzona, V. 2009. Amazons of the Huk Rebellion: Gender, Sex, and Revolution in the Philippines.
Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
Lederach, A. J. 2016. “Reflexivity, Responsibility, and Reciprocity. Guiding Principles for Ethical Peace
Research.” The International Journal of Conflict Engagement and Resolution 4 (1): 104–124. doi:10.
5553/ijcer/221199652016004001008.
Lee, R. M. 1993. Doing Research on Sensitive Topics. London: Sage publications Ltd.
Leung, D. S. 2021. “Convivial Agriculture: Evolving Food and Farming Activism in South China.”
China Perspectives 2: 29–38. doi:10.4000/chinaperspectives.11674
Li, T. M. 2014. “What is Land? Assembling a Resource for Global Investment.” Transactions of the
Institute of British Geographers 39 (4): 589–602. doi:10.1111/tran.12065
Li, .T. M. 2017. “Intergenerational Displacement in Indonesia’s oil Palm Plantation Zone.” The Journal
of Peasant Studies 44 (6): 1158–1176. doi:10.1080/03066150.2017.1308353.
Little, P. E. 2001. Amazonia: Territorial Struggles on Perennial Frontiers. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press.
Martinez-Alier, J. 2021. “Mapping Ecological Distribution Conflicts: The EJAtlas.” The Extractive
Industries and Society 8 (4): 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.exis.2021.02.003.
Martinez-Alier, J., L. Temper, D. Del Bene, and A. Scheidel. 2016. “Is There aGlobal Environmental Justice
Movement?” The Journal of Peasant Studies 43 (3): 731–755. doi:10.1080/03066150.2016.1141198
Martinez-Cruz, T. E. 2022. “El Problema del Expertise y la Necesidad de Crear Diálogos Interculturales.
LASA Forum Dossier: Climate Change as a Cultural Problem.” Transdisciplinary Environmental
Humanities and Latin American Studies 53 (2): 21–26. https://forum.lasaweb.org/files/vol53-
issue2/Dossier3.pdf.
Martínez-Torres, M. E., and P. M. Rosset. 2010. “La Vía Campesina: The Birth and Evolution of a
Transnational Social Movement.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 37 (1): 149–175. doi:10.1080/
03066150903498804.
Masson, D., A. Paulos, and E. Beaulieu Bastien. 2017. “Struggling for Food Sovereignty in the World
March of Women.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 44 (1): 56–77. doi:10.1080/03066150.2016.
1187137.
784 D. AGUIAR ET AL.
Mazhar, F. 2019. “Nayakrishi Andolan.” In Pluriverse: A Post-Development Dictionary, edited by A.
Kothari et al., 247–250. New Delhi: Tulika Books.
McAlvay, A., C. Armstrong, J. Baker, L. Black Elk, S. Bosco, N. Hanazaki, J. Joseph, et al. 2021.
“Ethnobiology Phase VI: Decolonizing Institutions, Projects, and Scholarship.” Journal of
Ethnobiology 41 (2): 170–191. doi:10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.170.
McMichael, P. 2008. “Peasants Make Their Own History, But Not Just as They Please.” Journal of
Agrarian Change 8 (2–3): 205–228. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0366.2008.00168.x.
McMichael, P. 2012. “The Land Grab and Corporate Food Regime Restructuring.” The Journal of
Peasant Studies 39 (3-4): 681–701. doi:10.1080/03066150.2012.661369
McMichael, P. 2014. “Historicizing Food Sovereignty.” Journal of Peasant Studies 41 (6): 933–957.
doi:10.1080/03066150.2013.876999
Mingorría, S. 2018. “Violence and Visibility in Oil Palm and Sugarcane Conflicts: The Case of Polochic
Valley, Guatemala.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 45 (7): 1314–1340. doi:10.1080/03066150.2017.
1293046.
Monjane, B. 2022. “Resisting Agrarian Neoliberalism and Authoritarianism: Struggles Towards a
Progressive Rural Future in Mozambique.” Journal of Agrarian Change, doi:10.1111/joac.
12525.
Monjane, B., and N. Bruna. 2020. “Confronting Agrarian Authoritarianism: Dynamics of Resistance to
PROSAVANA in Mozambique.” Journal of Peasant Studies 47 (1): 69–94. doi:10.1080/03066150.
2019.1671357.
Montenegro de Wit, M., A. Shattuck, A. Iles, G. Graddy-Lovelace, A. Roman-Alcalá, and M. Chappell.
