Hindawi
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2022, Article ID 8619330, 18 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8619330
Research Article
Ethnomedicinal Information on Plants Used for the Treatment of
Bone Fractures, Wounds, and Sprains in the Northern Region of
the Republic of Benin
Nonvignon Murielle Codo Toafode ,1,2 Emelia Oppong Bekoe,3 Zacharie Vissiennon,1
Virgile Ahyi,1 Cica Vissiennon,2,4 and Karin Fester5
1IRGIB-Africa University, Inter-Regional University of Industrial Engineering Biotechnologies and Applied Sciences, Cotonou,
07 BP 231, Benin
2Leipzig University, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig 04107, Germany
3University of Ghana, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, Legon, LG 43, Ghana
4Repha GmbH Biologische Arzneimittel, Langenhagen 30855, Germany
5University of Applied Sciences Zittau/Görlitz, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Zittau 02763, Germany
Correspondence should be addressed to Nonvignon Murielle Codo Toafode; muriellect99@gmail.com
Received 9 July 2022; Revised 6 December 2022; Accepted 8 December 2022; Published 21 December 2022
Academic Editor: Mohammed Bourhia
Copyright © 2022 NonvignonMurielle Codo Toafode et al.Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in anymedium, provided the original work is
properly cited.
Medicinal plants are frequently used in African countries due to their importance in the treatment of various conditions. In the
northern Republic of Benin, traditional healers are recognized as specialists in the treatment of fractures, wounds, and sprains.Te
present study was conducted to document the practices (diagnosis and materials) and traditional knowledge accumulated by
healers in this region on their area of specialty. In addition, literature-based research was performed to support the usage of the
most cited plants. Sixty traditional healers identifed as “reference persons” from Atakora and Donga departments in the northern
Republic of Benin, who specialized in the treatment of fractures, wounds, and sprains, were interviewed in their communities
through a semi-structured questionnaire. Information about the practice, age of the healers, medicinal plants used in this
treatment, methods of preparation, and administration were collected. Samples of the plant species were also collected, identifed,
and stored in the national herbarium at the University of Abomey-Calavi, the Republic of Benin. Te study enabled the
identifcation of thirty-four (34) species belonging to twenty-three (23) families. Ochna rhizomatosa and Ochna schweinfurthiana
(21%) were the most quoted plants among the species, followed by Chasmanthera dependens (12.1%), Piliostigma thonningii
(11.3%), and Combretum sericeum (8.1%).Tese plants were reported to strengthen bones, reduce infammation, relieve pain, and
promote healing in the northern part of the Republic of Benin. Besides their ability to treat fractures, wounds, and sprains, they are
also used for multiple purposes in the West African subregions. According to the available literature, some of the plants will need
to be investigated for their phytoconstituents and pharmacological activity to validate their ethnobotanical uses. Tese results
confrm the need for documenting traditional knowledge since it represents an opportunity for exploring plant species with
potentially good pharmacological efects, which have been barely investigated. Plants identifedmay constitute a signifcant source
of bioactive compounds in the treatment of various ailments such as skin infammation and musculoskeletal disorders. Tey can
be further explored to justify their use in traditional Beninese medicine.
1. Introduction essential in the health care system of the local population
[1, 2]. Although modern medicine has made signifcant
In sub-Saharan African countries, herbal medicine practice progress, the local population remains committed to the use
constitutes an important source of medicinal compounds of folk medicine. Te reliance of the rural community on
2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
herbal medicine is still high in countries like the Republic of coordinates and constitutes 543,130 inhabitants of the
Benin [3]. Traditional medicine is based on knowledge, Beninese population.
beliefs, and practices developed, preserved, and shared over
generations [4]. Economic, social, and cultural factors have
concurred in the preservation of these practices [5]. In 2.2. Ethnomedicinal Survey and Selection of Participants.
Beninese, Ethiopian, and Indian traditional cultures, herbal Te ethnomedicinal survey was conducted between Feb-
medicine is used in the treatment of bone fractures [6–8], ruary 2017 and January 2019 in agreement with the executive
suggesting that phytochemicals may be promoted as a can- committee of the Federation of National Associations of
didate therapy. Tey will contribute to shortening the Traditional Medicine Actors of Benin (FANAMETRAB),
healing period and enhancing the healing quality. A fracture Republic of Benin. Tis study was authorized by the Re-
can be described as a partial or entire separation in the search Ethics Committee of the Interregional University of
continuity of the bone. For its repair, four overlapping stages Industrial Engineering, Biotechnology, and Applied Sci-
such as hematoma formation, infammation, repair, and ences under the number B001331455. As this work focuses
remodeling are included [9]. In the case of an open fracture, on bone fractures, wounds, and sprains, traditional healers
the skin is injured, and this may lead to a microbial infection who specialize in the treatment of bone fractures and as-
[10]. Te practice of using herbal medicine to treat bone sociated complications and are willing to share their prac-
fractures may have been preserved due to diferent condi- tical knowledge were considered. Selection of the healers was
tions including restricted access of the population to modern based on the existing register of herbalists specialized in this
medicine and the unavailability of modern health facilities area of treatment by the representatives of healers’ associ-
[11]. Terefore, rural dwellers in the Republic of Benin are ation. Te local population was of great help in locating
still constrained to refer to traditional medicines for their them, especially in remote and hard-to-reach areas. Healers,
common daily ailments. Tus, it is expected that substantial who had specialized in the treatment of fractures, wounds,
knowledge of the use of plants to treat bone fractures has and sprains, were interviewed in almost every community.
been gathered in areas where plant use is widespread [12]. In Participants were visited at their homes or workplaces and
the northern region of the Republic of Benin, traditional informed about the questionnaires. Informed consent of
healers are known to be specialized in the healing of bone healers was obtained before administering the questionnaire.
