"ry-T-ARTSflN- ny ETOEWSIOW DB1IVSRX SYS JEMS AVATT.ABTJ! TO FARMERS OF THE "ME 33TRY OF AGRICUUTTJRE M D GHAM TOBACCO GOMBJTY LIMITED AT WfflOHI AND EJORA DISTRICTS 31 GHANA ~ A Thesis p resen ted to the Department o f A gricu ltu re Extension o f the U n iv e r s ity o f Ghana - Legon By JAGOB ATTA OKRAH Ei Ife-rtlal F u lfilm en t o f th e Requirement f o r the Degree o f l i s t e r o f S cience in A g r icu ltu ra l In ten s ion XUGGST, 1981 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 6T a ^ - 4 - t T I- O fS A University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh To my w ife Hdna, Daughter i£lcua and son Kwame who shared, t h i s phase o f my l i f e w ith me. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLAR/JIOH I do h e reby d e c la re t h a t e x c ep t f o r r e f e r e n c e s to o th e r p e o p le 's work which have been c i t e d , t h i s work i s th e r e s u l t o f my own o r ig in a l r e s e a rc h and t h a t t h i s t h e s i s h as n e i t h e r in whole n o r in p a r t been p re s e n te d f o r a n o th e r deg ree e lsew h e re . J . A. Okrah. Approved bys D r. J»K. Geker (SllTERVTS OR ) . i i i University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACMOMEDGEMM I would l i k e to th an k D r. Jo suah K. Geker w h o le h e a r te d ly f o r h i s gu idance , ad v ic e and v e ry c o n s tru c t iv e c r i t i c i s e s a s my s u p e rv is o r d u r in g th e s tu d y and th e p re p a ra t io n o f t h i s m an u sc r ip t. My s in c e re th an k s a l s o go to D r. Kwadjo Dua-rOpare f o r h i s encourage­ ment and ad v ic e i n w r i t i n g th e p ro p o sa l f o r t h i s s tu d y and th e in v a lu a b le a s s i s ta n c e re n d e re d to me in th e p re p a ra t io n o f th e q u e s t io n n a ir e s . . I am h e a v i ly in d e b te d to Mr. P.Y.M. ELadjoe, w ith o u t whom t h i s work could n o t have been com p le ted . I owe him a l o t . My s p e c ia l th ank s a l s o go to P ro fe s s o r E» B o rte i-D oku , h ead of th e departm en t o f A g r ic u l tu r a l E x ten sion who gave me a l o t o f encouragem ent and s u g g e s tio n s and who p a t i e n t l y took h i s tim e to re a d through, th e whole s c r i p t and o f f e r e d v a lu ab le c r i t i c i sm s . . I w ish to th ank members o f th e board o f d i r e c to r s of Ghana Tobacco Company L im ited f o r g r a n t in g me a s tu d y le a v e to -enable me pu rsue t h i s programme. I& r t i c u la r th an k s go to th e chairm an o f th e bo a rd o f d i r e c to r s Mr. J o e l Ako—Mai f o r h i s p a t ie n c e , encouragem ent and f a t h e r l y a d v ic e . I am a ls o g r a t e f u l to th e s t a f f and management o f Ghana Tobacco Company l im i t e d and th e Department o f A g r ic u ltu re e s p e c ia l ly , M essrs. J . A nim -l& ri (C h ief A ccountan t o f G .T .C .) , P.A. Ewmtomah (A ccoun tan t o f G .T .C .) , J .K . Ksrarteng ( i n t e r n a l A ud ito r o f G .T .C .), O fori-Duodu (Crop Manager o f G .T .C .) T.A. Ankumah (D i s t r i c t l e a f Manager G .T.C. Wenchi) and Agbeako ( D i s t r i c t A g r ic u l tu r a l E x ten sion O f f ic e r E ju ra ) f o r t h a i r co—o p e ra t io n and h e lp and a l s o f o r making a v a i la b le to me in fo rm a tio n d u rin g th e f i e l d work and m a te r ia l s f o r th e ty p in g o f th e m anu sc rip t. i v . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh S p e c ia l acknow ledgement,, i s made to Mr. K .P. Appiah, my fo rm er b o ss a s Jfenaging D ir e c to r o f G.T.C. and now l e a f d i r e c to r o f P .T .C . f o r h i s adv ice and f r u i t f u l s u g g e s tio n s i n th e p la n n in g o f th e s tu d y a s a w hole , Efcny th ank s a l s o go to M essrs . T.K. Q uarte y o f th e P hy s ic s D epartm en t, and Mr. J .K . Edmond o f Legon H a l l , th e U n iv e r s i ty o f Ghana f o r ty p in g o u t th e d r a f t s and th e m anu sc r ip ts . F in a l ly , my g r e a t e s t deb t i s to ray w ife and fam ily . My w ife Edna f o r h e r su p p o r t, enaouragement and p a t ie n c e to w a it and f o r ta k in g good c a re o f th e c h i ld re n d u rin g my absence and to my c h i ld re n Akua and l i t t l e Ewame f o r behav ing w e ll d u r in g my absence from th e house . v . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ■TABLE Off f l O g l T it le Rige . . . . «• 1 D ed ication . , . . *. •• 3-1 D eclaration . . . . • • •» Acknowledgement . . . . . . •• »Table o f Content . , . . . . L is t o f T ables . . >. •• •« 2* A b strac t . . . . .* . • CHAPTER I BTTRODUCTIOM' Background S ta tem en t . . , • 1 A g r ic u l tu r a l E x ten s io n i n Ghana . . 4 The E x ten s ion O rg an iz a tio n Today . . 7 Ghana Tobacco E x ten s io n S e rv ic e . . 8 Ghana Tobacco E x ten s io n A c t i v i t i e s . , 10 S ta tem en t o f th e Problem . . • . 12 O b je c tiv e s o f th e S tudy . . . . 14 Development o f H ypotheses . . . • 14 CBAPDER I I LITERATURE REVIEW Concept of A g r ic u l tu ra l E x tension In A g ricu l­t u r a l Development . , . . 16 Ex tension Teaching Methods . . . . 21 E x ten s io n "Programme P la n n in g 25 CHAPTER I I I RESEARCH DS3IC2J AND METHODOLOGY * Source of Data . . . . 27 Data C o lle c t io n P rocedure . . . . 27 C on s tru c tio n o f Q u e s tio n n a ire and P r e t e s t i n g 30 PA(31 v i . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Data A na ly s is S ig n if ic a n c e of th e S tudy . . l im i t a t i o n s o f th e S tudy Assumptions of th e S tudy D e f in i t io n of Terms . . •• CUAPTFR 17 findings P e rso n a l, E d u ca tio n a l and P ro fe s s io n a l C h a r a c te r i s t i c s of Farm ers . . E du ca tio n a l and P ro f e s s io n a l E xpe rien ces o f F ie ld S ta f f R espondents Exposure to E x ten s io n A c t i v i t i e s F anners S ou rc e (sJ o f Farm In fo rm a tio n and Teach ing Methods . . . • T each ing methods Used bjr F ie ld E x ten s io n S t a f f •« • • •# A g r ic u l tu r a l E x ten s io n S e rv ic e s and Farm ers Adoption B ehav iou r ♦. Farm ers P e rc ep tio n o f E x ten s io n Workers ». F a c to r s and Problems l im i t i n g E x ten s io n Work CHAPTER V DISCUSSION OF FBIDETGS Personal;, E du ca tio n a l and P ro f e s s io n a l C harao- t e r i s t i c s o f Farm ers . . E d u ca tio n a l and P ro fe s s io n a l E xpe rien ces of F ie ld S t a f f » . . . R espondents Exposure to E x ten s io n A c t i v i t i e s Farm ers S o u rc e (s ) of Faun In fo rm a tio n Teach ing Methods Used by F ie ld E x ten s io n S t a f f Farmers P e rc e p tio n s o f E x ten s io n Workers . . F a c to rs and Problem s l im i t i n g E x ten s io n Work v i i„ 31 32 33 33 34 36 38 39 45 47 50 51 53 58 60 62 65 67 71 73 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS J1D EECOMIKWDATIONS - Summary . . Hypotheses T e s te d . . D ata C o lle c t io n and A n a ly s is Summary o f F in d in g s Recommendations . . BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX A CHAPTER VI In te rv iew Q u e s tio n n a ire f o r Farm ers . . APEENDE B In te rv iew Q u e s tio n n a ire f o r F ie ld S t a f f . . APPENDIX C Jobacco S ta t io n s in Ghana APPENDIX D , E ju ra Tobacc.?,- Growing Area* * SPBMD3X E ,..".ren ch i Tobacco Growing A rea • 77 78 78 78 86 89 92 99 103 104 105 ■v iii. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh s m . 38 39 40 41 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 LIST OT.'TABTjPg Frequency and Peftaentage D is t r ib u t io n of Age of R esponden ts F requency and P e rcen tage D is t r ib u t io n o f E duca tion of R esponden ts . . . •• •• •• F requency and P e rcen tage D i s t r ib u t io n o f S t a f f E duca tio n •• F requency and P e rcen tage D is t r ib u t io n of S t a f f Engagement • . F requency and P e rcen tage D is t r ib u t io n o f Farm ers making C on tact w ith E x ten s io n S e rv ic e s . . •• •» F requency and P e rcen tag e D is t r ib u t io n of Farm ers R espond ing to th e Q uestion " I s V i s i t By E x ten s io n Agent U se fu l to You". F requency P ercen tage D is t r ib u t io n of R espondents to th e q u e s tio n "How o f te n a re you v i s i t e d by your s t a f f " . • . F requency P e rcen tag e D is t r ib u t io n o f S p e c i f ic E x ten s io n A c t i v i t i e s F ie ld S t a f f R epo rted Being In vo lv ed . . . . F requency P e rcen tage D is t r ib u t io n o f Farm ers S u p e rv ised By E x ten s io n Agents ». » . . . • • F requency P ercen tage D is t r ib u t io n o f Response to th e Q uestion " I s th e F requency o f C on tac t Adequate ihough" . . F requency P e rcen tage D is t r ib u t io n o f Farm ers M ajor S o u rc e (s ) o f Farm In f o r e s t io n . . . . >, Frequency P e rcen tag e D is t r ib u t io n o f C a tego ry o f Peop le Farm ers d is c u s s t h e i r problem s w ith , . . . F requency P e rcen tag e D is t r ib u t io n o f E x ten s io n T each ing Methods R epo rted In Use By E x ten s io n S t a f f . . . . F req ijsncy P ercen tage D is t r ib u t io n of E x ten s ion T each ing Msthod R epo rted By F ie ld S ta f f As A pp licab le To T h e ir Area F requency P e rcen tag e D is t r ib u t io n o f S co re on th e E f f e c t iv e n e s s o f E x ten s io n T each ing Methods Used By S ta f f . . . . F requency P e rcen tag e D is t r ib u t io n of P r a c t ic e Farm ers Have - T r ie d o r Adopted Through E x ten s io n E duca tion F requency P e rcen tag e D is t r ib u t io n o f R espondents View o f t h e i r E x ten s io n S t a f f Farm ers P e rc ep tio n and Opinion o f E x ten s io n S t a f f . . . . F requency P e rcen tag e D is t r ib u t io n of F a rm er’ s P re s s in g Heeds As P e rce iv ed By E x ten s io n Workers *, . . Frequency P ercen tage D is t r ib u t io n o f Farm ers Major Problem s Frequency P e rcen tage D is t r ib u t io n o f Major Problem s o f F i e ld E x ten sion S t a f f Frequency P ercen tage D is t r ib u t io n o f Job S a t i s f a c t i o n By S t a f f Respondents . . ix. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh a j l s : t. jU k c.jp T h is s tu d y a ttem p ted to compare and c o n t r a s t th e e f f e c t iv e n e s s o f th e e x te n s io n d e l iv e ry system s a v a i la b le to fa rm ers and s t a f f o f two a g r i ­ c u l tu r a l i n s t i t u t i o n s nam elys- The M in is try o f A g r ic u l tu re (Government c o n tro l le d and f in a n c e d ) and th e Ghana Tobacco Company L im ited (a p r iv a te p a r t i c i p a t i o n ) . S p e c i f i c a l l y , th e s tu d y was d e s ig n ed to d e te rm ine : (1 ) The e x te n s io n te a c h in g methods u sed by th e two o rg a n iz a t io n s . (2 ) Farm ers sou rce o f farm in fo rm a tio n . (3) The degree o f c o n ta c t between the fa rm ers and th e f i e l d e x te n s io n s t a f f and i t s e f f e c t o r im pact on a g r i c u l t u r a l e x te n s io n and f i n a l l y (4) To f in d ou t w he th e r e x te n s io n a d d re s s e d i t s e l f to fa rm ers n eed s and p rob lem s. The r e s e a r c h f in d in g s were b ased upon a s tu d y o f b o th food and cash c rop fa rm e rs and f i e l d e x te n s io n s t a f f o f th e two o rg a n iz a t io n s . The s tu d y re v e a le d th a t th e G .T.C . e x te n s io n s e rv ic e s to t h e i r fa rm ers were more e f f e c t iv e i n te rm s o f p ro v is io n o f p ro d u c tio n in p u ts and e x ten s io n te a c h in g methods u sed th an th o se o f th e M in is t ry o f A g r ic u l tu r e . The e f f e c t iv e n e s s o f G.T.C. e x te n s io n s e rv ic e s seems to have been g r e a t l y enhanced by ( 1 ) th e low s t a f f / f a rm e r r a t i o a s compared to a h ig h r a t i o o f th e M in is try o f A g r ic u l tu r e . (2 ) The h ig h m o b i l i ty o f G.T.C. s t a f f and (3 ) The r e g u la r ly m on ito red a c t i v i t i e s of G.T.C. s t a f f by t h e i r s u p e r v is o r s . x . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Both G.T.C. and th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re u se group te a c h in g method p a r t i c u l a r l y , d em onstra tion and fa rm ers m ee tin g as form s of e d u c a tio n a l i n s t r u c t i o n s w ith t h e i r fa rm e rs . Both g roups of fa rm e rs r e a l i s e th e p o s i t iv e c o n tr ib u t io n e x te n s io n p la y s in t h e i r fa rm ing ed u ca tio n and ad op tio n of new p r a c t i c e s b u t found e x te n s io n s t a f f e f f o r t to a s s i s t them w o e fu lly in a d e q u a te . l a c k o f t r a n s p o r ta t io n , poor s e rv ic e c o n d it io n s and l a c k o f farm in p u ts were some o f th e problem s hampering f i e l d e x te n s io n s t a f f in t h e i r work. Teaching methods and e x te n s io n programmes d es ig n ed were more s e rv ic e r a t h e r th an e d u ca tio n o r ie n te d . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh CHAFFER I I N T R O D U C E I O N 1. BACKGROUND STATEMENT Agricu lture may be sa id to bo the s o la r p lexus o f our ■very e x is ten ce as a na tion and must be accorded pride of p lace in our sc a le o f p r io r it ie s* . ^ This exhorta tion from P rofessor Kwapong, th ir te e n years -'ago i s b e ing repeated to -day more than a t anytime in the h is to r y o f the coun try 's a g r icu ltu re because of the presen t food c r i s i s . Ghana i s an a g r ic u ltu r a l country w ith over 70fo o f i t s population engaged in the a g r ic u ltu r a l s e c to r . Even though the country i s b le ssed w ith abundant a g r ic u ltu r a l resou rces and su ita b le environmental cond ition s fo r the development o f v a r ie ty o f food and cash crop s, e .g . m aize, ca ssava , c o la , tobacco , c o t to n , none o f these crops r e ce iv ed the a t te n t io n i t d eserves w ith the excep tion of cocoa . There has been l i t t l e d iv e r s i f ic a t io n and development o f other a g r ic u ltu r a l crops before and immediately a f t e r independence. The dependence on s in g le cash crop economies in the c o lo n ie s was apparen tly 2 planned by the c o lo n ia l m asters to f o s t e r th e ir in t e r e s t s . Dumor, observed th a t t h is p o lic y was not on ly p ecu lia r to the B r i t i s h but a lso to the Stench who were a ls o in te r e s te d in the in trodu ction o f s ta b le cash economy in fra s tru c tu re s in th e ir t e r r i t o r i e s . 1 . Kwapong, A.A. - V ice -C han ce llo r 's address "A gricu ltura l Education and T ra in ing in Ghana a t Legon" Nov. 20 1070, Legon A gric . Mews V o l.4 No.2 1973 p .3 . 2 . Kimmerling, B. - "Subsistence Crops, C vh Crops and Urbanization" Some m a ter ia ls from Ghana, Uganda and tf-ie Ivory Coast. Rural S&ciology V o l.36 No.4 1971 p .4 7 2 -3 . 3 . Dumor, F .E .K .,- "Development o f A g r icu ltu ra l Extension" - A search fo r s tr a te g y , a paper d e liv e r ed a t Lo t'jrna tiona l Seminar on Socio— TP ' - lems of Rural Developmrrt UCC„ 5 th January 1976. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 2 I"t was r e a l i s e d o a r ly a f t e r Independence t h a t w ith, th e fa ,3 t r a t s oi. p o p u la tio n g row th , any a ttem p t to improve th e economy o f th e c o u n try and th e g en e ra l l i v i n g c o n d it io n s o f th e peop le o f Ghana needed improvement i n a g r i ­ c u l tu r e th e main o c cup a tio n o f th e b u lk of th e p e o p le . Emphasis was th e n p la ced on c a sh c rop s l i k e c o t to n f o i l palm , and tobacco to fe e d l o c a l f a c t o r i e s . Also new improved methods o f a g r i c u l tu r e were in tro d u c e d . U n t i l th e id e a o f l a r g e s c a le p la n ta t io n s t a r t e d to be mooted b a r e ly a decade o r two ago , th e in d ig enou s fa rm e rs were th e s o le p ro du ce rs o f th e s e c ro p s . D esp ite d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n and improvement p la n s in ou r a g r i c u l t u r e , p r o d u c t iv i ty h as rem ained v e ry low m ain ly b ecau se o f th e predom inance o f th e in d ig enou s fa rm e rs who d e s p i te th e d em on s tra tio n in th e c o u n try abou t th e b e n e f i t s of modern farm te ch n iq u e s have s t i l l n o t p a r te d e n t i r e l y w i th t h e i r o ld p r a c t ic e s o f fa rm in g .^ Some w r i t e r s do th e r e f o r e a ccu se ou r fa rm e rs o f b e in g too c o n se rv a tiv e to change. However, B o rte i-D oku , b e l ie v e s t h a t a lth o u g h th e fa rm e r may n o t g e t a s much o u t o f h i s la n d u s in g h i s t r a d i t i o n a l m ethods, i t i s what he knows b e s t , what he i s c o n f id e n t o f d o in g , and p ro b ab ly w hat h i s re so u rc e s can ta k e him to ach ieve „ To overcome t h i s low p ro d u c t iv i ty in a g r i c u l tu r e w hich hae p lagu ed many d eve lop ing c o u n tr ie s in c lu d in g Ghana, in th e p a s t , v a r io u s developm en ta l s t r a t e g i e s 4-5 Adomako, A. "A g r ic u l tu r a l P o lic y " S ta tem en t by Commissioner o f A g r ic u l tu re a t 1968 E /k A g r ic u l tu r a l Show a t K o fo ridua , Legon A a r ic . News V o l.2 No.3 1969 p .1 3 . 5 . B o rte i-D oku , E . "A f r e s h lo o k a t t r a d i t i o n a l sm all s c a le fa rm e r" The Ghana Farmer V ol. XV III No. 1 p .4 . • • • »/3* University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 5 - r e f l e c t in g econom ic, s o c ia l and id e o lo g ic a l con s id era tion s have been d ev ised . Chang, says th a t in recen t years emphasis on th ese s t r a t e g ie s have been p laced on research* education and ex ten sion as the th ree e s s e n t ia l s e r v ic e s th a t a 6government must provide fo r a coun try ’s a g r ic u ltu r a l development. The development o f Ghana's a g r icu ltu r e has over the years revo lv ed around such a framework poin ted out by Chang. In sp ite o f t h i s , l i t t l e in p ac t has been made to change and improve the techn iques o f the indegenous farm ers. His p rod u c tiv ity has no t improved much and Ghana i s s t i l l s tr u g g lin g to meet her food demands. Her a g r ic u ltu r a l p o l i c i e s , programmes and the ex ten sion se r v ic e s in p a r t icu la r have been c o n s ta n t ly under a tta ck . Botei-Doku summed up the p o s it io n o f the coun try 's a g r icu ltu r e t h i s way; In sp ite o f the f a c t th a t sy stem a tic a g r ic u ltu r a l research and ex ten s ion has been in GhanrJ^over 80 years , the inpact o f the Ghana's a g r ic u ltu r a l se r v ic e s on the sm a ll- s c a le t r a d it io n a l system o f crop and animal production has continued to be minimal. Yet t h i s s e c to r accounts f o r up to 95f» o f the coun try 's food production o u tp u t .• One reason adduced fo r th is cond ition i s th a t a g r ic u ltu r a l ex ten s ion has not been made to p lay i t s proper r o le in the a g r ic u ltu r a l development o f t h i s country. Geker, noted th a t the a g r ic u ltu r a l e x ten s ion se rv ic e has been r _ c r i t i c i s e d on many occa sion s fo r b e in g in e f f e c t iv e and went on to blame i t s 6 . Chang, C.W. ’’In crea sin g good Production Through Education . Research and E xten sion11. E.A.O. P ub lica tion Rome 1970. 7 . Bortei-Doku, E . : Ib id p .3 . . / 4 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh in e f f e c t iv e n e s s on th e incompetence o f th e e x te n s io n o f f i c e r s . A background h i s t o r y and s tu d y o f th e a g r i c u l t u r a l e x te n s io n s e rv ic e , in Ghana a s p r a c t i s e d by th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re and a p r iv a te company Ghana Tobacco Company w i l l th e r e fo r e throw more l i g h t on what has cau sed t h i s p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n . 2 , AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION Bf GHANA The in trod u c tion o f A gr icu ltu ra l Extension dates back to the n in e teen th c e n tu ry when th e f i r s t B ase l M is s io n a r ie s s -e t t le d a t Akropong and experim en ted w ith cash c ro p s . A ccord ing to La Anyane, th e y employed men and women to te a c h fa rm ers new wg.ys o f fa rm in g . 3n 1890, .when th e Aburi B o ta n ic a l Gardens was e s ta b l i s h e d , r e s u l t s o f expe rim en ts and e x p e r ie n c e s o f t r a i n e d p ro f e s s io n a l 9s t a f f from th e gardens were t r a n sm it te d to f a rm e rs . L a te r a s a r e s u l t o f th e im portance cocoa p layed in the economy, i t a t t r a c t e d more a t t e n t i o n and had a s e p a ra te e x te n s io n s e rv ic e o rg an ise d b y th e c o lo n ia l a g r i c u l t u r a l s e r v i c e . ^ Though e f f o r t s were made to in c re a s e fo o d p ro d u c tio n , no a t tem p t was made to p rov ide i n s t i t u t i o n a l framework in w hich to c a r r y o u t e x te n s io n work to th e non-cocoa fa rm e r . A f te r independence when fo r e ig n e x p e r ts w ere c a l le d i n , m isunde rs tand ing le d to th e a b o l i t i o n o f th e c o lo n ia l a g r i c u l t u r a l e x te n s io n s e rv ic e s in 1959 and an a ttem p t was made to in fu s e th e American system by c r e a t in g in 1959, fo u r d iv is io n s o f th e M in is try o f A g r ic u l tu re n am e ly ;- 1. G eneral A g r ic u l tu r a l S e rv ic e s D iv is io n . 2* S c i e n t i f i c S e rv ic e s D iv is io n . 8 . Geker, J .K . "A s tu d y o f P re - s e rv ic e p ro f e s s io n a l developm ent n eed s f o r A g r ic u l tu r a l E x ten sion O f f ic e r s in Ghana (U npublished Ph.D . th e ­ s i s ) 1976. 9 . La' Anyane, S . s Ghana A g r ic u ltu re Oxford U n iv e r s i ty P re s s 1965 p«2 10. Geker, J .K . : I b id p f 7 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh (3) Cocoa D iv is ion and (4 ) Economic and S t a t i s t i c s D iv is io n . 3h 1962, a l l th e four d iv is io n s were a b o lish ed . Around th is tim e, the country was g o in g s o c i a l i s t in p o l i t i c a l o r ien ta t io n and w ith the h e lp o f Russians and Eastern European E xperts, th e government e s ta b lish ed the S ta te farm s, Co-operative Farms, and the Workers Brigade a s the main i n s t i t u - (VeAieJu) n t io n s re sp on s ib le fo r a g r icu ltu r« ihin the country. The S ta te Farm Corporation took over a l l the re sea rch and experim ental farms and i t was g iven the mandate by the government to organ ise the youth fo r la rge sc a le farming o f s t a t e ownership. Continuous p o l i t i c a l pressure in the e n t ir e a g r ic u ltu r a l scene le d to the form ation o f the Un ited Ghana Farmers C o-operative Council (UGFCC) which took over the organ iza tion o f farmers throughout the corn*try fo r c o -op era tiv e and c o l l e c t iv e farm ing. Geker, observed th a t , because o f the p o l i t i c a l s i tu a t io n p r e v a il in g a t the tim e, i t was obvious tha t those who enjoyed the f r u i t s o f the l im ite d ex ten s ion se rv ic e s were those farmers who supported the government's p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i t i e s . Moreover the UGFCC which was charged w ith organ iz in g farmers in to c o -o p era tiv e s 11lacked tra in ed personnel. Throughout the period , no separate in s t i t u t io n or department was crea ted to deal w ith ex ten s io n . The ex ten s ion work was p a r t ia l ly done by UGFCC and other departments. According to Bortei-Doku, the concept o f a g r ic u ltu r a l 12ex ten sion took a d if fe r e n t turn when the UGFCC came in to the sc en e . 11. Geker, J .K , : Ib id p . 