2021. “Operating Principles for Collective Scholar-Activism: Early Insights from the Agroecology
Research-Action Collective.” Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development,
1–19. doi:10.5304/jafscd.2021.102.022.
Mora, M. 2017. Kuxlejal Politics. Indigenous Autonomy, Race, and Decolonizing Research in Zapatista
Communities. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
Morgan. 2017. “Women, Gender and Protest: Contesting Oil Palm Plantation Expansion in
Indonesia.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 44 (6): 1177–1196. doi:10.1080/03066150.2017.1300579
Müller, B. 2020. “Flux, Unrelenting – The Struggle for Local Seed Sovereignty in Nicaragua.” The
Journal of Peasant Studies 47 (4): 720–740. doi:10.1080/03066150.2020.1738395.
Paige, J. 1975. Agrarian Revolution. NY: Macmillan Publishing.
Peregalli, A. 2022. IIRSA: Entre Integración Regional y Racionalidad Logística. New York: Peter Lang.
Perreault, T., G. Bridge, and J. McCarthy. 2015. The Routledge Handbook of Political Ecology. New York:
Taylor and Francis Inc.
Peschard, K. 2017. “Seed Wars and Farmers’ Rights: Comparative Perspectives from Brazil and India.”
The Journal of Peasant Studies 44 (1): 144–168. doi:10.1080/03066150.2016.1191471.
Peschard, K., and S. Randeria. 2020. “Keeping Seeds in Our Hands’: The Rise of Seed Activism.” The
Journal of Peasant Studies 47 (4): 613–647. doi:10.1080/03066150.2020.1753705.
Pobsuk, S. 2019. Alternative Land Management in Thailand: A Study of the Southern Peasants’
Federation of Thailand (SPFT). Bangkok: Focus on the Global South.
Pomeroy, W. 1978. “The Philippine Peasantry and the Huk Revolt.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 5
(4): 497–517. doi:10.1080/03066157808438061.
Popkin, S. 1979. The Rational Peasant. The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam. Berkeley:
University of California Press.
Porto-Gonçalves, C. W., and E. Leff. 2015. “Political Ecology in Latin America: The Social Re-
Appropriation of Nature, the Reinvention of Territories and the Construction of an
Environmental Rationality.” Desenvolv. Meio Ambiente 35: 65–88. doi:10.5380/dma.v35i0.43543
R’boul, H. 2022. “English and the Dissemination of Local Knowledges. A Problematic for South-South
Dialogue.” In The Routledge Handbook of Language and the Global South/s, edited by S. Makoni, A.
Kaiper-Marquez, and L. Mokwena. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003007074.
Redvers, N., Y. Celidwen, C. Schultz, O. Horn, C. Githaiga, M. Vera, and J. N. Rojas. 2022. “The
Determinants of Planetary Health: An Indigenous Consensus Perspective.” The Lancet Planetary
Health 6 (2): e156–e163. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00354-5
THE JOURNAL OF PEASANT STUDIES 785
Rocheleau, D. E. 2015. “Networked, Rooted and Territorial: Green Grabbing and Resistance in
Chiapas.” Journal of Peasant Studies 42 (3-4): 695–723. doi:10.1080/03066150.2014.993622
ROPPA. 2014. Vision Paysanne-International Information Magazine.
Rosset, P. 2020. “Social Movements, Agroecology, and Food Sovereignty: Research for, with, and by
Social Movements. Accompanying the Collective Reading and Transformation of Reality.” Eco.
Evo. Biol. Special Publication 1, 49-52.
Rulli, M. C., A. Saviori, and P. D’Odorico. 2013. “Global Land and Water Grabbing.” PNAS 110 (3): 892–
897. doi:10.1073/pnas.1213163110
Sainath, P. 2022. The Last Heroes: Foot Soldiers of Indian Freedom. New Delhi: Penguin RandomHouse
India Private Limited.
Sandwell, K., A. Castañeda Flores, L. Forero, J. Franco, S. Monsalve Suárez, A. Nuila, and P. Seufert.
2019. “A View from the Countryside: Contesting and Constructing Human Rights in an Age of
Converging Crises.” Amsterdam: TNI - FIAN International. Retrieved from TNI - FIAN
International website: https://www.tni.org/en/countryside.
Schwartzman, S. 2018. “Chico Mendes, the Rubber Tappers and the Indians: Reimagining
Conservation and Development in the Amazon.” Desenvolv. Meio Ambiente 48: 56–73. doi:10.