fractures, wounds, and sprains [13]. Tey are the main Tis process allowed the healers to feel valued and com-
stakeholders in the transmission of the practice. Te use of fortable in their working environment. It also enabled us to
plants in the management of bone fractures, wounds, and collect relevant information about materials used for the
sprains in the north area of the Republic of Benin is barely treatment of patients. Te questionnaire was designed in
documented [13], which justifes the interest in collecting French and conducted either in French or the local language
data of this knowledge through an ethnomedicinal study. with the help of a translator or resident able to speak the local
Documenting this indigenous knowledge is crucial to the language. A pretesting of the semi-structured oral ques-
conservation and utilization of biological resources and the tionnaire with two healers in Natitingou was performed, and
identifcation of bioactive compounds with therapeutic the questionnaire readjusted for an efcient collection of
relevance [7].Te aim of the present study was to collect and data. Sixty (60) healers specialized in the treatment of
document knowledge regarding themedicinal plants used by fractures, and associated complications have been inter-
the local traditional healers in the treatment of bone frac- viewed. Te full survey is available in the supplement. For
tures, wounds, and sprains; their usage, methods of prep- dedicating time to the study and in respect of their tradition,
aration, and administration in the northern departments of a token was given to each healer. After the questionnaires
the Republic of Benin (Atakora and Donga). In addition, and interviews were completed, healers were asked to
a literature-based study was performed to provide an provide samples of the plant materials mentioned. Samples
overview of the bioactive compounds and pharmacological were collected, labelled, and kept as voucher specimens for
activities of the most cited species, which support their usage identifcation. Voucher specimens (see Table 1) of all plants
in folk medicine as well as the ethnobotanical uses and were identifed and deposited at the National Herbarium of
phytoconstituents of identifed species. the University of Abomey-Calavi, where each was givena defned ID-number.
2. Materials and Methods
2.3. Data Collection and Analysis. Questionnaires and in-
2.1. Study Area. Te ethnomedicinal survey was performed terviews were used to collect biographical data of the re-
in the Atakora and Donga departments in the northern spondents and details on their knowledge of the disease
region of the Republic of Benin (see Figure 1), and geo- conditions (fractures, wounds, and sprains), years of ex-
graphical locations of the healers were recorded with a GPS perience, learning of practice, method of diagnosis, recipe,
eTrex® Touch 25. Atakora is themost mountainous region of storage, and therapeutic usage of plants and plant parts used,the Republic of Benin with 772,262 inhabitants, i.e., 5.4% of their vernacular names, and the duration of treatment.
the Beninese population according to the fourth General Medicinal plants were rated based on how often the in-
Census of Population and Housing (RGPH4). Its co- formants cited a particular plant. Data obtained from the
ordinates are 10°45′0″N/1°40′0″E. Donga is bordering the ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in the
Republic of Togo with 9°41′59.99″N/1°39′59.99″E as treatment of fractures, wounds, and sprains were recorded in
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3
0°40'E 1°0'E 1°20'E 1°40'E 2°0'E 2°20'E
N
Echelle 1:8 000 000
0 25 50 Km
Villages Main road
District capital Unpaved road
Municipality capital State border limit
Department capital Departments border limit
Water courses Municipalities border limit
Sources: Field data 2017-2019
Topographic map of Benin Republic
at 1/200000 IGN (1992)
Designed by: N. M. Codo-Toafode (2020)
0°40'E 1°0'E 1°20'E 1°40'E 2°0'E 2°20'E
Figure 1: Map of Atakora and Donga departments.
Microsoft Excel spreadsheet software version 2016 and 2.3.1. Frequency of Citation. Te frequency of citation (FC)
analyzed using descriptive statistical tools to determine of a species corresponds to the ratio between the number of
frequency of citation (FC), informant consensus factor (Fic), respondents (n) who cited the species and the total number
percentages, and frequencies of quantitative data. of respondents (N) and is calculated as follows [14]:
8°40'N 9°0'N 9°20'N 9°40'N 10°0'N 10°20'N 10°40'N 11°0'N 11°20'N
8°40'N 9°0'N 9°20'N 9°40'N 10°0'N 10°20'N 10°40'N 11°0'N 11°20'N
4 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table 1: Sociodemographic characteristics of traditional healers 2.4. Literature Validation of the Data. Plant species identifed
(n� 60) in the northern Republic of Benin. were confrmed using the Plant List (https://www.theplantlist.
Frequency of % number of org/) for the accepted scientifc names. Considering the prob-Characteristics respondents respondents ability of having the most cited plants according to our study
Gender reported in the scientifc literature for treatment of fractures,
Male 54 90 wounds, and sprains, a cross-referencing was performed by
Female 6 10 entering their botanical names in combination with the search
Age-groups term “fracture, wound, or sprain” into the PubMed, Google
21–30 3 5 Scholar, and ScienceDirect database. Databases were also used to
31–50 21 35 look for available published data regarding the ethnobotanical
51–70 21 35 uses and phytoconstituents of the plant speciesmentioned by the
71–90 15 25 healers and reported in Table 2.
Educational level
No formal education 44 73
Primary school 13 22 3. Results and Discussion
Secondary school 3 5
Ethnic group 3.1. Ethnopharmacological Survey
Ditammari 15 25 3.1.1. Geographical Distribution of Respondents. Te geo-
Bariba 14 23.3
Waama 10 16.7 graphical coordinates of each healer were recorded to have
Yiende 5 8.3 an insight into the geographical distribution in these de-
Natimba 4 6.7 partments (see Figure 2). Participants were well distributed
Koura 4 6.7 in most of the communities, thus depicting the widespread
Dindi 2 3.3 dissemination of traditional medicine practiced by healers in
Yôme 2 3.3 rural areas.
Peuhl 2 3.3
Ani 1 1.7
Kotocoli 1 1.7 3.1.2. Demographic Characteristics of Surveyed Traditional
Religion Healers. Te interview enabled the collection of socio-
Traditionalist 31 52 demographic information concerning the age, gender, ed-
Christian 14 23 ucational level, ethnic group, and religion of the respondents
Muslim 15 25 who specialized in the treatment of fractures, sprains, and
Years of experience wounds. Healers were in the 21–90 age range, with 35%
5–10 12 20 between (31–50) years and (51–70) years and 25% between
11–20 21 35 (71–90) years. In addition, only 3% of healers were repre-
21–30 13 21.6 sented in the 21–30 age range. Te gender distribution in-
31–40 7 11.7
>40 7 11.7 dicated that 90% of the practitioners were male. Te socio-demographic characteristics of the traditional healers are
presented in Table 1. Te age distribution demonstrates that
n
FC 100 1 elders were more involved in this practice than young� 􏼒 􏼓 x . ( )
N people, which was also revealed in studies carried out in
Togo and Ethiopia [96, 97]. According to the results, women
in this practice were in the minority, which confrms the
fndings of Upadhya et al. [8]. Te number of patients
2.3.2. Informant consensus Factor. Te informant consensus visiting the healers depended on the season. During the rainy
factor (Fic) was used to assess the homogeneity among in- season, the poor and slippery conditions of the roads in-
formants concerning the relevance of plants used for the creased the number of accidents related to motorcycle use in
treatment ofwounds, fractures, and sprains. It is calculated as the the northern area of the Republic of Benin [98, 99].