12 12. Bortei-Doku, E. Personal In terv iew 2/ 1 /8 1 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh _ 6 - The UGE'CC was abo lish ed a f te r the f i r s t coup in 1966 as a r e s u lt o f i t f a i l i n g to l i v e up to the exp ecta tion o f m ob ilis in g the youth and farmers to produce more food to fe ed the in c r ea s in g p opu la tion . In i t s p la c e , the ru lin g N .L.C. re-grouped four o f the tw elve d iv is io n (E xten sion , P lant Quarantine, Seed M u lt ip lic a t io n and Ifechanization U n it) under th e crop production d iv is io n . This arrangement continued to operate a f t e r the second m ilita r y coup in 1972, u n t i l the N.R.C. launched the Operation Feed Y ourself (O .F .Y .) campaign. From the above background, i t became e v id en t ly c le a r th a t a g r icu ltu re in the country fa iled , p a r t ly as a r e s u lt o f la ck o f c o n t in u ity - in a g r ic u ltu r a l p o lic y and the poor organ iza tion o f the ex ten sion s e r v ic e . Gordon, summed up the p o s it io n o f the coun try ’s a g r icu ltu r e in the fo llow in g statem ent: A gricu lture in Ghana has lon g laboured under three handicaps. The f i r s t i s la ck o f c o n t in u ity , haphazard search fo r r evo lu tion ary s o lu t io n s which are designed to by-pass the peasant s e c to r . The second i s the fragm entation as we may c a l l i t o f the M in istry o f Agricu lture in to so many d iv is io n s th a t r e s p o n s ib i l i t y becomes too d iv id ed fo r e f f e c t iv e a c t io n .t o be taken . The th ir d handicap i s seldom recogn ized a s such . I t i s the undue concen tra tion on n a tio n a l p lans or product­ ion t a r g e t s , o ften in v o lv in g la rg e s c a le h ig h ly c a p ita l iz e d production schemes o f doubtfu l economic v i a b i l i t y . Not on ly do th ese schemes absorb la rg e amount o f c a p ita l and manpower, but they s ta rve the peasant s e c to r o f u rg en tly needed m a ter ia ls and adv iso ry h e lp .13 Thus by the beginn ing o f the th ird r ep u b lic , the coun try ’s a g r icu ltu re has almost c o lla p sed . Farmers were producing in th e ir own sm all way, but there were no inpu ts and e f f e c t iv e ex ten s ion se rv ic e to supplement th e ir e f f o r t s . 13. Gordon James : "Agricu ltural Extension P o lic y in Ghana" logon A gric , News V o l.3 No.1 1969. •.* • ./7 • University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 7 - 3 . THE EXTENSION ORGANIZATION TO-DAY Under the presen t arrangement, the ex ten sion se r v ic e in crop husbandry i s under the Department o f A gr icu ltu re and i t i s charged w ith the r e sp on s ib i­ l i t y of form ulating p o l i c i e s aimed a t en sur ing the optimum u t i l i z a t i o n o f the country 's resources fo r in creased food production through the d is tr ib u t io n and supply o f improved seed , f e r t i l i z e r s , a g r ic u ltu r a l chem icals and the prov ision o f ex ten sion education to farm ers. A dm in istra tiv e ly , the crop ex ten sion d iv is io n o f the Department o f Agricu lture i s d iv ided in to three l e v e l s , nam ely:- (a ) The N ationa l l e v e l headed by a d ir e c to r (b) The r eg io n a l l e v e l headed by a r eg ion a l a g r ic u ltu r a l o f f i c e r and (c ) The d i s t r i c t l e v e l headed by a d i s t r i c t a g r ic u ltu r a l o f f i c e r . The d i s t r i c t o f f i c e r snd h is s t a f f - th e te ch n ic a l o f f i c e r s are in d ireo t contact w ith the farm ers. The s t a f f o f the ex ten s ion d iv is io n have v a r ied educationa l background. The T.O. and some o f the d i s t r i c t o f f i c e r s are gen era lly graduates o f a g r ic u ltu r a l tr a in in g in s t i t u t e s whereas some o f the younger d i s t r i c t o f f i c e r s , the r eg ion a l o f f i c e r s and the d ir e c to r are m ostly u n iv e r s ity (a g r ic u ltu r a l) graduates. The d i s t r i c t a g r ic u ltu r a l ex ten s ion o f f ic e r s are re sp on s ib le fo r the day to day adm inistration.: o f th e ir d i s t r i c t s and the preparation o f produo- t io n e stim a tes and inpu ts supply requirements o f th e ir farm ers. Their a c t i v i ­ t i e s are co -ord inated w ith the r eg ion a l a g r ic u ltu r a l o f f i c e r . The T-.Os. are requested to l i v e w ith farmers in th e ir v i l l a g e s and pay regu la r v i s i t s to the farmers* farms to educate them on new methods o f farm ing and thereby a s s i s t them to in crease th e ir production . / 8 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 8 H ann in g o f th e n a t io n a l e x te n s io n programme i s ca sed on governm en t's a g r i c u l t u r a l p o l ic y . The p la n n in g i s done fey the n a t io n a l-a g rx y n i tu ra J . p la n n in g comm ittee . The re g io n s and the d i s t r i c t s a l s o have t h e i r r e s p e c t iv e a g r i c u l t u r a l e x te n s io n o r development p la n n in g comm ittees. R e p re s e n ta tio n o f th e comm ittees a r e drawn from government r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t e s , th e U n iv e r s i t i e s , S o c ia l w o rk e rs , d ep a rtm en ta l heads and i n f l u e n t i a l p e r s o n a l i t i e s i n th e communi­ t i e s whose c o n tr ib u t io n a re found to be e s s e n t i a l . The a g r i c u l t u r a l e x te n s io n d iv i s io n i s r e s p o n s ib le f o r i n i t i a t i n g and d eve lop ing e f f e c t i v e medium o f communication w ith th e fa rm e rs on new and improved fa rm ing m ethods. I t does t h i s by o rg a n is in g r e g io n a l and d i s t r i c t a g r i c u l t u r a l shows, co nd u c tin g d em on s tra tio n t r i a l s a t the d i s t r i c t l e v e l and th e o rg a n iz a t io n o f m eeting s f o r fa rm e rs and p ay ing them v i s i t s i n th e homes On a n d ^ th e ir fa rm s. L!i Jnyane ob se rv ed t h a t one a s p e c t o f e x te n s io n s e rv ic e which gained im portance in th e e a r ly y e a rs o f th e c o lo n ia l a g r i c u l tu r e was e x h ib i t io n 14and a g r i c u l t u r a l shows. A g r ic u l tu r a l shows used to be a y e a r ly a f f a i r even a f t e r ind ependence , however t h i s v a lu a b le e x te n s io n te a c h in g method i s v a n is h in g o r n o t b e in g g iven th e much needed a t t e n t i o n th e s e d ay s . 4 . GUMA TOBACCO EXTENSION SERVICE Accord ing to l a Anyane, tobacco was in tro d u c e d in to th e c o u n try from South America by th e f i r s t European s e t t l e r s (P o rtu g u e se ) t r a d e r s i n 1 4 8 2 .^ They grew i t in t h e i r gardens to p ro v id e le a v e s to smoke, chew and s n u f f . The p r a c t ic e soon sp re ad among th e in d ig enou s peop le who came i n c o n ta c t w ith th e Europeans a s a r e s u l t th e c u l t i v a t i o n o f tobacco sp re a d in to th e i n t e r i o r o f th e c o u n try . 14. l a Anyane, S . : Op c i t p .2 8 ' OP ° i t p .27 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh During th e c o lo n ia l a d m in is t r a t io n , th e c u l t i v a t i o n of* tobacco x o r l o c a l use co n tin u ed . I t i s however n o t c l e a r which i n s t i t u t i o n c a r r i e d o u t th e b a s ic e x te n s io n fu n c t io n th a t accompanied tobacco p ro d u c tio n and deve lop ­ ment; however, two o rg a n iz a t io n s which have become so much a s s o c ia te d w ith tobacco p ro du c tio n in r e c e n t y ea rs a re th e Ghana Tobacco Company L im ited and th e K o n e e r Tobacco Company L im ited , th e l a t t e r g iv in g b i r t h to th e fo rm er. 3h 1952, the R o n e e r Tobacco Company was e s ta b l i s h e d and i t s t a r t e d c u l t i v a t in g tobacco on i t s own, and o rg an iz ed and encou raged fa rm e rs to ta k e up the c u l t iv a t io n on a more commercial and p r o f i t a b l e b a s i s . La Anyane and A ffu l observed t h a t th e e s ta b lishm en t of th e company (P .T .C .) marked th e b i r t h o f o rg an ised o r commercial tobacco p ro d u c tio n in th e c o u n try and th e b e g in n in g 16o f e x ten s io n ed u c a tio n on i t i S ince 1952, the number o f a c re ag e p la n te d has in c re a s e d many f o ld , a lth ough lo c a l p ro d u c tio n has n o t y e t been enough to meet dom estic re q u irem en t. A lthough th e coun try s t i l l im po rts a c o n s id e ra b le q u a n t i t y of unm anufactu red to b acco , th e improvement on dom estic p ro d u c tio n over th e y ea rs h as r e s u l t e d in marked d ec rease i n im p o r ta t io n . The tobacco in d u s t r y underw ent a number o f o r g a n iz a t io n a l changes a d m in is t r a t iv e ly between 1963 and 196? i n an a t tem p t by th e government to b r in g th e p ro d u c tio n and e x te n s io n work on tobacco under i t s c o n t r o l . In 1967 soon a f t e r th e f i r s t m i l i t a r y coup which to p p le d th e c i v i l i a n a d m in is t r a t io n , 16. l a Anyane, S . and A ffu l, E .N . ; "A r e p o r t on th e Tobacco I n d u s try i n Ghana''. (U npublished r e p o r t ) D ept, o f A g r ic . 1967 p .2 - 9 - University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 10 - a committee was s e t up to rev iew th e tobacco c o n t r o l l in g b o d ie s . Baaed upon the recommendation o f th e two member comm ittee , th e government re o rg a n ise d th e a dm in is t r a t io n of th e i n d u s t r y and e s ta b l i s h e d th e Ghana Tobacco Company i n 1969 a s a l im i te d l i a b i l i t y company i n charge o f th e p ro d u c tio n , e x te n s io n and m a rk e tin g of to b acco and G.T.C. h as perfo rm ed t h i s f u n c t io n . ev e r s in c e . 5 * GELAM TOBACCO EXTENSION ACTIVIT IBS The E x ten s io n p e rso nn e l o f G.T.C. i s made up o f a Managing Dii’e c to r and P roduc tio n Manager who r e s id e i n A ccra , th e Area o r Crop M anagers, D i s t r i c t L eaf Managers and S ta t io n Managers who l i v e in th e h e a r t o f th e p ro d u c tio n a r e a s . The day to day a f f a i r o f th e l e a f s t a t i o n s a r e perfo rm ed by th e S ta t io n Managers who a re th e low e s t in ran k o f th e E x ten s ion Management p e rso n n e l. The Crop Managers (Three o f them) re s p o n s ib le f o r th e th r e e crop ty p e s ( f lu e - c u r e d , f i r e - c u r e d and a i r - c u r e d ) and th e d i s t r i c t l e a f m anagers a r e i n th e su p e rv is o ry c a teg o ry and go round to en su re t h a t th e company's p o l i c i e s and ex te n s io n a c t i v i t i e s a r e c a r r i e d o u t e f f e c t i v e l y . Next to th e S ta t io n Managers a re th e f i e l d s t a f f o r Tobacco A s s is ta n ts (T .A s .) who work c lo s e ly w ith th e S ta t io n Managers in ru n n in g th e s t a t i o n s and v i l l a g e s . The Tobacco A s s is ta n ts a re a s s ig n e d to a number o f v i l l a g e s , th e number depend ing on the number o f fa rm ers and a c re ag e th e y c u l t i v a t e and th e 17g en e ra l e x p e r ien ce and c a p a b i l i t i e s o f th e s t a f f . They l i v e among th e fa n n e rs 17* So franko , A .J . : e t , a l . "A g r ic u l tu ra l M odern iza tion S t r a te g ie s imong Ghanaian Farm er". Technology and C u ltu re Ed. B ernard K arsh . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 11 - in the v i l l a g e s and a s s i s t them to ob ta in inputs from the s t a t io n s . They are provided w ith motor c y c le s w ith which th ey go to the v i l l a g e s and farms to supervise th e ir farmers and they are r e sp on sib le fo r en suring tha t the farmers adopt and perform the r ig h t cu ltu ra l p ra c t ic e s in tobacco production . They a lso are re sp on sib le fo r ensuring that farmers input requirem ents are submitted to the o f f ic e on time and d is tr ib u t io n made on sch edu le . They a llo c a te tr a c to r s to farmers fo r f i e l d preparation , s e le c t su ita b le s i t e s fo r farmers n u rser ie s and tobacco f i e ld s and superv ise sowing, p la n tin g and the maintenance o f the farms by farm ers. The S ta tion Managers are expected to pay regu lar and impromptu v i s i t s to the Tobacco A ss is ta n ts and farmers to ensure th a t the r ig h t th in g i s b e in g done by both the s t a f f and farm ers. During such v i s i t s , he tak es the opportun ity to f in d out about farmers problems, progress o f work and check whether farm c r e d its or loans c o l le c te d by f i e l d s t a f f f o r th e ir farmers a c tu a l ly reach them and are used fo r the purpose they were requested f o r . Planning fo r the y ea r 's a c t i v i t i e s i s v iewed as e s s e n t ia l and i s r o u t in e ly done both w ith the co -ord ina tion o f the s ta t io n s and head o f f i c e . The s t a f f plan th e ir own budgets fo r the year based on in form ation on f in a n c ia l and production resources supp lied by head o f f i c e . In ten siv e d iscu ss io n s are carr ied out between the f i e l d s t a f f and the farmers on th e ir requirements before a r r iv in g a t the f in a l plan o f the s t a t io n s . The S ta tion Managers then meet the d i s t r i c t l e a f managers and the crop managers during which s ta t io n s programmes and budgets are sub jected to care fu l d iscu ss ion and sc ru tin y . Armed w ith the s ta t io n s and d is t r ic t s budgets, the crop managers meet the n a tio n a l or company budget and . . . / 1 2 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 12 - programmes p la n n in g committee in Accra to defend th e budge ts and programmes which a re th en su bm itte d to th e Board o f D ir e c to r s and S h a re h o ld e rs m ee tin g f o r a p p ro v a l. The budget and programmes when v o te d become th e M aste r Crop Brogramme o r m ajo r p o l ic y o f the company f o r th e y e a r . G .T.C . programmes a r e n o t o n ly p lanned b u t a re s u b je c t to p e r io d ic rev iew and e v a lu a t io n . G .T.C . u a l ik e the M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re conducts i t s own re s e a rc h . I t has a S e n io r Ifenager in charge o f th e r e s e a r c h and t r a i n i n g departm en t and th e departm en t conduc ts and mounts d em on s tra tio n fa rm s to te a c h b o th th e f i e l d s t a f f and fa rm ers th e v a r io u s c u l tu r a l p r a c t ic e s and te c h n iq u e s i n tobacco p ro d u c tio n . D esp ite i n i t i a l rem arkab le ach ievem en ts made by G.T.C . t o improve and in c re a s e tobacco p ro du c tio n through, e f f e c t iv e e x te n s io n e d u ca tio n to i t s fa n n e rs , th e p a s t few y e a rs have w itn e s s e d a marked d e c l in e and d e t e r io r a t i o n in tobacco p ro d u c tio n and lack: of i n t e r e s t shown in to b acco grow ing by fa rm e rs . Though G .T.C . has i n t e r n a l and f i n a n c i a l problem s o f i t s own, th e id e a o f fa rm e rs con tin uou s w ithd raw al from tobacco i s a puzz le to many e x te n s io n w o rk e rs . T h is i s an a r e a which may be o f g r e a t r e s e a r c h i n t e r e s t . STATEMENT OF THE EROBEEM ”(3516 Ghanaian P arm er)" may have th e d e s i r e to in c re a s e h i s p r o d u c t iv i ty b u t may la c k th e knowledge and s k i l l o f new a g r i c u l t u r a l te c h n iq u e s to implement h is d e s i r e . He may have th e knowledge and s k i l l , b u t may l a c k th e f in a n ­ c i a l and m a te r ia l re so u rc e s t o pu t h i s id e a i n t o p r a c t i c e . He may have th e r e s o u rc e s , bu t may l a c k a c c e s s to m echanised s e rv ic e s o f la n d c le a r in g , p lo ugh ing and h a rrow ing . He may w ant to ad o p t im proved s e e d s , s e e d lin g s o r b re a d in g s to ck b u t f i n d them ha rd to comeby".18 These a r e some of the c h ro n ic b o t t le n e c k s to th e developm ent o f th e sm a ll- s c a le farm er in Ghana's a g r i c u l tu r e . The A g r ic u l tu r a l E x ten s io n O rg an iz a tio n 18. "Sm a ll-sc a le fa rm er — B ig -s c a le Problem" ISU r e p o r t - Ghana Farmer Vol. XVIII Io .1 — -------------- --/13- University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 13 - whose s t a f f come in c lo se con tact w ith the farmer and the farmers on ly hope o f acqu ir ing a g r icu ltu ra l innovation has i t s s t a f f g r o ss ly encumbered from bring ing new id ea s to a l l but a few o f them. The reason i s th a t , the ex ten sion s t a f f la ck sinpu ts and m ater ia ls to enable him to communicate e f f e c t iv e ly w ith the farm ers. The ex ten sion s e r v ic e s have been under strong c r it ic ism from the p re ss , th e farmers and the pub lic fo r w o e fu lly f a i l i n g in i t s work. On the o ther hand, s tu d ie s have shown th a t the Extension S erv ic e s o f some p r iva te o rgan iza tion s , w ith p a r ticu la r re feren ce to Ghana Tobacco Company have made some remarkable impact on some o f the v ery farmers tfiO. government ex ten sion se r v ic e s have f a i l e d to impress w ith regard to ex ten sion education . S.ofranko et_ al_ observed th a t: (A lthough), we have no data on l e v e l o f c on ta c t , w ith ex ten s ion or even use o f modern inpu ts or s e r v ic e s p r ior to th e ir involvement w ith tobacco , the general tenor o f farm ers1 remark i s tha t tobacco production has been h ig h ly u s e fu l lea rn in g experience and c lo se sup erv is ion by G.T.C. s t a f f has fam ilia r is e d them w ith the proper use o f new inpu ts and given them a sense o f e f f ic a c y in th e ir farming o p e ra t io n s .19 The qu estion i s , what ex ten sion d e liv e ry system s or methods are used which makes the G.T.C. ach ieve such a good impact th a t has e luded the ex ten sion s e r v ic e s o f the M in istry o f A gricu lture? This i s the qu estion or problem th is study attempts to answer or f in d s o lu t io n s t o . 19. Stofranko, A .J . e t a l op c i t p . 13 /14. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 14 - OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The main o b je c t iv e of t h is study i s to compare and con tra st the ex ten ­ s ion d e liv ery systems o ffered by the two o rg an iza tio n s , namely: the M in istry of A gricu lture (a government con tro lled and fin an ced agency) and Ghana Tobacco Company (a p r iva te a g r icu ltu ra l agency) and to f in d out what makes G.T.C. ex ten sion su cce ss fu l more s p e c i f ic a l ly : (a ) To determine the ex ten sion teach in g methods used by the two o rgan iza tion s in th e ir ex ten sion d e l i ­ v ery system s. (b) To determine farmers sources o f farm in form ation . (c ) To determine the degree o f con tact between the fanner and the ex ten s ion f i e l d s t a f f and i t s e f f e c t on the impact of ex ten s io n . (d) To a sc e r ta in farmers p ercep tion o f the performance o f th e f i e l d s t a f f o f the two o rgan iza tion s . (e ) To f in d out whether ex ten s ion addressed i t s e l f to farmers needs and problems' and th e ir e f f e c t on p rod u c tiv ity and f i n a l l y ( f ) Based on the f in d in g s make recommendations fo r the improvement of ex ten sion d e liv e ry system s w ith in the o rgan iza tion s . DEVELOPMENT OF HYPOTHESES The hypotheses developed and te s te d were: 1. There are no s ig n if ic a n t d iffe r en c e s in the ex ten sion d e liv e ry system used by the M inistry o f A gricu lture fo r i t s food crop farmers and that o f Ghana Tobacco Company lim ited fo r i t s tobacco farmers. 2 . There are no s ig n if ic a n t d iffe r en c e s between farmers o f the two organ i­ za tion s adoption bol^aviour and th e ir exposure to the fo l low in g ex ten sion teach ing methods: F ie ld demonstration Radio faim broadcast , University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 15 - Fanners m ee ting Farm and homo v i s i t s A g r ic u l tu r a l shows and e x h ib i t io n s . 3 . There a r e no s ig n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s between th e l e v e l o f a d o p tio n of new p r a c t ic e s among th e fa rm e rs o f th e two o rg a n iz a t io n s a s a r e s u l t o f t h e i r c o n ta c t w ith e x te n s io n w o rk e rs . 4 . There i s no s ig n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h ip between fa rm e rs a d o p tio n b eh av iou r and t h e i r f a m i l i a r i t y w ith th e u se o f such s e r v ic e s a s Farm c r e d i t f a c i l i t i e s Ife c h a n iz a tio n s e rv ic e s Supply and a v a i l a b i l i t y o f in p u ts Farm la b o u r p rocu rem en t. ♦«• / \ &* University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh CHAPTER I I LITERATURE REVIEW - 16 - The pu rpose o f t h i s c h ap te r i s to rev iew th e l i t e r a t u r e r e l a t e d to th e concep t of a g r i c u l t u r a l e x te n s io n , c o n s t r a in t s to e x te n s io n and a g r i c u l t u r a l development in Ghana and t h e i r r e le v a n c e to th e p re s e n t s tu d y , l i t e r a t u r e on a g r i c u l t u r a l e x te n s io n development a s f a r a s Ghana i s concerned i s l im i t e d , t h e r e f o r e , o th e r th a n p u b lis h e d s c i e n t i f i c jo u rn a ls in te rv iew s w ith a g r i c u l t u r a l o f f i c i a l s , new spaper r e p o r t s and p e rso n a l o b se r­ v a t io n s w i l l be in c lu d e d . COHCEFFS OP AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION TS AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT Ghana im po rts o f fo o d f o r th e p a s t e ig h t y ea rs have r i s e n enorm ously . Oar h a rd -e a rn ed fo r e ig n exchange i s b e in g sp en t on th e im p o r ta t io n o f fo od from ab ro ad . I t i s th e r e f o r e a m easure o f one of th e ta s k s f a c in g a g r i c u l tu r e du rin g t h i s p e r io d o f economic developm ent, th e n eed to f e e d Ghana a s f a r a s 20p o s s ib le from ou r own re s o u rc e s . In o rd e r to p rov id e more fo o d a t re a so n ab le p r ic e s two th in g s w i l l have to be ta c k le d s (a ) R a ise th e low p ro d u c t iv i ty o f th e Ghanaian fa rm er th ro ugh a g r i c u l t u r a l e x te n s io n e d u c a tio n . (b) Remove o r m inim ise most o f th e c o n s t r a in ts ( e .g . i n a v a i l a b i l i t y o f farm in p u t s , p ro v is io n of c r e d i t , la c k o f t r a n s p o r ta t io n and e f f i c i e n t m arke ts e t c . ) t h a t h in d e r a g r i c u l t u r a l development in th e c o u n try . Maunder, commenting on th e r o l e o f e x te n s io n in economic development (pf a coun try )em phasised th a t e x te n s io n e d u c a tio n can and shou ld p la y a v i t a l r o le 20 . Sfeven-Iear Development P lan f o r Ghana 1963/64 - 1969/70 -*/17. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh I n th e fo u n d a tio n and "Im plem entation o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p o l ic y . ALthough Chang, a g re e s w ith Maunder t h a t a g r i c u l t u r a l e x te n s io n i s im p o r ta n t to in c re a s in g a g r i c u l t u r a l developm ent, he em phasised t h a t to have th e f u l l e f f e c t o f e x te n s io n , r e s e a rc h and a g r i c u l t u r a l e d u c a tio n would a ls o have pp to be p rov id ed by government. These th r e e s e rv ic e s c o n s t i t u t e th e frame­ work on which th e governm en t's e f f o r t s , in c lu d in g i n t e r n a t i o n a l t e c h n ic a l a s s i s ta n c e can work and in c re a s e p r o d u c t iv i ty . But w he th e r such e f f o r t s a r e u t i l i z e d in th e most e f f e c t i v e and economic way depend on th e o rg a n iz a t io n and th e a d m in is t r a t io n o f th e se s e r v ic e s which a re c lo s e ly i n t e r - r e l a t e d . The p la c e o f e x te n s io n i n th e o rg a n iz a t io n a l s t r u c tu r e of government i s a c r i t i c a l f a c t o r in d e te rm in in g i t s r e l a t i o n s h ip w ith o th e r governm ental s e rv ic e s and i n s t i t u t i o n s . The ty p e o f o r g a n iz a t io n a l s t r u c tu r e ad ap ted by a c oun try w i l l depend upon i t s h i s t o r i c a l background th e p h ilo so p h y o f th e government and th e u n d e rs ta n d in g and im po rtance o f e x te n s io n to a g r i c u l t u r a l development. Ifeunder, i d e n t i f i e s th r e e ty p e s o f o rg a n iz a t io n s in which e x te n s io n s e rv ic e s f in d s i t s e l f (a ) The f i r s t and most common i s th e p lacem en t o f th e e x te n s io n s e rv ic e d i r e c t l y w ith in th e M in is try o f A g r ic u l tu r e (common s p e c ia l ly in th e d eve lop ing c o u n tr ie s ) (b ) The second type o p e ra te d i n U .S .A . and S co tla n d and a few o th e r c o u n tr ie s i s th e c o -o p e ra t iv e s e rv ic e s a dm in is te re d in each s t a t e by o f f i c i a l " Ia n d -g ra n t" U n iv e r s i t i e s w ith d e f in in g r e l a t i o n s h ip 21 . Maunder, H.A, (Ed) A g r ic u l tu r a l E x ten s io n - R e fe ren ce manual (p .A .0 . Home 1972) p .7» 22 . Chang, C.W. In c re a s in g Food P roduc tio n Through E duca tio n , R esea rch and E x ten sio n "(F.XToT Rome 1963) p . 