5380/dma.v48i0.58829
Scoones, I. 2020. “Pastoralists and Peasants: Perspectives on Agrarian Change.” Journal of Peasant
Studies 48: 1–47. doi:10.1080/03066150.2020.1802249.
Scoones, I., M. Edelman, S. Borras, R. Hall, W. Wolford, and B. White. 2017. “Emancipatory Rural
Politics: Confronting Authoritarian Populism.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 45 (0): 1–20.
doi:10.1080/03066150.2017.1339693.
Scott, J. 1977. The Moral Economy of the Peasant. Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. New
Haven: Yale University Press.
Shand, H., K. J. Wetter, and K. Chowdhry. 2022. “Food Barons 2022: Crisis Profiteering, Digitalization
and Shifting Power.” ETC Group. https://www.etcgroup.org/files/files/food-barons-2022-full_
sectors-final_16_sept.pdf.
Shattuck, A. 2021. “Generic, Growing, Green?: The Changing Political Economy of the Global
Pesticide Complex.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 48 (2): 231–253. doi:10.1080/03066150.2020.
1839053.
Silva Júnior, J., A. Mendes Catani, and E. Fargoni. 2021. “La fuga de cerebros en Brasil bajo la política
del bolsonarismo.” Argumentos 24: 317–334.
Stephens, A. C., and J. Bagelman. 2023. “Towards Scholar-Activism: Transversal Relations, Dissent,
and Creative Acts.” Citizenship Studies, doi:10.1080/13621025.2023.2171251.
Svampa, M. 2019. Neo-extractivism in Latin America: Socio-Environmental Conflicts, the Territorial
Turn, and New Political Narratives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Therien, J. 1999. “Beyond the North-South Divide: The two Tales of World Poverty.” Third World
Quarterly 20 (4): 723–742. doi:10.1080/01436599913523.
Tilley, E., and M. Kalina. 2021. ““My Flight Arrives at 5 am, Can You Pick Me Up?”: The Gatekeeping
Burden of the African Academic.” Journal of African Cultural Studies 33 (4): 538–548. doi:10.1080/
13696815.2021.1884972.
Tsing, A. 2004. Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
UN. 2021. “The Sustainable Development Goals Report.” https://unstats-un-org.eur.idm.oclc.org/sdgs/
report/2021/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2021.pdf.
Uribe de Hincapié, M. T. 2006. “Notas Preliminares Sobre Resistencias de La Sociedad Civil En Un
Contexto de Guerras y Transacciones.” Estudios Políticos 29: 63–78. doi:10.17533/udea.espo.1296
Vergara-Figueroa, A. 2018. Afrodescendant Resistance to Deracination in Colombia: Massacre at
Bellavista-Bojayá-Chocó. 1st ed. Cham: Springer International Publishing: Imprint: Palgrave
Macmillan.
White, B., S. M. Borras Jr, R. Hall, I. Scoones, and W. Wolford. 2012. “The new Enclosures: Critical
Perspectives on Corporate Land Deals.” Journal of Peasant Studies 39 (3-4): 619–648. doi:10.
1080/03066150.2012.691879
Wolf, E. R. 1969. Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century. New York: Harper & Row.
786 D. AGUIAR ET AL.
Wong, R. 2013. “Ethical Waters: Reflections on the Healing Walk in the Tar Sands,” Feminist Review, No.
103, Water (2013), pp. 133-139. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41819673.
Yan, H., K. H. Bun, and X. Siyuan. 2020. “Rural Revitalization, Scholars, and the Dynamics of the
Collective Future in China.” Journal of Peasant Studies, 1–22.
Yoshie Martins Kato, K., and S. Pereira Leite. 2020. “Land Grabbing, Financeirização da Agricultura e
Mercado de Terras: Velhas e Novas Dimensões da Questão Agrária no Brasil.” Revista Da ANPEGE
16 (29): 458–489. doi:10.5418/ra2020.v16i29.12506.
Zalik, A. 2015. “Resource Sterilization: Reserve Replacement, Financial Risk, and Environmental
Review in Canada’s tar Sands.” Environment and Planning A 47: 2446–2464. doi:10.1177/
0308518X15609218.
Zargar, H. 2022. “Addressing Threats to Scholars on the Ground Demands Proactive Measures from
Academic Institutions: Notes from fieldwork in Kashmir”. https://issblog.nl/2022/04/20/
addressing-threats-to-scholars-on-the-ground-demands-proactive-measures-from-academic-ins
titutions-notes-from-fieldwork-in-kashmir-india/.