number of used citations in each category (Nur) minus the According to the results, the level of education is such that
number of species used (Nt), divided by the number of used 27% of the healers are educated, out of which 22% have
citations in each category minus one [15]: attended primary school, 5% secondary school, and 73%
Fic � Nur − Nt/Nur − 1. have no education. Te level of education of the healers in
Te informant consensus factor (Fic) varies from 0 to 1. these areas is comparable to healers in the northern region of
Values are low (close to 0) if plants are selected randomly or if no Ghana and the Republic of Benin [100, 101]. Healers belong
exchange of information about plants has occurred between to various ethnic groups like Waama, Ditammari, Bariba,
informants. It approaches one (1) when there is a well-defned Yiende, and Natimba in Atakora and Dindi, Yôme, Ani,
selection criterion in the community and/or if information is Koura, Peulh, and Kotocoli in Donga. As far as religion is
exchanged between informants. concerned, 23% of the healers were Christian, 25% Muslim,
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5
Table 2: Ethnobotanical uses and constituents of commonly used wound healing plants in the northern region of the Republic of Benin.
Botanical names Ethnobotanical uses Major phytoconstituents
It is used as food (leaves and fruit), laxative, shelter (the tree), and in 3,3′,4′-Trihydroxyfavan-4-one-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, quercetin-
Adansonia digitata L. the treatment of diabetes, diarrhoea, trypanosomal diseases, and 7-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, 3,7 dihydroxyl-favan- 4-one-5-O-β-D-
wounds [16, 17] galacto pyranosyl (1→ 4)-β-D-glucopyranoside, campesterol,stigmasterol, cholesterol, isofucosterol, ß-sitosterol, and tocopherol [18]
Vanilloids, 6-paradol, 6-gingerol, monoterpene hydrocarbons and
Spice, favoring agent, treatment of hemorrhoids, infections, sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons [20], benzaldehyde-3-hydroxy-4-
Aframomum melegueta (Roskoe) K. abdominal pain, leprosy, measles, infammatory disorders, and methoxy, butan-2-one-4-(3-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl), favonoids
Schum intestinal problems. It is used as purgative, galactogogue, and (quercetin, kaempferol, and its derivatives), triterpenoids, labdane
hemostatic agent [19] diterpenoids, zerumin A, labdane diterpenes G3 and G5, (E)-labda-
8(17), 12-diene-15, and 16-dial saponins [21]
1,2 Benzenediol, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), phenol, 2,6-bis (1,1-
Te fruit is used for the treatment of marasmus and kwashiorkor. dimethylethyl-4methyl), methylcarbamate, n-hexadecanoic acid,
Annona Senegalensis Pers Treatment of diarrhoea, helminthiasis, microbial infections, snake
hexadecane, oleic acid, tetracosane, 9-octylheptadecane, heneicosane,
bites, toothache, malaria, anenia, arthritis, infammatory disorders, 12-methyl-E, E-2, 13-octadecadien-1-ol, 13-hexyloxacyclotridec-10-en-
wound, dermatosis, and sexual impotence [22, 23] 2one, octadecanoic acid, 9, 17-octadecadienal, pentadecane,tetratriacontane and squalene [23], kaurenoic acid, and (−)-roemerine
[24]
Apodostigma pallens (Planch. ex Oliv.)
R.Wilczek Treatment of gonorrhoea [25] —
Treatment of asthma, fever, gonorrhoea, diarrhoea, diabetes, Ceibapentains A and B, linarin, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, cinchonains
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn headache, and use as aphrodisiac (barks). Diuretic and febrifuge ia and ib, N-trans-cafeoyl-DOPA-methyl ester, monoterpene, and
properties (roots). Te seed oil is used as fuel and lubricant [26, 27] sesquiterpene hydrocarbons [28, 29]
Berberine [30], tertiary nonphenolic alkaloids (tetrahydropalmatine,
liriodenine, lysicamine, oxoglaucine, glaucine, anonaine, nornuciferine,
Chasmanthera dependens Hochst Treatment of venereal diseases, fractures, sprains, muscular pains norglaucine, O,O-dimethylcorytuberine, and anomaine), govanine (�(leaves) and is used as uterine stimulant [30] (−) -tetrahydropseudocolumbamine), coreximine, bisnorargemonine,
pallidine, and quaternary alkaloids (jatrorrhizine, columbamine,
pseudocolumbamine, magnoforine, and palmatine) [31, 32]
Combretum collinum Fresen Treatment of wounds, ulcers, rheumatism, microbial infections, Myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside, myricetin-3-O-glucoside stilbenoidsgastrointestinal problems, cough, and bronchitis with the leaves [33] (combretastatins), phenanthrenes, and mollic acid [33]
Treatment of scrotal elephantiasis, dysentery, typhoid fever, eye sore 2,3-(5′)-Hexahydroxydiphenoyl-D-glucose, punicalin, punicalagin,
Combretum glutinosum Perr. Ex DC and earache, fever, stomachache malaria, diarrhoea, ring worms, umuhengerin and combreglutinin, betulinic acid, β-sitosterol glucoside,
bronchitis, hypertension, and syphilis [34, 35] 5-demethylsinensetin, (20S,24R)-ocotillone, lupeol, β-sitosterol,oleanolic acid, and corymbosin [35]
Combretum sericeum G.Don Treatment of diarrhoea, gastrointestinal disorders, conjunctivitis,fever, pneumonia, malaria, and use as repellent [36, 37] —
Epimeric mixtures of 3β-urs-12,20(30)-diene-27,28-dioic acid and 18-
epi-3β-urs-12,20(30)-diene-27,28-dioic acid, 3β-D-glucopyranosylurs-
Crossopteryx febrifuga (Afzel. ex G.Don) Treatment of dysentery, diarrhoea and fever [38], pain, malaria, 12,20(30)-diene-27,28-dioic acid and 18-epi-3β-D-glucopyranosylurs-
Bents septic wounds, and respiratory infections [39] 12,20(30)-diene-27,28-dioic acid, triterpenoid (β-chinovin), vitexin and
isovitexin xylosides, quercetin-3-rutinoside, and alkaloids
(crossopterine) [40]
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn Use as diuretic, anthelmintic, febrifuge, diaphoretic, and treatment Flavonoids schaftoside, vitexin, isovitexin, and 6′-O-palmitoylof cough [41] derivatives, β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol glucoside, and stigmasterol [42]
6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTable 2: Continued.