3 . - 17 - 21 • . . • /1 8 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 18 - w ith th e departm ent of a g r i c u l tu r e , (c ) A t h i r d type i s employed by Denmark and has been fo llow ed w i th some v a r i a t i o n s i n some c o u n t r ie s . Here lo c a l e x te n s io n s e rv ic e s a r e sponso red by farm o rg a n iz a t io n s w ith 23fin a n c e from th e government who e x e r c is e s l i t t l e o r no c o n t r o l . Many c o u n tr ie s , p a r t i c u l a r l y , th e d ev e lo p in g c o u n tr ie s a r e now in v a ry in g s ta g e s o f e x te n s io n developm ent. A r e c e n t E.A .O . su rv ey r e p o r t on e x te n s io n in A sia r e v e a le d th a t th e r e a r e two e x te n s io n concep ts in a c tu a l p r a c t i c e , one em erging from th e o th e r . There i s s The a l l in c lu s iv e concep t h e ld p a r t i c u l a r l y by a number o f A sian c o u n tr ie s t h a t e x te n s io n means a l l t h a t a depa rtm en t o f A g r ic u ltu re does a t th e v i l l a g e l e v e l w hich in c lu d e s p ro ­ curement and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f im proved se ed s , f e r t i l i z e r e t c . T here i s th e s e rv ic e c o n c ep t. I t has been found th a t i t i s v e ry d i f f i c u l t f o r an e x te n s io n w orker to g a in th e con fid ence o f fa rm ers when he a c t s a s a te a c h e r one day and in s p e c to r a n o th e r day hence some c o u n tr ie s in th e r e g io n have t§kQn r e g u la to r y work o u t o f e x te n s io n and l im i te d e x te n s io n fu n c t io n to th e p ro v is io n o f s e r v i c e s .24 There a r e many d i f f e r e n t views on what e x te n s io n i s . A ccord ing to F a rq u h a r l , th e term ’Ex tension* was f i r s t co ined i n England and n o t in America a s o f te n th o u g h t. He n o ted t h a t A g r ic u l tu r a l E x ten s io n a s i s now known developed much l a t e r th an o th e r e x te n s io n programmes b u t i t s o r ig in in a g r i c u l t u r a l e d u c a tio n , s e rv ic e and d em on s tra tio n a r e a s o ld a s a g r i c u l - 25tu r e i t s e l f . . Chang, d e f in e d a g r i c u l t u r a l e x te n s io n a s an in fo rm a l o u t o f 23 . Maunder, H.A. (Ed) I b id p .34 24 . Chang, C.W. Op c i t . p . 8 -10 . 25 . Iferquhar, R .N . ’’Concept & Term inology in A g r ic u l tu r a l E x ten s io n " A g r ic u l tu r a l E x ten sion R eference Manual. F .A .O . Rome (E d .) by Ifeunder, H.A. 1972 p,1 (a) (b) • •. •/19. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh schoo l e d u c a tio n a l s e rv ic e f o r t r a i n i n g and in f lu e n c in g fa rm e rs and t h e i r f am il ie s i n crop and l iv e - s to c k p ro d u c tio n management, c o n se rv a tio n and 2 6m ark e tin g . Concern i s n o t o n ly w ith te a c h in g and s e c u r in g a d o p tio n o f a p a r t i c u l a r im proved p r a c t i c e , b u t w ith chang ing th e o u tlo o k of th e fa rm e r to th e p o in t where he would be r e c e p t iv e to and on h is own i n i t i a t i v e c o n t i ­ n u a l ly seek ways and means o f im proving h i s fa rm ing b u s in e s s . Maunder by and la rg e a g re e s w ith Chang when he say s t h a t E x ten s io n i s a s e rv ic e o r a system, which a s s i s t s farm peop le th rough e d u c a tio n a l p ro cedu re in im prov ing fa rm ing methods and te c h n iq u e s , i n c r e a s in g p ro d u c tio n e f f i c i e n c y and income b e t t e r i n g th e l e v e l s o f l i v i n g and l i f t i n g th e s o c ia l and e d u c a tio n a l 27s tan d a rd s o f r u r a l peop le l i f e . Both d e f in i t i o n s c l e a r l y o u t l in e th e scope and fu n c t io n s of e x te n s io n a c t i v i t i e s . Both emphasise e d u c a tio n o f the fa rm er to improve on h is te ch n iq u e s and methods o f fa rm ing whereby he can b e t t e r h i s p ro du c tio n , management e f f i c i e n c y and l i v i n g s ta n d a rd s . In i t s e a r l y development, a g r i c u l t u r a l e x te n s io n to o k th e form of an a d v iso ry and d i r e c t s e r v ic e s . Lynn, makes a d i s t i n c t i o n between a g r i c u l t u r a l ex te n s io n s e rv ic e and a d v is o ry s e rv ic e and ob se rv ed t h a t , th e a d v is o ry s e rv ic e s wei'e e s ta b l i s h e d in th e days o f th e c o lo n ia l a g r ic u l tu r e to e x p la in to fa rm ers 28what they shou ld do to in c re a s e o u tp u t from t h e i r h o ld in g s . B orte i-D oku n o te d t h a t th e c o lo n ia l a g r i c u l t u r a l a d v is o ry s e rv ic e had more to i t th a n j u s t edu ca tin , 26 . Chang, C.W. ; I b id p .4 27 . Maunder, H.A. Op c i t . 28 . Lynn, C.W. A g r ic u l tu r a l E x ten sio n and A dviso ry ¥o rk - w ith s p e c ia l re fe re n c e to the c o lo n ie s (London) H.M. S tan on e r O f f ic e . - 19 - . . . . /2 0 , University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 20 - th e fa rm er. I t was d esigned by th e c o lo n ia l a d m in is t r a to r s f o r th e s o le aim 29 o f d eve lop ing th e a g r i c u l t u r a l c rop s f o r W estern European m a rk e ts . S a v i le , observed t h a t th e a d v is o ry s e rv ic e s were e r ro n e o u s ly r e f e r r e d to a s e x te n s io n s e rv ic e s and no ted th a t th e y were n o t e x te n s io n s e rv ic e s i n r e a l sen se o f th e te rm . They were d es igned to improve fa rm ing te c h n iq u e s and a ls o to a s s i s t fa rm ers to implement b en evo len t government p la n s f o r th e developm ent o f th e c o u n try 's economy. The p e rso n a l w ishes and needs o f th e in d iv id u a l fa rm e rs 30and t h e i r fam il ie s were seldom i f e v e r c o n s id e re d . S a v i le , em phasised th e e d u c a tio n a l n a tu re o f e x te n s io n when he say s t h a t : The m ajo r fu n c t io n s o f e x te n s io n i s to a s s i s t in d ev e lop ing p eop le s u n d e rs ta n d in g and a b i l i t y to th in k th rough t h e i r own problem s and so lv e them u s in g t h e i r own r e s o u r c e s , manpower and m a te r ia ls w ith minimum a s s is ta n c e from governm en t.31 He a ls o l a i d emphasis on th e p o in ts made by Chang and Maunder t h a t ex te n s io n i s an e d u c a tio n a l p ro c e s s aim ed a t h e lp in g th e fa rm er and h i s fam ily to h e lp them selves and th a t i t sh ou ld n e i th e r be a d i r e c t s e rv ic e agency n o r a 32law enforcem ent agency . In th e op in ion o f F a rq uh a r, w h a tev e r d i f f e r e n c e s th e r e i s between th e u se of tho se two term s depends on the p h ilo so p h ie s and a t t i t u d e s of th e e x te n s io n 33w orkers and on th e o b je c t iv e s of th e o rg a n iz a t io n s concerned . The concep t t h a t 29. B orte i-D oku , E . : P e rso n a l In te rv iew g ra n te d on 12/1/81 a t Legon. 30. S a v i le , H.A. : E x ten s ion In R u ra l Communities Oxford U niv . P re s s 1965. 31 . S& vile , H.A. : Op G i t , p . 1-2 32 . S a v i le , H.A. : Op c i t . p . 3 33 . F a rquhar, R.N. ; C urled from A g r ic u l tu r a l E x ten s io n R efe rence Manual (Ed. ) M iunder. “ ...... .... . . . ./21 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 21 - the broader fu n c tion o f ex ten sion work i s to help people to so lv e th e ir own problems through the a p p lic a t io n o f s c i e n t i f i c knowledge i s now g en era lly accep ted . 34 I f th is i s true then ex ten s ion must be regarded as la r g e ly educa tiona l. Extension education however d i f f e r s from formal education in the sen se t h a t th e re i s no co e rc io n o f any s o r t . A dult fa rm e rs canno t be f o rc e d to le a r n new and improved p r a c t i c e s . They have to w eigh th e r i s k s and b e n e f i t s in th e ir d ec is ion making and pay fo r the consequences. Extension education in vo lv es g e t t in g the farmer to change h is way o f l i f e . A ccordingly t h i s change should be e f fe c te d in the peop les a t t i tu d e and th ink ing r e s u lt in g in improvement 35in a g r ic u ltu r a l production . To b r ing about change in a t t i tu d e i s a b a s ic educationa l fu n ction o f ex ten s ion . However, to be ab le to change rura l p eop les outlook in s o lv in g th e ir problems, th ey should be convinced th a t the change i s n ecessary and they should be w i l l in g to a ccep t the change. Dobyns observed th a t: An induced te ch n o lo g ica l change w i l l succeed to a degree proportionate to the ex ten t to which the c l ie n t (system ) f e e l s a need fo r i t , are brought in to i t s p lann ing and execu tion and f e e l s i t to be th e ir o w n .36 EXTENSION TEACHING METHODS A gricu ltu ra l ex ten sion s e r v ic e s are e s ta b lish ed fo r the purpose of change in g the knowledge, s k i l l s , p ra c t ic e s and a t t i tu d e s of masses o f rural p eop le . 34 . Op c i t . 35 . Maunder, H.A. Ib id p . 3 36. Dobynn, H .P. "Blunders w ith Bolsas" - A case study o f D iffu s ion o f Close Basin A gricu lture — Human Organization 10, 25 p .32 . . . ./ 2 2 , University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 22 - S ince ex ten sion i s e s s e n t ia l ly an eduoa tiona l a c t i v i t y , ex ten s ion programmes 37are educationa l in nature and employ edu ca tion a l methods. One e s s e n t ia l requirement about education and or tea ch in g i3 the a b i l i t y to communicate id ea s e f f e c t iv e ly a cro ss to whoever i s b e in g taught. This means c rea tin g a medium or s i tu a t io n whereby an id ea can be understood and ana lysed by the audience* Chang, observed th a t to teach i s one th in g and to g e t people to understand, a ccep t and put in to p ra c tic e i s q u ite another. This i s p a r t i­ cu la r ly true in ex ten s ion teach in g where the audienee i s always a heterogenous group o f peop le who reac t d i f f e r e n t ly . Nuhu observed th a t: "To operate e f f e c t i v e ly as an ex ten sion agent w ith an audience p r im ar ily ad u lt and i l l i t e r a t e , teach in g methods have to be worked out in accordance w ith the p r in c ip le s o f ad u lt education" . I t i s n ecessary to a llow farmers much a c c e ss to v i s ib l e p ra c t io a l a c t i v i t i e s . This w i l l provide farmers enough in s ig h t in to what i s being taugh t. They must be acquainted w ith the agent to be ab le to a sk qu estion s and rece iv e w e ll thought out answers which are p r a c t ic a l and su ita b le to th e ir own con d it io n . The e s s e n t ia l focu s o f the ex ten s ion worker th ere fo re i s to create a s itu a t io n where o thers develop ed u ca tio n a lly . I&ul Ieagans, th ink s th a t fo r an e f f e c t iv e ex ten s ion tea ch in g the ex ten sion worker must (a ) provide people w ith an opportun ity to learn and (b ) to stim u la te mental and p h y s ica l a c t iv i t y th a t produce the d es ired l e a r n in g .^ 37. Maunder, H.A. Op c i t . p .48 38 . Chang ; Ib id p,21 39 . Nuhu, D.A* Factors A ffe c t in g Adoption o f Innovation o f Tobacco Farmers in Ejura Area.. Unpublished M.Sc. T h e s is . 40 . Paul Ieagans curled from A gric . Extensio n Reference Manual (Ed) I-feumler :p . 151. . . . . / 2 3 | University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 23 - "L earn ing i s a p ro c e s s o r o p e ra t io n in f e r r e d from r e l a t i v e l y 41permanent changes in b eh av iou r t h a t r e s u l t from p r a c t i c e " . L ea rn ing a i s an a c t iv e p ro c e ss and i t ta k e s p la ce in th e in d iv id u a l . I t is^known f a c t th a t human b e ing s a re d i f f e r e n t and do v a ry g r e a t ly in t h e i r p e rso n a l p sy ch o lo g ic a l o rg a n iz a t io n s . T h is i s due p a r t l y to h e r e d i ty and p a r t l y to th e env ironme n t . D e fleu r observed t h a t d i f f e r e n t env ironm ent ( s tim u lu s ) p ro v id e s a new le a r n in g s i t u a t i o n . From th e se le a r n in g environments* v a lu e s , a t t i t u d e s and b e l i e f s t h a t c o n s t i t u t e man’s p sy c h o lo g ic a l make up which s e t s him a p a r t from h is fe l low s a re a c q u ire d . T h is un ique c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f man g iv es him th e b a s i s f o r v iew ing o r p e rc e iv in g d i f f e r e n t e v en ts from d i f f e r e n t 42pe rsp e c t iv e s from one person to a n o th e r . Due to t h i s phenomenon of s e l e c t i v i t y th e r a t e a t which d i f f e r e n t in d iv id u a ls l e a r n v a r i e s . S.bme a re slow w h ile o th e r s a r e f a s t l e a r n e r s . Some le a r n by s e e in g , do ing , and d is c u s s io n e i t h e r s in g ly o r in g roup s . To be a b le to ta k e advan tage of th e d i f f e r e n t ways by which le a r n in g ta k e s p la c e in th e in d iv id u a l , d i f f e r e n t e x te n s io n methods a re u sed a t v a r io u s s ta g e s of th e ad op tio n p ro cess - A v a r i e t y o f te a c h in g methods i s most e f f e c t i v e . When th e re i s d i r e c t c o n ta c t between th e a d v is e r and th e fa rm er and h is fam ily th e conveyance o f th e message w i l l be by means of th e spoken word. 3h t h i s c a se th e re i s th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f an exchange o f th o ugh ts and o f d em on stra tio n . 41 . Herbert. J . KLansmeier and Richard E. R ipple : Learning and Human A b i l i t i e s (New York - Harper & Row 1971) p .7. 42. Melvin L. D e fleu r s Theor i e s o f Mass Communication (New York David Ifskay Company In c . 1966) p , 131, . . . / 2 4 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 24 - P ende rs , in h i s book "Methods and Programme P lan n in g in R u ra l E x ten s io n " , w ro te t h a t th e ex te n s io n w orker can p re v en t th e s e d isa d v an ta g e s by convey ing h is message v ia th e w r i t t e n work b u t th en he lo s e s h i s d i r e c t c o n ta c t and th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f d em on s tra tio n . The f i r s t d isad v an tag e can be met by w r i t i n g in a c o n v e rs a t io n a l s ty le w h ile d em on stra tio n can be re p la c e d f o r th e g r e a te r p a r t by i l l u s t r a t i o n . I n v a r io u s com binations th e s e fo u r fundam en ta l in fo rm a tio n media form th e b a s i s f o r th e w e ll known in fo rm a tio n means such as new spaper, 43l e a f l e t s , r a d io , t e l e v i s i o n , f i lm and a l l s o r t s o f v i s u a l a i d s . They p la y an im po rtan t p a r t too in the v a r io u s e x te n s io n te a c h in g methods which a re c l a s s i f i e d in to th re e groups on th e b a s i s o f th e number o f p eo p le , th e y a r e designed to re a c h . These a re (a ) I n d iv id u a l m ethods, (b ) Group methods and (c ) Mass methods (a.) THE INDIVIDUAL METHODS Home V i s i t } (b ) THE GROUP METHODS Farm ers M eeting ) Feed back (c ) THE MASS METHODS N ew s le tte r < "Every com bination has i t s s p e c ia l advan tages and d isa d v a n ta g e s , ev e ry pu rpose i t s s p e c ia l demands which determ ine th e cho ice o f th e means to be u se d " .44 EXTENSION PROGRAMS PLANNING P lann in g a programme i s an e s s e n t i a l p a r t o f e x te n s io n work. E x te n s io n programmes shou ld be p ro p e r ly p lanned ta k in g in to accoun t r e le v a n t f a c t s and in fo rm a tio n on what i s to be done, th e needs of th e peop le p r e v a i l in g c o n d it io n s and what b e n e f i t s th e programme w i l l g iv e to th e fa rm e r . A ccord ing to Maunder, 43. P enders , J.M .A. (Ed .) Methods and Programme P lann ing in R ural E x ten sion (Wegeningen H. Veen man and Zonen 1956 p . 144. 44 . P enders , J.M .A . s Ib id p . 144 . . / 2 5 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 25 - ex ten s io n programme development i s a con tin uou s s e r i e s of p ro c e ss which in c lu d e s p lan n in g a programme, p re p a r in g a p lan of work and te a c h in g p la n , ta k in g a c t io n to c a r ry o u t th e p lan and d e te rm in in g and r e p o r t in g accom plish ­ m ents. I t i s an in te n s iv e broad e f f o r t on th e p a r t o f e x te n s io n s e rv ic e to a s s i s t th e peop le o f th e coun try (o r E x ten sion d i s t r i c t ) to a n a ly se t h e i r m ajor problem s and to b u i ld an e d u c a tio n a l programme d i r e c te d tow ards th e 45improvement o f a g r i c u l tu r e , f am ily and community l i v i n g . S a v i le ob se rv ed th a t th e e x te n s io n programme i s a g e n e ra l s ta tem en t d e s c r ib in g what sh o u ld be done and why i t i s needed and has a d e ta i l e d s ta tem en t o f how i t w i l l be done and where i t i s d o n e .^ E x ten s io n programme sh o u ld have o b je c t iv e s t a t e d c l e a r ly and must be a t t a i n a b l e . Leagans, ob served t h a t a good o b je c t iv e i s one th a t p ro v id e s p o s s ib le d i r e c t io n f o r l a r g e numbers o f p eop le to move some d is ta n c e . E x ten sio n must h e lp peop le d e f in e th e d i r e c t io n s i n which th e y want and needed to go, and th en p rov id e a s s i s t a n c e to them in t r a v e l l i n g in th e 47d i r e c t io n s . One of th e m ajor im po rtan t p r in c ip le o f E x ten sion programme p la n n in g i s t h a t i t sh o u ld in v o lv e th e people to whom th e programme i s d i r e c te d . S a v ile w ro te t h a t e x te n s io n programme i s a p la n p rep a red j o i n t l y by th e p eop le and th e 4-8ex te n s io n w orker w ith th e a d v is e o f S p e c i a l i s t O f f ic e r . Maunder s a id t h a t s - E f f e c t iv e o rg a n iz a t io n p ro v id e s a means o f in v o lv in g peop le in th e programme p la n n in g p ro c e s s . Involvement o f th e peop le i s a b a s ic e lem ent o f e x te n s io n e d u c a tio n . R a r t ic ip a t io n h e lp s to g rouse i n t e r e s t . Involvem ent o f th e peop le a ls o r e s u l t s in b e t t e r programmes. 45 . lau n d e r s I b id p . 180 46. S a v i le , H.A. : Op c i t . p c23 47- Paul Leagans ; "E x ten sion O b je c tiv e s" USJ3A E x ten sio n S e rv ic e s 48 . S av ile • 'l lL c i t . p . 23 . . . , / 2 6 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 26 - Successful programmes ta k e in to accoun t l o c a l know ledges h a b i t s , m a te r ia ls ? e x p e r ie n c e s i n a d d i t io n to te c h n ic a l s u b je c t m a t t e r ,49 C on tra ry to t h i s S a v ile ob se rv ed th a t d u r in g th e c o lo n ia l e x te n s io n a dm in is t r a t io n p lan n in g came from to p downward to th e fa rm er in s te a d o f from th e farm er d eve lop ing upwards to th e p la n n e rs . P e rso n a l w ish es and needs of 50the fa rm ers were seldom c o n s id e re d . Nuhu a l s o ob se rv ed t h a t programme p lan n in g in G .T.C. was e n t i r e l y th e r e s p o n s ib i l i t y o f th e agency . The on ly c o n tr ib u t io n exp ec ted from th e fa rm er i s h i s r e a c t io n to th e company’s p ro ­ grammes and th e v a r io u s a c t i v i t i e s in v o lv in g him . Thus fa rm e rs were o n ly inform ed a f t e r th e p lan n in g has been done and th e y were ex p ec ted to b a s i c a l l y l e g i t im iz e i t . T h e ir needs and i n t e r e s t , a d v is e and view s w ere n o t so ugh t. T h is method o f programme p la n n in g seems to c r e a te a b ig gap i n ou r a g r i c u l t u r a l e x te n s io n e d u c a tio n a l p ro c e ss which n eed s a tho rough s tu d y . P o r i f th e peop le a re ig n o ra n t a t what i s b e in g p lann ed f o r them, when t h e i r a d v ic e , n e ed s , and p r i o r i t i e s a re n o t sough t would th e y view th e programme a s a government one o r view i t a s som eth ing in t h e i r own i n t e r e s t and t h e i r s ? 49 . Maunder ; I b id p . 187 50. S a v ile : I b id . . . . . / 2 7 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh CHAPTER III RESEARCH D5iSI@ T AID METHODOLOGY 1. SOURCES OP DATA; The d a ta f o r th e s tu d y were o b ta in e d from p e rso n a l in te rv iew w ith (a ) Pood Crop Farmers w orking under th e s u p e rv is io n of th e M in is try of A g r ic u ltu re (Department of A g r ic u l tu r e ) E x ten s io n S e rv ic e and Tobacco fa rm ers su p e rv ise d by th e Ghana Tobacco Company L im ited and (b ) The f i e l d E x ten sion s t a f f o f th e two o rg a n iz a t io n s a t Wench! and E ju ra A g r ic u l tu r a l d i s t r i c t s d u rin g th e p e r io d o f M id-October to th e end o f November 1980. 2 . DATE COLLECTION PROCEDURE; Data were c o l le c te d by in te rv iew q u e s t io n n a i r e - T h is was found to be most s u i t a b le f o r th e s tu d y in view o f the f a c t t h a t many o f th e re sp ond en ts (fa rm e rs ) were i l l i t e r a t e s and i t gave th e in te rv iew e r room to v a ry q u e s t io n s m o-df? to e x p la in to re sponden ts in th e l o c a l d ia le ts » Moser and K a lto n , d is t in g u is h e d th re e b ro ad concep ts as n e c e s s a ry c o n d it io n s f o r a s u c c e s s fu l in te rv iew nam ely s- ( i ) The a c c e s s i b i l i t y o f th e r e q u ir e d in fo rm a tio n to th e re sp o n d en t. ( i i ) The c o g n itio n o r u n d e rs ta n d in g by th e re sponden t of what i s r e q u ir e d o f him and . ( i i i ) The m o tiv a tio n on th e p a r t o f th e re sp ond en t to answ er th e q u e s tio n s a c c u r a t e ly .51 These th r e e c o n d it io n s were co n s id e red and u sed by th e a u th o r s in c e i t was found th a t th e p o p u la tio n sampled was in a p o s i i o n to have and g ive th e in fo rm a tio n sough t f o r , u n d e rs tan d th e u s e fu ln e s s in p a r t i c i p a t i n g in such an in te rv iew and to co -o p e ra te in g iv in g genu ine and f r a n k answ ers p u t to them . 51 . Moser, C.A. and K a lton , G. Methods o f c o l l e c t i n g th e in fo rm a tio n I I I In te rv iew in g - Surv e y Methods In S o c ia l I n v e s t ig a t io n (1972) 2nd E d i t io n , B asic Books In c . Nev York p .271. - 27 - « . . . /2B University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 28 - Hanson e t a l , w ro te t h a t a gooc1. sample i s b a sed on th e th e o ry th a t? ( i ) p ro v id e s ways to de te rm ine th e number o f re sponden t needed; ( i i ) s p e c i f y the chance ( p r o b a b i l i ty ) t h a t any p e rson w i l l be in c lu d ed in th e sample; ( i i i ) en ab le us to e s t im a te how much e r r o r r e s u l t s from in te rv iew in g a sample of p eop le in s t e a d of i n t e r ­ v iew ing a l l o f them. ( iv ) Let u s de term ine th e degree o f con fid ence t h a t can be p la c ed i n th e p o p u la t io n e s t im a te s made from th e sam ple .52 B ackstron and Hursh w ro te t h a t a good e f f i c i e n t p r o b a b i l i t y sample by p r a c t i c a l d e f in i t io n i s one t h a t y ie ld s th e d e s i r e d in fo rm a tio n w ith in expec ted bu t to le r a b le l im i t s o f sample e r r o r f o r low es t c o s t . C onverse ly , a. good sample i s one which a t f ix e d c o s t w i l l y i e ld th e d e s ir e d in fo rm a tio n w ith l e a s t sam p ling e r r o r . What i s more, f o r th e non s t a t i s t i c p r a c t i t i o n e r , a sample shou ld be sim ple enough to c a r ry ou t in p r a c t i c e and f o r ou r pu rpose i t must be e a sy to 53d e s c r ib e . Cost and r e p r e s e n ta t iv e n e s s were th e o v e r id in g c o n s id e ra t io n in sam p ling f o r t h i s s tu d y . Thus a sample which was r e p r e s e n ta t iv e of th e p o p u la tio n and w ith l e a s t c o s t in v o lv ed was a m ajo r f a c t o r in d e te rm ing th e sample s i z e in th e s tu d y . In t h i s r e s p e c t , random sample was found s u i t a b le f o r th e s tu d y . A sample l i s t o f f a n n e rs was compiled from the d i s t r i c t a g r i c u l t u r a l ex te n s io n o f f i c e 's fa rm ers r e g i s t e r f o r 1979, Crop Season and th e Ghana Tobacco Company L im ited 1980 Crop S e a so n 's r e g i s t e r e d tobacco growers le d g e rs u s in g random numbers. 52 . Hansen, H.M ., Ifu rw itz , W.N, and Madoxs, G.W. Sample Survey Methods .and Theory I - Methods and A pp lic a tio n (New York, W illey 1953) p . 8 - 10. 53. B ackstron , G.H. and Hursh, G.D, Drawing th e Sample - Survey R esearch M inneapols 1963 N orth Western U n iv e r s i ty P re s s p .24 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 29 - A t o t a l o f 120 fa rm ers and 30 f i e l d e x te n s io n s t a f f from bo th o rg a n is a t io n s were compiled a f t e r random sampling* made up o f 70 M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re (Department of A g r ic u l tu re ) food crop fa rm e rs and 50 tobacco fa rm e rs . 17 f i e l d s t a f f o f G.T.C. and 13 of th e d ep a rtm en t o f A g r ic u l tu r e were a ls o s e le c te d f o r in te rv iew by random sam pling . Out o f th e s e , 51 fo o d crop fa rm ers and 25 tobacco fa rm e rs making up a t o t a l fa rm e rs p o p u la tio n of 76 were a c t u a l l y in te rv iew ed w h ile 12 tobacco f i e l d s t a f f and 5 d epartm en t o f A g r ic u l tu r e f i e l d s t a f f g iv in g an e x te n s io n s t a f f p o p u la tio n o f 17 answered th e f i e l d s t a f f in te rv iew q u e s t io n n a i r e . T h is gave a re spon se r a t e o f &Hfo and 5Q/° f o r fa rm e rs ;and f i e l d s t a f f sam ples r e s p e c t iv e ly . Some fa rm e rs cou ld n o t be c o n ta c te d due to th e f a c t t h a t th e p e r io d o f in te rv iew c o in c id ed w ith the tom atoe sea son in th e a r e a s and some s e le c te d fa rm ers were a c t i v e ly busy w ork ing on then-farms and cou ld n o t be d is tu rb e d in t h e i r fa rm ing a c t i v i t i e s . Also due to t r a n s p o r t a t i o n d i f f i c u l t i e s cau sed by an a c u te f u e l sh o rtag e in the a re a coup led w ith th e f a c t t h a t most o f th e f i e l d s t a f f were en jo y in g th e ii : annu a l le a v e and have l e f t t h e i r base v i l l a g e s , i t was n o t p o s s ib le to t^n+adall th e f i e l d s t a f f s e le c te d to ta k e th e in te rv iew hence th e low f i e l d s t a f f tu rn o u t p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r th e m in is t r y o f a g r i c u l tu r e s t a f f . I t i s hoped t h a t t h i s w i l l n o t have any s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on th e r e s u l t s . The in te rv iew was c a r r ie d o u t by th e a u th o r who f o r tu n a t e ly had no problem w ith language w ith r e s p e c t to th e r e sp o n d en ts . . . . ,/30 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 30 - 3. CONSTRUCTION OF QUESTIONNAIRE AND PRETESTING (a.) C o n s tru c tio n o f Q u e s tio n n a ire ; Two s e p a ra te q u e s t io n n a ir e s c o n ta in in g a lm ost i d e n t i c a l item s b u t s o l i c i t i n g d i f f e r e n t re spon se s from th e two re sp ond en t groups nam ely s- ( i ) fa rm ers ( i i ) f i e l d e x te n s io n s t a f f were u sed (See Appendices A & B ). The q u e s t io n n a ire s c o n s is te d o f 5 main in fo rm a tio n s o l i c i t i n g s e c t io n s fa rm ers and 3 fw " th e e x te n s io n s t a f f . These s e c t io n s w ere ; (a.) Farm ers Q u e s tio n n a ire ; S e c tio n I s Th is s e c t io n c o n s is te d o f in fo rm a tio n on fa rm e r s ' p e rso n a l and e d u c a tio n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . S e c tio n I I ; C on s is te d o f q u e s t io n a sk ed to s o l i c i t in fo rm a tio n on f a rm e rs ' exposure to e x te n s io n e d u c a t io n , t h e i r c o n ta c t w ith e x te n s io n o f f ic e and o r s t a f f . The purpose o f v i s i t s , th e u s e fu ln e s s o f such v i s i t to them and t h e i r im pacts on fa rm e rs ad op tio n b eh av io u rs . S e c tio n I I I ; Q uestions were aimed a t g e t t i n g re sp o n d en ts to in d ic a te t h e i r r e g u la r s o u rc e s o f farm in fo rm a tio n , and th e c a te g o ry o r ty p e o f p eo p le , fa rm ers d is c u s s t h e i r farm problem s w ith . S e c tio n IY; Q uestion s d es ig n ed were aimed a t s o l i c i t i n g in fo rm a tio n on fa rm ers p e rc e p tio n o f e x te n s io n f i e l d s t a f f , t h e i r a t t i t u d e to work and perform ance and th e o rg a n iz a t io n th e y se rv e . S e c tio n ^ ? ; This s e c t io n t r i e d to g e t fa rm e rs t o in d ic a te t h e i r m ajor n eed s and problems th a t c o n tr ib u te to l im i t i n g t h e i r p r o d u c t iv i ty d r iv e . . *•» ,/31 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 31 - ( i i ) F i e l d s t a f f Q u e s t io n n a ire ; Sfection I ; The s e c t io n was l im i te d to q u e s t io n s on ed u ca tio n and p ro fe s s io n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s t a f f and t h e i r p e r io d or le n g th o f engagement. Q uestion s were aimed a t g e t t i n g in form a­ t io n on f i e l d s t a f f exposu re to e x te n s io n a c t i v i t i e s , t h e i r invo lvem en t and ex p e r ie n c e s in e x te n s io n work. S ec tio n I I s T h is s e c t io n in v o lv e d q u e s t io n s p u t to e x te n s io n s t a f f to in d ic a te th e e x te n s io n te a c h in g methods ~ u s t h e i r a p p l i c a b i l i t y to t h e i r a re a and c o n d i t io n s , and how e f f e c t iv e th e ; methods have been and f i n a l l y i n . S e c tio n I I I ; F i e l d s t a f f were a sk ed to in d ic a te th e problem s th ey en coun te r in t h e i r work and what th ey th in k sh o u ld be done to sake them more e f f e c t iv e in t h e i r work. (b) P r e te s t in g o f Q u e s tio n n a ire ; TThe q u e s t io n n a ir e s were p r e te s te d on f a m e r s and f i e l d s t a f f (tobacco in t h i s cage) drawn from E ju ra a r e a . Based on th e r e s u l t s o f th e p r e t e s t , some q u e s tio n s were re p h ra se d 4. DATA AWALYSIS' Responses were coded and key -punched on d a ta p ro c e s s in g c a rd s . Computer programming and p ro c e s s in g was c a r r i e d ou t by th e U n iv e r s i ty o f Ghana Computer The dependent v a r ia b le th roughou t th e s tu d y was E x ten s io n S e rv ic e s . The independen t v a r ia b le s were e x te n s io n te a c h in g methods and s e rv ic e s re n d e re d by th e o rg a n iz a t io n s a t t r i b u t a b l e t o th e e x te n s io n s e rv ic e s d ep a r tm en ts . * •« ./3 2 i University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 32 - A na ly s is o f d a ta was l im i te d to p e rcen tag e fre q u en cy d i s t r i b u t i o n . Gross ta b u la tio n ^w aS a ls o used and c h i- s q u a re t e s t a p p l ie d where a p p ro p r ia te to de term ine th e e x is te n c e o r n o n -e x is te n c e of r e l a t i o n s h ip between v a r i a b l e s . 5 . SICTTIFICAKfCE OF THE STUDY Although a l o t o f re s e a rc h has been done in many d i s c ip l in e s in A g ric u ltu re in th e c oun try , l i t t l e a t te n t io n , has been fo c u sse d on ag ricuL— __ 54 as 55 t u r a l e x te n s io n .11* Mends and W atkins r e p o r t , Geker a S ^ S te e n b u rg worked on e x te n s io n t r a i n in g and manpower development and d id n o t to u ch on e x te n s io n 56se rv ic e to th e fa rm er. K uranch i, Sofranlco _et a l on th e o th e r hand d id some work in v o lv in g BTC and t h e i r farm ers w h ile Uuhu worked e x te n s iv e ly on a d o p tio n o f in n o v a tio n o f th e s e f a rm e rs . L i t t l e a t t e n t i o n was d evo ted to th e e x te n s io n d e l iv e ry system and te a c h in g methods in th e s e s tu d i e s . B e s id e s , H uhu 's work was l im i te d to E ju ra a re a a lo n e . Above a l l no work has so f a r been done to s tu d y and compare G.T.C. E x ten s io n s t a f f and t h e i r c o u n te rp a r ts in th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re in t h e i r e x te n s io n c o n ta c t w ith t h e i r fa rm e rs , t h e i r app roach to work and t h e i r perfo rm ances. 54. W atk ins, M.O. & Mends, H. A S tudy o f th e O rg an iz a tio n . Manpower Development and T ra in in g of th e M in is try o f A g r ic u l tu r e , Accra M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re - 1973. 55 . S teenbu rgh , V.N, ; "An E v a lu a tio n o f th e N a tio n a l Diploma In A g r ic u ltu re and Animal H ea lth Programs g iven a t th e U n iv e r s i ty o f Ghana". M.Sc T h e s is , U n iv e r s i ty o f Guelph 1975. 56. K uranch i, P .A. t "Modal Farm P lan For Tobacco Farm ers In E ju ra & Wenchi D i s t r i c t " . M.E&. T h e s is , U n iv e r s i ty o f Ghana 1971. , . . . / 3 3 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 33 - The s tu d y , i t i s hoped w i l l h e lp u s to have a c lo s e r i n s i g h t i n to th e e x te n s io n a c t i v i t i e s o f th e fa rm e rs and s t a f f o f th e s e o rg a n iz a t io n s , n n d ftvJhen s t a f f were a sk ed w he the r in t h e i r o p in io n th e frequency o f v i s i t s were ad equa te o r n o t , 80$ o f th e M in is t ry o f A g r ic u l tu re s t a f f s a id i t was n o t adequate w h ile 91$ o f G.T.C. s t a f f f e l t t h e i r v i s i t s were adequa te (Table 1 0 ). Reasons TABLE 10 FREQUENCY(ESRCENTAGE)DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSE TO THE QUESTION "IS THE FREQUENCY OP CONTACT ADEQUATE ENOUGH" - 44 - Response Mir., o f A g ric . G.T.C. S ta f f S t a f f No. $ No. $ V is i t v e ry ad equa te 1 20 11 91 V is i t n o t 4 80 1adequa te 9 T o ta l 5 100 12 100 __2X = Not a p p ro p r ia te 1 . . . /a x University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh g iven by ex te n s io n s t a f f p a r t i c u l a r l y th o se o f th e M in is t ry o f .A g ricu ltu re f o r n o t b e in g a b le to v i s i t t h e i r fa rm e rs r e g u la r ly were t h a t many o f th en su p e rv ise too b ig a r e a s sn d above a l l have no means of t r a n s p o r t to ta k e them to th e re n o te a re a s where th e fa rm ers l i v e . t IV . FARMERS SOURCE(s) 0? FARM INFORMATION AND TEACHING- METHODS Farm ers were a sk ed to in d ic a te t h e i r m ajor so u rce o f in fo rm a tio n ab o u t f a m in g . Data in T ab le 11 show t h a t 43fo o f fo od c rop fa rm e rs and 28$ of tobacco fa rm ers le a rn e d abou t in fo rm a tio n r e l a t e d to fa rm ing th rough th e r a d io . About 21$ of fo odc rop fa rm ers and 4f° o f tobacco fa rm ers s a id th e y r e l y on f r i e n d s and n e ighbou rs f o r in fo rm a tio n w h ile fa rm e rs m ee tin g l i k e c o -o p e r a t iv e s and c rop TABliE 11 FREQUENCY feERCMTAGE)DISTRIBUTICM OF FARMERS MAJOR SQURMIsT oF FARM MFORMATIQW - 45 - Food Crop Farm ers Tobacco Farm ers No. f No. $ Kiss. Through Radio 22 43 .0 7 28 .0 (C on tac t w ith E x t. ( S ta f f ( 10 19 .6 12 48 .0 jn d r v i - !j®l' „nds & R e lig io u s dua l . „ _—— /C h ie f Farms 11 2 1 .6 1 4 .0 3 5 .8 2 8 .0 (R e la t iv e s 2 4 .0 - - Sroup Farm ers m eetings 2 4 .0 3 12.0 C a n 't t e l l 1 2 .0 - - T o ta l 51 100 25 100 2 T~ = 8 ,642 Not s i g n i f i c a n t a t 5f° l e v e l a s s o c ia t io n m eeting s were m ajor sou rce o f farm iiifo rm a tio n to 4f° o f fo od c rop fa rm e rs and 12$ of tobacco fa rm e rs . There was no s ig n i f ic a n c e between tr e a tm e n t — « ' sest . • • ♦ */4-6 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Both fo od c ro p fa rm ers and tobacco f a n n e rs d is c u s s e d t h e i r fa rm ing r e l a t e d problem s w ith a number o f p e o p le . As in d ic a te d in T ab le 12 2 o f foodcrop fa rm ers and 64$ of tobacco fa rm ers s a id th e y c o n su lt t h e i r e x te n s io n w orkers w ith t h e i r p rob lem s. 27$ of th e fo o d c ro p fa rm ers and 8$ o f tobacco fa rm ers s a id th e y do n o t c o n su lt anybody in p a r t ic u la r ^ TABLE 12 FREQUENCY CflSRCEN’TAGE')DISTRIBUTI(M 0? CATEGORY OF EBOFLB FARMERS DISCUSS THEIR PROBLEMS WITH People F anners D iscu ss t h e i r problem s w ith Foodcrop I&rmers Tobacco Farm ers No. $ No. $ A g ric . E x ten s io n Workers 15 29 16 64 Bank O f f i c i a l s 6 12 2 8 R e la t iv e s 3 6 1 4 F r ie n d s & n e ighbou rs 9 17 1 4 Members o f Crop A ss. 4 8 3 12 Nobody 11 27 2 8 T o ta l 51 99 25 ■ ooG-roup R iscu ss io n Film Show A g ric . Shows & ^E xh ib ition s 2 5 11 29 2 6 F ie ld Demonstrations 3 18 11 30 In d iv id u a l Method V is i t s & P e rson a l d is c u s s io n s 4 23 12 34 Mass method-Radio Farm b ro ad c a s t - - - - T o ta l 17 100 36 100 "T.^1 ■ .................. ..... ..................I, ...... & - 11.142 Not s i g a i f i c a n t a t 5$ l e v e l University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh The f i e l d s t a f f o f bo th o rg a n iz a t io n s were a sk ed to . in d ic a te which of th e e x ten s io n te a c h in g methods usedwere app licab le? +0 the c o n d it io n s und e r which th ey worked. Table 14 above shows t h a t 2 3$ and 34$ of th e M in is try of A g r ic u ltu re and G.T.C. s t a f f r e s p e c t iv e ly though t th e in d iv id u a l methods o f farm v i s i t s and p e rso n a l d is c u s s io n s were a p p l ic a b le w hereas ra d io farm b ro ad ca s t was n o t m en tioned by any o f th e re sp ond en ts in te rv iew ed . 76$ o f th e M in is try o f A g r ic u l tu re s t a f f a s compared to 66$ o f th e G.T.C. s t a f f f e l t th e group method e .g . f i lm shows, f i e l d d em on s tra tio n , farm m eeting s were a much more p r e f e r r e d method a s i t seems to be more a p p l ic a b le to t h e i r c o n d i t io n s When th e e f f e c t iv e n e s s of th e methods wejre compared by s c o r in g v i s : Very E f f e c t iv e (2 p o in ts ) E f f e c t iv e ( l p o in t ) and n o t e f f e c t i v e (0 p o in t ) . I t was ob se rv ed (Table 15) t h a t 38$ o f th e M in is t ry o f A g r ic u l tu re TABIS 15 FREO.DBICY (EEBCEKTAGE)DISTRIBUTION OF SCOBE QN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EXTENSION TEACHISG METHODS USED BY STAFF ■ - 49 - T each ing Methods MLn. o f A g ric . S ta f f No. G.T.C. S t a f f No. $- Group In d iv id u a l Hass (Farm ers M eetings /C£roup D iscu ss io n s (F ilm Shows (A g ric . Shows & (E x h ib it io n s In d iv id u a l D is . by v i s i t s F ie ld D em onstration Badio Fajm b ro a d c a s t T o ta l 3 1 8 6 22 14) 5 ] - ) 38 19j 34) 28) 100 14 16 22 54 26) - j 30 4) 30j 40) 100 . ./5C University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh _ 50 - E f fe c t iv e n e s s Sicore Very E f f e c t iv e (VE) = 2 p o in ts E f f e c t iv e (v ) - 1 p o in t Not E f f e c t iv e (NV) = 0 p o in t 's t a f f and 30$ o f G.T.C. s t a f f sco re d f o r group te a c h in g m ethods, 62$ o f th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re and '70$ o f Tobacco S t a f f s a id th e y found in 'd ir i t fu a l te a c h in g method e . g. poraonaL v i s i t s and c o n ta c t s c o re d th e h ig h e s t among th e M in is try o f A g r ic u l tu re s t a f f w h ile f i e l d d em on s tra tio n sc o re d h ig h e s t among th e G.T.C. s t a f f . R adio farm b ro a d c a s t which was sco red by fa n n e rs a s t h e i r m ajo r sou rce o f farm in fo rm a tio n was found to be u n a p p lic a b le to th e s t a f f and was n o t r e p o r te d to be u sed by them. VI. AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES AND FARMERS ADOPTION BEHAVIOUR Success in th e use o f e x te n s io n te a c h in g methods im p lie s t h a t th e te a c h in g methods produce th e d e s ire d r e s u l t s , namely; p roduce some changes in th e b eh av iou r o r p r a c t ic e s of th e fa rm e r . These changes shou ld in v a r i a b ly be seen in h i s t r i a l and ad op tio n p r a c t i c e s he o r she i s t a u g h t . To f i n d ou t how much fa rm e rs have changed as a r e s u l t o f t h e i r c o n ta c t w ith e x te n s io n s t a f f and h i s te a c h in g s , fa rm ers were a sk ed to i n d ic a te what p r a c t i c e s th e y have t r i e d o r adop ted a s a r e s u l t of th e in t r o d u c t io n to e x te n s io n e d u c a tio n . T ab le 16 bolow shows t h a t 31$ o f foodc rop fa rm ers and 12$ o f tobacco fa rm ers have t r i e d and o r adop ted p e s t c o n tr o l by chem ical sp ra y in g . 43$ o f foodcrop fa rm e rs and 2£$ o f tobacco fa rm e rs have l e a r n t th e u se and a p p l ic a t io n o f chem ical f e r t i l i z e r s w h ile some tobacco fa rm ers have t r i e d th e a d o p tio n o f s p e c i f i c c u l t u r a l p r a c t i c e s i n tobacco p ro d u c tio n such a s to p p in g and su ck e r in g (32$ ) and d ry p la n t in g (S$ ) which a r e un ique to th e c ro p . Only 8fo o f th e food c rop fa rm ers answ ered th a t th ey have n o t t r i e d any p r a c t ic e a s a r e s u l t o f c o n ta c t w ith e x te n s io n e d u c a tio n . o f foodcrop fa rm e rs in d ic a te d t h a t th e y have l e a r n t ••• ./ 5 1 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 51 - th e tre a tm e n t and s to ra g e of g r a in s w h ile 10$ o f th e same group s a id th e y have l e a r n t how to p la n t c rop s i n l i n e s . TABLE 16 FREQUENCY(.PERCENTAGE)DISTRIBUTION OP PRACTICES FARMERS HAVE TRIED OR ADOPTED THROUGH EXTENSION EDUCATION P ra c t i c e s t r i e d and o r adop ted by Farm ers Foo F an ic rop ners Toba cco Fanners No. $ No. $ Topping & S u ck e rin g to tobacco _ — 8 32 Dry p la n t in g & p ro p e r h a rv e s t in g o f tobacco - - 2 8 P e s t c o n t ro l w ith in s e c t i c id e s 16 31 3 12 T echn iques o f f e r t i l i z e r a p p l ic a t io n 22 43 7 28 Feed c o n t r o l w ith chem ica ls - - 3 12 P la n t in g Crops in l i n e s 5 10 - - C o rre c t p la n t in g tim e and p la n t p o p u la tio n - - 2 8 P e s t H arves t g ra in s to ra g e & Trai L. 4 8 - - No a ttem p t 4 8 - - T o ta l 51 100 ; 25 100 ; = 12.715 Not s i g n i f i c a n t a t 5$ l e v e l . VTI. FARMERS PERCEPTION OF EXTENSION WORKERS Farm ers were a sk ed to exp re ss t h e i r op in ion on th e work o f th e e x te n s io n s t a f f and th e management. T ab le 17 shows t h a t 43$ o f th e foodcrop fa rm ers r e p o r te d t h a t ' - f ie ld s t a f f w ere n o t h e lp fu l to them w h ile 20fo tobacco fa rm ers made th e same rem ark . 28$ o f tobacco fa rm ers c la im ed t h e i r s t a f f were n o t h o n e s t a s a g a in s t 12$ by foodcrop fa rm e rs . . . . . /5 2 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh TABLB 17 FR EQ U ENCY feERCENTAGE)DISTRIBIIT ION OP RESPONDENTS VIEW OF THEIR EXTENSION STAFF Response Foodcrop Farm ers Tobacco Farmers T o t a 1 ■ No. $ No. $ No. $ H e lp fu l and co -op . 5 10 3 12 8 11 Very hardw ork ing 3 6 4 16 7 9 Not h e lp fu l 22 43 5 20 27 35 Care f o r fa rm ers needs 2 4 3 12 5 7 Not h o n e s t 6 12 7 28 13 17 C an 't t e l l 13 25 3 12 16 21 T o ta l 51 100 25 100 76 100 Hot a p p ro p r ia te TABLE 18 PARSERS HiRCEH1 ION AND OPINION OP EXTENSION STAFF S ta tem en ts P o les Foodcrop Farm ers P e rc en tag e s l b s i - Nega­ t i v e I t i v e Neu- t r a l Tobacco Farm ers P e rcen tag e s P o s i­ t i v e Nega­ t i v e Neu- t r a l 1. E x ten sion has a s s i s t e d fa rm ers to improve t h e i r methods 2 . V i s i t by E x ten s io n s t a f f n o t adequate 3 . TA/TO perform ­ in g h i s b e s t 4 . P resence o f Ta/TO h e lp fu l to fa n n e rs C o n tr ib u ted n o t c o n t r i ­ b u te d Adequate n o t ade­ qua te Doing h is b e s t n o t do ing h i s b e s t h e lp fu l Not h e lp fu l 5 6 .8 81 .4 11 .8 82 .4 9 .8 62 .7 12.0 5*8 27 .5 52 .0 76.0 72 .0 36.0 16.0 24 .0 12.0 8 .0 4 .0 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Farmers se rv ed by b o th o rg a n iz a t io n s were a sk ed to e x p re s s t h e i r op in ion abou t th e q u a l i t y o f e x te n s io n e d u ca tio n th e y were r e c e iv in g . Table 18 above shows t h a t , 56 .6$ o f fo odc rop fa rm e rs and 5 ^ o f tobacco fa n n e rs were o f th e view t h a t e x te n s io n ed u c a tio n h as improved fa rm ers method o f f a rming . 8 1 .4 $ o f foodcrop fa rm e rs and 36?° o f tobacco fa rm e rs had a n e g a tiv e v iew and f e l t e x te n s io n e d u c a tio n has n o t h e lp ed to improve fa rm ers methods w h ile 12$ o f b o th g roups had a n e u t r a l s ta n d . 82$ o f foodcrop fa rm ers a s a g a in s t 16/o o f tobacco fa rm ers f e l t v i s i t by tobacco s t a f f to them were ndfcadequate. On th e c o n tra ry 76$ o f to bacco fa rm e rs a s a g a in s t a lm o s t 12$ o f foodcrop fa rm ers were p o s i t iv e t h a t th e v i s i t s p a id to them by t h e i r e x te n s io n w orkers w ere ad eq u a te . 72$ o f tobacco fa rm ers a s a g a in s t abou t 10$ o f foodcrop fa rm ers f e l t t h e i r f i e l d s t a f f w ere p e rfo rm ing a t t h e i r b e s t . 7111 * FACTORS AND PROBLEMS LIMITING EXTENSION WORK An a ttem p t was made to f in d o u t from bo th s t a f f and fa rm e rs problem s f a c in g them which p rev en t them from w orking e f f e c t i v e l y to promote a g r i c u l t u r a l e x te n s io n work. TABLE 19 FREQmTOYteRCENTAGE) DISTRIBUTION OF FARMERS PRESSING NEEDS AS PERCEIVED BY EXTENSION WORKERS Problems M entioned Foo dcrop Farmers Tobacco Farmers r — T o t ---------! a 1 No. $ No. $ No. $ 1. Lack o f t r a c t o r to p lough 2 40 8 67 10 59 2. la c k o f la b o u r to a s s i s t fa rm ers - - 4 33 4 23 3. Lack o f A g ric . in p u ts 2 40 _ — 2 12 4. L i a b i l i t y to o b ta in c r e d i t 1 20 - 1 6 T o ta l 5 100 12 100 17 10011 Ml ' 1 " n'nL'*1'"1 r’^ 1 i ■.-■■J-y.n.— lii ... ■< P. hi —-r = 8 .1 0 7 S ig n i f i c a n t a t 5$ l e v e l University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Table 19 shows th a t la c k of t r a c t o r to p lough fa rm ers f i e l d s was m entioned by 40$ o f th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re E x ten s io n s t a f f and 67$ o f tobacco s t a f f , whereas u n a v a i l a b i l i t y of a g r i c u l t u r a l in p u ts such a s f e r t i l i ­ z e rs and in s e c t i c id e s were m entioned by 40$ o f th e M in is try of A g r ic u ltu re s t a f f as problems th a t h in d e r fa n n e rs from ad o p tin g new id e a s . Farm c r e d i t xfas m entioned (§nce ®gain)by 20$ o f th e M in is try o f A g r ic u l tu re s t a f f a s a fa rm e r 's problem . Wien th e fa rm ers were asked abou t what problem s h in d e r t h e i r work, th e problem s th e y m entioned were s im i la r to th e re spon se g iven by f i e l d s t a f f . Response g iven in T ab le 20 shows t h a t 1 f oodcr op fa rm e rs and 33$ tobacco _ 54* - TABLE 2 0 FREgumCT^jRERCMTAQE^DISTRIBPTIOH OP FARMERS MAJOR PROBLEMS Type o f Problem Poodcrop Farmers Tob Fan acco ners No. $ Ho. $ D i f f i c u l t to o b ta in seed 5 10 3 12 la c k o f f e r t i l i z e r s . 16 32 1 4 la c k o f farm la b o u r 3 6 - •- la c k o f farm in p u ts e .g . c c u t l a s s e s J 4 Problem o f g e t t i n g farm c r e d i t 9 18 5 20 Problem o f g e t t i n g lan d 2 4 6 23 U n a v a i la b i l i ty o f t r a c t o r to h i r e 9 18 8 33 P roducer p r ic e n o t good 1 2 - - le e k o f t r a n s p o r ta t io n - - _ - Ho Response 2 4 1 4 T o ta l 50 100 25 100 3F" = 11.652 S ig n i f ic a n t a t 1 fo le v e l* /CE • • * • / J. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh fa rm ers complained o f l a c k o f t r a c t o r to h i r e to p lough t h e i r f i e l d s . 