Botanical names Ethnobotanical uses Major phytoconstituents
Apigenin, robinetin, gallic acid, ethyl gallate, catechin, 5,7-
Treatment of abdominal pain, rheumatism, malaria, female dihydroxychromen-4-one, 3′,4′,7-trihydroxyfavone, naringenin-7-O-
Entada africana Guill. & Perr infertility [43], wounds, hepatitis, bronchitis, syphilis, and glucoside, myricetin-3-O-glucoside, dihydrokaempferol-7-O-glucoside,
bronchitis [44] quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-(β-apiosyl-(1‴→2″)-
β-glucoside), and aromadendrin [45]
Feretia apodanthera Delile Treatment of epilepsy, infantile convulsions, anxiety, psychoses,
Iridoid glycosides (feretoside, gardenoside, geniposidic acid,
pain, infammation, and infective wounds [46, 47] apodanthoside, desacetylasperolosidic acid), quercetin, kaempferol, andmyricetin [46, 47]
Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq. Treatment of epilepsy, leprosy, worm sore, injuries, hemorrhoids,
β-sitosterol, chryasophanol, 7-hydroxy-2,5 dimethylchromen-4-one,
diarrhoea and is used as a diuretic [48] quercetin, aloe emodin glucoside, β-sitosterol glucoside, rutin, andpatuletin-3′-O-methyl-3-O-rutinoside [49]
Orientin, vitexin and isovitexin, thonningiol, thonningiisofavone,
Treatment of diarrhoea, gonorrhoea, diabetes mellitus, wounds, β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol glucoside, gancaonin G, β-amyrin acetate,
Ficus thonningii Blume bronchitis, urinary tract infections, stomach pains, gastritis, gastric friedelin, lupeol hexanoate, lupeol acetate, alpinumisofavone,
ulcers, malaria, fever, and hepatitis [50] wighteone, dehydroferreirine, β-isoluteone, taxifolin, lupiwitheonehydrate, Rel (lR, 4S, 6R)-p-menthane-3,6-diol, conrauifavonol,
aromadendrin, shuterin, luteone, and hydroxyalpinumisofavone [51]
Treatment of fever, malaria, pain, diabetes, epilepsy, snakebites,
Flueggea virosa, (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle rheumatism, arrhythmia, sterility, rashes, diarrhoea, pneumonia, Flueggenoids A–E, 13-methyl-ent-podocarpanes, and securinegasexual dysfunction, sexual impotence, cough, HIV-related illnesses, alkaloids [53]
and venereal diseases [52]
Treatment of malaria, stomachache, ulcers, malaria coughs, syphilis, 5,7-Trihydroxy-4′-methoxyfavone, 5,4′-dihydroxy-7-
Gardenia ternifolia schumach. & Tonn arthritis, asthma, epilepsy, fever, pain. Use as purgative, laxative, methoxyfavanone, 5,7-dihydroxy-3,4′-dimethoxyfavone, 3,5,3′-
astringent, and antisnake venom [54] trihydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyfavone, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol [54],and gardenifolins A–H [55]
Alkaloids (ephedrine, norephedrine, stachidrine, and wilforine)
Gymnosporia senegalensis, L. E. T. Treatment of microbial infections, infammation, tuberculosis, and maytansinoids (maytanbutine, maytanprin, and maytanbutan),
Loesener respiratory diseases [56, 57] phenolic compounds, triterpenes, sterols (iguestrin, lupenone,
β-sitosterol), and megastigmane [56, 57]
Hannoa undulata (Guill. & Perr.) Planch Treatment of amoebic dysentery, malaria, anemia, and intestinal
Quassinoid (undulatone), polycyclic lactones (chaparrinone,
diseases [58] klaineanone, and glaucarubolone), eniotorin, scopoletin,glaucarubinone, and 15-desacetylundulatone [58, 59]
Treatment of eye infection, sickle cell anemia, chest complaints,
Hymenocardia acida, Tul abdominal and menstrual pains, trypanosomiasis, coughs,
Triterpenoids and sterols (friedelan-3-one, betulinic acid, stigmasterol,
hemorrhoids, stomachaches, microbial infections, asthma, and lupeol, β-sitosterol), fatty acid (oleic acid), hymenocardine, and
fractures [60] hymenocardinol [61]
Ipomoea pyrophila, A. Cheval — —
Jatropha curcas L. Treatment of eczema, skin diseases, rheumatic muscular pains, Organic acids, cyclic triterpenes, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, curcin,infammation and is used as fuel [62] apigenin, vitexin, and isovitexin [63]
Treatment of fever, gastrointestinal problems, wounds, respiratory
Lannea microcarpa, A. Rich problems, ulcers, pain, malaria, musculoskeletal disorders, Epicatechin, myricetin glycosides, gallic acid, isovitexin, and cyanidin 3-hemorrhoids, skin diseases and is used in ethnoveterinary medicine O-β-D-galactopyranoside [64]
[64]
Maerua angolensis, DC. Treatment of pain, cancer, fever, malaria, gastrointestinal problems,sores, and wounds [65] Tannins, saponins, favonoids, cardiac glycosides, and alkaloids [65]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7Table 2: Continued.