52$ o f th e foodcrop fa rm ers and 4$ o f tobacco fa rm ers re p o r te d d i f f i c u l t y i n o b ta in in g f e r t i l i z e r s to u se a s t h e i r m ajo r problem . Again 18$ o f foodcrop fa rm e rs and 20$ o f tobacco farm ers s a id th ey have problem o f o b ta in in g farm c r e f i i t . O ther problems m entioned a s l im i t i n g fa rm ers perfo rm ances were u n a v a i l a b i l i t y o f farm in p u ts l i k e c u t l a s s , (fa rm ^ labou r, l a n d , good seed o r p la n t in g m a te r i a l s . S t a t i s t i c a l l y th e re was h ig h s ig n i f ic a n c e between t r e a tm e n t ( a t 1f l e v e l ) . TABEE 21 - 55 - FREQUBNCY(mCfflTAGlil3DISTRIBUTI0N OF MAJOR PROBLEMS OP FIELD EXTENSION STAFF Min. o f A g ric . G.T .C . S ta f f Problems Mentioned S t a f f No. No. *fo l a c k o f t r a c t o r s to h i r e to fa rm ers 3 60 9 75 la c k o f means o f t r a n s p o r t 4 80 8 66 Boor pay and s e rv ic e condi­ t io n 4 80 5 40 la c k o f h e lp and a s s i s ta n c e from Employers 2 40 5 40 U n a v a i la b i l i ty o f farm in p u ts 4 80 3 25 F requen t t r a n s f e r s - - 3 25 la c k o f f r e q u e n t v i s i t from boss 1 20 2 17 la c k o f Farm la b o u r 1 20 1 8 ” - 5 - N=12 - * P ercen tage c a lc u la t io n based on Number of re sponden t m en tion ing item to th e t o t a l sample o f group (n ) T" = Not a p p ro p r ia te h e re . . . . . /5 6 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 56 - CTien f i e l d s t a f f were in te rv iew ed abou t problem s a f f e c t i n g t h e i r work, a g a in u n a v a i l a b i l i t y o f farm in p u ts came up a s t h e i r m ajo r problem f o r 80$ of th e M in is t ry o f A g r ic u ltu re s t a f f as a g a in s t 25$ o f tobacco f i e l d s t a f f ( " tab le 2 l ) . la c k of t r a c t o r to h i r e was r e p o r te d by 60$ o f th e M in is try of A g ric u ltu re s t a f f and 75$ o f Tobacco S t a f f . Means o f t r a n s p o r t to use was m entioned by 8C$ o f M in is try of A g r ic u ltu re s t a f f and 66$ by G.T.C. s t a f f . Poor pay and s e rv ic e c o n d it io n s was a ls o m entioned by b o th e x te n s io n s t a f f o f th e two o rg a n iz a t io n s . TABLE 22 gRBQ.UMCYfEERCMTAGB!lDISTRIBPTIOM OF JOB SATISFACTION BY RESPONDENT (STAFFT Response to Job S a t i s f a c t i o n Min. o f A g ric . S t a f f G.T.C. S ta f f No. $ No. $ S a t i s f i e d w ith jo b 3 60 7 58 Not s a t i s f i e d w ith jo b 2 40 5 42 (Potal 5 100 12 100 3T = Not a p p ro p r ia te h e re On th e q u e s tio n a s to w hether s t a f f were s a t i s f i e d w ith t h e i r p re s e n t job o r n o t , 60$ of th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re s t a f f and 58$ o f tobacco s t a f f in te rv iew ed in d ic a te d t h a t th ey were s a t i s f i e d w ith t h e i r p re s e n t job so f a r w h ile 40$ o f th e M in is t r y 's s t a f f a^d 42$ o f G .T.C. s t a f f responded th e y were n o t s a t i s f i e d w ith t h e i r job a s i t i s now (Table 22). M ajo r ity o f th e staff o f b o th o rg a n iz a t io n s however in d ic a te d t h a t th e re were o p p o r tu n i t ie s a v a i l a b le in t h e i r p re s e n t job to develop t h e i r t a l e n t s . . . . . / 5 7 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 57 - I t came o u t from th e in te rv iew t h a t th e re were w idesp read com p la in ts by farm ers t h a t e x te n s io n s t a f f u se most o f t h e i r tim e CLn t h e i r own farm s and a ls o use t h e i r p o s i t io n s to d ep riv e them o f in p u ts such a s f e r t i l i z e r s , i n s e c t i c id e s and seed s . When f i e l d s t a f f were a sked f o r t h e i r comments on such a l l e g a t io n s a s to w hether th e y were t r u e o r v a l i d , m a jo r i ty of th e s t a f f from b o th o rg a n iz a tio n s a dm itte d t h a t some of th e a l l e g a t io n s were in f a c t t r u e and v a l i d . However, some s t a f f r e f u t e d some o f th e a l l e g a t io n s a s u n tru e and w ith o u t b a s i s . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh CHAPTER V DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS _ 58 - 1. EBBS OH AL. EDUCATIONAL MB PROFESSIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FARMERS; (a ) Age and M a rita l S jta tu s s The f in d in g s r e v e a le d th a t fa rm ers engaged in tobacco c u l t i v a t io n were younger th an th o se in foodcrop fa rm ing , 8C ). The p e rcen tag e o f fa rm e rs w ith o u t any fo rm al e d u ca tio n was h ig h e r among foodc rop fa rm ers (49$>) th an among tobacco fa rm ers (3 8 ^ ). I t may be im p lie d th e r e fo r e t h a t young peop le a re more in c l in e d to have fo rm al e d u ca tio n th an o ld e r p eop le s in c e i t h as been shown th a t tobacco fa rm ers were younger th an th e foodc rop fa rm e rs . T h is cou ld be th e rea son f o r th e d i f f e r e n c e s i n e d u c a tio n a l a tta inm en t o f th e two groups. Another rea son may be t h a t tobacco c u l t i v a t io n r e q u i r e s more s c i e n t i f i c method th an fo o d c ro p s . I I . EDUCATIONAL MB HIOFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE OF FIELD STAFF E du ca tio n a l and p ro f e s s io n a l e x p e r ien ce i s a m a jo r c o n t r ib u t in g f a c to r to e f f e c t iv e e x te n s io n work. D ata show th a t th e M in is try of A g r ic u ltu re e x te n s io n s t a f f had more t r a i n i n g in a g r i c u l t u r a l e x te n s io n e d u ca tio n th an t h e i r c o u n te rp a r ts in th e Ghana Tobacco Company. Q u a l i f ic a t io n from an a g r i c u l ­ t u r a l i n s t i t u t e i s th e b a s ic requ irem en t o f th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re f o r th e employment o f i t s e x te n s io n s t a f f . GT C ©vx- O tkfcv K a n d y d id n o t p la ce any s t r i c t e d u c a tio n a l requ irem en t on th e r e c ru itm e n t o f i t s s t a f f s in c e , th e s t a f f employed o r r e c r u i t e d a r e g iven one y e a r on th e jo b in te n s iv e o r ie n ­ t a t i o n in tobacco ex te n s io n work. Thus th e t r a i n i n g o f G.T.C. s t a f f which seems to l a y too much emphasis on tobacco p ro d u c tio n may p re d isp o se them to l a c k d e t a i l o r b ro ad e r knowledge in e x te n s io n work in v o lv in g o th e r ctfops. . . . ./61 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 61 - F ind ings show th a t th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re s t a f f have lo n g e r y e a rs o f engagement a s compared to tho se o f G.T.C. s t a f f . Some of them have n ev e r been t r a n s f e r r e d from t h e i r base s t a t i o n s in c e engagement on th e jo b . One m in is t ry s t a f f r e p o r te d hav ing sp en t 10 y e a rs a t h i s p re s e n t s t a t i o n s in c e h i s engagement. On th e o th e r band, G .T.C . s t a f f a re f r e q u e n t ly t r a n s f e r r e d to o th e r s t a t io n s and re g io n s . T h is i t i s b e l ie v e d by th e a u t h o r i t i e s h e lp them to a c q u ire new e x p e rien c e s i n s o lv in g d i f f e r e n t problem s in d i f f e r e n t g eo g rap h ic a l a r e a s . I t i s b e liev ed ; t h a t when f i e l d s t a f f i s k e p t to o lo n g in one a r e a , th e re i s th e tendency , f o r him to become re la x e d in h i s work e s p e c i a l l y where su p e r ­ v is io n i s weak. The s t a f f a ls o become to o f a m i l i a r w ith th e problem s in th e a re a and te n d s to ta k e th in g f o r g ra n te d . B ersonal in te rv iew w ith some G.T.C. a u th o r i t i e s in d ic a te d t h a t f r e q u e n t t r a n s f e r o f th e s t a f f was d e l i b e r a t e l y i n s t i t u t e d a s a check to p re v en t s t a f f becoming r e la x e d and growing tobacco o r o th e r c rop s and to p re v en t c o l lu s io n w ith t h e i r fa n n e rs . Sofranko e t_ §1 , a l s o o b se rv ed t h a t p o s s ib le d iv e r s io n o f fa rm ers in p u t to tobacco s t a f f fa rm cause G-.T.C. a u t h o r i t i e s to p rev en t t h e i r s t a f f from grow ing tobacco th em se lv e s .^ ' ff.T .C . s t a f f though in d iv id u a l ly complained abou t th e f re q u e n t t r a n s f e r a s i n t e r f e r i n g o r d i s r u p t in g t h e i r c h ild re n ed u c a tio n j f e l t and a dm itte d t h a t th e y g e t more ex p e rien ce from coming to g r ip s w ith new s i t u a t io n s a s a r e s u l t o f th e t r a n s f e r s . I t i s su gg e s ted t h a t however good th e in te n t io n o f G .T.C . a u t h o r i t i e s may be in r e g a rd to th e p re s e n t t r a n s f e r s c o n s id e ra t io n shou ld a l s o be g iven to th e s t a f f c h ild re n ed u ca tio n problem . 61. Sofranko e t a l , p .5 *■/ 52* University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 62 - I I I . RESPONDENTS EXPOSURE TO EXTENSION ACTIVITIES (a ) Farm ers Exposure to A g r ic u l tu r a l E x ten sion S e rv ic e s ; A na ly s is o f d a ta shows t h a t more tobacco fa rm e rs th an foodcrop fa rm ers v i s i t e d o r made c o n ta c t w ith e i t h e r t h e i r e x te n s io n o f f i c e o r e x te n s io n s t a f f . The h ig h p e rcen tag e of tobacco fa rm ers making c o n ta c t w ith th e tobacco o f f ic e i s obv iou s, s in c e a t th e b eg in n in g o f e ic h crop sea son , fa rm ers who want to grow tobacco have to be r e g i s t e r e d a t th e tobacco o f f i c e , c o l l e c t m a te r ia l s and in p u ts and a r e r e q u ir e d to s e t t l e o r re sch edu le t h e i r p rev iou s d e b ts . The tobacco fa rm ers a r e th e r e fo r e more in c l in e d to r e p o r t to th e e x te n s io n o f f ic e f o r one re a so n o r a n o th e r . Out o f th e 51$ o f foodcrop fa rm ers who s a id th e y have n o t made any c o n ta c t du ring th e season w ith e i t h e r th e e x ten s io n s t a f f o r th e e x te n s io n o f f i c e , m a jo r i ty of them when asked why th e y have n o t found i t e x p ed ien t to v i s i t e x te n s io n o f f i c e s a id th e y had n o th in g to do th e r e and saw no re a so n why th e y have to w aste t h e i r tim e to be th e r e . When fa rm e rs who made the e f f o r t to c o n ta c t e x te n s io n o f f i c e o r t h e i r s t a f f were asked what prompted them to ta k e such app roach o r d e c is io n i t was n o te d th a t 16$ o f th e foodcrop fa rm ers and 2C$ tobacco fa rm ers went th e re f o r c o n su l ta t io n o r a d v ic e . 8C$ of foodcrop fa rm ers went th e re f o r th e pu rpose of p u rch a s in g f e r t i l i z e r s , in s e c t i c id e s o r o th e r in p u ts , w h ile a t h i r d of th e O ffic e tobacco fa rm e rs went to t h e i r e x te n s io n / to r e q u e s t f o r t r a c t o r s to p lough t h e i r f i e l d s . 60$ o f tobacco fa rm ers f e l t t h a t th e v i s i t s to them by e x te n s io n a g e n ts were v e ry u s e fu l o r u s e fu l a s compared to 61$ o f foodcrop fa rm ers who f e l t th e y have n o t b e n e f i te d in any way from v i s i t s o r c o n ta c ts w ith t h e i r e x te n s io n s t a f f (Table 6 ) . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh L ionberger, n o te d th a t a fa rm er must p e rc e iv e a need to adop t a p ra c t ic e , . He i s n o t go ing to make th e e f f o r t to adop t u n le s s i t i s w o rth th e r i s k . ^ Wilson e t al_, ob served th a t th e re was a c lo s e r e l a t i o n s h ip between fa rm ers co n ta c t w ith e x te n s io n te a c h in g o r o th e r exposure to e x te n s io n in fo rm a tio n and 63th e ad op tio n of recommended farm and home p r a c t i c e s . The r e s u l t o f t h i s s tu d y shows th a t fa rm ers go to e x te n s io n o f f ic e f o r the purpose o f g e t t i n g some in p u t s . I t can be concluded th a t th e degree o r e x te n t to which r u r a l fa rm e rs a r e exposed to e x te n s io n a c t i v i t i e s th ro u gh c o n ta c t by e x te n s io n s t a f f , p e rso n a l v i s i t s to o f f ic e and o r on farm l a r g e ly in f lu e n c e s t h e i r adoptSton b eh av io u r . There i s th e re fo re a g r e a te r n eed to expose fa rm e rs to such a c t i v i t i e s t h a t cou ld b r in g them in t o fo cu s w ith such e x te n s io n a c t i v i t i e s i n ou r e f f o r t to change fa rm ers a d op tio n p r a c t i c e s . Tobacco fa rm e rs i t can be assumed f e l t t h e i r n eed s s a t i s f i e d hence th e re a so n why m a jo r i ty o f them 9 a s compared to o f foodcrop fa rm ers r e p o r te d making c o n ta c t w ith th e e x te n s io n o f f i c e o r t h e i r s t a f f i n t h e i r a re a (Table 5 ) . At any r a t e , what i s b e in g suggested i s a need to " s e l l " e x te n s io n s e rv ic e to th e fa rm e r. They must p e rc e iv e som eth ing w o rth w h ile b e fo re th e y cou ld co n s id e r i t n e c e s s a ry and w orth th e e f f o r t and s a c r i f i c e o f t h e i r tim e . Of cou rse i f i t i s th e e x te n s io n o f f i c e r who v i s i t s th e fa rm e r, th e re i s no e x p en d itu re o f tim e on th e p a r t o f the fa rm er. 62. L ionbe rg e r, P’.H. - Adoption of Hew Id eas and P r a c t ic e s (i960 ) The Iowa S ta te U n iv e r s i ty P re s s , Anes Iowa p . 12. 63. W ilson, M.C. and G a llup , G ladys : Op c i t . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 64 - (t>) F ie ld S t a f f Exposure and E xperience i n E x ten s io n ¥ o rk ; The M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re s t a f f a s compared to the? O iW s t a f f in d ic a te d a more g e n e ra l o b je c t iv e s o f t h e i r o rg a n iz a tio n in th e improvement o f fq rm ers p r a c t i c e s . $ i T C o f i e l d e x te n s io n s t a f f a c t i v i t i e s were th e r e fo r e more t a i l o r e d in l in e w ith such s p e c i f i c o b je c t iv e s a s te a c h in g fa rm ers c o r r e c t tobacco husbandry p r a c t ic e s l i k e to p p in g .and s u c k e r in g , d ry p la n t in g and c u r in g p rocedu res which were un ique to tobacco p ro d u c tio n . The a b i l i t y of an ex te n s io n a g en t to be a b le to re a c h h i s fa rm e rs w ith fazm in fo rm a tio n w ith th e l e a s t e f f o r t c o n t r ib u te s a g r e a t d ea l to h i s i n c l i n a ­ t io n to d is se rm in a te in fo rm a tio n to h is f a im e r s . F in d in g s i n T ab le 9 show th a t th e m a jo r i ty o f G.T.C. s t a f f were a b le to re a ch t h e i r fa rm ers th an t h e i r c o n te r - p a r ts in th e M in is try of A g r ic u l tu re . T h is a b i l i t y by G.T.C , s t a f f to re a ch t h e i r fa rm ers were c o n tr ib u te d to l a r g e ly by f i r s t l y , th e f a c t t h a t m a jo r i ty re p o r te d l i v i n g c lo s e r to the fa rm ers th an th o se o f th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re s t a f f . Second ly , th e G.T.C. s t a f f i t was no ted had few er fa rm ers to h and le th an t h e i r M in is try of A g r ic u ltu re c o u n te rp a r ts . T h ird ly , i t was ob se rv ed th a t most of th e G.T.C. s t a f f were mobile and had a c c e s s to means o f t r a n s p o r t t o work w ith . On th e c o n tra ry , the M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re s t a f f i s p o o r ly equ ipped in re a ch in g th e la rg e p o p u la tio n of h is fa rm ers who l i v e i n remote a r e a s . The e f f e c t iv e n e s s o f e x te n s io n s t a f f i s enhanced by a manageable s t a f f - fa n n e r r a t i o which makes e f f e c t iv e s u p e rv is io n o f f 'a im ers p o s s ib le . In an a r t i c l e from Span in 1969? abou t K enya 's a g r i c u l t u r a l e x te n s io n s e r v ic e s , i t was found t h a t K enya 's r a p id a g r i c u l t u r a l development was made p o s s ib le by th e c o n tr ib u t io n o f a v e ry low e x te n s io n s t a f f - f a rm e r r a t i o ; one e x te n s io n w orker to 450 fa rm ers a s compared to 2 ,000 o r more fa rm ers to one e x te n s io n s t a f f i n , m. • / 65. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 65 - £>&«<' 64 manyA A fr ic an c o u n tr ie s . S b franko et. a l , found in 1974 th a t c lo s e s u p e rv is io n o f tobacco fa rm ers by G.T.C. s t a f f was p o s s ib le because o f t h e i r low tobacco a s s i s t a n t - farm er r a t i o and th e e x te n s iv e o r i e n ta t io n programme tobacco a s s i s t a n t had to undergo .*^ I t must be emphasised t h a t even though G.T.C. h a s made p ro g re s s a s a r e s u l t o f low s ta f f - f a rm e r r a t i o , i t i s c o n s id e red t h a t th e r a t i o i s too low and u n d e r u t i l i z e s th e s t a f f . C onverse ly , too h ig h a r a t i o as e x i s t i n g i n th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re o v e r ta x e s i t s s t a f f and re n d e r them i n e f f e c t i v e a s e x te n s io n a g e n ts . I t i s th e w r i t e r 's view t h a t an a ttem p t shou ld be made by b o th o rg a n iz a tio n s to b rid g e th e r a t i o g%p by f in d in g a manageable and conven ien t s t a f f - f a rm e r s iz e to a v o id th e p re s e n t s i t u a t i o n o f e i t h e r under­ u t i l i z i n g s t a f f o r o v e r ta x in g them. The s t a f f o f th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re in T ab le 10 in d ic a te d t h a t th e y were n o t a b le to make f re q u e n t v i s i t s to t h e i r fa rm ers and a t t r i b u t e d t h e i r f a i l u r e to the la rg e number of fa rm ers to s u p e rv is e , c o n f in n in g t h a t th e y a r e o v e rta x ed . IV . FARMERS SOURCE(s) OF FARM INFORMATION Data in T ab le 11 show a h ig h p e rcen tag e o f food crop fa rm ers r e p o r te d that(use o f ) r a d io 4 s a m ajor so iirce o f farm in fo rm a tio n th an tobacco fa rm e rs . 64. Gordon James : A gr icu ltu ra l Extension in 1960 Kenya. Extract from "SPAR" V o l .12 No.1 1969 in legon A gric . News, V o l.3 No.1 1969. 65. Sofranko e t a l . . . . / 6 6 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 66 - .Almost h a l f of tobacco fa rm ers r e p o r te d se ek in g in fo rm a tio n by c o n ta c t in g t h e i r f i e l d s t a f f . The n e x t m ajor’ so u rce o f farm in fo rm a tio n f o r fo odc rop fa rm ers a p a r t from t h o i r f i e l d s t a f f i s th rough f r i e n d s and t h e i r fa rm in g n e i^ ib o u rs . On th e whole r a d io fo llow ed by c o n ta c t th rough e x te n s io n s t a f f , f r i e n d s and n e ighbou rs in t h a t o rd e r were th e main so u rc e s o f in fo rm a tio n to foodcrop fa rm ers w h ile c o n ta c t th rough e x te n s io n s t a f f , r a d io and fa rm e rs m eetings were th e m ajor sou rce of in fo rm a tio n f o r to b acco fa rm e rs . No s ig n i ­ f i c a n t r e l a t io n s h ip s were found between th e s e in fo rm a tio n so u rce s among th e two e x te n s io n o rg a n is a t io n s . The h igh p e rcen tag e of foodc rop fa rm e rs r e p o r t in g th e u se o f r a d io a s a sou rce o f in fo rm a tio n i s en cou rag in g because th e r a d io keeps them in tune w ith a c t i v i t i e s o u ts id e t h e i r l o c a l i t y and ou t o f i s o l a t i o n w ith u rban dw e lle rs . T h is i s p rob ab ly th e o n ly mass method o f communication which th e fa rm er may to o b ta in . T h is i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e and n e c e s s a ry in view o f th e f a o t t h a t f i e l d s t a f f r e p o r te d n o t b e in g a b le to v i s i t ^ h e i r fa rm e rs who l i v e in remote a re a s» . The r e l ia n c e on tobacco s t a f f by tobacco fa rm e rs f o r in fo rm a tio n seems to have been c o n tr ib u te d to by th e f a c t t h a t f i e l d s t a f f a r e e a s i l y a v a i l a b le to th e fa rm ers a s a r e s u l t o f th e low s t a f f - fa rm e r r a t i o . I t may be assumed th a t tobacco fa rm ers a p p re c ia te d th e r o le t h o i r s t a f f p la y a s su ch havo fo ia id them capab le o f g iv in g them in fo rm a tio n b o th r e l a t e d and u n r e la te d to th e c rop th e y grow. T h is s ta tem en t seems to be c o la b o ra te d by th e h ig h p e rcen tag e of tobacco fa rm ers (64%) who r e p o r te d th e y d is c u s s e d t h e i r farm problem s w ith t h e i r tobacco f i e l d s t a f f (Table 12 ) . have acce ss to o r can a f f o rd . . / 6 7 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 67 - Though th e p e rcen tage in th e o th e r c a te g o r ie s o f peop le whemfarmers d is c u s s t h e i r problem s w ith were low , i t i s i n t e r e s t i n g to n o te t h a t a g a in abou t 17^ o o f th e foodcrop f a n n e rs and 1Q?o o f tobacco fa rm e rs s a id th e y c o n s u l t f r ie n d s and r e l a t i v e s w ith t h e i r fa rm ing problem s w h ile 14$ o f fo odc rop fa rm e rs and 16$ o f tobacco fa rm ers s a id th e y do n o t c o n su lt anybody abou t t h e i r problem s I t i s p o s s ib le th e l a t t e r group d id n o t f e e l th e need to d is c u s s t h e i r problem s o r t h a t th ey sim p ly f e l t th e y were capab le o f s o lv in g t h e i r own p rob lem s. Fanners m eetings were f r e q u e n t ly h e ld w ith th e tobacco fa rm e rs by G.T.C. s t a f f because i t i s a p o lic y o f th e o rg a n iz a t io n to have i t e v e ry month w hereas th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re does n o t i n s i s t on such a m ethod, hence th e l e s s number of fa rm ers m eetings h e ld by i t s s t a f f . V. TEACHING METHODS USED BY FIELD EXTENSION STAFF Table 13 shows th a t f i e l d d em on stra tio n accoun ts f o r 23$ and 25$ o f th e te a c h in g methods r e p o r te d used by f i e l d e x te n s io n s t a f f o f th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re and Ghana Tobacco Company r e s p e c t iv e ly . P e rso n a l d is c u s s io n s th rough v i s i t s by ex te n s io n s t a f f was a l s o u sed by 17$ o f th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re s t a f f and 2 5 of G .T.C. s t a f f , O oup te a c h in g method n am ely :- fa rm ers m ee tin g s , group d is c u s s io n s e t c . , to g e th e r c o n tr ib u te d to 68$ and 54$ o f th e te a c h in g methods u sed by th e M in is try and G .T.C. s t a f f r e s p e c t iv e ly , w h ile ra d io th e on ly mass te a c h in g method was m en tioned by 17$ and 2Jfo o f th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re and G .T.C. s t a f f r e s p e c t iv e ly . Even though r a d io i s r e p o r te d h e re a s b e in g one o f th e te a c h in g methods u sed , i t s usage i a on n a t io n a l netw ork r a th e r th an lo c a l . The o th e r mass method, new spapers, TV e t c . were n o t m entioned and t h i s may be due to th e f a c t t h a t r u r a l fa rm e rs do n o t have acce ss to them . One d isadv an tag e to th e u se o f r a d io i s t h a t th e method does n o t le n d i t s e l f to a two-way communication %nd th e r e fo r e th e . . . . / 6 8 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 68 in d iv id u a l fa rm e r canno t r e l a y h i s problem s under th e s p e c i f i c s i t u a t i o n s he o r she o p e ra te s f o r c o n s id e ra t io n and immediate s o lu t io n . I t s g r e a te s t advantage however i s th e aw areness i t c r e a te s by p ro v id in g in f o rm t io n o f w idesp read i n t e r e s t . L io nb e rg e r, w ro te th a t a l o t o f r e s e a rc h has been done to show t h a t mass media, p a r t i c u l a r l y r a d io , TV and new spapers a re most u s e f u l a s so u rce s o f 66i n i t i a l in fo rm a tio n . S a v i le , a l s o ob served t h a t mass method o f g iv in g in fo rm a tio n i s u s u a l ly d esigned to c re a te aw areness and i n t e r e s t in new id e a s Glamong p eop le . KB-py o f th e fa rm ers in d ic a te d t h a t th e y took g r e a t i n t e r e s t in th e Ghana B ro ad c a s tin g C o rp o ra tio n (G .B .G .) r a d io farm programmes o c c a s io n a l ly because th e y te a c h them abou t new fa rm ing methods and new id e a s . I t i s f e l t t h a t th e p o t e n t i a l o f t h i s aw areness and i n t e r e s t c r e a t in g te a c h in g method i s u n d e ru t i l i z e d and fa rm ers p e r s o n a l ly com plained abou t th e tim e f a c to r a s b e in g too s h o r t . I t must be em phasised h e re t h a t however u s e fu l mass media i s and f o r t h a t m a tte r r a d io a s a p o t e n t i a l sou rce o f te a c h in g fa rm e rs abou t new methods o f a d o p tio n , i t shou ld be re c o g n ise d a s an "a id " to th e e x te n s io n worker r a th e r th a n a s a prime mover o f fa rm e rs to a c t io n . Group te a c h in g methods u n l ik e mass method a re e s p e c i a l l y e f f e c t iv e in moving peop le from th e i n t e r e s t s ta g e s to t r i a l s ta g e s of a c c e p t in g new id e a s . When th e r e a c t io n of th e group i s fa v o u ra b le , th e m a jo r i ty of i t s members a re most l i k e l y to p roceed to th e a d o p tio n s ta g e . Both th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re and G .T.C . s t a f f showed a h ig h p e rcen tag e o f th e u se o f fa rm ers m ee tin g s . I t was ob served t h a t a g r i c u l t u r a l shows a re m o s tly u sed by th e M in is try of A g r ic u ltu re 66. L io nb e rg e r, F .H . : Op c i t . 67. S a v i le , H.A. s Ib id . • . . 