Botanical names Ethnobotanical uses Major phytoconstituents
Pyrazole alkaloids (withasomnine, 4′-hydroxywithasomnine, 4′-
Treatment of malaria, stomachache, toothache, wound dysentery, methoxywithasomnine, newbouldine, and 4′-hydroxynewbouldine),
Newbouldia laevis seem sexual transmitted disease (syphilis), migraine, and sexual newbouldiosides D-F, 7-hydroxydehydroiso-α-lapachone, 5,7-
impotency [66, 67] dihydroxydehydroiso-α-lapachone and 3-hydroxy-5-methoxydehydroiso-α-lapachone, and 6-hydroxydehydroiso-
α-lapachone [68–70]
Ochna rhizomatosa (van tiegh.) Keay Treatment of intestinal helminthiasis, jaundice, malaria, wounds, (R)-Rhizomatobifavonoid A-C, gerontoisofavone A,and typhoid fever [71, 72] schweinfurthianone A, shweinfurthianone B, and calodenine B [73]
Agathisfavone, cupressufavone, sucrose, calodenone, calodenine B,
Treatment of rubella, fungal skin infections, burns, stomachache, robustafavone, lophirone A, gerontoisofavone A, amentofavone,
Ochna schweinfurthiana (van tiegh.) Keay sclerosis, malaria, helminthiasis, typhoid fever, measles, and wounds hemerocallone, 16α,17-dihydroxy-ent-kauran-19-oic acid and 3β-O-D-
[74–76] glucopyranosyl-β-sitosterol, 6,7-dimethoxy-3′,4′-dimethoxyisofavone,epicatechin lithospermoside, and 3β-O-D-glucopyranosyl-
β-stigmasterol [77]
Treatment of asthenia, helminthiasis, conjunctivitis, chest pain,
Ozoroa pulcherrima (schweinf.) R. & A. dystocia, hyperthermia, and conjunctivitis. It is used after childbirth Ozocardic A, 6-tridecyl anacardic acid, β-sitosterol, and ozoromide
to increase lactation [78–80] [78–80]
Treatment of snake bites, rabies, mental problems, blindness and eye 3-Oxo-11α-hydroxyl-20-lupene, lupeol-3-isovanniloyl ester, 5α-
Paullinia pinnata, Linn troubles, paralysis, eczema, wounds, threatened abortion, malaria, portiferastane-3β,6α-diol and 2-(4-hydroxyl-3,5-dimethoxyl phenyl)-3-
ancylostomiasis, to expel placenta and gonorrhoea. [81] hydroxymethyl-2,3-dihydro-1,4,5-trioxaphenanthrene-6-one, lupeylsteryl ether [82]
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, piliostigmin, afzelin, quercitrin, 7 (9-desoxy-
Treatment of malaria, leprosy, wounds, ulcers, gingivitis, fever, α-conidendrin, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, 2β-methoxyclovan-9α-ol,
Piliostigma thonningii, (schum.) Milne- cough, toothache, sore throat [83] and methyl-ent-3β-hydroxylabd-8(17)-en-15-oate, (3αR,9R,9αs)-7-
Redh Treatment of dysentery, diarrhoea, infammation, skin diseases, and hydroxy-9(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-6-methoxy-3α,4,9,9α-
intestinal problems [84–86] tetrahydro-1H benzo[f] [2] benzo-furan-3-onenabellamide), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, (2E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) prop-2-
enoic acid, and 8-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-4′,5,7-trihyroxyfavone [84, 85]
Rourea coccinea (schumach. & Tonn.) Treatment of paralysis, Alzheimer’s disease, snakebites, sexual
Benth asthenia, furuncles, malaria, joint pains, asthma, male and female —infertility, and blennorrhoea [87]
Indole alkaloids (augustine, nauclifne, augustidine, 21-O-
Sarcocephalus latifolius, J. E. Smith et E.A. Treatment of fever, toothache, dental cures, septic mouth, diarrhoea, methylstrictosamideaglycone, 19-O-ethylaugustoline, naucleidinal, 19-
Bruce and dysentery; used as chewing stick [88] epinaucleidinal), β-sitosterol, tramadol, naucleamide, quinovic acid-3β-O-β-D-fucopyranoside, quinovic acid-3β-O-β-D-rhamnopyranoside,
and scopoletin [88, 89]
Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn. ssp. Treatment of cancer, diarrhoea, hemorrhoids, cough, tuberculosis, Triterpene acids of oleanane-type and glycosides (paradoxosides A-E,
paradoxa infectious diseases, headache hypertension, malaria and is used to parkiosides A-C, tieghemelin A), favonoids (catechin, gambiriin C,relieve labor and delivery pains [90] luteolin-7-glucoside, myricitrin, quercetin) [90]
Treatment of diabetes, high blood pressure, ulcers, swellings, and 2,3-Acetonide-24- hydroxyecdysone, 21-hydroxyshidasterone, 11β-Vitex doniana sweet oedema [91] hydroxy-20-deoxyshidasterone, ajugasterone, 11β,24-hydroxyecdysone,ecdysteroids shidasteron, and 24-hydroxyecdysone [92]
Treatment of menstrual disorder, naso-pharyngeal infections,
Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich arthritis, rheumatism, diarrhoea, dysentery, cough, malaria, uterine Diterpenes (15-oxo-(−)-trachyloban-19-oic acid, (−)-kaur-15-en-17-al-
fbroid, wounds, and stomach disorder [93, 94] 19-oic acid), and terpenes [95]
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
0°40'E 1°0'E 1°20'E 1°40'E 2°0'E 2°20'E
N
Interviewees
Water courses
Sources: Field data 2017-2019 Localities
Topographic map of Benin Republic
at 1/200000 IGN (1992) 0 20 40 Km
Designed by: N. M. Codo-Toafode (2020)
0°40'E 1°0'E 1°20'E 1°40'E 2°0'E 2°20'E
Figure 2: Geographical description of the study area. Map of Atacora and Donga departments, with triangles representing the coordinates
of interviewed healers.
and 52% traditional, which justifes the fact that tradition is focus on the treatment of fractures. Tirty-one percent
still strongly present in these departments, even if mono- (31%) of the healers claim the ability to treat these conditions
theistic religions are gradually setting in [3]. In addition to without the help of modern medicine. In contrast, the as-
their healing practice, most healers engage in other liveli- sociation with modern medicine such as radiography, the
hood. 88% are farmers, which is the predominant economic use of analgesics (e.g., paracetamol), sewing of the open
activity in these departments [102]. wound before treating it, and collaboration with health
workers is done by 69% of the healers. Tis, combined with
3.1.3. Practical Knowledge of Healers in the Treatment of Bone modern medicine, is a proof that traditional medicine
Fractures, Wounds, and Sprains. Te knowledge of treating sometimes relies on modern medicine to ascertain a di-
fractures and its complications is, in most cases, passed on agnosis [8]. Te recovery time is variable, depending on the
through generations. Te skills obtained by practicing with severity of the fracture. Two weeks are needed for a child to
a family member who has the experience or knowledge is recover and 1–3months for an adult. Te application of the
complemented by one’s own observations. Te general treatment is made once or twice a day, depending on the
process for treating fractures, wounds, and sprains can be severity of the case. Te materials needed in traditional
described in three signifcant steps. Initially, an examination medicine include mats, banana bark, and bandages, which
is made by the healer to identify the type of bone fracture or are comparable to plaster casts used in modern medicine for
sprain. Te next step of massage is performed by preparing immobilizing an injured part [103].