6 9 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 69 - s t a f f and r a r e l y u sed by G.T.C. s t a f f a s a te a c h in g method. Farm ers m ee ting a c co rd in g to G.T.C. s t a f f a re h e ld a t l e a s t m onth ly n o t o n ly to b r i e f fa rm ers about th e tim e to sow s e e d l in g s , to p l a n t , to c u l t i v a t e and to m arke t p roduce , bu t a ls o to f in d ou t w hether fa rm e rs a r e do ing th e r i g h t p r a c t ic e s and a re le a rn in g to so lv e th e problems th ey fa c e in th e a d o p tio n o f th o se p r a c t i c e s . U nlike th e mass te a c h in g method, group te a c h in g methods th e r e f o r e g ive the fa rm ers th e chance to p a r t i c i p a t e and g e t in v o lv ed in d e b a te , d eo is io n making and p la n n in g p ro c e s s , and i s an e f f e c t i v e means o f exchang ing id e a s and s t im u la tin g o th e r fa rm ers to a c t io n . In d iv id u a l te a c h in g method, r e p re s e n te d by farm v i s i t s o r p e rso n a l c o n ta c t and d isc u s s io n has a low p e rcen tag e usage by bo th th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re and G.T.C. s t a f f (Table 14) a s compared to group m ethod. T h is method i s in s trum e n ta l in g e t t in g fa rm ers to adop t new p r a c t i c e s . The p e rso n a l in f lu e n c e o f th e e x te n s io n worker, h i s con fid ence in h im se lf and th e fa rm er a re v i t a l in s e c u r in g c o -o p e ra tio n and p a r t i c ip a t io n from th e fa rm e r. D esp ite i t s g r e a t e s t advan tage a s a prime mover fo r a c t io n , th e method i s c o s t ly %id tim e demanding e s p e c i a l l y when th e means o f reach ing the fa rm er i s la c k in g . Table 14 shows t h a t m a jo r i ty o f f i e l d s t a f f from b o th th e M in is t ry o f A g r ic u l­ tu re and Ghana Tobacco Company r e p o r te d ly found in d iv id u a l te a c h in g methods more a p p lic a b le and s u i t e d to t h e i r a re a th an group mass m ethods. T h is i s v e ry encouraging because i t shows th a t bo th th e s t a f f and t h e i r o rg a n iz a t io n s r e a l i s e th a t to g e t new id e a s to fa rm e rs , f i e l d s t a f f sh ou ld make p e rso n a l c o n ta c t w ith them. There shou ld be a two-way communication f o r th e exchange o f id e a s . Even though t h i s i s tim e consuming and uneconom ical, i t in p ro v e s fa rm e rs con fid ence i n ex ten s io n s t a f f and the e f f e c t iv e n e s s of th e w o rk e rs . The f in d in g s a l s o show t h a t in d iv id u a l te a c h in g method th rough p e rso n a l v i s i t s i s a s in g le most w id e ly u sed * •.«/tq» University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 70 - te a c h in g method by the m a jo r i ty o f th e f i e l d s t n f f . F i e ld d em on s tra tio n was r e p o r te d ly a ls o w id e ly used by bo th o rg a n iz a t io n to edu ca te t h e i r fa rm ers to the ad op tio n of new p r a c t i c e s . In Table 15, f i e l d s t a f f were a sk ed to sco rc f o r th e e f f e c t iv e n e s s o f th e te a c h in g methods th ey u s e . In s c o r in g , th e s t a f f were a sk ed to be gu ided by the f o l lo w in g :- ( l ) The su cce ss o f th e method in in f lu e n c in g p eop le to make a d e s ire d change o r p r a c t ic e and (2 ) th e amount o f te a c h in g e f f o r t s expended on the method. F in d in g s show th a t \ri s i t by p e rso n a l c o n ta c t and c a l l o f s t a f f s c o re d h ig h e s t among M in is try o f A g r ic u l tu r a l s t a f f fo llow ed by f i e l d d em onstra tion and farm ers m ee ting s . Tobacco f i e l d s t a f f sco red h ig h e s t in f i e l d d em on s tra tio n fo llow ed by p e rso n a l v i s i t o r c o n ta c t and fa rm ers m ee tin g s . I t a p p ea rs bo th th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re and G.T.C. s t a f f f in d p e rso n a l c o n ta c t and f i e l d d em onstra tion th e most e f f e c t iv e means o f te a c h in g t h e i r fa rm ers abou t farm in n o v a tio n . Radio b ro ad c a s t which fa rm ers co n s id e red t h e i r m a jo r sou rce o f farm in fo rm a­ tio n was n o t sco red by e x te n s io n s t a f f a s v e ry a p p l ic a b le to t h e i r u se i n t h e i r l o c a l i t y . I t may be assumed th e r e fo r e t h a t i t s a c tu a l in f lu e n c e o r im pact on farm ers to make d e s ire d change in a d o p tio n m igh t have been d i f f i c u l t f o r s t a f f to access a s compared w ith th e o th e r te a c h in g methods sim p ly because i t o n ly te n d s to c re a te aw areness and n o t move fa rm ers to a c t io n as m en tioned e a r l i e r . I t must be emphasized h e re th a t th e t o t a l in f lu e n c e o f a p a r t i c u l a r te a c h in g method may be la rg e because o f th e emphasis p la c ed upon i t in th e e x te n s io n te a c h ­ in g p la n . C onverse ly , the t o t a l in f lu e n c e o f a method may be r e l a t i v e l y sm all owing to the l i t t l e u se made of i t in the e x te n s io n te a c h in g p la n . A lthough, th e re i s no d a ta on th e amount o f e f f o r t o r tim e expanded on th e v a r io u s teach ing :, m ethods, th e g en e ra l im p ress io n by fa rm ers i s t h a t th e amount o f tim e a l lo c a t e d to ra d io farm forum by G.B.C. i s too s h o r t . • . . %/71 • University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 71 - I t was observed th a t farmers exposure to ex ten sion teach ing in v a r ia b ly pred isposes them to adoption o f new p r a c t ic e s . Table 16 shows th a t many food crop farmers reported having le a rn t the use o f chem ical f e r t i l i z e r s and in s e c t i ­ c id es in th e ir farms as a r e su lt o f b e in g in troduced to them by ex ten s ion a g en ts . Tobacco farmers a lso mentioned f e r t i l i z e r a tpp lica tion , and sucker con tro l in tobacco as the major p ra c tic e s they have adopted and found v ery b e n e f ic ia l , 71 . FARMERS PERCEPTION’ OF EXTENSION WORKERS Table 17 g iv e s an in d ic a t io n o f farmers p ercep tion o f th e ir f i e l d s t a f f . The high percentage (43$) o f foodcrop farmers in d ic a t in g th a t th e ir s t a f f were not u se fu l to them was d isco '\rag ,n g . D ishonesty o f f i e l d s t a f f was mentioned by 28$ o f tobacco farmers. Only 16$ o f foodcrop farmers and 15$ o f tobacco farmers gave a good im pression of t h e ir f i e l d s t a f f . I t seems there i s a general farmers - - - ' 1 m istrust o f ex ten sion s t a f f in the two o rgan isa tion s p a r t ic u la r ly when i t comes to the question or m atters r e la t in g to money, e i th e r in purchasing produce or in the d is tr ib u tion o f farm inputs and c r e d it . Tobacco farmers complained o f ch ea tin g by th e ir f i e l d s t a f f though such a l le g a t io n s were denied by s t a f f . T h is seems to confirm e a r l ie r s tu d ie s by Nuhu on d ishonesty among tobacco f i e l d s t a f f . Foodcrop farmers on the o ther hand complained about th e ir f i e l d s t a f f cheating and d iv ers ion o f inpu ts meant fo r farmers in to p r iva te hands and favou r ite s of the s t a f f thereby denying farmers of the much needed inpu ts which they were compelled to buy a t p ro h ib it iv e p r ic e s . Such m istru st reduces the c r e d ib i l i ty o f ex ten s ion s t a f f and expose, them to severe c r i t ic i sm s . Attempt should th ere fore be made to minimize such m istru st and s tep s taken t® rev ive farmers confidence in ex ten sion s t a f f . • * *./72- University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 72 - A lthough fa rm ers held mi3giv3ngs abou t t h e i r o x to n s io n s t a f f , over h a l f o f them (bo th foodcrop and tobacco fa rm e rs ) f e l t t h a t e x te n s io n ed u c a tio n has c o n tr ib u te d a l o t to th e improvement o f fa rm e rs perfo rm ances (T ab le 18 ). While 31 f o f foodc rop f a r n e r s and 36fo o f tobacco fa rm e rs f e l t e x te n s io n e d u ca tio n has n o t done much f o r th e fa rm er. However, a h i ^ i p e rc en tag e o f foodcrop fa rm ers (82 .4$) a s compared to 16fo o f tobacco fa rm e rs in d ic a te d t i n t v i s i t p a id to them by t h e i r e x te n s io n s t a f f were n o t a d eq u a te . The mere f a c t t h a t fa rm e rs rem arked t h a t v i s i t s were n o t adequa te shows, th a t most of them re g a rd f re q u e n t c o n ta c t w ith f i e l d s t a f f and a t te n d in g e x te n s io n c a l l s a s v e ry im p o r ta n t . However th e y r e l i a s e d th a t th e s e c a l l s and c o n ta c ts w ith ex ten s io n s t a f f from ex p e rien ce shou ld be more f re q u e n t i f th e y a r e to produce p o s i t iv e im pact on them. They seem v e ry d is a p p o in te d a t th e i r r e g u l a r and a t tim es no v i s i t p a id by t h e i r e x te n s io n s t a f f p a r t i c u l a r l y a t th e tim e when th e y a re most needed . As much as 62fo o f fo odc rop fa n n e rs f e l t t h e i r s t a f f were n o t doing t h e i r b e s t a s compared to 24$ o f tobacco fa rm e rs . M a jo r ity o f tobacco farm ers 72fo were s a t i s f i e d w ith t h e i r f i e l d s t a f f perfo rm ances w h ile 64$ o f th e foodcrop fa rm ers r e p o r te d b e in g d i s s a t i s f i e d w ith t h e i r s t a f f p e rfo rn an c e s on t h e i r jo b . Fork by some r e s e a r c h e r s showed t h a t fa rm e rs were a b le to a s s e s s th e impact o f e x te n s io n v i s i t s on t h e i r p e rfo rm ances . F o r example, F ic to r io n o te d th a t fa rm e rs c i t e d ig n o ran ce of farm tech no lo gy because o f the f a c t t h a t e x te n s io n g workers d id n o t v i s i t them a s a r e s u l t th e y were d i s s a t i s f i e d w ith t h e i r p ro d u c tio n . 69Again G a s te l lo showed th a t th e re was a s i g n i f i c a n t p o s i t iv e r e l a t io n s h ip between con tac t w ith e x te n s io n w orker and a d o p tio n of recommended r i c e p r a c t i c e s i n 68. ¥ ic to r . io , P .R . : A s tu d y on th e S e lda System , MAT t h e s i s (e c o n .) N o tre Dame U n iv e r s i ty 1971 in A ll in a ffrad.n o f R ice by G a s te l lo G. 19 69. G a s te l lo , G. ; Op p i t . . . . . / 7 3 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 73 - E h i l ip in e s and th a t r i c e fa rm e rs a t t r i b u t e d th e d e c lin e o f t h e i r y ie ld s to th e 70 absence of te c h n ic ia n s (e x te n s io n a g e n ts ) and la c k o f p ro d u c tio n in p u t s . The c o n c lu s io n th a t can be drawn from th e f in d in g in T ab le 18 i s t h a t i n th e op in ion o f th e fa rm e rs , tobacco f i e l d s t a f f can be s a i d to be p e rfo rm ing t h e i r d u t ie s b e t t e r th an t h e i r c o u n te rp a r ts in th e M in is try o f A g r ic u l tu r e . There i s ev idence to su p po rt th a t t h i s b e t t e r perform ance on th e p a r t o f G.T.C. s t a f f seems to have been enhanced by th e t im e ly r e g u la r and ad equa te p ro v is io n of th e n e c e s s a ry in p u ts and a ls o by b e t t e r s u p e rv is o ry work and n o t by th e f a c t th a t th e tobacco f i e l d s t a f f a re s u p e r io r i n in t e l l i g e n c e th an t h e i r c o u n te r p a r t s . ¥hen s u p e rv is io n i s la c k in g most f i e l d s t a f f r e l a x . As Sofranko e t a l n o te d , c lo s e r su p e rv is io n of G.T.C. s t a f f and th e p ro v is io n of f a c i l i t i e s make them more e f f e c t i v e . 711. FACTOBS ASP PROBLEMS LIMIT MG jKTfflSIQCT WflRK When s t a f f were a sk ed abou t problem s l im i t i n g t h e i r e x te n s io n work, ’fobacco f i e l d s t a f f in d ic a te d th a t la c k o f t r a c t o r s to plough t h e i r fa rm e rs f i e l d s and farm la b o u r were th e m ajo r problem s th e y p e rc e iv e to be p re v e n tin g t h e i r fa rm ers to in c re a s e p ro d u c tio n . The M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re s t a f f on th e o th e r hand, m entioned in a d d i t io n to t r a c t o r s the u n a v a i l a b i l i t y o f farm in p u ts and c r e d i t a s th e main ^ p e rc e iv e d e lim it in g f a c t o r to in c re a s e t h e i r fa rm ers p ro d u c tio n (Table 1 9 ) . These item s m entioned by th e s t a f f were emphasised by th e fa rm ers when th ey were asked to in d ic a te the problem s o r f a c to r s t h a t p rev en t them from w orking e f f e c t i v e l y . O ther item s o r f a c to r s m entioned to a l e s s e r deg ree by th e fa rm ers p a r t i c u l a r l y tobacco fa rm ers were la n d a c q u i s i t io n and u n a t t r a c t iv e n e s s of p roduce r p r ic e (T able 2 0 ) . 70. So franko , A .J . e l al_ • • . * /74 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Tobacco Farmers i t was observed d id n o t c o n s id e r fa rm in p u ts l i k e f e r t i l i z e r s , i n s e c t i c id e s and c r e d i t a s problem s l im i t i n g t h e i r p ro d u c t iv i ty . A c lo se lo ok a t th e o p e ra tio n o f G.T.C. r e v e a le d th a t th e se problem s have been a n t ic ip a te d and tak en c a re o f i n t h a t th e y a re s u p p lie d to th e tobacco fa rm ers a t th e r i g h t time and in s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t i e s . W ith r e s p e c t to la c k of t r a c t o r s and farm la b o u r , i t was n o ted t h a t la c k o f sp a re p a r t s and th e g en e ra l s c a r c i t y of la b o u r fo rc e on th e m arket were th e r e a so n s f o r th e d e t e r i o r a t i n g s i t u a t i o n . Even in t h i s r e s p e c t , th e G .T.C. a u th o r i t i e s t r y as a h e lp t o fa rm ers to h i r e p r iv a te t r a c t o r s and la b o u r f o r t h e i r fa rm e rs so t h a t th e c o s t i s s e t t l e d from the p roceeds of tobacco s a l e s . Thus G.T.C. a u t h o r i t i e s f o r a lo n g time have made i t a p o l ic y t h a t t h e i r fa rm e rs a r e p ro v id ed w ith th e n e c e s s a ry req u irem en ts th a t make the ad op tio n o f new improved methods n e c e s s a ry . T h is su p p o rts So franko e t a l c la im t h a t most of th e t r a d i t i o n a l b o t t le n e c k s to in c re a s e p ro d u c tio n have 71been a n t i c ip a te d and m inim ised by th e Ghana Tobacco Company L im ited . On th e c o n tra ry , i t was o b se rv ed t h a t w ith th e e x c ep tio n o f su p p ly o f f e r t i l i z e r and ch em ica ls , by th e e x te n s io n idepartm en t o f th e M in is t ry of A g ricu l­ tu r e , th e foodcrop fa rm e rs have to make t h e i r own in d iv id u a l e f f o r t s w ith o u t th e ex ten s io n d ep a rtm en ts h e lp i n p ro c u r in g , t r a c t o r s , farm la b o u r , o th e r farm in p u ts and farm c r e d i t . While i t i s n o t b e in g ad vo ca ted h e re t h a t fa rm e rs shou ld be spoon fe d (as th e a t t i t u d e of G.T.C. may seem to c r e a te ) i t must be emphasised th a t fa rm ers have to be g iven some in c e n t iv e s and b re a th in g space i n t h e i r e f f o r t to adop t new te c h n o lo g ie s which in some in s ta n c e s a r e beyond t h e i r means. The r i s k s in v o lv ed in fa rm ing r e q u ire t h a t fa rm e rs shou ld be m o tiv a ted to in c re a s e p roduc tio n and one such m o tiv a tin g f a c t o r i s g iv in g fa rm e rs some in c e n t iv e su ch a s - 74 - . . . */ 7 5 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh p ro v id in g them w ith th e much needed in p u ts and s o f t c r e d i t s . Foodcrop fa rm e rs complained o f i n s u f f i c i e n t and cumbersome p rocedure in o b ta in in g farm c r e d i t . There were com p la in ts t h a t fa rm e rs had to b r ib e t h e i r way b e fo re lo a n s e ou ld be is s u e d to them. T h is com p la in t sh o u ld be g iven s e r io u s a t t e n t io n a s i t poses a b ig problem, to fa rm e rs . Of c o u rse the q u e s tio n o f c r e d i t to fa rm ers much a s i s s t im u la t in g and im po rtan t must be app roached w ith c a u t io n . Most bank ing i n s t i t u t i o n s when p e r s o n a l ly c o n fro n te d w ith th e i s s u e a s to fa n n e rs com plain t o f n o t b e in g g iven enough c r e d i t a t th e r i g h t tim e m entioned fa x n o rs r e f u s a l to rep ay lo an s a s a b o t t le n e c k to f u tu r e lo an s b e ing is s u e d to o th e r fa rm e rs . GF.T.C. a u th o r i t i e s c la im th e y had to T rrite o f f huge fa rm e rs lo a n s a s "bad debt" because fa rm e rs f a i l e d to re p ay the lo a n s . T h is con firm s th e rea son why banks a re v e ry R e lu c ta n t to g iv e o u t l e a n s to f a r o ^ r s . l a th e w r i t e r 's o p in io n , c r e d i t i s e s s e n t i a l to fa rm e rs development and expansion o f t h e i r faun s and i t sh ou ld be worked to f i t i n to th e e x te n s io n a c t i v i t i e s and must be e a sy to o b ta in w ith o u t one hav ing to b r ib e a bank o f f i c i a l . I t i s th e op in ion of th e w r i t e r t h a t g iv in g fa rm e rs c r e d i t w ith o u t showing them how to make e f f e c t iv e use of i t , e n su r in g ad equa te u t i l i z a t i o n o f farm la b o u r and e x ten s io n s t a f f o r lo a n o f f i c e r s f a i l i n g to make fo llow -up o f te n r e s u l t in m isuse o f th e lo a n s , over in d eb ted n e ss to th e fa rm er and huge lo s s e s to th e c r e d i t i n s t i t u t i o n s . I t i s th e r e fo re sugg es ted t h a t fa rm e rs must be edu ca ted on e f f e c t iv e u t i l i z a t i o n o f c r e d i t . In an in te rv iew w ith f i e l d s t a f f abou t problem s th e y f a c e , b o th th e M in is try of A g r ic u ltu re and Gi TC f i e l d s t a f f l i s t e d among o th e r th in g s , la c k of in p u ts , and m ach inery (Table 21) to t h e i r fa rm e rs , poo r s e rv ic e c o n d i t io n s , la c k of means - 75 - . . . . / 7 6 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh _ 76 - o f t r a n s p o r t and too f re q u e n t t r a n s f e r s ( in th e case o f G .T.C. s t a f f ) a s t h e i r m ajor problem s. The n a tu re o f a g r i c u l t u r a l e x te n s io n r e q u ir e s t h a t s t a f f shou ld be m obile to be a b le to re a ch fa rm ers in remote a r e a s . I t i s th e re fo re im p e ra tiv e t h a t e x te n s io n s t a f f shou ld be m o b ile . S e rv ic e cond i­ t io n s shou ld be c r i t i c a l l y examined and com p la in ts o f c a n c e l l a t i o n s o f t r a n s p o r t a llow ance to e x te n s io n o f f i c e r s (or m anagement]should be g iven a c r i t i c a l lo o k . E x ten sio n s t a f f shou ld be made s a t i s f i e d i n t h e i r jo b by p ro v id in g them w ith th e t o o l s and m a te r ia l s o f th e r i g h t k in d to work w ith I t i s th e w r i t e r 's view t h a t no m a tte r how e f f i c i e n t an a g en t i s , h i s e f f o r t w i l l come to n o th in g i f he i s ^ e f t to r o t and) n o t g iven the ad equa te to o ls and in c e n t iv e s to make him do h i s job e f f e c t i v e ly . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh flHAEPER VI j-iTTMMARY., COCTCLUSIQHS MD RECOMENDATIONS SUMMARY; Th is s tu d y a ttem pted , to examine and compare th e e f f e c t iv e n e s s o f th e e x ten s io n d e l iv e ry system s and te a c h in g methods o f two o rg a n iz a t io n s , nam ely ;— th e M in is try of A g r ic u ltu re (a government c o n t r o l le d agency) and th e Ghana Tobacco Company L im ited (a p r iv a t e p ro d u c tio n ag en cy ), th a t a re made a v a i la b le to t h e i r fa rm e rs . I t a ls o t r i e d to s tu d y th e e x te n s io n s t a f f o f th e o rg an iz a ­ t io n s app roach and a t t i t u d e to work and t h e i r p rob lem s. Data were c o l l e c te d from re sp ond en ts i n seven a r e a s . The f i r s t b e in g p e r so n a l , e d u c a tio n a l and p ro f e s s io n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of th e two sample g roups fa rm ers and s t a f f . The second , fa rm e rs expo su re to e x te n s io n s e r v ic e s . The t h i r d s e c t io n was f i e l d s t a f f exposu re to and cxpo ricn co s in e x te n s io n work. The fo u r th s e c t io n of in v e s t ig a t io n was concerned w ith fa rm e rs s o u rc e ( s ) o f farm in fo rm a tio n . F i f t h was E x ten sion te a c h in g methods b e in g u sed by f i e l d s t a f f . S ix th was fa rm ers p e rc e p tio n of e x te n s io n w orkers and l a s t l y , f a c to r s and problem s l im i t i n g e x ten s io n work in the o rg a n iz a t io n s . I t was a n t i c ip a te d t h a t t h i s s tu d y m ight p rov id e some in s ig L t in to fa rm e rs re spon ses to e x te n s io n work in th e o rg a n iz a t io n s concerned and th e c o n s tra in ts - to th e p ro v is io n o f e f f e c t iv e e x te n s io n ed u c a tio n to th e fa rm ers a s v iewed by b o th th e fa rm ers th em selves and th e f i e l d e x te n s io n s t a f f whose r e s p o n s ib i l i t y i t i s to edu ca te fa rm e rs . I t was a ls o hoped th a t th e s tu d y would l a y a founda­ t io n f o r sub sequen t r e s e a rc h in th e a r e a . - 77 - . . ./ 7 8 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 78 - HYPOTHESIS TESTED The g en e ra l h y p o th e s is t e s t e d was? There i s no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e in th e e x te n s io n d e l iv e ry method u sed by th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re f o r i t s fo o d c ro p fa rm e rs and t h a t of Ghana Toba­ cco Company L im ited f o r i t s p r im a r i ly tobacco fa rm e rs . The main h y p o th e s is h ad su b -h ypo th e s is and th e s e were examined in d iv id u a l ly i n th e a n a ly s i s . DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data f o r t h i s s tu d y were o b ta in ed from p e rso n a l in te rv iew w ith 51 foodcrop and 25 tobacco fa rm ers and 17 e x te n s io n s t a f f o f th e two o rg a n iz a t io n s in ¥ en ch i and E ju ra d i s t r i c t s from M id-October to e a r l y November i n 1980. A na ly s is o f th e d a ta was l im i te d to freq u en cy p e rc en tag e d i s t r i b u t i o n fo r s im p l ic i ty and c l a r i t y . C ross t a b u la t io n were a l s o u sed and c h i- sq u a re t e s t a p p lie d where a p p ro p r ia te to de term ine th e e x is te n c e o r n o n -e x is te n c e o f r e l a t i o n ­ sh ip s between v a r i a b l e s . SUMMARY OF FINDINGS I . PERSONAL. EDUCATIONAL .AND PROFESSIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FARMSBS; The s tu d y re v e a le d th a t tobacco and fo od c rop fa rm e rs in te rv iew e d were younger th an th e norm al average o f fa rm ers p a r t i c u l a r l y cocoa and c o -o p e ia t iv e fa rm e rs , w ith tobacco fa rm ers b e ing younger th an th e foodcrop fa rm e rs . Age i s viewed a s a n e g a tiv e f a c t o r i n fa rm ing . More men th an women were engaged in tobacco and foodcrop fa rm ing . Foodcrop fa rm ers i t was r e v e a le d had more c h i ld r e n / fam ily th an t h e i r tobacco fa rm e rs and t h i s s e rv e s a s a s e c u r i t y a g a in s t farm la b o u r . E du ca tio n a l a t ta inm e n t of tobacco fa rm ers was h ig h e r th an foodcrop fa rm e rs and s in c e tobacco fa rm ers were younger th an t h e i r foodcrop fa rm e rs , i t may im p ly . . . . / 7 9 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh t h a t young peop le a re more in c l in e d to have fo rm al e d u c a tio n th an o ld e r ones . I t i s b e lie v e d t h a t th e h ig h e r e d u c a tio n a l a tta inm en t o f tobacco fa rm ers coup led w ith y o u th fu ln e s s in f lu e n c e d t h e i r a d o p tio n b eh av iou r th an t h e i r foodorop c o u n te r ­ p a r t s . I I . KDTTRiATTON AND PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCES OF FIELD STAFF F in d in g s r e w a l e d t h a t th e M in is t ry of A g r ic u ltu re e x te n s io n s t a f f have, more b ro ad e r t s a in in g in a g r i c u l tu r e th an G .T.C . s t a f f . However i t was- o b se rv ed th a t G.T.C. s t a f f were g iven in te n s iv e d r i l l on the. job to make up f o r fo rm a l a g r i c u l t u r a l e d u ca tio n l o s t in a g r i c u l t u r a l c o lle g e and o r i n s t i t u t e . M a jo r ity o f M in is try of A g r ic u ltu re s t a f f h ad lo n g e r y e a rs of engagement th an t h e i r G.T.C. c o u n te rp a r ts . T'here were much f re q u e n t t r a n s f e r s of G.T.C. f i e l d s t a f f . I t was observed th a t t h i s was done i n t e n t i o n a l l y by G.T.C. a u th o r i ­ t i e s to g e t o r expose t h e i r s t a f f to problem i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and s o lu t io n i n o th e r growing a r e a s . However t h i s p rob ab ly good in t e n t io n on th e p a r t o f th e a u th o r i ­ t i e s i s d e te s te d by the s t a f f who complained th a t i t d is r u p te d t h e i r famil y and c h i ld re n e d u c a tio n . On th e o th e r hand i t was n o te d th a t l e s s f r e q u e n t t r a n s f e r s o f th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re s t a f f g iv e way to too much f a m i l i a r i t y and l a x i t y on th e p a r t o f th e s t a f f . I I I . RESPONDENTS EXPOSURE TO EXTENSION ACTIVITIES (a ) F a n n e rs ; I t was found t h a t tobacco fa rm ers v i s i t e d o r made c o n ta c t more o f te n w ith t h e i r e x te n s io n s t a f f th an t h e i r food c rop c o u n te rp a r t s . V i s i t to th e tobacco o f f i c e to be r e g i s t e r e d , c o l le c t io n o f farm in p u ts and p ro d u c tio n m a te r ia l s , and o c c a s io n a l g e n e ra l fa rm ers m ee tin g s , m ight have been th e main c o n tr ib u t in g f a c to r s t h a t b rought tobacco fa rm ers more o f te n i n touch w ith t h e i r e x te n s io n s t a f f . - 79 - . . . ./80 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh I t was found th a t most food crop fa rm e rs a ls o w ent to t h e i r e x te n s io n o f i i c e m a in ly to T>urchase farm in p u t s p e c i f i c a l l y f e r t i l i z e r s and s in c e th e y were n o t a v a i la b le most of th e tim e , th e y found i t u n n ece ssa ry and w aste o f tim e to pay fre q u e n t v i s i t th e r e . Above a l l m a jo r i ty o f them re p o r te d t h a t t h e i r c o n ta c t w ith t h e i r e x te n s io n s t a f f have n o t been u s e f u l s in c e th e y were r a r e l y v i s i t e d by th e s t a f f . I t was conc luded t h a t fre q u en cy o f v i s i t to fa rm e rs and th e degree of t h e i r exposure to e x te n s io n a c t i v i t i e s l a r g e ly in f lu e n c e d t h e i r a d o p tio n b eh av io u r . F tirth e rm o re , tobacco fa rm e rs v e ry o f te n had t h e i r n eed s and w ants s a t i s f i e d hence th e re a so n why more v i s i t s t o th e e x te n s io n o f f i c e were made u n l ik e t h e i r fo o d crop c o u n te rp a r ts . (b) F ie ld S t a f f s Ghana Tobacco Company s t a f f r e p o r te d b e in g a b le to re a c h t h e i r fa rm e rs more th an th e m in is t r y o f a g r i c u l tu r e s t a f f . T h is i t was o b se rv ed was p o s s ib le because o f th e f a c t t h a t G.T.C. s t a f f l i v e d c lo s e r to t h e i r fa rm e rs , had few er % fa n n e rs th an t h e i r c o u n te rp a r ts in th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re to a t te n d to and to and were b e t t e r p rov id ed w ith means o f t r a n s p o r t to ru n t h e i r work# In. o th e r w ords, th e re was a low er s ta f f - f a rm e r r a t i o in G.T.C, th an in th e M in is t ry of A g r ic u l tu r e . As much a s t h i s i s good f o r G .T.C, in t h e i r s u p e rv is io n work, i t was though t th e G.T.C'. s t a f f were u n d e r u t i l i z e d w h ile th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re p re s e n t to o h ig h s ta f f - f a rm e r r a t i o o v e r ta x t h e i r s t a f f . I t was sug g e s ted by th e a u th o r t h a t a c o nv en ien t and manageable s t a f f - fa rm er r a t i o shou ld be found to av o id th e extrem e s t a f f - f a rm e r r a t i o s th e tiro o rg a n iz a tio n s p r e s e n t ly have to make e f f e c t iv e and economic u t i l i z a t i o n o f t h e i r f i e l d s t a f f p o s s ib le . The f in d in g s a ls o con firm ed e a r l i e r r e s e a rc h works t h a t c lo s e r su p e rv is io n of G.T.C. fa rm e rs by t h e i r s t a f f was due to th e low s t a f f / f a rm e r University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 81 - IV. FARMERS SOURCES OF FARM REFORMAT 1(11 More foodcrop fa rm ers r e p o r te d ra d io a s t h e i r m a jo r so u rce o f farm in fo rm a tio n w h ile m a jo r i ty o f tobacco fa rm e rs in d ic a te d c o n ta c t w ith t h e i r s t a f f a s t h e i r c h ie f sou rce o f in fo rm a tio n . O ther so u rc e s o f o b ta in in g in fo rm a tion by b o th foodcrop and tobacco fa rm e rs were th ro ugh f r i e n d s , n e ighbours and fa rm ers m ee tin g s . I t was su g g e s ted th a t th e use of r a d io , a m ajor sou rce of farm in fo rm a­ t io n to r u r a l peop le shou ld be encouraged e s p e c ia l ly where fa rm e rs have no a cce ss to o th e r means of g e t t in g in fo rm a tio n . Tobacco fa rm ers r e p o r te d a ls o th e f r e q u e n t use o f fa rm e rs m ee ting a s a means of ta p p in g farm in fo rm a tio n . T h is i t was n o te d has been made p o s s ib le th rough g r e a te r em phasis o f use of fa rm ers m ee ting a s a te a c h in g method by Cr.T . C. a u th o r i t i e s • I t was found t h a t m a jo r i ty of bo th G.T.C. and th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re s t a f f u sed group te a c h in g methods nam ely; d em on s tra tio n , fa rm e rs m eeting s and a g r i c u l t u r a l shows m ain ly in t h e i r e d u c a t io n a l i n s t r u c t i o n s to t h e i r fa rm e rs . In d iv id u a l te a c h in g method by v i s i t s and p e rso n a l c o n ta c t was th e s in g le h ig h ly u sed te a c h in g method by b o th g roups o f s t a f f , G.T.C. s t a f f sc o re d h ig h ly f o r th e use o f fa rm ers m ee tin g . There were s ig n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s between methods u sed among th e two sample g roups of s t a f f . Radio though u sed e x te n s iv e ly as a so u rce o f fa rm e rs in fo rm a tio n was n o t u sed a s a te a c h in g method by f i e l d s t a f f b ecause i t was found to be in a c c e ­ s s ib le to them. M a jo r ity of s t a f f of b o th groups found group te a c h in g methods more a p p l ic a b le and s u i ta b le th an in d iv id u a l and mass m ethods. However m a jo r i ty o f th e M in is try o f A g r ic u l tu r a l s t a f f f e l t th ey found p e rso n a l c o n ta c t more s u i ta b le a s a te a c h in g method fo llow ed by d em onstra tion atofi f o rp o r s m oo ting . On th o o th e r hand, tobacco s t a f f rccoirdod dcnanctaatAon. h o r e e f f e c t iv e fo llow ed b y in d iv id u a l c o n ta c t by v i s i t s and fa rm ers m ee tin g s . , . . . / 8 2 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh I t was concluded by the a u th o r th a t group te a c h in g method p a r t i c u l a r l y d em onstra tion and fa rm ers m eetings shou ld be i n t e n s i i i e d a s i t h e lp s in re ach ­ in g many p eop le and th e f a c t t h a t i t y ie ld s q u ic k e r r e s u l t s by s t im u la t in g many fa rm ers to a c t io n . V. FAR1WRS PERCEPTION OF EXTENSION STAFF Farm ers p e rc e p tio n o f e x te n s io n s t a f f was marked w ith mimed f e e l i n g s , f c l l e tobacco fa rm ers f e l t s a t i s f i e d w ith t h e i r f i e l d s t a f f p erfo rm ances, th e y c r i t i c i s e d them fo r t h e i r d ish o n e s ty and c h e a t in g . On th e o th e r hand , fo odc rop fa rm ers were d i s s a t i s f i e d w ith t h e i r s t a f f ’ s perfo rm ances and com plained abou t t h e i r s t a f f c h e a tin g and d iv e r t in g in p u ts to t h e i r f a v o u r i to o and f r i e n d s . Th is a t t i t u d e o f s t a f f i t was ob served te n d s to reduce fa rm e rs con fid ence in. them. I f e jo r i ty o f fa rm ers a p p r e c ia te d th e r o le e x te n s io n e d u ca tio n p lay ed in t h e i r ed u ca tio n b u t r e g r e t t e d t h a t i t has n o t made much im pact on them . V I. FACTORS AND PROBLEMS. LIMIT INS EXTENSION WORK I t was ob served t h a t m a jo r i ty o f foodcrop fa rm e rs and t h e i r s t a f f f e l t th a t la c k of t r a c t o r s , farm in p u ts , and c r e d i t were th e m ajo r s e tb a c k in in c r e a s in g fa rm ers p ro d u c t iv i ty . F in d in g s re v e a le d t h a t most o f th e s e se tb a ck s have been a n t i c ip a t e d by G.T.C. a u t h o r i t i e s and th e y have made some s e r io u s e f f o r t s to m inim ize them . D esp ite th e e f f o r t made, th e t r a c t o r and farm la b o u r problems were s t i l l a p p a re n t . Foodcrop fa rm ers i n a d d i t io n , com plained of in ad equa te c r e d i t and th e b e a u ro c ra t ic b o t t le n e c k s th e y had to surmount to secure farm lo a n s . Almost a l l the f i e l d s t a f f o f the two o rg a n is a t io n s l i s t e d la c k o f in p u ts , poor s e rv ic e c o n d it io n s f o r s t a f f , too f re q u e n t t r a n s f e r s , and la c k o f means o f t r a n s p o r t a s m ajor f a c to r l im i t in g t h e i r e f f e c t iv e n e s s in t h e i r jo b . I t i s suggested t h a t tho a u t h o r i t i e s c r i t i c a l l y look in to th e se problem s and t r y and University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh f i n d s o lu t io n s to them to en ab le e x te n s io n s ta f f " p u t up t h e i r maximum, CONCLUSION; From th e f in d in g s i t was concluded th a t G .T.C. e x te n s io n s e rv ic e s to t h e i r fa rm e rs were more e f f e c t iv e i n te rm s of p ro v is io n o f p ro d u c tio n in p u ts and th e e x te n s io n te a c h in g methods u sed th an th o se of th e M in is try of A g ricu l­ t u r e . The s tu d y re v e a le d t h a t fo od c rop and tobacco fa rm ers in te rv iew ed were younger th an th e ave rage Ghanaian fa rm er p a r t i c u l a r l y i n comparison w ith cocoa fa rm e rs , w ith tobacco fa rm ers b e in g younger th an food crop fa rm e rs . Tobacco fa rm ers had h ig h e r e d u c a tio n a l a tta inm en t th an t h e i r foodcrop fa rm e rs . Thus i t was conc luded th a t th e h ig h e r e d u c a tio n a l a t ta inm e n t of tobacco fa rm ers coup led w ith y o u th fu ln e s s m ight have in f lu e n c e d t h e i r a d o p tio n b ehav iou r th an t h e i r foodcrop members. On e d u c a tio n a l and p ro fe s s io n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e i r s t a f f i t was n o te d th a t G^T.C. s t a f f r e c e iv e d l e s s fo rm al t r a i n i n g in b a s ic a g r ic u l tu r e edu ca tio n b u t seems to make up t h i s lo s s in fo rm al a g r i c u l t u r a l e d u c a tio n th rough in te n s iv e on th e job t r a i n i n g o f f e r e d by G .T.C. The M in is try o f A g r ic u l tu r a l s t a f f i t was no ted s ta y ed too lo n g a t t h e i r b a se s t a t i o n w ith o u t t r a n s f e r r e s u l t i n g in p o s s ib le r e la z e d a t t i t u d e to work. G.T.C. a u t h o r i t i e s in a ttem p t to p o s s ib ly p rev en t t h i s and to g e t t h e i r s t a f f to g a in more ex p e rie n ce from d i f f e r e n t l o c a t io n s , make too f re q u e n t t r a n s f e r s o f t h e i r s t a f f which g r e a t ly a f f e c t s the s t a f f ' s s o c ia l and fam ily s e t up . The v a r io u s a c t i v i t i e s tobacco fa rm ers have to go th rough in th e c u l t iv a ­ t io n o f tobacco such a s r e g i s t r a t i o n o f g row ers, deb t and lo an re s c h e d u le s in p u t requ irem en t and supp ly a l lo c a t io n , m arke ting and buy ing p ro cedu re s p red isp o se them to making f re q u e n t v i s i t s to th e e x te n s io n o f f ic e and more c o n ta c t w ith e x te n s io n a c t i v i t i e s th an foodcrop fa rm e rs . - 8 j -University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh G.T.C. s t a f f i t was ob se rv ed , perfo rm ed b e t t e r th a n t h o i r M in is try of A g r ic u ltu re c o u n te rp a r ts in te rm s of th e a b i l i t y to v i s i t o r re a c h t h e i r fa rm ers w ith e x te n s io n in fo rm a tio n and ad o p tio n p r a c t i c e s . T h is s i t u a t i o n seems to have been g r e a t ly enhanced by ( l ) G.T.C. low s t a f f fa rm er r a t i o a s compared to to o h ig h r a t i o o f th e m in is t r y o f a g r i c u l t u r e . (2 ) G.T.C. s t a f f a re more mobile and (3 ) t h i r d l y th e f a c t t h a t G.T.C. s t a f f a c t i v i t i e s a re r e g u la r ly m on ito red th an th o se o f th e M in is try of A g r ic u l tu r e s t a f f . Th is f in d in g con firm s e a r l i e r work w hich showed t h a t c lo s e r s u p e rv is io n o f G .T.C . fa rm ers by G.T.C. s t a f f was due to th e low s t a f f - f a rm e r r a t i o . I t was found t h a t m a jo r i ty o f foodc rop fa rm e rs u sed r a d io a s t h e i r m ajo r sou rce of farm in fo rm a tio n w h ile tobacco fa rm e rs c a p i t a l i s i n g on th e s t ro n g r e la t io n s h ip s and l i n k w ith t h e i r f i e l d s t a f f u sed v i s i t s , p e rs o n a l c o n ta c ts and fa n n e rs m eeting s a s means o f s e c u r in g in fo rm a tio n . T h is h as been made p o s s ib le a s a r e s u l t o f emphasis p la ced by G.T.C. a u t h o r i t i e s on th e s e ch anne ls a s e f f e c t i v e te a c h in g m ethods. The s tu d y r e v e a le d t h a t b o th G.T.C. and th e M in is try o f A g r ic u l tu re u se group te a c h in g methods p a r t i c u l a r l y , d em on s tra tio n s , fa rm e rs m ee tin g s , a g r i c u l ­ t u r a l shows a s form s o f e d u c a tio n a l i n s t r u c t i o n s w ith t h e i r f a rm e rs . However, p e rso n a l c o n ta c t th rough in d iv id u a l s t a f f v i s i t s was found to be h ig h ly u sed by G.T.C. s t a f f . S ig n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e was found betueen th e te a c h in g methods u sed . Group te a c h in g method was found most s u i t a b le and a p p l ic a b le to m a jo r i ty o f b o th s t a f f . I h i l e th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re s t a f f found p e rso n a l c o n ta c t a more e f f e c t iv e te a c h in g method, G.T.C.. s t a f f re co rd ed d em on stra tio n and fa rm ers m eetings a s t h e i r most e f f e c t i v e te a c h in g m ethods. - 84 - • . . ♦/85. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Both groups of fa rm ers i t was n o ted r e a l i s e d th e p o s i t iv e c o n tr ib u t io n e x te n s io n p lay ed in t h e i r fa rm ing ed u c a tio n and ad o p tio n o f new p r a c t i c e s , b u t were d is a p p o in te d by th e e x te n s io n s t a f f p a r t i c u l a r l y th o se of th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re who th e y s a id , had perfo rm ed below t h e i r e x p e c ta t io n . W ith r e s p e c t to fa rm ers p e rc e p tio n o f e x te n s io n s t a f f , tobacco fa rm e rs though s a t i s f i e d w ith t h e i r s t a f f perfo rm ance, were s t r o n g ly c r i t i c a l o f s t a f f d is h o n e s ty and c h e a t in g . Foodcrop fa rm ers were however d i s s a t i s f i e d w ith t h e i r s t i f f perfo rm ances and c r i t i c i s e d them f o r c h e a tin g and d iv e r s io n o f in p u ts to t h e i r f a v o u r i te s and f r i e n d s . la c k o f t r a c t o r s , u n a v a i l a b i l i t y o f f e r t i l i z e r s , i n s e c t i c i d e s , c u t l a s s e s , and la c k of and o r in s u f f i c i e n c y o f farm c r e d i t were th e m a jo r l im i t i n g f a c to r s to fa rm ers in c re a s e d p r o d u c t iv i ty . Though most o f th e s e problem s have been w e ll taken c a re o f by G .T.C. a u th o r i t i e s on b e h a l f o f t h e i r fa rm e rs i n such a way th a t th e fa rm ers a re b e t t e r p la ced and have l e s s problem s re g a rd in g in p u ts and c r e d i t supp ly . la c k o f t r a n s p o r ta t io n , poor s e rv ic e c o n d i t io n s , la c k o f in p u ts and la c k o f concern shown by t h e i r b o sse s to them were problems m entioned by s t a f f a s hampering t h e i r work, though tobacco s t a f f i t was found were b e t t e r o f f th an t h e i r c o u n te rp a r ts . Both o rg a n iz a t io n s , i t was observed were more concerned abou t th e te c h n ic a l and economic b e n e f i t s fa rm ers can d e riv e from e x te n s io n s e r v ic e s t han on th e s o c ia l development o f th e fa rm er and h i s fam ily . As a r e s u l t , te a c h in g methods and ex te n s io n programmes designed were more s e r v ic e r a t h e r th a n e d u c a tio n a l o r ie n te d . Undoubted ly , some c r e d i t f o r G.T.C. e x te n s io n p ro g re s s has been a t t r i b u t e d to i t s s t a f f - f a rm e r c o n ta c t w ith one s t a f f s e rv in g l e s s th an 200 fa rm ers compared w ith over 1,000 farm er& .by th e M in is try of A g r ic u ltu re s t a f f , G.T.C. i t seems h a s • • • • /S 6 . - 85 -University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh _ 86 - c o n c en tra te d on b u i ld in g a more e f f e c t i v e e x te n s io n s t a f th an th e M in is try o f A g r ic u l tu re . However, i t must bo concluded t h a t th e main le s s o n o f G-.T.C. su ccess s to r y i f we may c a l l i t so a s th e s tu d y shows i s n o t th e e x te n s io n s t a f f e f f e c t iv e n e s s a lo n e . A g r ic u l tu r a l e x te n s io n has been shown to be s u c c e s s fu l o n ly when o th e r f a c to r s fav ou r the r a p id a d o p tio n of new improved te ch n o lo g y . Having to d ea l w ith a monocrop l i k e tobacco w ith i t s s p e c ia l i s e d te c h n iq u e s , th e p ro v is io n o f in p u ts a t th e r i g h t time and th e i n t e r g r a t i o n o f modem p ro d u c tio n system s l i k e f e r t i l i z e r s , i n s e c t i c i d e s , w e ed ic id e s , chem ical f o r su ck e r c o n t r o l , e f f e c t iv e m ark e tin g and p r ic in g system s have in th e w r i t e r s view been th e c o n t r ib u t in g f a c to r s . RECOMMENDATIONS The fo llow in g recommendations based on th e f in d in g s o f th e s tu d y were made: 1 . There i s an u rg e n t n eed f o r s t a f f to re -exam ine t h e i r r e s p o n s ib i l i t y and r o le to th e fa rm e r . E x ten sion s t a f f sh o u ld make more e f f o r t to v i s i t t h e i r fa rm ers and educa te them on the a d o p tio n o f improved p r a c t i c e s . 2 . A conven ien t s t a f f - f a rm e r r a t i o th a t i s aimed a t making e f f e c t iv e u t i l i z a t i o n of f i e l d s t a f f and re so u rc e s a v a i la b le sh o u ld be found p a r t i c u l a r l y in th e M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re where i t s fa rm ers a r e w id e ly s c a t t e r e d w ith j u s t a few s t a f f i l l - e q u ip p e d w ith means of r e a c h in g them . 3« Radio was found to be a p o t e n t i a l sou rce o f in fo rm a tio n to fa rm ers in remote a re a s and t h i s g r e a t p o te n t i a l o f c r e a t in g aw areness shou ld be ta p p ed . O ther te a c h in g methods l i k e d em on s tra tio n , fa rm ers m ee tin g and p e rso n a l con tac .ts shou ld a ls o be e x p lo i te d to improve on fa rm ers a d o p tio n b eh av io u r . However r a d io shou ld be used a s an " a id ” and n o t a s a prime mover o f p eop le to a c t io n . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 4 . Group te a c h in g methods shou ld g r e a t ly he encouraged and improved upon as th e y h e lp re ach more peop le a t a tim e -and s t im u la te o th e r p eop le to a c t io n . 5 . There i s an u rg e n t need f o r a u t h o r i t i e s to make e f f e c t iv e su p e rv is io n o f e x te n s io n s t a f f a r e a l i t y to keep s t a f f on t h e i r to e s . 6. The p a r t c r e d i t and p ro v is io n o f mecharrijWI s e r v ic e s p la y in th e se fa rm ing a re a s i s im p o r ta n t. There i s a n eed th e r e fo r e to develop e f f e c t iv e i n s t i t u t i o n s to p rov id e such s e rv ic e s to fa rm e rs . These shou ld p rov id e p o s i t iv e inducement to th e improvement o f farm te c h n iq u e s . 7 . I t i s a ls o s t r o n g ly recommended t h a t a p o s i t i v e and s e r io u s e f f o r t shou ld be made to g e t farm in p u ts l i k e f e r t i l i z e r s , i n s e c t i c i d e s improved s e e d s , c u t la s s e s to fa rm e rs a t the r i g h t tim e and a t re a so n ab le p r ic e s f o r u s e . In p u ts shou ld n ev e r be a llow ed to be a c o n s t r a in t to fa rm ers a d o p tio n o r u se of new p r a c t i c e s . 8 . I t i s recommended t h a t f i e l d s t f t f f shou ld be p rov id ed w ith th e n e c e s s a ry to o ls w ith which th e y can p e ff’orm t h e i r work e f f e c t i v e l y . One canno t see how e x ten s io n s t a f f can be expec ted to perform w e ll when th e y la c k me^ns o f t r a n s p o r t to v i s i t fa rm ers and th e re i s no i n t e r e s t shown by t h e i r bo sses to improve t h e i r s a la ry and c o n d it io n o f s e r v ic e . 9 . I t was ob served by th e a u th o r t h a t tobacco fa rm e rs a s w e ll a s o th e r cashcrop fa rm ers have been w ithd raw ing from th e grow ing o f th e s e c rop s in favou r o f foodcrops because th e cash c ro p s a r e h e a v i ly dependent on la b o u r and modem farm in p u ts and t h a t r e tu r n s on some of th e se ca sh c rop s a re n o t commensurate w ith th e la b o u r and e f f o r t pu t in by th e fa rm e rs . On th e o th e r hand, th e in c re a s in g u rban p o p u la tio n coup led w ith in c r e a s in g demand f o r food f o r home consumption h as made foodcrop fa rm ing more p r o f i t a b l e i n te rm s o f c a sh r e t u r n s . - 87 - • . . . / 8 8 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 88 - I t i s th e re fo re recomaedod by th e a u th o r t h a t to k eep th e tobacco and o th e r cash crop in d u s t r i e s ru n n in g , a ttem p t shou ld be made by G .T.C. and th e i n d u s t r i e s concerned to d ev ice means o f a t t r a c t i n g fa rm ers to t h e i r c u l t i v a t io n by p ro v id in g more p roduc tio n in c e n t iv e s in th e se a r e a s . The fo llow in g in c e n t iv e s were th e r e fo r e su g g e s ted and recommended; ( i ) The to bacco and th e o th e r cash c rop p roduc ing a g en c ie s shou ld endeavour to p lough f o r fa rm e rs ' cash c rop f i e l d s a s w e ll a s t h e i r foodcrop ones so t h a t fa rm e rs cou ld con tin u e to c u l t i v a t e t h e i r foodcrop f o r home con­ sumption and a t th e same tim e grow th e c a sh c rop s to fe e d th e in d u s t r i e s and to supplem ent t h e i r fa rm ing income. ( i i ) P roducer p r ic e s f o r cash c ro p s sh ou ld be made v e ry a t t r a c t i v e i n comparison w ith th o se o f fo o d c ro p s . Both th e l e v e l and th e d e p e n d a b il i ty qr s t a b i l i t y o f p r i c e s f o r farm p ro du c ts in f lu e n c e th e deg ree to which th e y p rov id e in c e n t iv e s to fa rm e rs to in c re a s e p ro d u c tio n . ( i i i ) A t t r a c t iv e and s o f t c r e d i t s sh ou ld be made a v a i la b le to cash crop fa rm ers to induce them to grow cash c ro p s . ( iv ) E x ten s io n work in th e cash c rop c u l t i v a t io n shou ld be rev iew ed and enhanced . T h is shou ld aim a t g iv in g s t ro n g p o s i t iv e inducem ent to th e improvement o f fa rm ing te c h n iq u e s , fa rm ers i n s t i t u t i o n s and o rg a n iz a tio n in th e r e s p e c t iv e a re a s concerned and must be su p p o rted by th e r e l a t e d a g e n c ie s , and shou ld be c lo s e ly l in k e d w ith such a s s o c ia te d s e r v ic e s a s fa rm e rs c o -o p e ra t iv e s j m arke ting and a g r a r ia n reform programmes. (v) M arketing of cash c rops shou ld be improved and made e a s i e r i n such a way t h a t sp o t cash payment a r e p a id f o r p roduc ts pu rch ased and l a s t l y (v i) Farm ers e f f o r t s sh ou ld be re c o g n iz ed , a p p r e c ia te d and rew arded by b o th th e o rg a n iz a t io n s concerned and by th e government and g e n e ra l p u b l ic . P u b lic r e c o g n it io n i s n ever a s u b s t i t u t e f o r economic in c e n t iv e s , b u t i t can h e lp to in c re a s e fo rm e r 's p ro d u c t iv i ty . . . . . / 8 9 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 89 - I B 1 I 0 8 1 A I I Y 1 . Adomoko, A lb e r t . 2'. 3. 4 . 5 . 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Backstrom , G.H. and Hursh, B orte i-D oku , E* s G a s te l lo , G.T. s Chang, C,W. : D e f le u r , K .L. j Dobynn, II. F . : Dumor, E.E.IC. ; F a rquha r, R.N. s Geker, J . K. s Gordon, James ; Gordon, James s "A g r ic u l tu ra l P o lic y " S ta tem en t by Commissioner of A g r ic u l tu re a t 1968 E a s te rn Region A g r ic u l tu r a l Show a t K b fo rid u a . Legon A g r ic u l tu r a l News V o l.2 N o.3 , 1969. G.D. t "Drawing th e Sample". Su rvey R esea rch M inneopo lis 1963. N orth W estern U n iv e r s i ty P re s s . "A f r e s h look a t T r a d i t io n a l Sm all S ca le F a rm er" . The Ghana Fairoer - V o l.SV III No.1 "A ll i n a g ra in o f r i c e " . S ou th E a s t A sian R eg iona l C en tre Fo r G raduate S tudy and R esea rch In A g r ic u ltu re 1975. In c re a s in g Food P ro du c tio n Through. E duca tion R esea rch and E x ten s io n . ( F A O ) Rome 1963. T h eo rie s o f Mass Communication N.Y. David Machey Co. I n c . 