an infusion or a decoction of plants that is applied to the
injured part, followed by the next step of applying either the 3.1.4. Plant Species Cited and Teir Applications for the
seed or the bark of the roots of plants in a powdered, in- Treatment of Fractures, Wounds, and Sprains. Te ethno-
cinerated, or chewed paste form. Regarding open fractures, medical study resulted in the identifcation of thirty-four
all healers unanimously agreed that the wound must be (34) species representing twenty-three (23) families that are
healed before a treatment can be given. Tis report follows used for the treatment of fractures, wounds, and sprains
hospital practices where minimizing the risk of infection is (Table 3). For each plant species, a recipe has been collected
a priority [10]. Sprains, open and closed fractures, and that is valid for treating fractures, wounds, and sprains.
wounds can be treated by 97% of the healers while only 3% Plants species are used with a technicality that varies
9°40'N 10°0'N 10°20'N 10°40'N 11°0'N 11°20'N
9°40'N 10°0'N 10°20'N 10°40'N 11°0'N 11°20'N
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
Table 3: Medicinal plants used for the treatment of bone fractures, wounds, and sprains.
Plant
Scientifc names Plant family Local namesa VoucherN° Fre-quen-cy
b parts State ofplant parts Modes of preparation
FC Literature
usedc (%) reference
b
Adansonia digitata L. Malvaceae BSônou YH 443/ Decoction of the bark of theHNB 1 B Fresh trunk for the massage 0.8 [104]
Aframomum malegueta D YH 444/ Powder of the seeds applied
[Roskoe] K. Schum Zingiberaceae Fètcharinanfè HNB 2 Se Dried topically 1.6 [22]
Annona senegalensis Pers Annonaceae BBatoko YH 445/ 1 L Fresh/ Infusion of the leaves for theHNB dried massage 0.8
Apodostigma pallens Infusion of the leaves for the
(Planch. ex Oliv.) Celastraceae DMukentetie YH 446/ Fresh/
R.Wilczek HNB
2 L and R dried massage; chewing of roots 1.6applied topically
Ceiba pentandra (L.) YH 448/ Fresh/ Powdered seeds in association
Gaertn. Malvaceae
BDirebou billa, wKunkunfa HNB 2 Se and B dried with other plants; the bark is 1.6used as a mat
Infusion of the leaves for the
Chasmanthera dependens YH 449/ Fresh/ massage; Grinded stem
Hochst Menispermaceae
BBoborou, Psilpèrèya HNB 15 L and R dried applied topically and 12.1 [30]sometimes mixed with shea
butter
Combretum collinum Combretaceae BGberukporo,DTipèpèti YH 450/ 2 L and R Fresh/
Infusion of the leaves for the
Fresen HNB dried massage; bark of the roots in 1.6 [33]powder applied topically.
Infusion of the leaves for the
Combretum glutinosum Yi YH 451/ massage; incineration of the
Perr. Ex DC Combretaceae Oudadaribou HNB 1 L and R Fresh powdered bark of the roots 0.8 [105, 106]
applied topically
Combretum sericeum YH 452/ Fresh/ Infusion of the leaves for the
G.Don Combretaceae
WCocopourka, Bsoossi HNB 10 L and R dried massage; powdered bark of 8.1the roots applied topically.
Crossopteryx febrifuga YH 453/ Fresh/ Infusion of the leaves for theYi
(Afzel. ex G.Don) Bents Rubiaceae Otoupedou HNB 1 L and R dried massage; powdered bark of 0.8 [39]the root applied topically.
Infusion of the
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn Poaceae WYandé YH 454/HNB 1 L
Fresh/ leaves + decoction of the bark
dried of C. pentandra for the 0.8
massage
Entada africana Guill. & Fabaceae BWondorou YH 455/ 1 L Fresh/ Infusion of the leaves for thePerr HNB dried massage 0.8
Feretia apodanthera Delile Rubiaceae NDiebaata YH 456/ 1 L Fresh Infusion of the leaves for theHNB massage 0.8 [107]
YH 457/ Fresh/ Infusion of the leaves for theFicus ingens (Miq.) Miq Moraceae BDekuru sanni HNB 1 L and R dried massage; powdered bark of 0.8 [108]the roots applied topically.
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTable 3: Continued.
Scientifc names Plant family Local namesa Voucher
Plant
N° Fre-quen-cy
b parts State ofplant parts Modes of preparation
FC Literature
b
usedc (%) reference
Infusion of the leaves of
F. thonningii+N. laevis for
the massage. Powdered bark
Ficus thonningii Blume Moraceae KKudoro YH 458/HNB 1 L and R Fresh of the roots of 0.8 [109]N. laevis+ F. thonningii
adventitious roots applied
topically.
YiOpanko, Yiipèènki,
Flueggea virosa, (Roxb. ex NN’Dadaagui YH 459/ Fresh/ Infusion of the leaves used
Willd.) Royle Phyllanthaceae NYerikilangou HNB 5 L and R dried orally; incineration of bark of 4.0 [52]
NN’Dadaaditchi roots applied topically
Infusion of the leaves for
Gardenia ternifolia massage; incineration of theYi
schumach. & Tonn Rubiaceae Keyabouaka
YH 460/
HNB 1 L and R Fresh bark of the roots mixed with 0.8the kernel oil butter applied
topically
Gymnosporia senegalensis, Celastraceae DMoukorou, BGberamonro-kou YH 461/ 2 R Fresh/ Powdered bark of the rootsL. E. T. Loesener HNB dried applied topically 1.6
Hannoa undulata (Guill. YH 462/ Fresh/ Infusion of the leaves for the
& Perr.) Planch Simaroubaceae
BOkoupopode HNB 1 L and R dried massage. Powdered bark of 0.8the roots applied topically
Hymenocardia acida, Tul Phyllanthaceae Bsinkakakou YH 463/ 4 L and R Fresh/
Infusion of the leaves for the
HNB dried massage. Powdered bark of 3.2the roots applied topically
Ipomoea pyrophila, Convolvulaceae DTimonyati/DTiwontèwonti YH 464/ Fresh/ Infusion of the leaves for theA. Cheval HNB 2 L dried massage 1.6
Jatropha curcas L. Euphorbiaceae YôKokofeku YH 465/ 1 L Fresh/ Infusion of the leaves for theHNB dried massage 0.8 [110]
Lannea microcarpa, Anacardiaceae Bsinman, DMupèitèsinhou YH 466/ 4 L and R Fresh/
Infusion of the leaves for the
A. Rich HNB dried massage; powdered bark of 3.2 [111]the roots applied topically.
Maerua angolensis, DC Capparaceae YiFetounanfè YH 467/ 1 L and R Fresh/
Infusion of the leaves for the
HNB dried massage; powdered bark of 0.8the roots applied topically.
Infusion of the leaves of
F. thonningii+N. laevis for
the massage.
Newbouldia laevis seem Bignoniaceae KAbountou YH 468/HNB 1 L and R Fresh Powdered bark of the roots of 0.8 [112, 113]N. laevis+ F. thonningii
adventitious roots applied
topically
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
Table 3: Continued.
Voucher PlantScientifc names Plant family Local namesa b State ofN° Fre-quen-cy parts plant parts Modes of preparation
FC Literature
usedc (%) reference
b
Ochna schweinfurthiana/ YH 469/W D Infusion of the leaves for the
Ochna rhizomatosa (van Ochnaceae Yinkpenoka, Mukentètié, HNB Fresh/B
tiegh.) Keay Gounougokpes-sio YH 470/
26 L and R dried massage; powdered bark of 21.0 [77, 114]
HNB the roots applied topically
Ozoroa pulcherrima YH 471/ Fresh/ Infusion of the leaves for theD
(schweinf.) R. & A. Anacardiaceae Mukentétié HNB 2 L and R dried massage; powdered bark of 1.6the roots applied topically
Paullinia pinnata, Linn Sapindaceae WDikitinintibou YH 472/ 2 L and R Fresh/
Infusion of the leaves for the
HNB dried massage; powdered bark of 1.6 [115–117]the roots applied topically
Piliostigma thonningii, DTilabaati, BBakourou, YH 473/ Fresh/ Infusion of the leaves for the
(schum.) Milne-Redh Fabaceae NNambaati HNB 14 L and R dried massage; powdered bark of 11.3 [117]the roots applied topically
Rourea coccinea
(schumach. & Tonn.) Connaraceae WTchekidafa YH 474/ 1 L Fresh Infusion of the leaves for the
Benth HNB massage
0.8 [118]
Sarcocephalus latifolius, J. YiRubiaceae Oukôkômou,
WComgonmou, YH 475/ 4 L Fresh/ Infusion of the leaves for theE. Smith et E.A. Bruce DTikocoti HNB dried massage 3.2 [119]
Infusion of the leaves for the
Vitellaria paradoxa B YH 447/
C.F.Gaertn. ssp. paradoxa Sapotaceae somou HNB 2 L
Fresh/ massage; mixing of the butter
dried with powdered plants applied 1.6 [120]
as an ointment
Vitex doniana sweet Verbenaceae NHampou YH 476/ 1 L Fresh Infusion of the leaves for theHNB massage 0.8
Xylopia aethiopica
(Dunal) A. Rich Annonaceae
WNadofacha, p Kimadjè YH 477/ Powdered seeds appliedHNB 8 Se Dried topically 6.5
aLocal name of the plant species: B(Bariba), D(Ditammari), K(Koura), N(Natimba), P(Peuhl),W(Waama), Yi(Yiende), and Yo(Yôme). bFrequency indicates the number of times species were mentioned and recorded
by the 60 healers. cPlant indicates parts that were used: L (leaf ), B (bark), R (root), S (stem), and Se (Seed).
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
depending on the type of condition to be treated (wounds, ethnopharmacological use in the Republic of Benin in the
fractures, or sprains) with the same preparations. Te most treatment of bone fractures, wounds, and sprains [100].
cited among the recorded species were Ochna rhizomatosa Egwu’s [114] phytochemical study also shows the presence
and Ochna schweinfurthiana, followed by Chasmanthera of a trifavonoid ester and bifavone derivatives, which were
dependens, Piliostigma thonningii, and Combretum sericeum. reported for the frst time in Ochna rhizomatosa leaves. A
Tey can be used either fresh or dried and are boiled, recent study allowed for the identifcation of three bifavones
chewed, or grounded and burned to collect the powder ((R)-rhizomatobifavonoid A-C) along with gerontoiso-
before application. In addition, shea butter is used by 60% of favone A, schweinfurthianone A and B, and calodenine B
the traditional healers as an excipient in the preparations, and investigated their inhibitory efect against HIV and
while 13.3% of them use either fats from beef, boa, and cow’s malaria [73]. Regarding Ochna schweinfurthiana, it is used
cream or water, and 26.7% do not make use of excipients. in traditional medicine to treat pain, infammation, skin
Te excipients are used to enable the easy application of the infection, and arthritis [76, 124]. During the evaluation of
medicinal plant’s preparation. Te healers recognize the the antimalarial potential of Ochna schweinfurthiana roots,
plant species using various criteria such as their morphology several bifavones were identifed, namely, calodenone,
and habitat. Te availability of plant materials can be calodenine B, lophirone A, gerontoisofavone A, and 4‴-
infuenced by diferent factors such as the season, the dis- methoxylophirone A, 4,4’,4‴-trimethoxylophirone A [123].
tance from harvesting, drought, and the extinction of plants A trimethoxy derivative of lophirone A has shown a po-
due to bush fres [121]. tential antimicrobial efect [125]. In addition, other bifa-
vones such as cupressufavone and robustafavone, together
with epicatechin and 3-β-O-D-glucopyranosyl-
3.1.5. Informant Consensus Factor and Frequency of Citation. β-stigmasterol compounds, were isolated from the ethyl
Te informant consensus factor indicates a well- acetate extract of the stem bark of the plant [77]. Recently,
documented knowledge of medicinal plants by the re- hemerocallone, amentofavone, agathisfavone, lith-
spondents.Te informant consensus factor (Fic) in this study ospermoside, 6,7-dimethoxy-3′-4′-dimethoxyisofavone,
is relatively high (0.79). Tis indicates the high degree of and β-D-fructofuranosyl-α-D-glucopyranoside were iso-
consensus among the healers on the plants used in the lated from the acqueous extract of the bark of Ochna
treatment of fractures, wounds, and sprains in the northern schweinfurthiana [124].
region of the Republic of Benin. Ochna rhizomatosa and Chasmanthera dependens cited 15 times, has been re-
Ochna schweinfurthiana turned out to have the highest ported for the management of fractures and wounds in
frequency of citation (21%) followed by Chasmanthera Nigeria [30]. Te species is known for its content of qua-
dependens (12.1%), Piliostigma thonningii (11.3%), and ternary and tertiary phenolic alkaloid compounds [31]. It
Combretum sericeum (8.1%) in our study as shown in Ta- was shown to possess analgesic, anti-infammatory, and
ble 3. Te high frequency of citation of these plants dem- antimicrobial properties [30, 126].
onstrates their frequent use by the healers and ranks them as Piliostigma thonningii from the family Leguminosae,
essential plants in the treatment of fractures, wounds, and mentioned 14 times among healers constitutes an important
sprains. species used in African traditional medicine. Tis plant is
rich in favonoids such as quercetin derivatives and C-
methyl favanols [84, 127]. In addition, a kaurane diterpe-
3.2. Literature Review on Traditional Uses and Biological noid was isolated [128]. An in-depth investigation of
Activities of Cited Plant Species. A literature review was Piliostigma thonningii resulted in the isolation of two
performed on the species with high frequencies of citation. compounds, methyl-ent-3-β-hydroxylabd-8(17)-en-15-oate
Moreover, information on medicinal uses and chemical and 2β-methoxyclovan-9α-ol along with 14 other known
compounds of all the species identifed is provided in Ta- compounds, e.g., favonoids compounds (quercetin-3-O-
ble 2. During interviews and collection of plant samples, it rhamnoside) and vitamins [85]. Te plant has shown an-
was observed that healers were using Ochna rhizomatosa tibacterial and anti-infammatory activities [127, 129], as
and Ochna schweinfurthiana which were the most cited well as a hepatoprotective efect [130].
species for the treatment of bone fractures, wounds, and Combretum sericeum from the family Combretaceae,
sprains.Tey constitute two diferent species but can be used and 10 times cited has been barely investigated.Members of
alternatively in northern traditional Beninese medicine. the genusCombretum have shown interesting properties and
Tey are called male (Ochna rhizomatosa) and female are widely used as medicinal plants [131]. C. sericeum is
(Ochna schweinfurthiana) and are diferentiated morpho- described as having several ethnopharmacological efects,
logically by the size of their leaves by the traditional healers. e.g., against diarrhoea and gastrointestinal disorders [36, 37],
Tey describe them as having almost the same efect. Tey as well as antiplasmodial [132] and antimicrobial properties
belong to the genus Ochna, which comprises ca. 86 species [133]. Despite the numerous features of this plant, only a few
and contains a variety of favonoids [122, 123]. phytochemical studies have been performed. Tannins, ter-
Te roots and stem bark ofOchna rhizomatosa have been penoids, saponins, various favonoids, and anthraquinones
identifed as a plant used for the massage of the ribs in the were detected in the plant [134]. As seen from the literature
form of a decoction in Ghana and Cameroon for the discussed here, all the plants contain interesting bioactive
treatment of wounds, which strengthens its components such as favonoids and alkaloids. During bone
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
fractures, wounds, and sprains, infammation plays a sig- Disclosure
nifcant role. Te richness of these plants in various com-
pounds may contribute to overcoming the infammation Te author Cica Vissiennon is employed by Repha GmbH
process [135, 136]. Tis study demonstrates that medicinal Biologische Arzneimittel. Cica Vissiennon and Karin Fester
plants used by traditional healers to treat fractures, wounds, contributed evenly to this work, and share last authorship.
and sprains may be potential candidates for pharmacological
research focused on various conditions such as in- Conflicts of Interest
fammatory skin and musculoskeletal conditions. In addi-
tion, the literature review on the ethnobotanical uses and Te authors declare that there are no conficts of interest.
phytoconstituents of the identifed plant species revealed
that Rourea coccinea, Ipomoea pyrophila, Combretum ser- Authors’ Contributions
iceum, and Apodostigma pallens require in-depth phyto-
chemical studies. Finally, these investigationsmay lead to the NMCTperformed data collection, evaluation, did feld work,
development of reliable formulations of herbal medicines and conceptualized the study; NMCT and EOB performed
with proven clinical efcacy and confrmed safety. methodology and validated the study; VA provided re-
sources; NMCT drafted the manuscript and prepared the
4. Conclusion fgures; NMCT, CV, KF, EOB, ZV, and VA contributed tothe review and editing process. All authors have read and
Te north of the Republic of Benin constitutes an area where approved the fnal version of the manuscript.
the knowledge for treating bone fractures, wounds, and
sprains is advanced. Tis ethnomedicinal study resulted in Acknowledgments
the documentation of the traditional medicine practice and
provided an overview of plant species, their medicinal use, Tis work was sponsored by the IRGIB-Africa University,
and mode of application in the treatment of bone fractures, which funded feldwork for data collection in local com-
wounds, and sprains. Te recorded plants are administered munities. Te frst author Codo Toafode Nonvignon Mur-
as a decoction, infusion, or powder to strengthen bones, ielle received a mobility grant between Leipzig University
reduce infammation, relieve pain, and promote healing. (Germany) and IRGIB-Africa University (Benin) granted by
Based on these results, pharmacological and clinical as- the DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service); funding
sessments of these natural remedies can be conducted to program/ID: 57299293.
rationalize their ethnomedicinal use and enhance the pro-
motion of these plants. Supplementary Materials
Abbreviations Supplementary material fle is entitled “Survey of the col-lection of data on plants used in the treatment of fractures,
FANAMETRAB: Federation of National Associations of wounds, and sprains.” (Supplementary Materials)
Traditional Medicine Actors of Benin
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