1966. "B lunders w ith B o ls a s " . A ca se s tu d y of D if fu s io n o f C lose B asin A g r ic u l tu re . Human O rg an iz a tio n 1 0 .25 . "Development o f A g r ic u l tu r a l E x te n s io n " . A se a rch f o r S t r a te g y . A p ap e r d e l iv e re d a t I n te r n a t io n a l Sem inar on Socio—econom ic Problems o f R u ra l Development U .C.C. , 1976. "Concept and Term inology in A g r ic u l tu r a l E x ten s io n " - A g r ic u l tu r a l E x ten sio n tfanual (FAO) Rome (E d .) By Maunder H.A. 1972. "A S tudy o f P re - s e rv ic e P ro fe s s io n a l Development needs f o r A g r ic u l tu r a l E x ten s io n O f f ic e r s In Ghana", (U npublished Ph.D. t h e s i s ) . M ichigan S ta te U n iv e r s i ty 1976. "A g r ic u l tu ra l E x ten s io n P o lic y in Ghana" Iggon A g r ic u l tu r a l News Y ol. ^ No.1 1969. "A g r ic u ltu ra l E x ten s io n in 1960 Kenya", E x tra c t from»SPAN" Y o l .12 No.1 1969. Legon A g r ic u l tu r a l News V o l .3 No.1 • . . . / 90. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 90 - 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18, 19. 20. 21 . 22. 23. 24 . 25. 26. "C o -o p e ra tiv e a s I a s t r u n e n t f o r R ura l Development in Ghana". (U npub lished M .S c .. t h e s i s ) U n iv e r s i ty o f Ghana 15 Gyokyo, L.O. Hansen, H.M. H u ru itz , W.N'. and Madow, G.W. s Sample Su rvey Methods and Theory "Methods and A pp lic a tio n " N.Y. W illey 1953. KLansmeier, H .J . and H ip p ie , R .E . : L ea rn ing and Human A b i l i t i e s N.Y. Hhrperd Row 1971. K im nerling , B. : K u ranch ie , P .A . ; Brapong, A.A. : Jo Anyane, S . : La Anyane, S . and A ffu l , E.N Leagans, Paul s L io n b e rg e r , F .H , : Lynn, C .W . s Mrunder, H.A. 1 Moser, C.A. and S a ito h , G. s Nuhu, D.A. : "S u b s is te n c e Crop, Cash Crop and U rban iza tion . Sbme n a t e r i a l from Ghana, Uganda and th e Ivor; C o a s t. R u ra l S o c io logy V o l.36. Wo.4 1971. "Modal Farm P lan f o r Tobacco Farm ers i n E ju ra . and ¥ en ch i a r e a s of Ghana11 M.Sc. M s s e r t a t i o r U n iv e r s i ty o f Ghana, 1971. "A g r ic u l tu ra l E duca tion and T ra in in g Ghana - Legon N ov ., 1970 Legon A g r ic u l tu r a l News V o l.4 N o .2 1973. ' ' Ghana A g r ic u l tu r e . Oxford U niv . P re ss 1963* . s "A r e p o r t on th e Tobacco I n d u s try i n Ghana". (U npublished r e p o r t ) D ept, o f A gri­ c u l tu re , 1967. E x ten s io n O b je c tiv e s USAID E x ten s io n S e rv ic e .- . Adoption o f New Id e a s and P r a c t ic e s The Iowa S ta te U niv . P re s s A aes, Iowa 1960. A g r ic u l tu r a l E x ten s io n and A dviso ry Iferk w ith S p e c ia l R eference to th e C o lon ie s (London) H.M. SAanoner O f f ic e . (E d .) A g r ic u l tu r a l E x ten sion R efe rence Ifanual (FAO) Rome 1972. "Methods o f C o lle c t in g th e In fo rm a tio n " I I I In te rv iew in g . Survey Methods In S o c ia l I n v e s t ig a t io n s 2nd Ed. B asic Books In c . N.Y. 1972. "F ac to rs A ffe c t in g Adoption o f In n ov a tio n o f Tobacco Farm ers in E ju ra A rea . (U npubli­ shed M.Sc. T h e s is ) U n iv e r s i ty of Ghana, Legon 1976. . . . . / 9 1 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 91 - 27 . O k a li, 0* , Gyekye, L.O. and Mahey, S . t "R eport on Socio-Econom ic C h a r a c te r i s t i c s o f th e A shan ti Cocoa R e h a b i l i t a t io n P ro je c t A rea, ISSBR Legon 1974. 28. R enders , J.M .A. s (E d .) Methods and Programme H an n in g in R u ra l E x te n s io n . ¥ agen ingen H. Veenman and Zonen 1956. 29. S teenbu rgh , Nancy V. : An E v a lu a tio n o f th e N a tio n a l Diploma In A g r ic u ltu re and Animal H ea lth Programmes Given a t th e U n iv e r s i ty o f Ghana, H .Sc. T h e s is - U n iv e r s i ty o f Guelph 1975. 30. S o franko , J .A . F re d e r ic k C. F l i e g e l and P le tc h e r , V.R. : A g r ic u l tu r a l M odern iza tion S t r a te g y among Ghanaian Farm ers Technology and C u ltu re (E d .) . B ernard K arsh. 31. W atson, M.O. and Mends-, H. : A S tudy o f O rg an iz a tio n , Manpower Development and T ra in in g o f th e M in is try o f A g r ic u l tu re , Accra - M in is try o f A g r ic u l tu r e 1973. 32. W ilson, M.C. and G allup G ladys : ’’E x ten s io n T each ing Methods”. U.S.. D ept- o f A g r ic u ltu re E x ten s io n S e rv ic e C ir c u la r 495 Ifay 1954. 33. ¥ i c t o r i o , P.R . ; "A S tudy o f th e S e lda System . HA.5P T h e s is i n Econom ics. N o tre Dame U n iv e r s i ty 1971. /92 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh APPENDIX j . INTERVIEW OF CASE CROP FARMERS IN WENCHI AND EJURA AREIS INTRODUCTION Dear Farm er, I am ta lk in g to fa rm ers in t h i s v i l l a g e and many p a r t s o f th e c o u n try . We a re conduc tin g a s tu d y to f i n d ou t what you and o th e r fa rm ers know ab o u t A g r ic u l tu r a l E x ten s io n S e rv ic e s , t h e i r invo lvem en t in a g r i c u l tu r e e x te n s io n work and how th e y a r e b e n e f i t in g from th e s e rv ic e s re n d e re d by a g r i c u l t u r a l e x te n s io n o rg a n iz a t io n s i n th e c o u n try . We have p ick ed you because we a re p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t e d in. (Tobacco, Tam, Ifa ize , G roundnuts, C o tto n , G&rden Eggs e t c . ) f a rm e r s . And want to f i n d ou t how we can b e s t a s s i s t you and o th e r s i n your f a m in g work. R es t a s s u re d t h a t your answ ers w i l l n o t , under any c ircum stan ces be g iven to anyone. Your r e p l i e s w i l l be h e ld in s t r i c t c o n f id e n c e . What I do need i s your h e lp on th e q u e s t io n n a ir e . Above a l l , I would be g r a te f u l i f you w i l l be f r a n k and g ive c a r e f u l though t to th e q u e s t io n s I w i l l a sk you. Think you . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh appendix A DEMOGRAPHIC DATA 1 . What i s you r age? 2. 3 . 4 . 5 . 6. 7 . 8. 9 . 10. 1 . Less th an 20 y e a rs 2 . Between 20 - 30 y ea rs 3 . Between 31 - 40 y e a rs 4 . Between 41 - 50 y e a rs 5 . Over 50 y e a r s . What was th e h ig h e s t c l a s s you re ach ed a t Schoo l? 1 . Had no s c h o o lin g 2 . A ttended mass e d u c a tio n 3 . E lem en tary School C la ss 1 - 3 4 . Middle School S ta n d a rd 1 - 7 5 . T eacher T ra in in g 6. Secondary S choo l 7 . T echn ica l C o llege 8 . P o s t-S e c . 9 . O th e rs (S p ec ify ) ( ) Female M irr ie d ( Sex: ) ( ) S in g le Male M a r ita l S ta tu s : I f f e r r i e d No. o f C h ild ren : I f M arried No. of Wives : R e lig io n : CASH CROP FARMERS EXPOSURE TO AGRIC. EXTENSION What i s your p r in c ip a l c ro p you grow f o r s a le ? 1 . Jfaize ( ) 4. G roundnuts ( 2 . Yam ( ) 5 . Garden Eggs ( 3 . Cassava. ( ) 6 . Tobacco ( ( ) D ivo rced ( ) ■ %; > ) 7. 8. 9. Tomatoes F ib re Cotton What i s your ave rage ac reag e o f t h i s crop you grow y e a r ly : What o th e r crops do you grow in a d d i t io n to your p r in c ip a l c rop : P le a se l i s t them w ith a c re a g e , 1, 2 , 3 . ( ) ( ) ( ) University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 94 - Comparing th e grow ing o f c ro p s in your a re a ' in te rm s o f la b o u r , Income r e tu r n s , and work in v o lv ed which o f th e c rop s m en tioned in *8 ' do you c o n s id e r p r o f i t a b l e . P le a se ra n k them . 1 . Maize ( ) 4 . S roundnuts ( ) 7 . Tomatoes ( ) 2 Yam ( ) 5 . Garden Eggs ( ) 8 . F ib re ( ) 3 . C assava( ) 6. Tobacco ( ) 9. Cotton ( ) 10 . Cocoa ( ) 12 . Rank o rd e r 3 most d i f f i c u l t c ro p s to grows 1 . 2 . 3- 13. Rank o th e r 3 e a s i e s t c ro p s to grows 1 . 2 . 3 . 14. (a ) Do you know o f th e A g ric . E x ten s io n O ffic e of M in is try o f A g r ic / Ghana Tobacco Company O ff ic e in your d i s t r i c t ; Yes No (b ) Which o f th e s e two E x ten s io n o f f i c e s a r e you more a s s o c ia te d w ith ? (c ) How f a r i s , th e one you a re a s s o c ia te d w ith from your v i l l a g e ? (d) Have you been in touch w ith t h i s o f f i c e o r i t s s t a f f t h i s y e a r Yes No 15. How many fa rm e rs to you s u p e rv is e ? 16. What s p e c i f i c work have you been in vo lv ed w ith your fa rm e rs t h i s season? 17. Are you s ta y in g in th e same v i l l a g e w ith your fa rm e rs o r you have to t r a v e l to re a ch m a jo r i ty o f them? 1 . M a jo r ity in town where I s ta y 2 . M a jo r ity o u ts id e town where I s t a y . 18. How do you re ach th o se (m a jo r i ty ) fa rm e rs o u ts id e where you s t a y w ith in fo rm a tio n ? 19. I s i t p o s s ib le to reach a l l your fa rm ers? 1 . A ll re a ch ed 2 . M a jo r ity re a ch ed 3 . Few re ach ed 20. How many tim es a fa rm ing sea son do you v i s i t each fa rm er? 2 1 . I s t h i s adequa te enough? 22 . I f no what makes i t im po ss ib le f o r you to make f r e q u e n t v i s i t s ? 23 . E f f e c t iv e E x ten sio n work r e s t on ad equa te p la n n in g and e x e c u tio n . (a ) Do you p a r t i c ip a t e in th e p la n n in g o f your l o c a l o r d i s t r i c t E x ten sion Programmes? 1 . Yes 2 . No (b ) Who make th e m ajor d e c is io n s in your l o c a l e x te n s io n o f f ic e ? /9 5 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 95 - (o ) Do you th in k p lan n in g a t th e l o c a l l e v e l ta k e s in to accoun t th e i n t e r e s t and needs o f the fa n n e rs? 24. I s i t n e c e s s a ry t h a t peop le p ro v id in g le a d e r s h ip in a g r i c u l t u r a l e x te n s io n programraas shou ld ho s p o c i& lic t j j , 25 . ffimy e x ten s io n a g en ts u se d i f f e r e n t methods in communicating id e a s to fa rm e rs . Could you p le a s e t o l l me which o f th e m ethods "below you have been u s in g in your l o c a l i t y % By t i c k in g ( ) 1 . T each ing th rough l o c a l fa rm e rs m ee ting 2 . F ie ld d em on s tra tio n s 3 . Group d is c u s s io n 4 . Radio B ro ad ca s ts 5 . F ilm shows 6. B u l le t in s and A g ric . N ew s le tte r s 7 . A g r ic u l tu r a l Shows 8. P e rso n a l d is c u s s io n s d u rin g v i s i t s w ith in d iv id u a l fa rm ers 9. O thers s p e c i f y . 26. Which of th e se methods i n 27 have you found to he a p p l ic a b le to you r a r e a and a re c o n s id e re d e f f e c t i v e . L i s t them in o rd e r o f (a ) A pplica­ b i l i t y (b ) E f f e c t iv e n e s s A p p l i c a b i l i t y E f f e c t iv e n e s s 1. 1. 2. 2 . 3 . 3 . 27. Have you made any a ttem p t to t r y some o f th e a d v ic e ( s ) o r in fo rm a tio n s you o b ta in abou t th e c ro p s you grow in your farm Yes No 28. I f Yes, which ad v ic e o r p r a c t i c e d id you t r y ? 29 . Are you s t i l l p r a c t i c in g i t ( th e n ) i n your farm work? 30. Are you s a t i s f i e d w ith th e r e s u l t s you g e t? 1 . Very s a t i s f i e d 3 . Not s a t i s f i e d 2 . S a t i s f i e d 4, Not c e r t a in 31. Have you t r i e d to d is c u s s your farm problem s w ith A g ric . E x ten sion w orkers o r people you th in k can h e lp you so lv e them? . . . . / 9 6 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 96 - 32. Which of tho so people do you d is c u s s your farm problem s w ith ? 1. A g ric . E x ten sion w orkers 4 . R e la t iv e s 2 . Farm f r i e n d s and n e ig h bou rs 5 . Banic O f f i c i a l s 3 . Members of Crop A s so c ia tio n 6. O ther s p e c i f y 33. I f a fa rm er w ants to t r y a new seed o r f e r t i l i z e r , i t w i l l be b e t t e r f o r him to soe th e ad v ice o f an A g ric . E x ten s io n O f f ic o r /E x p e r t th an f o r him to r e l y on h is own d i s c r e t i o n . P le a se t i c k (x ) which you th in k i s in l in e w ith you r view : 1. S tro n g ly ag ree ( ) 2 . Agree ( ) 3 . Not su re ( ) 4 . D isag ree ( ) 5 . S tro n g ly d isa g re e ( ) 34. What a re some of th e new th in g s you have l e a r n t th ro ugh th e h e lp o f A g ric . E x ten s io n w orkers which have h e lp ed you in your farm ing? 35. l i s t e d below a re some o f th e f a c to r s fa rm ers ta k e in to c o n s id e ra t io n b e fo re th e y d ec ide to t r y a new p r a c t i c e . P le a se ran k them in o rd e r o f im po rtance to you: 1 . Whether th e new p r a c t ic e w i l l b r in g in more income 2 . Whether my fam ily w i l l su p po rt me in do ing i t 3 . Whether i t i s e a s i e r th an o ld p r a c t ic e 4 . Whether i t w i l l have money and re so u rc e s to Co i t 5 . O the rs s p e c ify 36. Do you th in k t h a t E x ten sio n te a c h in g by E x ten s io n j^e rv ices have c o n tr ib u te d to h e lp fa rm ers improve on t h e i r methods o f grow ing Tobacco, M aize, Garden Eggs and o th e r crops? Yes No C a n 't t e l l 37 . How has A g ric . E x ten s ion h e lp ed you to change you r o ld ways of fann ing? P lea se e x p la in . 38 . We n eed more l i t e r a t e p eop le to go in to fa rm ing now because fa rm ing i s becoming more s c i e n t i f i c and complex th an b e fo re ? H ea.se say w hether you a g re e to t h i s view o r n o t ; 1 . S tro n g ly a.gj?ee 3 . Not su re 5*> S tro n g ly d isag re e 2 . Agree 4. D isag ree 39. I f somebody works in a farm and makes a good income, i t i s b e t t e r th an w orking in a f a c to r y o r o f f ic e ? (a ) 1 . S tro n g ly ag ree 4. D isag ree 2 . Agree 5 . S tro n g ly d isag re e 3 . Not su re (b) P lea se e x p la in in b r i e f why you answ er so in 39. . . . . h i . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 97 - 40. People say th a t tho r u r a l you th a re le a v in g th e v i l l a g e s and fa rm ing work to seolc employment in tho c i t i e s , le a v in g o n ly th e o ld peop le to farm and cau s in g food p ro d u c tio n to d e c l in e . Do you ag ree o r d is a g re e to t h i s ? 41. What in your view i s tho cause of t h i s exodus o f r u r a l you th to th e c i t i e s ? 42. Do you th in k i t i s go ing to a f f e c t fa rm ing in f u tu r e ? Yes No 43. How? P le a se e x p la in i n d e t a i l . FARMERS PERCEPTION OF BZTEKF3ION WORKERS 44. What i s i t t h a t you l i k e abou t your e x te n s io n o f f i c e r ( t a / t o ) ? 45 . I s th e p re sen ce o f E x ten s io n s t a f f h e lp fu l to you? 46. How o f te n a r e you v i s i t e d by your e x te n s io n s t a f f ? 1. Very O ften 2 . Q u ite O ften 3 . Not a t a l l 47 . In your o p in io n i s your e x te n s io n s t a f f (Tii/TO) do ing h i s b e s t to h e lp h i s fa rm ers? 1. Doing h i s b e s t 2 . I s n o t do ing much 3 . I d o n 't know 48. What q u a l i t i e s l i s t e d below do you e x p e c t o f your e x te n s io n s t a f f (TA/TO)? Pleq.se rank them in o rd e r o f im po rtance to you; 1. Honesty 5 . E r s c t i c a l man 2 . Confidence 6. I n i t i a t i v e 3- Knowledgeable & Competence 7 . Bay r e g u la r v i s i t s to , „ , know fa rm ers problem s4 . R e sp e c tfu l 49 . What i s your op in ion abou t th e a u th o r i t i e s your l o c a l TA/EO r e p o r t s your problem s to ? Do you th in k th e y a r e ; (a ) C o -ope ra tiv e and H e lp fu l (d ) Do n o t c a re ab ou t fa rm ers (b ) U nreasonab le problem s / \ T7 , , , ,, (e ) Do ca re abou t fa rm ers bu t(c ) U nderstand fa rm e rs problem s f±Qd ± t d i f f i c u l t to h e lp them . 50. (a ) Have you been v i s i t e d by your l o c a l TA/TO's boss from A ccra , Kumasi o r Sunyani t h i s y ea r? 1 . Yes 2 . No 3« I c a n 't remember. (b ) 3¥ yes how many tim es? 1. Once 2 . Twice 3 . T h rice o r more. 51. I s i t n e c e s s a ry t h a t he v i s i t s you and your e x te n s io n s t i f f Tii/TO a t tim es? 1 • ^ e s 2 . No 3 . Don’t know (b) T/Jhy? . . . . / 9 8 . University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Fo r fa rm ers to bo a b le to produce more fo o d , and cash c ro p s , th e y n eed th e su p p ly o f farm in p u t s . Which fo llo w in g o rg a n is a t io n (a ) The Govern­ ment (b) M in is try o f A g r ic u ltu re (c ) Ghana Tobacco Company l im i te d (d) Farm ers C o -o p e ra tiv e S o c ie t i e s (e ) In d iv id u a l fa rm ers ( f ) The Commercial Banks, Do you th in k shou ld be re s p o n s ib le f o r th e supp ly o f th e fo l low in g in p u ts ? 1. F e r t i l i z e r 2 . C u tla s s e s & Hoes 3 . T ra c to rs 4 . C re d it 5 . Seed 6. la n d 7 . la b o u r 8 . T ra n sp o r t 9 . O th e rs , S p e c ify P le a se rank th e i tem s below which you f i n d v e ry d i f f i c u l t to o b ta in in your fan n in g o p e ra t io n s ; 1. Seed 6. la n d 2 . F e r t i l i z e r 7 . T ra c to r 3 . Farm la b o u r 8 Market f o r produce 4 . C u tla ss 9 . T ra n sp o r ta t io n 5 . lo an s 10. Good p r ic e f o r commodity. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 99 - APPENDS b INTERVIEW OF EXTENSION STAFF OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE ' AND GHjHT~TOBA~CGO COMPANY LIMITED ‘ introduction Dear S -ta ff , I am t a lk i n g to f i e l d e x te n s io n s t a f f , TA, TO, STO/STA e tc . o f bo th th e M in is try of A g r ic u l tu re and th e Ghana Tobacco Company L im ited in t h i s a r e a and o th e r p a r t s o f th e c o un try who a r e in v o lv ed in e x te n s io n work w ith fa rm e rs . I w ant to conduct a s tu d y to f i n d ou t how th e y go abou t t h e i r work a s A g r ic u l tu r a l E x ten s io n O f f ic e r s w ith fa rm e rs , th e problem s th e y a r * e n co u n te r in g in t h e i r work and in th e f i e l d . I t i s ou r hope t h a t th e outcome o f t h i s r e s e a r c h w i l l h e lp us to know more abou t what a c t u a l l y i s go ing on in th e f i e l d and if i l l h e lp th e a u th o r i ­ t i e s i n th e p la n n in g o f f u tu r e e x te n s io n programmes. R est a s s u re d t h a t your answ ers w i l l n o t under nny c ircum stan ces be re v e a le d to anyone. Your r e p l i e s w i l l be h e ld in s t r i c t c o n fid en ce . What we n eed i s your h e lp i n th e in te rv iew . Above a l l , I s h a l l be g r a te f u l i f you w i l l be f r a n k and g iv e c a r e f u l th ough t to th e q u e s tio n s you w i l l be a sk ed b e fo re answ ering them. Thank you. . . . . / 100. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 100 EXTENSION STAFF QUESTIONNAIRE DEMOGRAPHIC RECORDS 1. Age 2 . Sex? H ile ( ) Female ( ) 3 . f f i i r i ta l S ta tu s s f e r r i e d ( ) S in g le ( ) 4 . Department o r O rg an iz a tio n Employed 5. Rank; 6 . S tan d a rd o f E duca tion a t t a in e d b e fo re becom ing an e x te n s io n s t a f f . 7 . A g r ic u l tu r a l C o llege/Farm I n s t i t u t e e t c . a t te n d e d w ith p e r io d o f a t te n d a n c e 8. How lo n g have you been engaged a s an e x te n s io n w o rker. 9. How lo n g have you been in your p re s e n t s t a t i o n 10. Have you been engaged in any e x te n s io n programme w ith th e fa rm ers i n you r a re a ? P le a se s p e c i f y th e p a r t i c u l a r programmes 11. New can you t e l l me what A g r ic u l tu r a l e x te n s io n i s a l l a b o u t. 12. What i s th e o b je c t iv e o f your o rg a n iz a t io n ? 13. Do you th in k th e s e o b je c t iv e ( s ) i s ( a re ) b e in g a c t i v e l y ach ieved? 14. I f y e s , whqt in d ic a to r s have you to show? 15. I f no> Why? 16. What a r c the problems you a re e n co u n te r in g in your work a s a f i e l d E s ten s io n w orker? P le a se l i s t thems 17. How many fa rm ers do you su p e rv ise ? 18. What s p e c i f i c work have you been in v o lv ed w ith your fa rm e rs t h i s season? 19. Are you s ta y in g in th e same v i l l a g e w ith your famines o r you have to t r a u e l to re a c h m a jo r i ty of them? 20. How do you re a c h th o se (m a jo r i ty ) fa rm e rs o u ts id e where yttra s ta y w ith in fo rm a tio n ? 21. I s i t p o s s ib le to re a ch a l l your fa rm e rs? 1 . AL1 re ach ed 2 . M a jo rity re ach ed 3- Few reach ed 22. How many tim es a fa rm ing season do you v i s i t e a ch fa rm er? 23. I s t h i s ad equa te enough? 24. I f no what makes i t im po ss ib le f o r you to make f r e q u e n t v i s i t s ? 25. E f fe c t iv e E x ten s io n work r e s t on ad equa te p la n n in g and e x te n s io n : (a ) Do you p a r t i c i p a t e i n th e p lan n in g o f you r lo c a l o r d i s t r i c t e x te n s io n programmes? 1. Yes 2 . No (b) Who make th e m a jo r d e c is io n s i n you r l o c a l e x te n s io n o f f i c e (c ) Do you th in k p la n n in g a t th e l o c a l l e v e l ta k e s in to accoun t th e i n t e r e s t and needs o f th e fa rm ers? (d ) I f y es , how can you t e l l ? University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - 101 - 26. I s i t n e c e s s a ry t h a t peop le p ro v id in g le a d e r s h ip i n a g r i c u l t u r a l e x te n s io n programmes shou ld be s p e c i a l i s t s ? 27 . Many e x te n s io n a g e n ts u se d i f f e r e n t m ethods i n communicating id e a s to fa rm e rs . Could you p le a se t e l l me which o f th e method;: below you have been u s in g in your l o c a l i t y ; By t i c k in g ( ) 1. T each ing th rough lo c a l fa rm e rs m eeting 2 . F ie ld d em on stra tio n s 3 . Group d is c u s s io n 4 . Eadio B roadcas ts 5 . F ilm Shows 6. A g r ic u l tu r a l Shows 7 . Ife rsona l d is c u s s io n s d u rin g v i s i t s w i th in d iv id u a l fo rm ers 8 . O thers s p e c ify . 2 8 . Which o f th e se methods in 27 have you found to be a p p l ic a b le t o your a re a and a r e co n s id e red e f f e c t i v e . L is t them in o rd e r o f (a ) Appli­ c a b i l i t y (b ) E f f e c t iv e n e s s A p p l ic a b i l i t y E f f e c t iv e n e s s U 1. 2 . 2 . 3 . 3- 29. How do you g e t to know abou t your fa rm ers problem s? 30. JWhat f a c to r s do you tak e in to c o n s id e ra t io n in s e le c t in g e x te n s io n te a c h in g methods by which a g r i c u l t u r a l id e a s a re communicated to your fa rm e rs? 31. Good e x te n s io n ed u ca tio n r e q u i r e s a tho rough u n d e rs ta n d in g of th e peop le to be ta u g h t . Do you agree o r d is a g re e ? 1. S tro n g ly a g re e 4 . D isag ree 2 . Agree 5 . S tro n g ly d isa g re e 3 . Not stire 32. What do you c o iis id e r to be your fa rm ers most im po rtan t and p r e s s in g needs? 33. Which i s ea sy ; ( a ) T each ing fa rm ers th ro u g h th e h e lp o f t h e i r l o c a l le a d e r s (b) T eaching in d iv id u a l fa rm ers 34 . Why? P le a se e x p la in your answ er; 35 . Which of th e s e b a r r i e r s to change (o b s ta c le s to a c c e p t in g o f new id e a s ) do you f in d a s th e g r e a t e s t problem in your a re a ? 1. C u ltu ra l and T r a d i t io n a l b a r r i e r s 2 . I l l i t e r a c y and E duca tion b a r r i e r s 3* R e lig io u s b a r r i e r s 4 . language b a i r i e r 5 . O thers p le a s e s p e c i f y . » . . . / l0 2 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Do you have any fa rm ers crop a s s o c ia t io n o r c o -o p e ra t iv e in your a re a ? (a ) Can you t e l l me s p e c i f i c a l l y what th e y clo? (b) Are you in v o lv ed i n i t s runn ing? (c ) Do you th in k th e y a re h e lp fu l to th e fa n n e rs Which o f th e s e le a d e r s h ip q u a l i t i e s do you f e e l a re im po rtan t req u irem en t to a good e x te n s io n w o rke r. P le a se rank th e 3 most im po rtan t o f them ; 1. Knowledgeable i n s u b je c t n a t t e r 5 . Hard work 2 . I n t e r e s t and d e s i r e to h e lp fa rm ers 6. Problem s o lv in g a b i l i t y 3 . I n i t i a t i v e o f e x te n s io n o f f i c e r 7 . O thers s p e c i f y 4 . Good o rg a n iz in g a b i l i t y How I want to t a l k to you on your job a s an E x ten s io n w o rker, (a ) P le a se t e l l me w he the r you a re s a t i s f i e d w ith th e jo b you a r e do ing p r e s e n t ly (b ) Do you in te n d to con tin u e t h i s o ccup a tio n o r you want to change i t s 1. C on tinue 2 . Change i t 3 . U n ce rta in (c ) Why do you want to change (d) I£ you want to change what work do you in te n d to sw itch to (a ) Do you th in k i t i s n e c e s s a ry to have a h ig h e r ed u ca tio n l i k e a U n iv e r s i ty Diploma o r Degree to be a good e x te n s io n w orker? (b ) Why do you th in k so ? (c ) At t h i s s ta g e o f your l>s D EJURA TOBACCO GROWING AREA University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh APPE^bl* £ WENCHI TOBACCO GROWING AREA Banda K INTAM PO Breman Subiiiso ' -JP Z k Ychiraa '.z-zit-j. J Je n ia 'Jem’a-NkwanfaNsawkaw Montukwa Kokuma! if uman Amoama • Tanf iano ■SubinyaWENCHI AbodumLEGEND 1980 Tobocco Growing Areas [Yefri iNkonsia K r a n k a / A Pinhin 1970 Tobacco Growing A reas Aworowa' ■VyfiNKORANZA PTsc/.r.: ■Odumasi • T E C H 1MAN, F irs t C lass Road Second Class Road Third C lass R o a d / Footpath. Dotoba C h ira a University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh