University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DEPARTMENT OF FRENCH AND MODERN LANGUAGES UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON TRAN 630: PROJECT WORK TITLE: CHALLENGES OF TERMINOLOGICAL EQUIVALENCE IN TRANSLATION: A TRANSLATION OF “Loi n° 2012-21 portant lutte contre le financement du térrorisme en République du Bénin.” SUBMITTED BY ROSE PRINCE ROBSON (10435659) THIS DISSERTATION IS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF FRENCH AND MODERN LANGUAGES, UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER (M.A.) DEGREE IN TRANSLATION. MARCH, 2015 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION I hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my project work in the Department of French and submitted to the University of Ghana, Legon, in line with the requirements for the award of Master (M.A) in Translation. Ideas, contributions of others and specific quotations used in this research work have been duly cited. This work has not been previously submitted in part or in whole to the University of Ghana or to any other University for any award whatsoever and I remain responsible for any short comings in relation with it. Rose Prince Robson (10435659) ............................................... (Student) Mr Emmanuel K. Kuto ............................................... (Supervisor) i University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DEDICATION This research work is dedicated to God for His sustenance and provision and to my parent and family, the best in the world. ii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Mr. Emmanuel Kuto for his help, valuable advice and suggestions about the topic, structure and sources of the thesis. I would also appreciate all my family members and friends who helped and encouraged me immensely. My thanks goes to all my lecturers for their care and concern throughout the school session. I pray that God will reward you all. iii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ABSTRACT The legal translation of terminological equivalence cannot be performed without considering legal cultural concepts and differences between legal systems. The level of equivalence of the terms depends on how legal systems relate and not on that of the languages involved. Given that culture is one of the key factors for quality translation of a legal document, thorough research on the cultures involved cannot afford to be overlooked. For this purpose, this study o analyses this area based on the study of a voted version of Law n 2012-21 Against financing of terrorism in the Republic of Benin. It first examines relevant theoretical frameworks and translation practices. Then a chapter presents the source text of the document which serves as the object of our research and its translation. Moreover, an analysis which critically focuses on the target text in terms of terminological and equivalence issues encountered during the translation process are presented with proofs to back up the solutions to such challenges. And thereafter, on the basis of survey results, the paper basically makes some recommendations which could be considered useful for translators and even student- translators. iv University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration……………………………………………………………………………………i Dedication………………………………………………………………………………….…ii Acknowledgment………………………………………………………………….…………iii Abstract……………………………………………………………………...……….…...….iv Table of Content……………………………………………….………………………..........v Chapter One…………………………………………………………………………..……….1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………...1 1.1 Background……………………………………………………………………………. …1 1.2 Problem Statement…………………....……………………………………………..….…3 1.3 Research Objectives……………………………………………………………………….4 1.4 Literature Review……………………..…………………………………………………..4 1.5 Approach Methodologies………..………………………………………….…………...14 Chapter Two………………………………………………………………….……..………. 15 Corpora alignment: French-English…………………………………………….……………16 Chapter Three………………………………………………………………………………...59 Analysis ……. ………………………………………………………………..…………..…59 v University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Conclusion……………………………….…………………………………..………………67 Bibliography………………………………………………………………….…………..…..70 Glossary………………………………………………………..………………………..……73 vi University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1.BACKGROUND According to le Petit Robert French Dictionary ‘Translation is transferring what is said or written from one language into another language while retaining the semantic equivalence of both languages’. In this definition we can see what the object of the translation activity is. The Twi, Fench, Yoruba languages are not the object but the content of the language (the message). The essential thing noted here is while expressing one message in many languages, the meaning and the reality of the original is retained. In any interlingual communication situation, translation is usually considered as a general term. However, the term translation is confined to the written, and the term interpretation to the spoken (Newmark, 1991). As it has to do with the written aspect, translation according to Bell (1991: 13) is a cover term with three distinct meanings: 1) translating is a process which is an activity rather than a product, 2) a translation: the product which results from the process of translating (e.g. the translated text), and 3) translation: the abstract concept which covers both the process of translating and the product of that process. Thus the term 'translation' used in this dissertation is confined to the written language, and refers to both the process and the product of translating. To produce a Target Text (TT) with equivalent meaning to the Source Text (ST), the translator looks for equivalence. Thus, equivalence serves not only to establish the notion of sameness between the Source Text (ST) and the Target Text (TT) but also to assess the degree of sameness. This equivalence relation is generally considered the most salient feature of a quality translation. For the purpose of this work and as a requirement of the University of Ghana, candidates for the Master (MA) degree in Translation must present a dissertation comprising of a translation 1 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Project followed by a commentary analysing problems encountered during the translation process. It is in this regard that we translated a portion of a legal document titled « Loi n° 2012-21 portant lutte contre le financement du terrorisme en République du Bénin ». This document is a voted version of a set of laid down laws passed by the Parliament of the Republic of Benin in May 2012. The document on the one hand has detailed description of terrorism ranging from people who participate, support and finance terrorists and money laundering activities, and on the other hand the document contains detailed national and international conventions for the suppression of financing terrorism. A major response to fill a gap in the national and international legal frameworks related to terrorism in order to ensure that terrorists are denied the resources used in financing terrorist acts. The document according to international convention defines terrorist financing as occurring where any person commits an offence within the meaning of the convention if that person by any means, directly or indirectly, unlawfully or wilfully, provides or collects funds that they should be used, in full or in part in order to carry out offences listed in one of the anti-terrorist treaties or any other act intended to cause death or serious bodily injury to a civilian or to any other person not taking part in the hostilities in a situation of armed conflict, when the purpose of such acts, by its nature or context, is to intimidate a population, or to compel a government or an international organization to do or to abstain from doing any act. The document indicates that by effective implementation of the convention terrorists and terrorist’s organization networks are disrupted, dismantled, deprived of their funds and prevented from using financial institutions to move and utilize such funds for the purpose of terrorism. The choice was borne out of the concern towards the political instability and violence in most West African countries like Nigeria where several terrorist attacks have been carried out by Boko Haram, a group which presents a serious threat to the nation’s stability, Mali, Libya, and Niger etc. 2 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 1.2.PROBLEM STATEMENT The aim of translation as it were is to enable those who do not understand a text written in a language different from theirs to have access to it. This is true for all kinds of documents but the case is not the same for a legal document. The translation of legal texts requires particular attention because it ‘consists primarily of abstract terms deeply and firmly rooted in the domestic culture and intellectual tradition’ (Chromá, 2004) and the level of equivalence of terms depend on systems relationships and thus entails a transfer between two different legal systems, each with its own unique system of referencing. We cannot translate a legal document the way we translate other documents because it translation is governed by laws and principles. Law as a course is an inflexible and intransigent social science which is characterized by its search for precision therefore setting limits and boundaries within which the translator can move to deliver a new text. This search for accuracy and precision further collides with language and the systems involved therefore giving a text an ambiguous and indeterminate nature. Thus, the ST « Loi n° 2012-21 portant lutte contre le financement du terrorisme en République du Bénin », which is from the government of Benin to the general public, presents some difficulties in terms of vocabularies which form the diction of the text due to the fact that all languages of the world are different and are culturally imbedded. In this context, the translator encountered the difficulty of finding lexical equivalence and correspondence between the ST and the TT. Larson (1984), has said, “The fact that the receptor (target) language is spoken by people of a culture which is often very different from the culture of those who speak (spoke) the source language, will automatically make it difficult to find lexical equivalents.” 3 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Therefore, the translator’s difficulties includes making known to his target audience these local colours in order to facilitate reading and understanding of the TT which would create the same effect as in the ST readership. 1.3. OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK The translator’s objective in this is essentially to highlight the various challenges she encountered throughout the translation process. The major difficulty that runs through the translation of the Source Text (ST) resides in its regular use of complex terminology. It is also to investigate conventions of the legal systems involved which control the translator’s choice of equivalence to this legal terms introduced in the source text. In summary, this work aims at: 1. Highlighting the challenges the translator encountered throughout the translation process. 2. Identifying possible solutions to overcome these challenges. 3. Drawing relevant conclusions (commentary and findings). 4. Contributing to knowledge expansion in the field of translation 5. Bringing to the notice of the readers the consequences of involving in terrorist financing and money laundering activities by transferring the information from the French (source text) to English (target text). 1.4. Literature Review For Gile (1995) “the translation process consists of three main aspects: comprehension of the source text, the transfer process and revision process (cited in Hosseini-Maasoum, 2012: 25). 4 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh At comprehension level, the textual elements of the source text is examined, a good translator must focus attention on lexicons used by the author since they form the basis of meaning. In order to be able to deal with lexical related problems in the translation of “Loi n° 2012-21 portant lutte contre le financement du terrorisme en République du Bénin,” the translator used techniques and methods that aims at finding solutions to the lexical difficulties. In addition, an attempt will be made to critically analyze the equivalence paradigm generally and under the frame work of legal translation as conceptualized by the following scholars in the field. Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet in their Stylistique Comparée du Français et de l' Anglais (1958), make a comparative stylistic analysis of the different translation strategies and procedures used in French and English. They distinguish between direct and oblique translation, the former referring to literal translation and the latter to free translation (p. 84). Moreover, they further propose seven procedures, the first three covered by direct translation and the remaining four by oblique translation. These procedures are: borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation. As already agreed in the previous paragraphs, equivalence is a procedure which replicates same situation as in the original but different wording is used. By this procedure, it is claimed that the stylistic impact of the source-language can be maintained in the target-language text. Furthermore, Vinay and Darbelnet (1998) is of the view that it is a necessary condition for equivalent expressions between language pairs to be acceptable to be listed in a bilingual dictionary “as full equivalents.” Nevertheless, they realized the impracticality of such a statement by admitting that glossaries and collections of idiomatic expressions are non- exhaustive. Explicitly, the rendering of an equivalent of an expression in the SL text in a dictionary or glossary does not suffice or guarantee a successful translation since the context surrounding the term in question plays an equally important role in determining the 5 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh translation strategy employed. Summarily, the situation is a necessity that determines creation of equivalences. So translators are encouraged to firstly look in the situation of the source text to enable them to come up with a solution. For the purpose of this work, the translator adopted the equivalent technique, literal translation method and adaptation strategy proposed by Vinay and Darblenet to present the message of the original to the TT readership which is the Ghanians. The structuralist Jakobson (1959) is of the opinion that there are three kinds of translation, that is, intralingual (rewording or paraphrasing within one language), interlingual (rewording or paraphrasing between two languages), and intersemiotic (rewording or paraphrasing between sign systems). But interlingual translation has been the focus of translation studies since translation has to do with the transfer of message from one language to another language. More specifically, when addressing the problem of equivalence in meaning between words in different languages, Jakobson immediately stresses the fact that there can be no full equivalence between two words. This does not suggest that Jakobson is proposing that translation is impossible but rather identifies the differences in the structure and terminology of languages. After a close examination of the aforementioned views on equivalence, one may claim that there are some similarities between Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory of translation and Jakobson’s. As regards linguistic approach, they both argue that despite cultural or grammatical differences between SL and TL translation is possible. They both recognize the fact that the role of the translator should not be neglected and acknowledge also some limitations of the linguistic approach, thus allowing the translator to also rely on other procedures that will ensure a more effective and comprehensive production of the ST message in the target text. Again, the translator deemed it fit to exploit the interlingual translation strategy of Jakobson (1959) in translating some portion of the 6 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh document to make clear to her target readers the inharmonious and equivocal nature of some legal statements in the ST. With his two famous books in the 1960s, Toward a Science of Translating of Nida and Taber (1964) and the co-authored, The Theory and Practice of Translation of (Nida and Taber, 1969), attempt to give a more “scientific” sense to translation. Nida adopts a more systematic approach to exploring the field of translation studies. With regard to equivalence, as seen in the previous paragraphs, Nida maintains that there are two basic types of equivalence: (1) formal equivalence and (2) dynamic equivalence. Particularly, Nida argues that in formal equivalence, the TT resembles very much the ST in both form and content whereas in dynamic equivalence an effort is made to convey the ST message in the TT as naturally as possible. It could be argued that Nida is in favour of dynamic equivalence since he considers it to be a more effective procedure. Though Nida’s theory has been credited with introducing a receptor-based direction for translation task Munday (2000), the theory has however been criticized. Lefevere (1993, p.7) holds that equivalence is still focused on the word-level whereas Broeck (1978) wonders how it is possible to measure the equivalent effect since no text can have the same effect or evoke the same response in two different cultures in different periods of time. Edwin Gentzler’ criticism is perhaps considered to be the fiercest critics of Nida’s work, dedicates the whole of his Contemporary Translation Theory (2001) to criticize the ‘Science’ of Translating of Nida by putting in quote the word science to show his sceptical opinion the scientific virtue of translation methods. He openly criticizes Nida for using the concept of dynamic equivalence to convert his readers to his faith irrespective of their culture. However, the translator considered using the dynamic equivalence of Nida (1969) since the method helped to create the same effect felt by the readers of “Loi n° 2012- 21 portant lutte contre le financement du terrorisme en République du Bénin.” 7 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh The Interpretive theory of Seleskovitch and Lederer is sometimes called “interpretative approach” or “theory of sense.” The personnel of the Academy of Translation and Interpretation of Paris adopted this theory on interpreting and translating. The “Paris School”, also called the French School considers translation as paraphrasing, which is an explanation that a translator made on the sense of the original text through linguistic signals and supplemented by the translator’s own understanding. What a translator should do is the equation of the sense or effects of the original text rather than the linguistic units. One of the highlights of the interpretative theory of translation is that it dissects the process of translation into different phases (understanding, deverbalisation and re-expression) thereby making translation operational. This process helps the translator to understand the mechanism of the translation activities. Seleskovitch attaches great importance to the understanding process because it is the starting point for translation process. The translator is primarily a special reader because he makes the message of original text known to TT readers who do not have direct access to it because of linguistic barrier. In order to translate well, the translator needs a good understanding of the text as he/she must not lose sight of the main goal of translation as emphasized by Vinay and Darbelnet (1997), “Outside the school setting, the purpose of translation is to make known to others what has been said or written in a foreign language.” Whoever translates does not translate to understand but to make others to understand because he understood before translating. The performance of understanding process requires the use of a variety of tools that the author of the theory of meaning classify into two groups: linguistic and extra linguistic knowledge. Seleskovitch explains that “meaning transferred is neither the function of the code used (langue) neither is it the author’s intention expressed but it is a function of biochemical trace of pre-knowledge and memory”. Between the two, focus is on the role of extra skills in the construction of meaning. Seleskovitch (1983), emphasizes that “a text should not only be considered in its 8 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh material form as mere words, but also in its relationship with all other linguistic elements that help give it meaning’’. In order to understand better, it is important that a translator possesses good language skills at his disposal, and takes into account the different elements involved in the understanding process. That is all elements of knowledge. Aside the process of understanding, the ability of a translator to penetrate into the original intention of the author and decode with the help of his existing language skills the message the author is conveying to his target is what we refer to as deverbalisation. Deverbalisation on its part is produced at the final stage of understanding. And the last but not the least of the translation activity is the re-expression process. In analyzing the reformulation of the interpreter, it is obvious that it occurs as a function of understanding and not of spoken words. Interpretative theory seems to be in consonance with the interlingual translation strategy proposed by Jakobson (1959) since both are in support of paraphrasing or rewording the content of the ST. However there are some criticisms on the way this model seems to disregard the vehicle whereby meaning is communicated, i.e. words. The adoption of the interpretative theory in the translation of “Loi n° 2012-21 portant lutte contre le financement du terrorisme en République du Bénin” cannot be overemphasized since the translator has to understand and rephrase the ambiguous legal language in order to convey the message of the ST to the target reader. Newmark’s Approaches to Translation (1981) and A Textbook of Translation (1998) attempt to describe a basis for handling translation problems. In a specific manner, Newmark replaces Nida’s terms of formal and dynamic equivalence with semantic and communicative translation respectively. The major difference between the two types of translation is that semantic translation is centred on meaning while communicative translation concentrates on effect. In other words, semantic translation looks back at the ST and tries to retain its characteristics as much as possible. Its nature is more complex, detailed and there is also a tendency to over-translate. On the other hand, communicative translation looks towards the 9 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh needs of the receptors, thus trying to satisfy them as much as possible. In this respect, communicative translation tends to under-translate, to be smoother, more direct and easier to read. Hence, in semantic translation a great emphasis is placed on the author of the original text whereas communicative translation is meant to serve a larger readership. It should be pointed out that during the translation process, communicative translation should not be employed exclusively over semantic or vice versa. In a literary text, a particular sentence may require a communicative translation whereas another sentence from the same text may require a semantic one. Hence, the two methods of translation may be used in parallel, with varying focuses where each is employed. Moreover, Newmark (1981) strongly believes that literal translation is the best approach in both semantic and communicative translation. However, he is careful to note that when there is a conflict between the two forms of translation, then communicative translation should be favoured in order to avoid producing an abnormal, odd-sounding or semantically inaccurate result. In order to illustrate his point, he uses the example of the common sign chien méchant, which should be translated communicatively as beware the dog! instead of semantically as dog that bites! and wicked dog! so that the message is communicated effectively (p. 39). Baker in her book In Other Words (1992) argues that equivalence is a relative notion because it is influenced by a variety of linguistic and cultural factors. She pointed out the different types of equivalence, which are at the level of word, phrase, grammar, text and pragmatics. Hence, grammatical, textual and pragmatic equivalence are produced. From her bottom-up approach, Baker acknowledges the importance of individual words during the translation process, because for her, the translator first looks at the words as single units in order to find their equivalent in the target language. She sees the term word to have a complex nature because a single word could have different meanings in different languages. Therefore, when translating a word, numbers, genders, and tenses are also considered. Grammatical 10 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh equivalence refers to the diversity of grammatical categories across languages and this brings about challenges of finding an equivalent term in the TT due to the variety of grammatical rules that govern languages. She maintains that differences in grammatical structure may change the way the message or information is conveyed. Consequently, a translator may be obliged to add or delete information in the target text because of lack of specific grammatical categories. Basnett (2014) also holds that once the principle is accepted that exact equivalence cannot exist between the two languages, it is possible to approach the question of loss and gain in the translation process. Bell (1991) suggests a similar point that 'something' is always lost or, one might suggest, gained in the process, and according to Nida (1975), "all types of translation involve loss of information, addition of information, and /or skewing of information". To conform to the stylistic demands and grammatical conventions of the target language, structural adjustment in translation is inevitably needed. These possibilities are expanded below. Baker (1992) and Nida (1964) hold that addition of information may be necessary due to shift of voice and alteration of word class to avoid misunderstanding. Baker (1992) refers to deletion as “omission of a lexical item due to grammatical or semantic pattern of the receptor. To her, if the meaning conveyed by a particular expression or item is not vital enough to the development of the text, to avoid distracting the reader with lengthy explanations, the translator can simply omit the word or expression. Nida holds that to avoid redundancy and awkwardness omission could be adopted. On the other hand, textual equivalence refers to equivalence that may be achieved between a ST and TT in terms of cohesion and information. Baker argues that the characteristic of texture is of immense importance for the translators since it facilitates their comprehension and analysis of the ST and helps them to produce a cohesive and coherent text in the TL. The translators’ decision to maintain (or not) the cohesive ties as well as the coherence of the SL text mainly rests on three main factor: the target audience, the purpose of the translation and the text type. Finally, 11 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh pragmatic equivalence deals mainly with implicature. Drawing from Grice (1975), Baker argues that the term implicature is used to refer to what is implied and not to literal meaning. In other words, the focus of interest is not on what is explicitly said but what is intended or implied in a given context. The translator’s role is to look out for the meaning of implicatures if these exist in the ST and transfer them to the extent that this is possible. The primary aim of the translator should be to recreate the intended message of the SL in such a way so that it becomes accessible and comprehensible to the target audience. The loss and gain strategy of Baker (1992) was also considered ideal for the translation of “Loi n° 2012-21 portant lutte contre le financement du terrorisme en République du Bénin” because during the process of deverbalisation and reformulation of some of the obscure terms and statements in the ST some structural elements were omitted and added for the comprehension of the target readers. With regards to the issue of equivalence in legal translation, the most general view is Wilss’ (1982) distinction that refers to foreignization and domestication of the TT: “the translator can either leave the writer in peace as much as possible or bring the reader to him, or he can leave the reader in peace as much as possible and bring the writer to him.” Foreignization and Domestication are two translation strategies propounded by Venuti (1995). To be explicit, foreignizing helps to transfer the source language culture to the target language and promote the cross-cultural exchanges while domesticating tries to avoid the cultural differences between the SL and the TL, meanwhile the source culture is frequently adapted or even abandoned to approach the target culture. In support of foreignizing strategy, Koller (1979) insists that full adaptation is not an accepted method of translation in legal texts as it brings about semantic distortion. Nord (2005) further maintains that a TT cannot be considered as a translation if it is not ‘bound’ to the ST. Cesana (1910) further supports the foreignisation of legal texts and proposes the use 12 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh of neologisms and loan words to render new legal concepts: ‘it is fidelity to the original which counts, not the beauty or elegance of the target text.’ This strategy also helped the translator of the source text to break some conventions in TT by retaining the ST elements in the TT and also to bring her target readers home where necessary. The legal functional equivalent is defined by Šarčević (1988, 1989) as a term in the target legal system referring to a concept or institution, the function of which is the same as that in the ST. Weston (1991) further proposes that ‘the technique of using a functional equivalent may be regarded as the ideal method of translation’. According to Šarčević (2000) functional. equivalence can be categorised into three groups: near-equivalence, partial equivalence and non-equivalence. Darani (2001) came up with “Alternative Equivalence” in which he discussed the principle of language consistency which he considered an important translating rule to be borne in mind in legal translation. According to him, the legal translator should uphold the principle of language consistency by using the same equivalent everywhere reference is made to a particular legal concept. Akehurst (in Šarčević, 2000) points out that English courts presume that a change or difference of terminology implies difference in meaning and thus the use of synonyms is objected to. For example, the Employment Contract defines its subject i.e. Dr Smith, as an ‘employee’ translated into Persian as ‘Karmand’. The term ‘employee’ must therefore be used throughout the document on all occasions when it refers to the subject. Synonyms such as post-holder, job-holder, worker, etc., would suggest that they refer to another person, as would any other corresponding Persian synonyms. In the translation of « Loi n° 2012-21 portant lutte contre le financement du terrorisme en République du Bénin », the translator adopted the method of language consistency by being consistent in the terms which have to do with the subject matter of the ST. Synonyms were avoided for clarity purposes. 13 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Darani (2013) also holds on the Translator’s Accountability Strategy in which he recognizes the translator’s stance. Asensio (2003) is also of the view that translators who engage in the official translation are subject to legal and sociological factors that condition the way they translate. In the selection of the translating method to be followed for the transfer of legal terminology in official translations, the translator’s stance has a great degree of significance. Garzone (2000) supporst this strategy by emphasizing that a translator can insert a bracket into an official translation in order to explain a term that is not so familiar to the target reader. In other words this is for clarification of conceptual void. This method also helped the translator to decide what was appropriate in conveying the message of the ST to TT and to ensure accuracy in understanding the exact meaning of some ST terms by her target reader. 1.5. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH For the purpose of carrying out a comprehensive work, the translator adopted the dynamic/functional and formal equivalent approach of Nida. Functional approach is a concept considered by some researchers as ideal for legal translation. In addition to this approach, the technique of literal translation, equivalence, adaptation etc proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet was also considered. Moreover, the semantic and communicative approach of Newmark was also adopted. Baker’s Structural adjustment technique, the foreignization and domestication concept of Venuti, the interlingual strategy of Romam Jakobson, the interpretative theory of Seleskovitch and Lederer and the translator’s accountability approach and the principle of language consistency by Darani were all adopted to tackle the challenges of terminological equivalence in this work. 14 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh CHAPTER TWO This chapter constitutes an extract of the Source text and its Translation Loi n° 2012-21 portant lutte contre le financement du terrorisme en République du Bénin translated as Law o n 2012-21 against financing of terrorism in the Republic of Benin. A voted version of laws passed by the Parliament of the Republic of Benin in May 2012 to the notice of the general public on the various measures taken by the Government against any involvement in terrorist financing and money laundering related activities. The document presents definitions of terminologies and comprises of forty-nine articles, each under chapters and tittles. 15 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh CORPORA ALIGNMENT: FRENCH - ENGLISH TEXTE ORIGINAL TRANSLATION REPUBLIQUE DU BENIN REPUBLIC OF BENIN ASSEMBLEE NATIONALE PARLIAMENT VERSION VOTEE VOTED VERSION Loi n° 2012-21 portant o lutte contre le financement du terrorisme Law n 2012-21 en République du Bénin. Against financing of terrorism in the Republic of Benin. L’Assemblée Nationale a délibéré et adopté th The Parliament at its May 10 2012 sitting en sa séance du 10 mai 2012, la loi dont la deliberated and adopted the following: teneur suit: TITRE PRELIMINAIRE PRELIMINARY TITLE DES DEFINITIONS DEFINITIONS Article 1: Terminology er Article 1 : Terminologie For the purposes of this Law, the terms and Pour l’application de la présente loi, les o expressions defined in article 1 of law n . termes et expressions, ci-après, ont le sens er 2006-14 of 31st October 2006 on the fight qui leur est donné par l’article 1 de la loi n° against money laundering in the Republic of 2006-14 du 31 octobre 2006 portant lutte Benin shall hereafter be referred to as “ contre le blanchiment des capitaux en Uniform Law on the fight against money République du Bénin, ci-après, « la loi laundering”, and shall have the meaning as uniforme relative à la lutte contre le follows : blanchiment de capitaux », à savoir : 1- Acteurs du marché financier régional : les 1- Regional financial market stakeholders : structures centrales (bourses régionales des central structures (which comprise of valeurs mobilières -BRVM-, Dépositaire regional stock exchange “BVRM” and central/Banque de règlement) et les Central depository/ regulatory bank), and intervenants commerciaux (Sociétés de commercial participants ( which are gestion et d’intermédiation, Sociétés de made up of Management and gestion de patrimoine, Conseils en intermediation companies, Asset investissements boursiers, Apporteurs management companies, Investment d’affaires et démarcheurs ; advisors, Business providers and agents). 16 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 2- Auteur : toute personne qui participe à la 2- Perpetrator: Anyone who takes part in commission d’un crime ou d’un délit, à the commission of a crime or an offense quelque titre que ce soit ; in whatever capacity. 3- Supervisory Authority: national or 3- Autorité de contrôle : les nationales ou community authorities of the WAEMU communautaires de l’UEMOA habilitées, en empowered by a law or regulation to vertu d’une loi ou d’une réglementation, à control individuals and legal entities. contrôler les personnes physiques et morales ; 4- Public Authorities: national and local 4- Autorités publiques : les administrations government of the Union and their public nationales et celles des collectivités locales institutions. de l’Union, ainsi que leurs établissements publics ; 5- Competent Authority: a body empowered 5- Autorité compétente : organe qui, en vertu by law or regulation to perform or order d’une loi ou d’une réglementation, est actions or measures provided for by this habilité à accomplir ou à ordonner les actes law. ou les mesures prévus par la présente loi ; 6- Judicial authority: a body empowered by 6- Autorité judiciaire : organe habilité, en law or regulation to perform acts of vertu d’une loi ou d’une réglementation, à prosecution or investigation or to make accomplir des actes de poursuite ou judgement. d’instruction ou à rendre des décisions de justice ; 7- Enforcement Authority: this is a body 7- Autorité de poursuite : organe qui, en tasked by a law or a regulation with the vertu d’une loi ou d’une réglementation, est mission to conduct proceedings for the investi, même si c’est à titre occasionnel, de enforcement of a penalty even if it is on la mission d’exercer l’action pour occasional basis. l’application d’une peine ; 8- Ayant droit économique : le mandant, 8- Beneficial owner: the principal, that is, c'est-à-dire la personne pour le compte de the person on whose behalf the laquelle le mandataire agit ou pour le compte representative is acting or on whose de laquelle l’opération est réalisée ; behalf the transaction is made. 9- BCEAO or Central Bank: the Central 9- BCEAO ou Banque Centrale : la Banque Bank of West African States. Centrale des Etats de L’Afrique de l’Ouest ; 10- Biens : tous les types d’avoirs, corporels 10- Properties: all types of corporeal or ou incorporels, meubles ou immeubles, incorporeal, movable or immovable, tangibles ou intangibles, fongibles ou non tangible or intangible, fungible or non- fongibles, ainsi que les actes juridiques ou fungible assets, as well as legal documents attestant la propriété de ces avoirs instruments or documents certifying the ou des droits y relatifs ; ownership of these assets or rights relating thereto. 11- Blanchiment de capitaux : l’infraction définie aux articles 2 et 3 de la loi uniforme 17 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh relative à la lutte contre le blanchiment de 11- Money Laundering: offense defined in capitaux ; articles 2 and 3 of the Uniform law on the fight against money laundering. 12- CENTIF : la Cellule Nationale de Traitement des Informations Financières ; 12- CENTIF: the National Financial Data 13- Confiscation : dépossession définitive Processing Unit. des biens, sur décision d’une juridiction 13- Forfeiture: dispossession of properties by compétente, d’une autorité de contrôle ou de the order of a competent court, a toute autorité compétente ; supervisory authority, or any competent 14- Etat membre : l’Etat-partie au Traité de authority. l’Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest 14- Member State: the State party to the Africaine ; treaty of the West African Economic and Monetary Union. 15- Etat tiers : tout Etat autre qu’un Etat 15- Third party state: any state which is not a membre ; member state. 16- Infraction d’origine : tout crime ou délit 16- Predicate offense: is any crime or offense au sens de la loi, même commis sur le under the law which enables the territoire d’un autre Etat membre ou celui perpetrator to obtain properties or d’un Etat tiers, ayant permis à son auteur de income even if it is committed in the se procurer des biens ou des revenus ; territory of another member State or a 17- OPCVM : Organismes de Placement third party State. Collectif en Valeurs Mobilières ; 17- UCITS: Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities. 18- Organismes financiers : sont désignés sous le nom d’organismes financiers : 18- Financial Institutions: the following are - les banques et établissements financiers ; referred to as financial organizations: - Banks and financial institutions - les services financiers des postes, ainsi que les caisses de dépôts et consignations ou - Postal Financial services, as well as les organismes qui en tiennent lieu, des the deposit and consignment office or Etats membres ; the equivalent institutions of Member States - les sociétés d’assurance et de réassurance, - Insurance and reinsurance companies les courtiers d’assurance et de and insurance and reinsurance réassurance ; brokers. - les institutions mutualistes ou coopératives - Mutual institutions or savings and d’épargne et de crédit, ainsi que les loan cooperatives, as well as structures ou organisations non constituées unincorporated structures or sous forme mutualiste ou coopérative et organizations in a mutual or ayant pour objet, la collecte de l’épargne corporative form and are intended to et/ou l’octroi de crédit ; collect savings and/ or grant credit. - les structures centrales du Marché financier - Central entities of regional financial régional (-BRVM-, Dépositaire market (-BVRM-, Central central/Banque de règlement) ainsi que les Depository/ Settlement Bank) as 18 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Sociétés de gestion et d’intermédiation, les well as Management and Sociétés de gestion de patrimoine et tous Intermediary companies, Asset autres intervenants commerciaux ayant le management firms and all other statut d’organisme financier, au sens des business stakeholders with a financial textes régissant le Marché financier institutional status under the texts régional ; which govern regional financial market; - les OPCVM ; - UCITS - les Entreprises d’investissement à - Fixed Capital Investment capital fixe ; Companies - les Agréés de change manuel. - Certified manual exchange dealers. 19- UEMOA : l’Union Economique et 19- UEMOA/WAEMU: West Africa Monétaire Ouest Africaine ; Economic and Monetary Union 20- UMOA : l’Union Monétaire Ouest Africaine ; 20- UMOA/WAMU: West African Monetary 21- Union : l’Union Economique et Union. Monétaire Ouest Africaine ou l’Union Monétaire Ouest Africaine ; 21- Union: West African Economic and Monetary Union or West African Monetary On entend également par : Union. 22- Clients occasionnels : les personnes Moreover, the terms below shall be physiques ou morales qui obtiennent des defined thus: services ponctuels de la part des organismes 22- Occasional customers: these are financiers, en l’absence de relations individuals or legal entities who get timely d’affaires durables qui feront d’eux des services from financial institutions, with no clients habituels ; lasting business relations which will make them regular customers. 23- Convention : la Convention des Nations- Unies du 09 décembre 1999 pour la 23- Convention: United Nations Convention répression du financement du terrorisme ; of 9 December 1999 for the curbing of the 24- Fonds et autres ressources : tous les financing of terrorism. actifs financiers et avantages économiques de 24- Funds and other resources : refer to all quelques nature qu’ils soient, y compris, mais financial assets and economic benefits of any exclusivement, le numéraire, les chèques, les kind including but limited to cash, checks, créances en numéraire, les traites, les ordres claims on money, draft, money order and de paiement et autres instruments de other payment instruments, deposits with paiement, les dépôts auprès des banques et banks and financial institutions, balances on établissements financiers, les soldes en accounts, debts and debt obligations, traded comptes, les créances et les titres de créances, securities and debt instruments including les titres négociés et les instruments de la shares and other equity securities. They also dette, notamment les actions et autres titres include certificates representing securities, de participation, les certificats de titres, les bonds, promissory notes, warrants, obligations, les billets à ordre, les warrants, 19 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh les titres non gagés, les contrats sur produits unpledged securities, derivative contracts, dérivés, les intérêts, les dividendes ou autres interests, dividends or other income on or revenus d’actifs ou plus values perçus des value accruing from or generated by assets, actifs, le crédit, le droit à compensation, les credit, right of set-off, guarantees, including garanties, y compris les garanties de bonne performance bonds or other financial exécution ou autres engagements financiers, commitments, letters of credit, bills of lading, les lettres de crédit, les connaissements, les sales contracts, any documents evidencing contrats de vente, tout document attestant la the holding of units of funds or of financial détention de parts d’un fonds ou de resources and any other export-financing ressources financières et tout autre instrument. instrument de financement à l’exportation ; 25- Freezing of funds and other financial 25- Gel de fonds et autres ressources resources: any action which aims at financières : toute action visant à empêcher preventing any movement, transfer, tout mouvement, transfert, modification, alteration, use of or dealing with funds in any utilisation ou manipulation de fonds qui way that would result in any change in their aurait pour conséquence, un changement de volume, amount, location, ownership, leur volume, montant, localisation, propriété, possession, character, destination or any possession, nature, destination ou tout autre other change which would enable use of the modification qui pourrait en permettre funds, including portfolio management. l’utilisation, notamment la gestion de portefeuille ; 26- Government and public facility: any permanent or temporary facility or means of 26- Installation gouvernementale ou transport that is used or occupied by State publique : toute installation ou tout moyen de representatives, members of Government, transport, de caractère permanent ou parliament or magistracy or by state agents or temporaire, qui est utilisé ou occupé par des employee or any other authority or public représentants d’un Etat, des membres du entity or by agents or employee of an gouvernement, du parlement ou de la intergovernmental organization, within the magistrature, ou des agents ou personnel framework of their official duties. d’un Etat ou de toute autre autorité ou entité publique, ou par des agents ou personnel 27- Instrument: refers to any property used d’une organisation intergouvernementale, wholly or in part or in any manner dans le cadre de leurs fonctions officielles ; whatsoever to commit criminal offense. 27- Instrument : tout bien utilisé totalement 28- Foreign manual exchange operation: this ou en partie et de quelque manière que ce soit could be referred to as immediate exchange pour commettre une infraction pénale ; of banknotes or denominated in different 28- Opération de change manuel : l’échange currencies carried out by cash transfer or immédiat de billets de banque ou monnaies delivery, against payment by another means libellés en devises différentes, réalisé par of payment denominated in another currency. cession ou livraison d’espèces, contre le 29- Non-profit organization or agency: this is règlement par un autre moyen de paiement a legal entity or organization whose main libellé dans une autre devise ; objective is to collect or to distribute funds 29- Organisation ou organisme à but non 20 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh lucratif : une entité juridique ou un for charitable, religious, cultural, educational, organisme ayant pour objet principal, la social or fraternal purposes or for other forms collecte ou la distribution de fonds à des fins of good works. caritatives, religieuses, culturelles, 30- Criminal organization: any conspiracy or éducatives, sociales ou confraternelles, ou association organized for the purpose of pour d’autres types de bonnes œuvres ; committing offenses including financing 30- Organisation criminelle : toute entente terrorism. ou association structurée dans le but de commettre, notamment des infractions de 31- Foreign financial organizations : these financement du terrorisme ; are financial organizations established outside the territory of the community of the 31- Organismes financiers étrangers : les Member states; organismes financiers établis en dehors du territoire communautaire des Etats membres ; 32- Cash couriers: persons who perform 32- Passeurs de fonds : les personnes qui physical cross-border transportation of cash exécutent des transports physiques or bearer negotiable instruments or transfrontaliers d’espèces ou d’instruments deliberately assist in carrying out these négociables au porteur ou qui apportent transactions. sciemment leur concours à la réalisation de 33- Politically exposed individual (PEP): an ces opérations ; individual who is or has been entrusted with 33- Personne politiquement exposée (PPE) : prominent public functions in another la personne qui exerce ou a exercé Member state or in a third state, especially a d’importantes fonctions publiques dans un Head of State or of government, high ranking autre Etat membre ou un Etat tiers, politician of a public enterprise or a political notamment un Chef d’Etat ou de party chairman, including close relatives of gouvernement, homme politique de haut rang the PEP and persons known to be his close dirigeant d’une entreprise publique ou associates. responsable de parti politique, y compris les 34- Products: refers to any funds derived membres de la famille proche de la PPE en directly or indirectly from the commission of cause, ainsi que les personnes connues pour an offense as provided in articles 4 and 5 of lui être étroitement associées ; this law or funds obtained directly or 34- Produits : tous fonds tirés, directement ou indirectly from the commission of such indirectement, de la commission d’une offense. infraction telle que prévue aux articles 4 et 5 de la présente loi ou obtenus, directement ou 35- Seizure : the act whereby a competent indirectement, grâce à la commission d’une authority takes custody or control of telle infraction ; properties on the basis of a court order or of another competent authority; 35- Saisie : le fait pour une autorité compétente d’assurer la garde ou le contrôle 36- Money and value transmission services: a de biens sur décision d’un tribunal ou d’une financial service which accepts cash, checks autre autorité compétente ; or other payment instruments or value 36- Service de transmission de fonds ou de deposits in a given location and pays an 21 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh valeurs : un service financier qui accepte les equivalent amount in cash or in any other espèces, les chèques ou tout autre instrument form to a beneficiary in another geographical de paiement ou dépôt de valeur dans un lieu area by means of communication, a message, donné et paye une somme équivalente en a transfer or a clearing system to which the espèces ou sous toute autre forme à un money or value transmission service belongs. bénéficiaire situé dans une autre zone This service may be provided by natural or géographique au moyen d’une legal persons through formal or informal communication, d’un message, d’un transfert financial system. ou d’un système de compensation auquel le 37- Electronic transfer: Any transaction service de transmission de fonds ou de carried out on behalf of a payer both natural valeurs appartient. Ce service peut être fourni and legal through a financial institution in par des personnes physiques ou morales en order to make an amount of money available ayant recours au système financier to a payee in another financial institution réglementé ou de manière informelle ; irrespective of whether the payer and the 37- Virement électronique : toute transaction payee are the same person. par voie électronique effectuée au nom d’un donneur d’ordre, personne physique ou morale, via une institution financière en vue de mettre à la disposition d’un bénéficiaire une certaine somme d’argent dans une autre institution financière, le donneur d’ordre et le bénéficiaire pouvant être une seule et même personne. TITRE PREMIER TITLE ONE DES DISPOSITIONS GENERALES GENERAL PROVISIONS CHAPITRE PREMIER CHAPTER ONE OBJET ET CHAMP D’APPLICATION DE LA LOI PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE LAW Article 2 : Purpose of the Law Article 2 : Objet de la loi La présente loi a pour objet de définir le The purpose of this law is to define the legal cadre juridique de la lutte contre le framework of fight against financing financement du terrorisme en République du terrorism in the Republic of Benin by Bénin, en mettant en œuvre la convention des implementing the United Nations Convention Nations-Unies du 09 décembre 1999 pour la of 09 December 1999 on the curbing of répression du financement du terrorisme et financing terrorism and its nine (09) 22 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ses neuf (09) annexes, ainsi que les appendices, as well as the major international principales recommandations internationales recommendations against financing contre le financement du terrorisme. terrorism. Moreover, it aims at ensuring Elle vise, par ailleurs, à assurer interdependence of the existing mechanisms l’interdépendance des dispositifs de lutte against transnational financial crime. As contre la criminalité financière transnationale such, it complements and strengthens the en vigueur. A ce titre, elle complète et overall national mechanism of fight against renforce l’ensemble du dispositif national de transnational financial crime, particularly the lutte contre la criminalité financière legislations relating to the fight against transnationale et, en particulier, les textes money laundering. relatifs à la lutte contre le blanchiment de capitaux. Article 3 : scope of application of the Law Article 3 : Champ d’application de la loi Persons subject to the provisions of this law shall be those referred to in article 5 of the Les personnes assujetties aux dispositions de uniform law on the fight against money la présente loi sont celles visées à l’article 5 laundering in the Republic of Benin. They de la loi uniforme relative à la lutte contre le are as follow : blanchiment de capitaux en République du Bénin, à savoir : 1- Treasury 1- le Trésor public ; 2- CBWAS 3- Financial institutions 2- la BCEAO ; 4- Independent legal professionals, when 3- les organismes financiers ; assisting or representing clients 4- les membres des professions outside any legal proceeding, juridiques indépendantes, lorsqu’ils especially in the following activities: représentent ou assistent des clients en dehors - purchase and sale of goods, de toute procédure judiciaire, notamment commercial firms, business capital; dans le cadre des activités suivantes : - Handling of client’s money, securities or other assets; - achat et vente de biens, - Opening or management of bank, d’entreprises commerciales ou de savings and security accounts; fonds de commerce ; - Creation, operation and management - manipulation d’argent, de titres ou of companies, trusts and similar d’autres actifs appartenant au structures, implementation of any client ; other financial transactions. - ouverture ou gestion de comptes bancaires, d’épargne ou de titres ; 5- Others liable to the law include: - Financial institutions’ business - constitution, gestion ou direction providers ; de sociétés, de fiducies ou de - Auditors structures similaires, exécution 23 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh d’autres opérations financières. - Real estate agents 5- les autres assujettis, notamment : - Dealers in high value items such as art works (including painting, - les apporteurs d’affaires aux masks) precious stones and metals organismes financiers ; - Transporters of fund - les commissaires aux comptes ; - Managers, owners and directors of - les agents immobiliers ; casinos and gambling establishments including national lotteries - les marchands d’articles de grande - Travel agencies; valeur, tels que les objets d’art (tableaux, masques notamment) pierres et métaux précieux ; Non-profit organizations are equally subject to the provision of this law, they have - les transporteurs de fonds ; specific obligations of due diligence. - les gérants, propriétaires et directeurs de casinos et d’établissement de jeux, y compris les loteries nationales ; - les agences de voyages. Sont également assujettis aux dispositions de la présente loi, les organismes à but non lucratif sur lesquels pèsent des obligations de vigilance particulières. CHAPITRE II CHAPTER 11 DEFINITION ET INCRIMINATION DU FINANCEMENT DU TERRORISME DEFINITION AND CRIMINALIZATION OF FINANCING OF TERRORISM Article 4 : Définition du financement du terrorisme Article 4: Definition of financing of terrorism Aux fins de la présente loi, le For the purposes of this law, financing of financement du terrorisme est défini comme terrorism shall be defined as the offense l’infraction constituée par le fait, par quelque constituted by the provision, collection or moyen que ce soit, directement ou management or attempt to provide or collect indirectement, délibérément, de fournir, funds, properties, financial services or others, réunir ou gérer ou de tenter de fournir, réunir by any means whatsoever, directly or ou gérer des fonds, biens, services financiers indirectly, deliberately with the intention of ou autres, dans l’intention de les voir utilisés, having them used or knowledge that they will ou en sachant qu’ils seront utilisés, en tout ou be used, in full or in part, in order to carry 24 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh partie, en vue de commettre : out: 1- un acte constitutif d’une 1- An act which constitutes an offense infraction au sens de l’un des instruments under one of the international legal juridiques internationaux énumérés en instruments listed in the appendix of annexe à la présente loi, indépendamment de this law, regardless of whether or not la survenance d’un tel acte ; such act occurred; 2- tout autre acte destiné à tuer ou à blesser grièvement un civil, ou toute autre 2- Any other act intended to kill or to personne qui ne participe pas directement aux cause serious body injury to a civilian, hostilités dans une situation de conflit armé, or to any other person who is not lorsque, par sa nature ou son contexte, cet directly involved in hostilities in a situation acte vise à intimider une population ou à of armed conflict, while by its nature or contraindre un gouvernement ou une context, this act intends to intimidate a organisation internationale à accomplir ou population or to compel a government or an s’abstenir d’accomplir un acte quelconque. international organization to perform or abstain from performing any act. L’infraction de financement du terrorisme ainsi définie est constituée même Thus, from the above definition, si les fonds n’ont pas été effectivement terrorist financing offense is utilisés pour commettre les actes visés ci- considered committed even if the dessus. funds have not been actually used to commit the above mentioned acts. Il y a financement du terrorisme, même Terrorist financing is considered si les faits qui sont à l’origine de carried out even if the acts behind the l’acquisition, de la détention et du transfert acquisition, possession and transfer of des biens destinés au financement du properties meant for terrorist terrorisme, sont commis sur le territoire d’un financing are committed on the autre Etat membre ou sur celui d’un Etat territory of another Member State or tiers. on that of a third party country. Article 5: Association, conspiracy or Article 5 : Association, entente ou complicity with terrorist financing complicité en vue du financement du terrorisme The following also constitute terrorist Constituent également une infraction financing offence : de financement du terrorisme, l’entente ou la participation à une association en vue de la Conspiring with or participating in an commission d’un fait constitutif de association with the intention of committing financement du terrorisme, au sens de an act which constitutes terrorist financing l’article 4 ci-dessus, l’association pour under article 4 above; association formed to 25 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh commettre ledit fait, l’aide, l’incitation ou le commit the said act, aid, abet or counsel a conseil à une personne physique ou morale, natural or legal person (being entitled to en vue de l’exécuter ou d’en faciliter rights and subject to obligations) to carry out l’exécution. the act or to facilitate the performance thereof. Article 6 : Incrimination du financement Article 6 : Criminalization of terrorist du terrorisme, blanchiment de capitaux financing, money laundering committed as commis dans le cadre des activités part of terrorists activities terroristes The acts referred to in articles 4 and 5 above Les actes visés aux articles 4 et 5 ci-dessus constitute criminal offences punishable by constituent des infractions pénales the penalties provided for in Title lll of this punissables des peines prévues au titre III de law. la présente loi. They may also constitute predicate offenses Ils peuvent constituer également des for money laundering. infractions sous-jacentes au blanchiment de capitaux. Article 7 : Refusal of any Justification Article 7 : Refus de toute justification No political, philosophical, ideological, Nulle considération de nature politique, racial, ethnic or religious consideration of philosophique, idéologique, raciale, ethnique any kind, nor any similar reason can be ou religieuse, ni aucun motif analogue ne invoked to justify the commission of the peuvent être invoqués pour justifier la offenses referred to in articles 4 and 5 of this commission de l’une des infractions visées law. aux articles 4 et 5 de la présente loi. TITLE ll TITRE II DE LA PREVENTATION ET DE LA PREVENTION AND DETECTION OF DETECTION DU FINANCEMENT DU TERRORIST FINANCING TERRORISME CHAPTER ONE CHAPITRE PREMIER PREVENTION OF FINANCING OF DE LA PREVENTION DU TERRORISM FINANCEMENT DU TERRORISME Article 8 : Enforcement of the provisions of Title ll of the uniform law against Article 8 : Application des dispositions du money laundering Titre II de la loi uniforme relative à la lutte contre le blanchiment de capitaux The obligations binding persons subject to the provisions of Title ll of the uniform law 26 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Les obligations mises à la charge des on the fight against money laundering which personnes assujetties par les dispositions du is dedicated to the prevention of money Titre II de la loi uniforme relative à la lutte laundering applies by operation of law to the contre le blanchiment de capitaux, consacrées fight against terrorist financing. à la prévention du blanchiment de capitaux, s’appliquent de plein droit en matière de lutte contre le financement du terrorisme. These include provisions related to: - compliance with the regulation of Il s’agit notamment des dispositions external financial relations relatives : - measures to identify customers and - au respect de la réglementation des beneficial owners, as well as special relations financières extérieures ; monitoring of some transactions - aux mesures d’identification des clients et de l’ayant droit économique, - establishment of internal control ainsi qu’à la surveillance particulière programs against financing of de certaines opérations ; terrorism - à la mise en place de programmes - keeping and sharing of documents internes de lutte contre le financement du terrorisme ; - measures applicable to manual - à la conservation et à la exchange transactions as well as communication des documents ; gambling and gaming establishments. - aux mesures applicables aux opérations de change manuel, ainsi qu’aux casinos et établissements de jeux. Article 9 : Specific financial institutions’ obligations Article 9 : Obligations spécifiques Financial institutions are subject to specific aux organismes financiers obligations hereinafter Les organismes financiers sont tenus 1-Identification of their clients and if need aux obligations spécifiques ci-après : be, persons on whose behalf they act, by 1- l’identification de leurs clients et, le cas means of supporting evidence when échéant, des personnes pour le compte establishing a business relationship, desquelles ces derniers agissent, moyennant particularly, in the case where some la production d’un document probant financial institutions open an account lorsqu’ils nouent des relations d’affaires, et, regardless of its nature or when providing en particulier, dans le cas de certains custodial services. organismes financiers, lorsqu’ils ouvrent un compte quelle que soit sa nature ou offrent des services de garde des avoirs ; 27 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 2-Identification of clients other than those referred to in the previous paragraph for any 2- l’identification des clients autres que ceux transaction in which the amount or its visés au paragraphe précédent, pour toute equivalent in francs CFA reaches or exceeds transaction dont le montant ou la contre- five million (5,000,000) francs CFA, whether valeur en francs CFA atteint ou excède cinq performed in one or several operations which millions (5 000 000) de francs CFA, qu’elle seem to have a link, if the total amount is not soit effectuée en une seule ou en plusieurs known at the beginning of the transaction, the opérations entre lesquelles un lien semble financial institution concerned shall identify exister ; au cas où le montant total n’est pas him/her as soon as it gets to know the amount connu au moment de l’engagement de la and shall establish that the threshold has been transaction, l’organisme financier concerné reached. procède à l’identification dès le moment où il en a connaissance et qu’il constate que le seuil est atteint ; 3-Adoption of reasonable measures to obtain 3- l’adoption, en cas de doute sur le point de information on the real identity of persons on savoir si les clients visés aux paragraphes 1 et whose behalf the customers act in case there 2 ci-dessus agissent pour leur propre compte is doubt as to whether the customers referred ou, en cas de certitudes qu’ils n’agissent pas to in paragraphs 1 and 2 above are acting on pour leur propre compte, de mesures their own or where it is certain that they are raisonnables en vue d’obtenir des not acting on their own. informations sur l’identité réelle des personnes pour le compte desquelles des 4-Identification of customers as soon as clients agissent ; financing of terrorism is suspected, even if 4- l’identification des clients, même si le the amount of the transaction is below the montant de la transaction est inférieur au threshold specified in paragraph 2 above. seuil indiqué au paragraphe 2 ci-dessus, dès qu’il y a soupçon de financement du terrorisme ; 5- Adoption of necessary measures to cope with increased risks in financing of terrorism 5- l’adoption de dispositions nécessaires when establishing business relationships or pour faire face aux risques accrus existant en when performing a transaction with a matière de financement du terrorisme, customer who is not physically present for lorsqu’ils nouent des relations d’affaires ou identification purposes. Especially in case of effectuent une transaction avec un client qui a remote operation, these provisions must n’est pas physiquement présent aux fins de particularly ensure that the identity of a l’identification, en l’occurrence dans le cadre customer is established mainly by requiring d’une opération à distance ; ces dispositions additional documentary evidences, or doivent en particulier, garantir que l’identité supplementary measures to verify or certify du client est établie, notamment en the documents supplied, or confirmatory demandant des pièces justificatives certification by a financial institution or by supplémentaires, des mesures additionnelles requiring that the first payment of the de vérification ou de certification des operations is carried out through an account documents fournis ou des attestations de 28 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh confirmations de la part d’un organisme opened in the name of the customer with a financier ou en exigeant que le premier financial institution under an equivalent paiement des opérations soit effectué par un identification obligation. compte ouvert au nom du client auprès d’un organisme financier soumis à une obligation d’identification équivalente ; 6-Scrutiny of any transaction likely to be related to financing of terrorism, by its nature 6- l’examen minutieux de toute transaction or circumstances surrounding it or position of susceptible, par sa nature, les circonstances the people involved. qui l’entourent ou la qualité des personnes impliquées, d’être liée au financement du 7-Continuous monitoring of their customers terrorisme ; in the course of any business relationship. In which case, such monitoring level shall 7- le suivi continu de leurs clients au cours de depend on the extent to which the customers toute relation d’affaires, dont le niveau est are involved in financing of terrorism. fonction du degré de risque des clients d’être liés au financement du terrorisme. Financial organizations may entrust by a Les organismes financiers peuvent confier written mandate the implementation of the par mandat écrit, aux seuls organismes identification obligations imposed on them financiers étrangers relevant du même secteur by this provision to only the relevant foreign d’activité et étant soumis à une obligation financial organizations in the same line of d’identification équivalente, l’exécution des business and under equivalent identification obligations d’identification qui leur sont obligation. To this end, the mandate of the imposées par la présente disposition. A cet contract must ensure at all times the right to effet, le contrat de mandat doit garantir, à have access to identification documents tout moment, le droit d’accès aux documents during the period referred to in article 10 d’identification pendant la période visée à below and the issuance of at least one copy l’article 10 ci-dessous et la remise d’au of such documents to principals who are still moins une copie desdits documents aux required to fulfil the identification mandants, qui restent tenus du bon obligations. accomplissement des obligations d’identification. Financial institutions are not subject to identification obligations in this article if the Les organismes financiers ne sont pas customer is equally in a financial institution soumis aux obligations d’identification established in a Member state that is subject prévues au présent article, au cas où le client to an equivalent identification obligation. est également un organisme financier établi dans un Etat membre soumis à une obligation d’identification équivalente. 29 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Article 10 : Record keeping and Statistical Data Article 10 : conservation des documents, pièces et données statistiques To have as evidence in any investigation A l’effet de servir d’élément de preuve dans relating to terrorist financing, financial toute enquête se rapportant au financement institutions must keep the following: du terrorisme, les organismes financiers 1. For identification purposes: the copy conservent : or references of required documents 1. en matière d’identification : la copie for a period of ten (10) years from the ou les références des documents closure of account or the termination exigés, pendant une période de dix of relationship with their usual or (10) ans à compter de la clôture de casual customers, without prejudice leurs comptes ou de la cessation de to longer timeframes of retention leurs relations avec leurs clients specified by other legislative or habituels ou occasionnels, sans regulatory texts in force. préjudice des délais de conservation plus longs prescrits par d’autres textes législatifs ou réglementaires en 2. For transactions: the supporting vigueur ; evidences and records which constitute the original documents or 2. pour les transactions : les pièces copies with similar probative value in justificatives et enregistrements accordance with the legislative and consistant en des documents regulatory texts in force for the originaux ou des copies ayant force probante similaire au regard des period of ten (10) years with effect textes législatifs et réglementaires en from the year the operations were vigueur, pendant une période de dix carried out, without prejudice to (10) ans à compter de l’exercice au longer timeframe of retention cours duquel les opérations ont été specified by other legislative or réalisées, sans préjudice des délais de regulatory texts in force. conservation plus longs prescrits par d’autres textes législatifs ou The timeframe for retention of document, réglementaires en vigueur. records and statistical data referred to above Le délai de conservation des equally applies to other persons subjected documents, pièces et données statistiques this law. visé ci-dessus, s’applique également aux autres personnes assujetties à la présente loi. Article 11: Money or value transfer services Article 11 : Services de transmission de fonds ou de valeurs Individuals or legal entities other than banks Les personnes physiques ou morales, autres who wish to provide a money or value que les banques, qui souhaitent fournir un transfer service on the grounds of primary or service de transmission de fonds ou de secondary business, on their own or as a valeurs, à titre d’activité principale ou representative, must first obtain a license accessoire, en leur nom propre ou en qualité from the Minister of Finance, in accordance 30 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh de représentant, doivent préalablement with the specific regulation in force. obtenir l’autorisation d’exercer du Ministre chargé des finances, dans les conditions prévues par la règlementation spécifique en individuals or legal entities who receive the vigueur. authorization provided for in paragraph 1 of Les personnes physiques ou morales the article are subject to organized crime- bénéficiant de l’autorisation prévue à l’aliéna fighting system in force in the Republic of er 1 du présent article sont assujetties au Benin, including the general and specific dispositif de lutte contre la criminalité obligations which apply to financial organisée en vigueur en République du organizations for preventing and detecting Bénin, notamment les obligations générales money laundering and terrorist financing et spécifiques qui s’appliquent aux related operation. organismes financiers en matière de prévention et de détection des opérations liées au blanchiment de capitaux et au The law has made provisions for financement du terrorisme. administrative, civil and criminal penalties Les personnes physiques ou morales for the individuals or legal entities who qui fournissent illégalement les services visés illegally provide services referred to in er à l’alinéa 1 du présent article sont passibles paragraph 1 of the article. de sanctions administratives, civiles ou pénales, prévues par la loi. Article 12: Information supporting electronic transfers Article 12 : Renseignements accompagnant les virements électroniques Any cross-border electronic transfer must be Tout virement électronique accompanied by accurate information transfrontalier doit être accompagné de relating to the originator. This information renseignements exacts relatifs au donneur shall include his account number or in d’ordre. Ces renseignements comprennent absence of such number, a single reference notamment le numéro de son compte ou à number of the transfer. défaut, un numéro de référence unique All national electronic transfer shall include accompagnant le virement. the same data as that of cross-border Tout virement électronique national transfers, unless all the information relating inclut les mêmes données que dans le cas des to the originator can be provided to the virements transfrontaliers, à moins que toutes recipient’s financial institution and to other les informations relatives au donneur d’ordre competent authorities by other means. puissent être mises à la disposition des organismes financiers du bénéficiaire et des autorités compétentes par d’autres moyens. 31 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Article 13 : Obligations de vigilance Article 13 : Obligations of due diligence with particulière à l’égard des personnes regards to politically exposed persons (PEPs) politiquement exposées (PPE) Depending on their assessment of risk, Les organismes financiers notamment Financial institutions must specifically apply doivent appliquer, en fonction de leur enhanced due diligence on the occasion of appréciation du risque, des mesures de transactions or business relationships with vigilance renforcées à l’occasion des PEPs residing in another Member State or in transactions ou relations d’affaires avec les a third party State in particular, in order to PPE résidant dans un autre Etat membre ou prevent or to detect terrorist financing related dans un Etat tiers, en particulier, aux fins de transactions. They shall for this purpose, take prévenir ou de détecter des opérations liées appropriate measures to know the source of au financement du terrorisme. Ils prennent, à the wealth or the funds. cet effet, les mesures appropriées pour établir l’origine du patrimoine ou des fonds. Article 14 : Obligations of due diligence with regard to Non-Profit Organizations Article 14 : Obligations de vigilance particulière à l’égard des organismes à but non lucratif Any non-profit organization that wishes to Tout organisme à but non lucratif qui raise funds, receive or make transfer of funds souhaite collecter des fonds, recevoir ou must: ordonner des transferts de fonds doit : 1. Be registered by a competent organization. The application for the 1- s’inscrire sur un registre mis en initial registration in the register place, à cet effet, par l’autorité consists of name, surname, addresses compétente. La demande and telephone numbers of any person d’inscription initiale sur ce registre responsible for the operation of the comporte les nom, prénoms, adresses organization concerned, including the et numéros de téléphone de toute President, the Vice-president, the personne chargée d’assumer la Secretary-general, Members of Board responsabilité du fonctionnement de of Directors and the treasurer as the l’organisme concerné, et notamment case may be. des président, vice-président, secrétaire général, membres du conseil d’administration et trésorier, 2. Inform the authority responsible for selon le cas ; registration about any changes in the 2- communiquer à l’autorité chargée de composition of the previously la tenue du registre, tout changement designated responsible persons dans la composition des personnes referred to in the previous paragraph. responsables préalablement désignées, visées au paragraphe précédent. Any donation of five hundred Thousand (500,000) francs CFA or more made to a Toute donation faite à un organisme à but 32 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh non lucratif d’un montant égal ou supérieur à non-profit organization shall be recorded in cinq cent mille (500 000) francs CFA doit the register mentioned in paragraph 1 of this être consignée dans le registre visé à l’aliéna article, including the full contact details of er 1 , paragraphe 1 du présent article, the sender, date, nature and amount of the comprenant les coordonnées complètes du donation. donateur, la date, la nature et le montant de la donation. The register referred to in paragraph 1 of er Le registre visé à l’aliéna 1 paragraphe this article shall be kept by the competent 1 du présent article est conservé par l’autorité authority for a period of ten (10) years compétente pendant une durée de dix (10) without prejudice to longer retention periods ans, sans préjudice des délais de conservation specified by other legislative and regulated plus longs prescrits par d’autres textes texts in force. It can be assessed by CENTIF, législatifs ou réglementaires en vigueur. Il by any Supervisory Authority of non-profit peut être consulté par la CENTIF, par toute organization and, upon request, by Criminal autorité chargée du contrôle des organismes à Investigation Police Officer. but non lucratif ainsi que, sur réquisition, par les officiers de police judiciaire chargés d’une enquête pénale. Any cash donation of one million (1,000,000) Toute donation en argent liquide au Francs CFA or more made to a non-profit profit d’un organisme à but non lucratif, d’un organization shall be declared to CENTIF by montant égal ou supérieur à un million (1 000 the authority responsible for registration 000) de francs CFA fait l’objet d’une referred to in sub-paragraph 2 of paragraph 1 déclaration auprès de la CENTIF, par above. Any donation made to a non-profit l’autorité chargée de la tenue du registre organization regardless of the amount er visée au paragraphe 2 de l’aliéna 1 ci- involved, is equally subject to a declaration dessus. Toute donation au profit d’un to CENTIF by competent authority, where organisme à but non lucratif, quel qu’en soit the funds are likely to relate to a terrorist le montant, fait également l’objet d’une enterprise or terrorist financing. déclaration auprès de la CENTIF, par l’autorité compétente en la matière, lorsque les fonds sont susceptibles de se rapporter à une entreprise terroriste ou de financement du terrorisme. The non-profit organization on the one hand Les organismes à but non lucratif must comply with account keeping obligation doivent, d’une part, se conformer à in line with standards in force, on the other l’obligation relative à la tenue d’une hand, submit their annual financial comptabilité conforme aux normes en statements of the previous year within the six vigueur et, d’autre part, transmettre à (6) months from end of their financial year. l’autorité de contrôle, leurs états financiers They shall deposit into a bank account annuels de l’année précédente, dans les six opened in the books of an authorized bank, (06) mois qui suivent la date de clôture de all the money they receive as donation or as leur exercice social. Ils déposent sur un part of the transaction they have carried out. 33 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh compte bancaire ouvert dans les livres d’un établissement bancaire agréé, l’ensemble des sommes d’argent qui leur sont remises à titre de donation ou dans le cadre des transactions qu’ils sont amenés à effectuer. Sans préjudice des poursuites qui Without prejudice to the proceedings which peuvent être engagées contre eux, l’autorité could be brought against them, the competent compétente peut ordonner la suspension authority may suspend temporarily or temporaire ou la dissolution des organismes à dissolve the non-profit organizations which but non lucratif qui, en connaissance de knowingly encourage, instigate, organize or cause, encouragent, fomentent, organisent ou commit any of the offenses referred to in commettent l’une des infractions visées aux articles 4 and 5 of this law. articles 4 et 5 de la présente loi. Article 15 : Passeurs de fonds Article 15: Cash couriers Les transports physiques Cross-border transportation of transfrontaliers d’espèces et instruments au physical cash and bearer negotiable porteur, d’un montant égal ou supérieur à instruments amounting to five million cinq millions (5 000 000) de francs CFA (5.000,000) Francs CFA or more must be doivent, à l’entrée et à la sortie du territoire subject to a written declaration by the courier national, faire l’objet d’une déclaration écrite at the entry and at the exit of the border post aux postes de frontières par le transporteur. of the national territory. Les autorités compétentes de la The Republic of Benin competent République du Bénin procèdent à authorities shall identify the person carrying l’identification du transporteur d’espèces et such amount and bearer negotiable instruments au porteur atteignant le montant er instruments of such amount referred to in visé à l’aliéna 1 du présent article et exigent paragraph 1 of this article and require of him, de lui, si nécessaire, des informations if necessary, to provide additional complémentaires sur l’origine de ces espèces information on the source of such cash or the ou instruments au porteur. bearer negotiable instruments. Les autorités compétentes peuvent, le The competent authorities may , if cas échéant, bloquer au retenir, pour une necessary, block or hold for a period not période n’excédant pas soixante-douze (72) more than seventy-two hours (72) hours, the heures, les espèces ou instruments au porteur cash or bearer negotiable instruments if they susceptibles d’être liés au financement du are suspected to be related to terrorist terrorisme ou au blanchiment de capitaux, ou financing or to money laundering, or if the faisant l’objet de fausses déclarations ou statement made or information provided by communications. the carrier are false. 34 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Les personnes qui ont procédé à des Persons who make false statements or fausses déclarations ou communications sont provide false information shall be liable to passibles des sanctions prévues par la the penalties provided for by this law. présente loi. Les autorités compétentes procèdent à In compliance with the provisions of article la confiscation des espèces ou instruments au 41 of this law, the competent authorities shall porteur liés au financement du terrorisme confiscate such cash or bearer negotiable conformément aux dispositions de l’article instruments linked with terrorist financing. 41 de la présente loi. CHAPTER 11 CHAPITRE II DETECTION OF TERRORIST DE LA DETECTION DU FINANCING FINANCEMENT DU TERRORISME Article16 : Enforcement of Title lll Article 16 : Application des provisions of the uniform law on the fight dispositions du Titre III de la loi uniforme against money laundering relative à la lutte contre le blanchiment de capitaux Les obligations mises à la charge des The obligations binding persons under Title personnes assujetties aux dispositions du lll provision of the uniform law on the fight Titre III de la loi uniforme relative à la lutte against money laundering dedicated to contre le blanchiment de capitaux, consacrées detection of money laundering shall fully à la détection du blanchiment de capitaux, apply to fight against financing of terrorism. s’appliquent de plein droit en matière de lutte contre le financement du terrorisme. These include provisions relating to: Il s’agit, notamment des dispositions - Attributions of CENTIF relatives : - Suspicious transaction report - aux attributions de la CENTIF ; - Search for evidence - aux déclarations portant sur les opérations suspectes ; - à la recherche de preuves. Article 17 : Extension des attributions de Article 17 : Additional Responsibilities of la CENTIF CENTIF Outre la mission qui lui a été assignée dans le In addition to the mission assigned to cadre de l’article 17 de la loi n° 2006- CENTIF under article 17 of law no 2006-14 14 du 31 octobre 2006 portant lutte contre le st of 31 October, 2006 on fight against money 35 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh blanchiment des capitaux en République du laundering in the Republic of Benin, Bénin, la CENTIF est également chargée de CENTIF is also responsible to gather and recueillir et de traiter les renseignements sur process information on financing of le financement du terrorisme. terrorism. A ce titre, elle : Thus, it: - est chargée, notamment de recevoir, - Is responsible for receiving, analyzing and d’analyser et de traiter les renseignements processing such information capable of propres à établir l’origine des transactions ou determining the source of transactions or la nature des opérations faisant l’objet de establishing the nature of suspected déclarations de soupçons auxquelles sont operations by persons subject to the law. astreintes les personnes assujetties ; - Also receives any other useful information - reçoit également toutes autres informations necessary for the achievement of its mission, utiles, nécessaires à l’accomplissement de sa including the information provided by mission, notamment celles communiquées supervisory authorities as well as the criminal par les autorités de contrôle, ainsi que les police officers. officiers de police judiciaire ; - May request from persons under the law as - peut demander la communication, par les well as any individuals or legal entities to personnes assujetties, ainsi que par toute provide information in their possession that personne physique ou morale, d’informations could assist investigations of suspicious détenues par elles et susceptibles de transaction reports. permettre d’enrichir les déclarations de - Carries out or requests periodic studies on soupçons ; the development of techniques used for - effectue ou fait réaliser des études terrorist financing purposes at national level périodiques sur l’évolution des techniques territory. utilisées aux fins de financement du - It shall give opinions on the terrorisme au niveau du territoire national. implementation of Government policy on - Elle émet des avis sur la mise en œuvre de fight against terrorist financing. As such, it la politique de l’Etat en matière de lutte shall recommend all necessary reforms to contre le financement du terrorisme. A ce enhance the effectiveness on fight against titre, elle propose toutes les réformes terrorist financing. nécessaires au renforcement de l’efficacité de - CENTIF shall draw up periodic reports (at la lutte contre le financement du terrorisme. least one every three months) and an annual - La CENTIF élabore des rapports report on developments in anti-money- laundering and terrorist financing activities at périodiques (au moins une fois par trimestre) the national and international levels, and et un rapport annuel, qui analysent evaluate transaction reports received. These l’évolution des activités de lutte contre le reports shall be submitted to the Ministry of blanchiment de capitaux et le financement du Finance. terrorisme au plan national et international, et 36 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh procède à l’évaluation des déclarations recueillies. Ces rapports sont soumis au ministre chargé des finances. Article 18 : Obligation to report suspicious Article 18 : Obligation de transactions déclaration des opérations suspectes Les personnes physiques et morales visées à The individuals or legal entities referred to in l’article 3 sont tenues de déclarer à la article 3 are required to report to CENTIF as CENTIF, dans les conditions prévues par la provided by this law and following a présente loi et selon un modèle de reporting format established by an order déclaration fixé par arrêté du ministre chargé issued by the Minister of Finance as follows: des finances : - Sums of money and other assets in their - les sommes d’argent et tous autres biens possession that might result from financing qui sont en leur possession, lorsque ceux-ci of terrorism. pourraient provenir du financement du terrorisme ; - Assets-related transactions that might form - les opérations qui portent sur des biens, part of a terrorist financing process lorsque celles-ci pourraient s’inscrire dans un processus du financement du terrorisme ; - les sommes d’argent et tous autres biens qui - Sums of money and other assets in their sont en leur possession, lorsque ceux-ci possession suspected of being intended to suspectés d’être destinés au financement du finance terrorism and appearing to result terrorisme, paraissent provenir de la from money-laundering operations. réalisation d’opérations se rapportant au blanchiment de capitaux. Operatives of the aforementioned persons Les préposés des personnes susvisées shall be required to inform their sont tenus d’informer immédiatement leurs supervisors/employers of such transactions dirigeants de ces mêmes opérations, dès immediately upon learning of them. qu’ils en ont connaissance. The aforementioned individuals and legal Les personnes physiques ou morales entities shall be under obligation to report précitées ont l’obligation de déclarer à la such transactions to CENTIF, even if it was CENTIF les opérations ainsi réalisées, même not possible to delay their execution or if it s’il a été impossible de surseoir à leur transpired, after the transaction had occurred, exécution ou s’il est apparu, postérieurement that it involved sums of money and other à la réalisation de l’opération, que celle-ci assets originating from suspicious sources. portait sur des sommes d’argent et tous autres biens, d’origine suspecte. 37 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Ces déclarations sont confidentielles et Such reports shall be confidential and may ne peuvent être communiquées au not be communicated to the owner of the propriétaire des sommes ou à l’auteur des amounts or to the initiator of the transactions. opérations. Toute information de nature à modifier Any information likely to alter the l’appréciation portée par la personne assessment expressed by the individuals or physique ou morale lors de la déclaration et legal entities when reporting the suspicious transaction, either to confirm it or to tendant à renforcer le soupçon ou à invalidate it, should be promptly brought to l’infirmer, doit être, sans délai, portée à la the notice of CENTIF. connaissance de la CENTIF. Aucune déclaration effectuée auprès No report made to an authority in pursuance of any law other than the present law, shall d’une autorité en application d’un texte autre have effect of exempting the persons que la présente loi, ne peut avoir pour effet referred to in article 3 to execute the de dispenser les personnes visées à l’article 3 obligation to report provided by this article. de l’exécution de l’obligation de déclaration prévue par le présent article. Article 19 : Transmission de la Article 19 : Transmission of report to CENTIF déclaration à la CENTIF Les déclarations de soupçons sont transmises Reports of suspicious transactions shall be par les personnes physiques ou morales passed on to CENTIF by the individuals or visées à l’article 3 de la présente loi à la legal entities referred to in article 3 of this law by any means in writing. Reports made CENTIF par tout moyen laissant trace écrite. on telephone or by any electronic device Les déclarations faites téléphoniquement ou must be backed up in writing within forty- par tout moyen électronique doivent être eight (48) hours. These reports shall include, confirmées par écrit dans un délai de depending on the case: quarante-huit (48) heures. Ces déclarations indiquent notamment, suivant le cas : - The reasons for which the transaction - les raisons pour lesquelles l’opération a has already been carried out déjà été exécutée ; - The time limit in which the suspected - le délai dans lequel l’opération suspecte transaction must be carried out doit être exécutée. Article 20 : Traitement des déclarations Article 20 : Processing of reports transmitted to CENTIF and blocking the transmises à la CENTIF et opposition à execution of such transactions l’exécution des opérations La CENTIF accuse réception de toute CENTIF shall acknowledge receipt of any déclaration de soupçon écrite. Elle traite et written report of a suspicious transaction. It shall immediately process and analyze the 38 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh analyse immédiatement les informations information collected and shall, if need be, recueillies et procède, le cas échéant, à des request further information from the demandes de renseignements originator of the report and from any public and /or control authority. complémentaires auprès du déclarant, ainsi que de toute autorité publique et/ ou de contrôle. CENTIF may, in exceptional cases, on the A titre exceptionnel, la CENTIF peut, basis of serious, consistent and reliable sur la base d’informations graves, information in its possession, block the said concordantes et fiables en sa possession, faire transaction before the expiration of the time opposition à l’exécution de ladite opération limit for its execution specified by the source avant l’expiration du délai d’exécution of the report. The originator of the mentionnée par le déclarant. Cette opposition information shall be notified in writing of the est notifiée à ce dernier par écrit et faire measure taken to block the transaction, for a obstacle à l’exécution de l’opération pendant period of time not more than forty-eight (48) une durée qui ne peut excéder quarante-huit hours. (48) heures. A défaut d’opposition ou si, au terme In the absence of any blocking measure du délai de quarante-huit (48) heures, aucune or if, at the end of the 48-hour time limit, the décision du juge d’instruction n’est parvenue originator of the report has not been notified au déclarant, celui-ci peut exécuter of any decision from the Investigating Judge, l’opération. he can proceed with the transaction. Article 21 : Suites données aux Article 21 : Actions taken on suspicious déclarations de soupçons transaction reports Lorsque les opérations mettent en évidence des faits susceptibles de constituer When transactions reveal facts that may l’infraction de financement du terrorisme, la constitute terrorist financing offence, CENTIF transmet un rapport sur les faits au CENTIF shall forward a report on those facts procureur de la République, qui saisit to the Public Prosecutor who shall immédiatement le juge d’instruction. immediately bring the case before the Investigating judge. Ce rapport est accompagné de toutes pièces utiles, à l’exception de la déclaration This report shall be accompanied by any de soupçons. L’identité du préposé à la useful documents except that of the déclaration ne doit pas figurer dans ledit suspicious transaction. The identity of the rapport qui fait foi jusqu’à preuve du source of this report must not appear in contraire. CENTIF’s report which shall be considered La CENTIF avisera, en temps authentic until proved otherwise. opportun, l’assujetti déclarant des CENTIF shall at the opportune time conclusions de ses investigations. inform the originator of report about the 39 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh findings of its investigations. Article 22 : Obligation de Article 22 : Obligation to cooperate with coopération avec les autorités compétentes competent authorities The persons subject to this law and if need be, their managers and employees shall Les personnes assujetties à la présente loi et fully cooperate with the competent le cas échéant, leurs dirigeants et employés, authorities responsible for the fight against doivent coopérer pleinement avec les terrorist financing. Without prejudice to their autorités compétentes responsables de la lutte obligations in respect of supervisory or contre le financement du terrorisme. Sans monitoring authorities respectively, subject préjudice des obligations leur incombant à persons, their managers and employees are required to : l’égard des autorités de surveillance ou de tutelle respectives en la matière, les personnes assujetties, leurs dirigeants et employés sont tenus : 1- Inform, at their own initiative, CENTIF of any act that may indicate 1- d’informer, de leur propre initiative, terrorist financing, by reason of the la CENTIF de tout fait qui pourrait person concerned, his/her background être l’indice d’un financement du and the origin of his/her assets, as terrorisme, notamment en raison de la well as the nature, purpose and personne concernée, de son évolution modalities of the transaction et de l’origine de ses avoirs, ainsi que involved. de la nature, de la finalité ou des modalités de l’opération en cause ; 2- Provide CENTIF, upon request, with 2- de fournir à la CENTIF, sur sa all necessary information in line with demande, toutes les informations the procedures specified by the nécessaires conformément aux applicable regulations. procédures prévues par la réglementation applicable en la matière. La transmission par les personnes assujetties er des informations visées à l’aliéna 1 du Transmission of information by subjected présent article est effectuée conformément persons referred to paragraph 1 of this article shall be carried out in accordance with the aux procédures prévues aux articles 18 à 21 procedures provided for in articles 18 to 21 ci-dessus. Les informations fournies aux above. Information given to authorities other autorités autres que les autorités judiciaires, than judicial authorities under paragraph 1 of er en application de l’aliéna 1 du présent this article may only be used to fight terrorist article ne peuvent être utilisées qu’à des fins financing. de lutte contre le financement du terrorisme. The subjected persons as well as their Les personnes assujetties ainsi que managers and employees shall not disclose to leurs dirigeants et employés ne doivent pas the person concerned or any third parties that révéler à la personne concernée ou à des the information has been transmitted to the personnes tierces que des informations ont authorities under paragraph 1 and 2 above or été transmises aux autorités en application that an investigation into terrorism financing 40 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh des aliénas 1 et 2 ci-dessus ou qu’une is in progress. enquête sur le financement du terrorisme est en cours. Article 23 : Exemption de responsabilité du fait des déclarations de soupçons faites de bonne foi Article 23 : Exemption from liability for suspicious transaction reports made in good faith Les personnes ou les dirigeants et préposés des personnes visées à l’article 3 Persons or managers or employees of qui, de bonne foi, ont transmis des the persons referred to in article 3 who, in informations ou effectué toute déclaration, good faith have provided information or conformément aux dispositions de la présente made a statement in accordance with the loi, sont exempts de toutes sanctions pour provisions of this law shall be exempted from violation du secret professionnel. any penalties for violation of professional Aucune action en responsabilité civile secrecy. ou pénale ne peut être intentée, ni aucune sanction professionnelle prononcée contre les No civil or criminal proceedings may personnes ou la dirigeante et préposés des be initiated nor any professional sanction be personnes visées à l’article 3 de la présente pronounced against persons or managers and loi, ayant agi dans les mêmes conditions que employees of the persons referred to in article celles prévues à l’aliéna précédent, même si 3 of this law who have acted in the same des décisions de justice rendues sur la base conditions as those mentioned in the previous des déclarations visées dans ce même alinéa paragraph, even if the court decisions made n’ont donné lieu à aucune condamnation. on the basis of the reports referred to in paragraph 1 did not lead to any conviction. Besides, no civil or criminal En outre, aucune action en proceedings may be initiated against the responsabilité civile ou pénale ne peut être persons referred to in the previous paragraph intentée contre les personnes visées à l’aliéna on account of material or moral injury which précédent du fait des dommages matériels may result from blocking of a transaction et/ou moraux qui pourraient résulter du under the provision of article 20 of this law. blocage d’une opération en vertu des dispositions de l’article 20 de la présente loi. Article 24 : Responsabilité de l’Etat du fait des déclarations de soupçon faites Article 24: State’s responsibility de bonne foi concerning suspicious transaction reports made in good faith La responsabilité de tout dommage causé aux personnes et découlant directement The State shall be liable for injury to persons d’une déclaration de soupçon faite de bonne resulting directly from suspicious transaction foi, mais qui s’est néanmoins avérée reports that were made in good faith, which 41 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh inexacte, incombe à l’Etat. turned out nevertheless to have been inaccurate. Article 25 : Exemption de responsabilité du fait de l’exécution de Article 25 : Exemption from liability for certaines opérations executing some transactions Lorsqu’une opération suspecte a été exécutée, sauf collusion frauduleuse avec le When a suspicious transaction has been ou les auteurs du financement du terrorisme, executed, unless in collusion with the aucune poursuite pénale du chef de perpetrator or perpetrators of the money- financement du terrorisme ne peut être laundering, no criminal prosecution on engagée à l’encontre de l’une des personnes terrorist financing charge shall be brought visées à l’article 3 ci-dessus, leurs dirigeants against persons referred to in article 3 above ou préposés, si la déclaration de soupçon a nor their manager or employees, if the été faite conformément aux dispositions de la suspicious transaction report was made in présente loi. accordance with the provision of this law. Il en est de même lorsqu’une personne visée à l’article 3 a effectué une opération à The same is applicable when a person la demande des autorités judiciaires, des referred to in article 3 has carried out a agents de l’Etat chargés de la détection et de transaction upon the request of judicial la répression des infractions liées au authorities or government officials financement du terrorisme, agissant dans le responsible for the detection and curbing of cadre d’un mandat judiciaire ou de la offenses related to terrorist financing, when CENTIF. those authorities or officials are acting in compliance with a mandate of a court or of CENTIF. Article 26 : Mesures d’Investigation Article 26 : Investigative Measures Afin d’établir la preuve des infractions liées In order to prove offenses related to terrorist au financement du terrorisme, le juge financing, the Investigating magistrate may d’instruction peut ordonner, conformément à order, in compliance with the law, for la loi, pour une durée déterminée, sans que le specific time, and notwithstanding any secret professionnel puisse lui être opposé, objection based on professional secrecy, diverses actions, notamment : various actions including: - la mise sous surveillance des comptes bancaires et des comptes assimilés aux - Monitoring of bank accounts and related comptes bancaires, lorsque des indices accounts when there are serious indications sérieux permettent de suspecter qu’ils sont giving reasons to suspect that they are being utilisés ou susceptibles d’être utilisés pour used or might be used for transactions related des opérations en rapport avec l’infraction de to terrorist financing. financement de terrorisme ; 42 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh - l’accès à des systèmes, réseaux et - Access to systems, networks and computer serveurs informatiques utilisés ou servers used or likely to be used by persons susceptibles d’être utilisés par des personnes who are seriously suspected to participate in contre lesquelles existent des indices sérieux de participation à l’infraction de financement terrorist financing offense. du terrorisme ; - Transmission of certified or non-certified, - la communication d’actes authentiques ou sous seing privé, de banking, financial and commercial documents bancaires, financiers et documents. commerciaux. Il peut également ordonner la saisie des He may also order the seizure of the above- actes et documents susmentionnés. mentioned deeds and documents. Article 27 : Levée du secret Article 27 : Lifting of professional secrecy professionnel Notwithstanding all contrary Nonobstant toutes dispositions legislatives or regulatory provisions, législatives ou réglementaires contraires, le professional secrecy may not be invoked by secret professionnel ne peut être invoqué par the persons referred to in article 3 above as les personnes visées à l’article 3 ci-dessus, grounds for refusal to provide information to pour refuser de fournir les informations aux the supervisory authority as well as to autorités de contrôle, ainsi qu’à la CENTIF CENTIF or refusal to make statements ou de procéder aux déclarations prévues par provided in this law. The same shall be la présente loi. Il en est de même en ce qui applicable to information required for the concerne les informations requises dans le purposes of an investigation into acts relating cadre d’une enquête portant sur des faits de to terrorist financing ordered by the financement du terrorisme, ordonnée par le Investigating Judge or carried out under his juge d’instruction ou effectuée sous son supervision by Government officials contrôle, par les agents de l’Etat chargés de la responsible for the detection and curbing of détection et de la répression des infractions offenses related to terrorist financing liées au financement du terrorisme. 43 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh TITRE III TITLE III DE LA REPRESSION DU PUNISHING OF FINANCING OF FINANCEMENT DU TERRORISME TERRORISM CHAPITRE PREMIER CHAPTER ONE DES SANCTIONS ADMINISTRATIVES ET DISCIPLINAIRES ADMINISTRATIVE AND DISCIPLINARY SANCTIONS Article 28 : Mise en œuvre des Article 28 : Implementation of sanctions administratives et disciplinaires administrative and disciplinary sanctions Lorsque par suite d’un grave défaut de When, owing to a serious lack of vigilance or vigilance, soit d’une carence dans a shortcoming in the organisation of its l’organisation de ses procédures internes de internal supervisory procedures, a person contrôle, une personne visée à l’article 3 de la referred to in article 3 of this law, fails to présente loi, a méconnu les obligations que fulfil his obligations under the provision of lui imposent les dispositions des articles 8, 18 articles 8, 18, and 19, the supervisory et 19, l’autorité de contrôle ayant pouvoir authority with disciplinary authority can act disciplinaire peut agir d’office dans les ex- officio under the conditions provided by conditions prévues par les textes législatifs et the specific legislations and regulations in réglementaires spécifiques en vigueur. force. Elle en avise en outre la CENTIF, ainsi It also notifies CENTIF as well as the Public que le procureur de la République. prosecutor. CHAPITRE II DES MESURES CONSERVATOIRES CHAPTER II SEIZURE/CONFISCATION MEASURES Article 29 : Prescription des mesures Article 29 : Prescription of confiscation conservatoires measures Le juge d’instruction peut, The Investigating judge can, in conformément à la loi, prescrire des mesures compliance with the law, prescribe protective conservatoires qui ordonnent notamment, aux measures which order particularly at the frais de l’Etat, la saisie ou la confiscation des expenses of the state, seizure or forfeiture of fonds et des biens en relation avec funds and properties related to terrorist l’infraction de financement du terrorisme, financing offense under investigation and all objet de l’enquête et de tous les éléments de evidence that can help to identify them, as nature à permettre de les identifier, ainsi que well as freezing money and financial le gel des sommes d’argent et opérations 44 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh financières portant sur lesdits biens. transactions involving the said properties. Dans le cas où elle s’oppose à In case it is in opposition to the l’exécution des mesures non prévues par la implementation of measures not provided for législation nationale, l’autorité judiciaire by national law, judicial authority presiding saisie d’une demande relative à l’exécution over a request relating to the implementation de mesures conservatoires prononcées à of seizure measures issued abroad, may l’étranger, peut substituer à celles-ci, les replace them with measures provided for by mesures prévues par le droit interne dont les domestic law whose effects correspond more effets correspondent le mieux aux mesures closely to the measures issued abroad. dont l’exécution est sollicitée. La mainlevée de ces mesures peut être The withdrawal of these measures ordonnée par le juge d’instruction dans les may be ordered by the investigating judge conditions prévues par la loi. under the conditions provided for by the law. Article 30 : Gel de fonds et autres Article 30 : Freezing of funds and other ressources financières financial resources The Competent Authority shall by L’autorité compétente ordonne, par administrative decision order the freezing of décision administrative, le gel de fonds et funds and other financial resources of autres ressources financières des terroristes, terrorists as well as all those who are funding ainsi que de tous ceux qui financent le terrorism and terrorist organizations. This terrorisme et les organisations terroristes. Ce freezing shall take place without delay and gel intervient sans délai et sans notification without prior notification to persons, entities préalable aux personnes, entités ou and organizations involved. organismes concernées. A list of such persons, entities and Une liste de ces personnes, entités ou organizations may be made, if need be. organismes peut, le cas échéant, être dressée. Moreover, the competent authority shall En outre, l’autorité compétente s’assure ensure the enforcement of the law on freezing de l’application des législations relatives au of funds, including Regulation No gel des fonds, notamment le Règlement n° th 14/2002/CM/UEMOA of 19 September 14/2002/CM/UEMOA du 19 septembre 2002, relating to freezing of funds and other 2002, relatif au gel des fonds et autres financial resources as part of the fight against ressources financières dans le cadre de la terrorist financing in WAEMU Member lutte contre le financement du terrorisme States, as well as the decisions of the Council dans les Etats membres de l’UEMOA, ainsi of Ministers of WAEMU regarding the list of que les décisions du Conseil des ministres de the persons, entities and organizations to l’Union relatives à la liste des personnes, which freezing of funds and other financial entités ou organismes visés par le gel des resources apply, and particularly the list fonds et autres ressources financières, en 45 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh particulier, celle établie par le Conseil de made by the United Nations Security Council Sécurité des Nations-Unies et ses mises à and its updates. jour. Persons referred to in article 3 of this law Il est strictement interdit aux personnes are strictly forbidden to directly or indirectly visées à l’article 3 de la présente loi, de make funds that are subject to proceeding of mettre directement ou indirectement, les fund freezing available to individuals and fonds objet de la procédure de gel des fonds à legal entities, entities and organizations la disposition des personnes physiques ou designated by the decisions referred to in morales, entités ou organismes désignés par paragraphs 1 and 2 above or to use them for les décisions visées aux aliénas 1 et 2 ci- their benefit. dessus, ou de les utiliser à leur bénéfice. Persons referred to in article 3 of this law are Il est également strictement interdit aux strictly forbidden to provide or to continue to personnes visées à l’article 3 de la présente provide services to individuals and legal loi, de fournir ou de continuer de fournir des entities, entities and organizations designated services aux personnes physiques ou morales, by the decisions referred to in paragraphs 1 entités ou organismes désignés par les and 2 above, or to use them for their benefit. décisions visées aux alinéas 1 et 2 ci-dessus, ou de les utiliser à leur bénéfice. Toute décision de gel ou de déblocage Any freezing or unfreezing order must be doit être portée à la connaissance du public brought to the public notice including its notamment par sa publication au journal publication in the official journal or in legal officiel ou dans un journal d’annonces notice newspaper. The same is applicable to légales. Il en est de même pour les the procedures to be followed for any procédures à suivre par toute personne individuals or legal entities on the list of physique ou morale inscrite sur la liste des persons, entities or organizations mentioned personnes, entités ou organismes visés, pour in order to withdraw his/her/its name from obtenir le retrait de cette inscription et, le cas such list and, if necessary, to get the release échéant, le déblocage des fonds lui of the funds belonging to him/her/it. appartenant. Article 31 : Procédure de contestation de mesures administratives de Article 31 : Procedure to challenge gel des fonds administrative actions on freezing of funds Toute personne physique ou morale Any individual or legal entity whose funds dont les fonds et autres ressources financières have been frozen under the provision of ont été gelés en application des dispositions er paragraph 1, article 30 above, who thinks that de l’article 30 alinéa 1 ci-dessus, qui estime the freezing was due to an error, may file an que la décision de gel résulte d’une erreur, administrative appeal against such order peut former un recours administratif contre within two (2) months from the date of its cette décision dans un délai de deux (02) publication in the official journal or in a legal mois à compter de la date de sa publication notice newspaper. The appeal shall be au journal officiel ou dans un journal presented before the competent authority d’annonces légales. Le recours est introduit 46 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh auprès de l’autorité compétente qui a ordonné who ordered the freezing with the elements le gel, en indiquant tous les éléments qui evidencing the error. peuvent démontrer l’erreur. Toute contestation de décision de gel Any challenge to an order to freeze funds and de fonds et autres ressources financières prise other financial resources in pursuance of a en application d’une Résolution du Conseil Resolution of the United Nations Security de Sécurité des Nations-Unies doit se Council shall be in compliance with the conformer à la procédure adéquate prévue appropriate procedure regarding the Security dans le cadre des Résolutions du Conseil de Council resolutions. Sécurité. CHAPTER III CHAPITRE III DES PEINES APPLICABLES APPLICABLE PENALTIES Article 32 : Sanctions pénales Article 32: Criminal sanctions incurred by encourues par les personnes physiques individuals Les personnes physiques coupables Individuals who are guilty of terrorist d’une infraction de financement du financing shall be sentenced to at least ten terrorisme, sont punies d’une peine (10) years imprisonment and a fine equal to d’emprisonnement de dix (10) ans au moins at least five (5) times the value of properties et d’une amende égale au moins au quintuple or funds involved in the terrorist financing de la valeur des biens ou des fonds sur transactions. lesquels ont porté les opérations de financement du terrorisme. Attempts to finance Terrorism shall incur the La tentative d’un fait de financement same penalties. du terrorisme est punie des mêmes peines. Article 33: Penal sanction applicable to Article 33 : Sanctions pénales conspiracy, association, and complicity to applicables à l’entente, l’association, la terrorist financing. complicité en vue du financement du terrorisme Conspiracy or participation in an association in order to commit a terrorist financing L’entente ou la participation à une related act, to help, to incite or to encourage a association en vue de la commission d’un fait individual or legal entity to carry out such act constitutif du financement du terrorisme, or to facilitate the execution thereof is l’association pour commettre ledit fait, l’aide, punishable by the same penalties provided 47 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh l’incitation ou le conseil à une personne for in article 32 above. physique ou morale, en vue de l’exécuter ou d’en faciliter l’exécution sont punis des mêmes peines prévues à l’article 32 ci- dessus. Article 34 : Aggravating circumstances Article 34 : Circonstances aggravantes 1. The penalties provided for in article 32 shall be doubled : 1- Les peines prévues à l’article 32 sont portées au double : - When terrorist financing offense is - lorsque l’infraction de financement du committed on a regular basis or using facilities obtained by the exercise of a terrorisme est commise de façon habituelle professional activity. ou en utilisant les facilités que procure l’exercice d’une activité professionnelle ; - When the offender is a repeat - lorsque l’auteur de l’infraction est en offender; in this case, convictions état de récidive ; dans ce cas, les handed down by foreign courts shall condamnations prononcées à l’étranger sont be taken into account to determine prises en compte pour établir la récidive ; recidivism. - When terrorism financing offense is - lorsque l’infraction de financement du committed in an organized group; terrorisme est commise en bande organisée. 2- Lorsque le crime ou le délit dont 2. When the crime or offense from proviennent les biens ou les sommes d’argent which the properties or money sur lesquels a porté l’infraction de involved in terrorism financing offense originated is punishable by financement du terrorisme est puni d’une deprivation of liberty for a period peine privative de liberté d’une durée longer than that of imprisonment supérieure à celle de l’emprisonnement incurred under article 32, terrorist encouru en application de l’article 32, le financing shall be subject to the financement du terrorisme est puni des peines penalties attached to any related attachées à l’infraction connexe dont son offense of which the perpetrator was auteur a eu connaissance et, si cette infraction aware. And if the offense involved aggravating circumstances, he shall est accompagnée de circonstances only be subject to the penalties aggravantes, des peines attachées aux seules attached to the circumstances that he circonstances dont il a eu connaissance. was aware of. Article 35 : Incrimination et sanction Article 35 : Criminalisation and penal pénale des infractions liées au financement sanction for terrorist financing offense du terrorisme Persons and managers of individuals or Sont punis d’un emprisonnement de employers of the individuals referred to douze (12) mois à quatre (04) ans et d’une in article 3 of this law shall be punished amende de deux cent mille (200 000) francs à by twelve (12) months to four (4) years trois millions (3 000 000) de francs CFA ou imprisonment and with two hundred de l’une de ces deux peines seulement, les 48 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh personnes et dirigeants ou préposés des thousand (200 000) to three million personnes physiques ou morales visées à (3 000 000) Francs CFA or one of the l’article 3 de la présente loi, lorsque ces penalties only, when they deliberately: derniers auront intentionnellement : 1. Disclose to the owners of the money 1- fait au propriétaire des sommes ou à or the perpetrators of the acts referred l’auteur des actes visés aux articles 4 et 5 de to in articles 4 and 5 of this law, the la présente loi, des révélations sur la statement required of them or the déclaration qu’ils sont tenus de faire ou sur follow-up measures taken; les suites qui lui ont été réservées ; 2- détruit ou soustrait des pièces ou 2. Destroy or withhold records or documents relatifs aux opérations et documents related to the operations transactions visées aux articles 9 à 15 de la and transactions referred to in articles présente loi ; 9 to 15 of this law; 3- réalisé ou tenté de réaliser sous une 3. Carry out or attempt to carry out fausse identité, l’une des opérations visées under false identity, one of the par les dispositions des articles 9, 11, 12, 14, transactions referred to in the et 15 de la présente loi ; provisions of articles 9, 11, 12, 14, 15 4- informé par tous les moyens la ou of this law; les personnes visées par l’enquête menée 4. Inform by any means the person(s) pour les faits de financement du terrorisme being investigated a terrorist dont ils auront eu connaissance, en raison de financing act of which they are aware leur profession ou de leurs fonctions ; due to their profession or their position; 5- procédé à de fausses déclarations ou 5. Make false reports or statements communications lors de la réalisation de when carrying out such transactions l’une des opérations visées par les referred to in articles 9 and 15 of this dispositions des articles 9 à 15 de la présente law; loi ; 6. Disclose information or documents to 6- communiqué des renseignements ou persons other than judicial authorities, documents à des personnes autres que les State officials responsible for the autorités judiciaires, les agents de l’Etat detection and punishment of offense chargés de la détection et de la répression des related to terrorist financing operating infractions liées au financement du under court order, supervisory terrorisme, agissant dans le cadre d’un authorities and the CENTIF ; mandat judiciaire, les autorités de contrôle et la CENTIF ; 7. Fail to report suspicious transaction 7- omis de procéder à la déclaration de as provided for in article 18, when soupçon, prévue à l’article 18, alors que les circumstances led him to a conclusion circonstances amenaient à déduire que les that such funds may be linked with, fonds pouvaient être liés, associés ou destinés associated with or meant to be used à être utilisés à des fins de financement du for terrorist financing purposes as terrorisme tel que défini par les dispositions defined by the provisions of articles 4 des articles 4 et 5 de la présente loi. and 5 of this law; Sont punis d’une amende de cent mille (100 Persons and managers of individuals or 000) à un million cinq cent mille (1 500 000) employers of the individuals referred to in 49 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh francs, les personnes et dirigeants ou article 3 of this law shall be punished by a préposés des personnes physiques ou morales fine of one hundred thousand (100 000) to visés à l’article 3 de la présente loi, lorsque one million five hundred thousand (1 500 ces derniers auront non intentionnellement : 000) Francs CFA, when they unintentionally: 1- omis de faire la déclaration de 1. Fail to report suspicious transactions soupçon, prévue à l’article 18 ; as provided for in article 18 ; 2- manqué aux obligations de vigilance 2. Fail to fulfil their obligations of due et de déclaration de soupçons, que lui diligence and to report suspicious imposent les dispositions de la présente loi. transactions as provided for in this law. Article : 36 : Sanctions pénales Article 36 : Additional optional criminal complémentaires facultatives encourues sanctions incurred by individuals par les personnes physiques Les personnes physiques coupables des Individuals who are guilty of the offenses infractions définies aux articles 4, 5 et 35, ci- defined in articles 4, 5 and 35 above can dessus, peuvent également encourir les equally incur the following additional peines complémentaires suivantes : penalties: 1- l’interdiction définitive du territoire 1. Permanent ban from the country or national ou pour une durée de trois (03) ans à ban for a period of three (3) to seven sept (07) ans prononcée contre tout étranger (7) years against any convicted condamné ; foreigner 2- l’interdiction de séjour pour une 2. Three (3) to seven (7) years denial of durée de trois (03) ans à sept (07) ans dans access to some administrative districts certaines circonscriptions administratives ; 3. Prohibition to leave the country and 3- l’interdiction de quitter le territoire withdrawal of passport for a period of national et le retrait du passeport pour une two (2) to five (5) years durée de deux (02) ans à cinq (05) ans ; 4- l’interdiction de l’exercice des 4. Two (2) to five (5) years denial to droits civils et politiques pour une durée de exercise civil and political rights deux (02) ans à cinq (05) ans ; 5. Prohibition to drive land, sea and air 5- l’interdiction de conduire des motor vehicles and withdrawal of engins à moteurs terrestres, marins et aériens permit or licences for a period of five et le retrait des permis ou licences pour une (5) to ten (10) years durée de cinq (05) ans à dix (10) ans ; 6. Five (5) to ten (10) years permanent 6- l’interdiction définitive ou pour ban to engage in a profession or une durée de cinq (05) ans à dix (10) ans business in the course of which this d’exercer la profession ou l’activité à offense was committed and 50 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh l’occasion de laquelle l’infraction a été prohibition to exercise as a public commise et interdiction d’exercer une servant. fonction publique ; 7- l’interdiction d’émettre des 7. Five (5) to ten (10) years prohibition chèques autres que ceux qui permettent le to draw cheques, except those ones retrait des fonds par le tireur auprès du tiré ou allowing the drawer to withdraw the funds from the drawee or certified ceux qui sont certifiés et d’utiliser des cartes cheques, and to use credit cards de paiement pendant cinq (05) ans à dix (10) ans ; 8. Prohibition to possess or carry 8- l’interdiction de détenir ou de firearms subject to authorization for porter une arme soumise à autorisation five (5) to ten (10) years pendant cinq (05) ans à dix (10) ans ; 9- la confiscation de tout ou partie des biens du condamné ; 9. Confiscation of all or part of the property of the convicted person; 10- la confiscation du bien ou de la chose qui a servi ou était destinée à 10. Confiscation of property or object commettre l’infraction ou de la chose qui en that was used in or was intended for the commission of offense or was the est le produit, à l’exception des objets product of the offense, except objects susceptibles de restitution. that may be recovered Article 37 : Exclusion of suspended Article 37 : Exclusion du bénéfice du sentence sursis No penal sanction imposed on Aucune sanction pénale prononcée terrorist funding offense may be suspended. pour une infraction de financement du terrorisme ne peut être assortie de sursis. Article 38 : Penal sanctions incurred by Article 38 : Sanctions pénales encourues legal entities par les personnes morales Legal entities other than the state, on Les personnes morales autres que whose behalf or for whose benefit a terrorist l’Etat, pour le compte ou au bénéfice funding offense or one of the offenses desquelles une infraction de financement du specified by this law was committed by one terrorisme ou l’une des infractions prévues of their bodies or representatives, shall be par la présente loi a été commise par l’un de punishable by a fine at a rate equal to five (5) leurs organes ou représentants, sont punies times the fine incurred by individuals, d’une amende d’un taux égal au quintuple de without prejudice to the conviction of such celles encourues par les personnes physiques, 51 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh sans préjudice de la condamnation de ces legal entities as perpetrators or accomplices dernières comme auteurs ou complices des to the same acts. mêmes faits. Furthermore, legal entities other than the Les personnes morales autres que State may be sentenced to one or many of the l’Etat, peuvent en outre, être condamnées à following sanctions: l’une ou plusieurs des peines suivantes : 1. Permanent exclusion from public 1- l’exclusion des marchés publics à procurement or exclusion for a titre définitif ou pour une durée de dix (10) maximum of ten (10) years ans au plus ; 2. Confiscation of property which was used in or intended for the 2- la confiscation du bien qui a servi commission of the offense or was the ou était destiné à commettre l’infraction ou product of the offense du bien qui en est produit ; 3. Placement under judicial supervision 3- le placement sous surveillance for a maximum of five (5) years judiciaire pour une durée de cinq (05) ans au 4. Prohibition to exercise, directly plus ; or indirectly, one or many social 4- l’interdiction, à titre définitif ou or professional activities, in relation pour une durée de dix (10) ans au plus to which an offense was committed, either permanently or for d’exercer directement ou indirectement une a maximum period of ten (10) years ou plusieurs activités professionnelles ou sociales à l’occasion de laquelle l’infraction a 5. Closure of all the establishments or été commise. one of the establishments of the 5- la fermeture définitive ou pour une company used for the commission of durée de dix (10) ans au plus des incriminated acts, either permanently établissements ou de l’un des établissements or for a maximum period of ten (10) de l’entreprise ayant servi à commettre les years; faits incriminés ; 6. Dissolution, if they have been set up 6- la dissolution, lorsqu’elles ont été for the commission of offense; créées pour commettre les faits incriminés ; 7. Posting of the decision made or the 7- l’affichage de la décision prononcée dissemination thereof through print ou la diffusion de celle-ci par la presse écrite media or through any means of any ou par tout moyen de communication audiovisual communication at the audiovisuelle aux frais de la personne morale expense of the convicted legal entity. condamnée. The sanctions provided for in items 3, 4, Les sanctions prévues aux points 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 of the second paragraph of this 5, 6 et 7 du second alinéa du présent article, article, are not applicable to financial ne sont pas applicables aux organismes organizations reporting to the supervisory financiers relevant d’une autorité de contrôle authority with disciplinary power. disposant d’un pouvoir disciplinaire. L’autorité de contrôle compétente, The competent supervisory authority can saisie par le procureur de la République de take appropriate sanctions in compliance 52 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh toute poursuite engagée contre un organisme with specific laws and regulations in financier, peut prendre les sanctions force against a financial organization appropriées, conformément aux textes concerning any proceeding referred to it législatifs et réglementaires spécifiques en by the Public prosecutor. vigueur. CHAPITRE 1V CHAPTER 1V DES CAUSES D’EXEMPTION ET GROUNDS FOR EXEMPTION AND D’ATTENUATION MITIGATION OF PENAL SANCTIONS DES SANCTIONS PENALES Article 39 : Grounds for exemption Article 39 : Causes d’exemption de from penal sanctions sanctions pénales Toute personne coupable, d’une part, Any person found on the one hand guilty de participation à une association ou à une of participating in an association or entente, en vue de commettre l’une des conspiring to commit one of the offenses infractions prévues aux articles 4, 5, 35 et 36 referred to in articles 4, 5, 35 and 36 of de la présente loi et, d’autre part, d’aide, this law and on the other hand, d’incitation ou de conseil à une personne supporting, encouraging or advising an physique ou morale en vue de les exécuter ou individual or legal entity to carry out or d’en faciliter l’exécution, est exemptée de facilitate the execution of the operation, sanctions pénales si, ayant révélé l’existence is exempted from penal sanctions if, after de cette entente, association, aide ou conseil à disclosing such conspiracy, association, l’autorité judiciaire, elle permet ainsi, d’une support and counselling thereof to the part, d’identifier les autres personnes en judicial authority, he/she on the one hand, cause et d’autre part, d’éviter la réalisation de helps with the identification of other l’infraction. persons involved and on the other hand prevents the execution of the operation. Article 40 : Causes d’atténuation des Article 40: grounds for mitigating sanctions pénales penal sanctions Sanctions incurred by any person, Les peines encourues par toute perpetrator of or accomplice to one of the personne, auteur ou complice de l’une des offenses listed in articles 4, 5, 35, and 36 infractions énumérées aux articles 4, 5, 35 et above who, before any proceeding 36 ci-dessus qui, avant toute poursuite, enables or facilitates the identification of permet ou facilite l’identification des autres other culprits or after commencement of 53 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh coupables ou après l’engagement des prosecution, enables or facilitates the poursuites, permet ou facilite l’arrestation de arrest of the culprits, are reduced by half. ceux-ci, sont réduites de moitié. When a sentence is life imprisonment, it Lorsque la peine encourue est la shall be reduced to twenty years. Besides, réclusion criminelle à perpétuité, celle-ci est the said convict shall be exempted from ramenée à vingt (20) ans. En outre ladite paying fine, and, if necessary, from personne est exemptée de l’amende et, le cas circumstantial measures and additional échéant, des mesures accessoires et peines optional sanctions. complémentaires facultatives. CHAPTER V CHAPITRE V FURTHER MANDATORY PENALTIES DES PEINES COMPLEMENTAIRES OBLIGATOIRES Article 41: Mandatory confiscation of Article 41 : Confiscation obligatoire des funds and other financial resources related fonds et autres ressources financières liés to terrorist financing au financement du terrorisme For all convicted cases of terrorist financing Dans tous les cas de condamnation pour offense or attempted cases, the courts shall l’infraction de financement du terrorisme ou order the confiscation of funds and other de tentative, les tribunaux ordonnent la financial resources related to the offense, and any moveable or fixed property intended for confiscation au profit du Trésor public, des or used in the commission of such offense. fonds et autres ressources financières liés à Confiscated funds and financial resources l’infraction, ainsi que de tout bien mobilier must be deposited at the public Treasury. ou immobilier destiné ou ayant servi à la commission de ladite infraction. The State can allocate the funds and other L’Etat peut affecter les fonds et autres financial resources and properties referred to ressources financières ainsi que les biens in paragraph one above to funds meant to er visés à l’aliéna 1 ci-dessus à un fonds de combat organized crime or as compensation lutte contre le crime organisé ou to crime victims or to their beneficiaries as l’indemnisation des victimes des infractions provided for in articles 4 and 5 of this law. prévues aux articles 4 et 5 de la présente loi The decision to confiscate shall provide ou de leurs ayants droit. description and location of the funds, La décision ordonnant une confiscation properties and other financial resources identifie et localise les fonds, biens et autres concerned. ressources financièrement concernés. When the funds, properties and other Lorsque les fonds, biens et autres financial resources to be confiscated cannot ressources financières à confisquer ne be produced, value confiscation can be peuvent être représentés, leur confiscation ordered. peut être ordonnée en valeur. Any person who claims to be entitled to a 54 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Toute personne qui prétend avoir un property or funds subject to confiscation shall droit sur un bien ou des fonds ayant fait within six (6) months as of the order l’objet d’une confiscation peut, pour être notification apply to the court which issued rétablie dans ses droits, saisir la juridiction the order to have his right restored. qui a rendu la décision de confiscation dans un délai de six (06) mois à compter de la notification de la décision. TITLE IV TITRE IV INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION DE LA COOPERATION INTERNATIONALE CHAPTER ONE CHAPITRE PREMIER INTERNATIONAL JURISDICTION DE LA COMPETENCE INTERNATIONALE Article 42 : Offenses committed outside the country Article 42 : Infractions commises en dehors du territoire national The national courts are competent to deal with offenses (specified by this law) Les juridictions nationales sont compétentes committed by any individual or legal entity, pour connaître des infractions prévues par la irrespective of his/her/its nationality or the présente loi, commises par toute personne location of its headquarters, even outside the physique ou morale, quelle que soit sa country as long as the offense is committed nationalité ou la localisation de son siège, in one of UEMOA Member States . même en dehors du territoire national, dès lors que le lieu de commission est situé dans l’un des Etats membres de l’UEMOA. They can also deal with same crimes Elles peuvent également connaître des committed in a third party country provided mêmes infractions commises dans un Etat an international agreement gives them the tiers, dès lors qu’une convention competence thereof internationale leur en donne compétence. 55 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh CHAPITRE II CHAPTER II DU TRANSFERT DES POURSUITES TRANSFER OF PROCEEDINGS Article 43 : Demande de transfert de poursuite Article 43 : Request for transfer of proceedings Lorsque l’autorité de poursuite d’un autre Etat membre de l’UEMOA estime, pour When the prosecuting authority of another quelque cause que ce soit, que l’exercice des UEMOA Member state considers, for any poursuites ou la continuation des poursuites reason whatsoever, that there are major qu’elle a déjà entamées se heurte à des obstacles to executing or continuing the legal obstacles majeurs et qu’une procédure pénale proceeding which it has already undertaken adéquate est possible sur le territoire and that adequate criminal proceedings are national, elle peut demander à l’autorité possible in the country, it can request the judiciaire compétente d’accomplir les actes competent judicial authority to carry out nécessaires contre l’auteur présumé. necessary actions against the alleged perpetrator. Les dispositions de l’aliéna précédent s’appliquent également, lorsque la demande The provision of the previous paragraph is émane d’une autorité d’un Etat tiers, et que also applicable when the request is made by les règles en vigueur dans cet Etat autorisent an authority of a third party country and that l’autorité de poursuite nationale à introduire the rules in force in the said country allow une demande tendant aux mêmes fins. the national prosecuting authority to submit a La demande de transfert de poursuite request for same purposes. est accompagnée de documents, pièces, Request for transfer of proceeding shall dossiers, objets et informations en possession accompanied by documents, records, objects de l’autorité de poursuite de l’Etat requérant. and information in the possession of the prosecuting authority of the requesting state. Article 44 : Transmission de demande Les demandes adressées par les autorités Article 44 : Forwarding of request compétentes étrangères aux fins d’établir les faits de financement du terrorisme, Requests sent by foreign authorities for the d’exécuter ou de prononcer des mesures purpose of establishing terrorist financing conservatoires ou une confiscation, ou aux facts, carrying out or ordering provisional fins d’extradition, sont transmises par voie measures or forfeiture, or for extradition diplomatique. En cas d’urgence, elles purposes shall be forwarded diplomatically. peuvent faire l’objet d’une communication In case of emergency, they can be forwarded par l’intermédiaire de l’Organisation through the International Criminal Police internationale de police criminelle Organisation (ICPO/Interpol) or direct (OIPC/Interpol) ou de communication directe forwarding through foreign authorities to par les autorités étrangères aux autorités National Judicial Authorities by expeditious judiciaires nationales, par tout moyen de means of communication in writing or any 56 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh transmission rapide, laissant une trace écrite other materially equivalent method. ou matériellement équivalente. The requests and their supporting documents Les demandes et leurs annexes doivent shall be accompanied by their translation into être accompagnées d’une traduction dans une the official language of the Republic of langue officielle de la République du Bénin. Benin. Article 45 : Refus d’exercice des poursuites Article 45 : Refusal to conduct proceedings L’autorité judiciaire compétente ne peut The competent judicial authority shall not donner suite à la demande de transfert des respond to the request of transfer of poursuites émanant de l’autorité compétente proceedings from the competent authority of de l’Etat requérant si, à la date de l’envoi de the Requesting state (applicant state), if, on la demande, la prescription de l’action the date of submission of the request, the publique est acquise selon la loi de cet Etat time-limit for criminal proceedings has ou si une action dirigée contre la personne already expired under the legislation of that concernée a déjà abouti à une décision State or if proceeding brought against the définitive. person concerned has already reached a final decision. Article 46 : Sort des actes accomplis dans Article 46 : Measures taken in the l’Etat requérant avant le transfert des Requesting state before the transfer of poursuites proceedings Pour autant qu’il soit compatible avec la Any act duly carried out for the purpose of législation en vigueur, tout acte prosecution or proceedings within the régulièrement accompli aux fins de territory of the Requesting State (applicant poursuites ou pour les besoins de la state), shall have the same value as that procédure sur le territoire de l’Etat requérant which is executed in the national territory, aura la même valeur que s’il avait été provided it is consistent with the existing accompli sur le territoire national. law. Article 47 : Information de l’Etat Article 47: Information to the Requesting requérant State L’autorité judiciaire compétente informe The competent judiciary authority shall l’autorité de poursuite de l’Etat requérant de inform the Requesting State’s prosecuting la décision prise ou rendue à l’issue de la authority of the decision taken or made at the procédure. A cette fin, elle lui transmet copie end of the proceeding. To this end, it shall de toute décision passée en force de chose forward a copy of the final decision to the jugée. requesting state’s prosecuting authority. 57 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Article 48 : Avis donné à la personne poursuivie Article 48 : Notice to the Prosecuted L’autorité judiciaire compétente avise la The Judiciary Authority shall notify the personne concernée qu’une demande a été person concerned of the request for présentée à son égard et recueille les proceeding against him/her and shall gather arguments qu’elle estime opportuns de faire such submissions as it deems relevant before valoir avant qu’une décision ne soit prise. taking a decision. Article 49 : Mesures conservatoires Article 49 : Preventive measures L’autorité judiciaire compétente peut, à la The Judicial Authority may, upon request of demande de l’Etat requérant, prendre toutes the Requesting State (applicant state), take mesures conservatoires, y compris de any preventive measures which are consistent détention provisoire et de saisie, compatibles with the national law including detention on avec la législation nationale. remand (pre-trial detention ) and seizure. 58 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh CHAPTER THREE TRANSLATION ANALYSIS As the translator indicated earlier, the translator’s main focus in this work is to resolve the challenges of terminological equivalence that characterised the source text. Therefore, the translator would do an analytical study of translation difficulties resulting from transferring source language cultural elements. Before attempting to analyse our translation, it is important to examine the basic differences and the similarities in the style of writing in both languages. In principle, French and English are related languages in a sense. This is because French as a Latin language is influenced by German and English, while English is a Germanic language with Latin and French influence. This explains why there are some similarities between them, most notably the same alphabets and a number of true cognates. However, due to linguistic and extra-linguistic factors, Hurtado believes that even between languages that are very close there is always some differences (Hurtado, 1990: 97). Thus there are a number of differences, both major and minor, between French and English. Comparison and contrast of characteristics  Accents: Most French words have accents while accents in English are only in foreign words.  Articles: More common in French and less common in English  Capitalization: less common in French but more common in English  Conjugation: different for each grammatical person in French and different only for third person singular in English  Contractions are required in French while they are optional in English  Gender is required for all nouns and most pronouns in French while in English it is for personal pronouns 59 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh  Liaisons exist in French but absent in English (oral form)  Negation: French makes use of “ne...pas /plus/ jamais” etc to express negation while English uses “not, no more, no longer” etc to express negation  Preposition: certain verbs in French require prepositions while in English many phrasal verbs require it  Subjunctives are common in French but extremely rare in English  False cognate: words that look alike in both languages may not have the same meaning  Pronunciation: there are many differences in pronunciation, particularly in vowels and letter ‘R’  Punctuation: both languages have different uses of punctuations  Singulars and plurals: grammatical number of nouns may be different in both languages  Spelling equivalent: patterns of spellings are different in both languages  Word order: adjective, adverbs, negation etc may cause problems On the other hand, legal language is characterised by its formal impersonal style, as well as by the complexity of length of sentences and structures which reflect the complexity of the subject matters rendered. According to Bhatia (1997), the extensive use of conditions, qualifications, and exceptions for expressing complex contingencies creates barriers of effective understanding for ordinary readers and thus makes translator’s task more difficult. From the above analysis of the style of both French and English we can ascertain that style of an individual language reflects the corresponding legal culture and logic. It could also be noted that though both seem to share same linguistic root and have some similarities, to some extent, they have some striking differences and these differences contribute a great deal to the challenges encountered by a translator during translation process. 60 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh The analysis of this work will focus primarily on terminology related difficulties on the subject matters (terrorism and money laundering) in the source text ranging from unknown cultural reference, lexical ambiguity and terminological incongruity to conceptual void that were identified in this work etc, and a little of structural differences. Unknown cultural reference The term “Assemblée Nationale” in page16 of the ST is a compound term rendered in the TT as “Parliament”, a single word term in the target text complying with the language-specific conventions of the target culture. Here the translator adopted the process of adaptation by Vinay and Darblenet since the situation in the ST does not exist in the TT. This also indicates the domestication strategy of Venuti (1995) that is “bringing the readers of the target text home” in order to solve the problem of absence of direct equivalence in the TT. The term “Parliament,” could also be seen as near-equivalence proposed by Šarčević (2000) which is commonly used in the target text culture (Ghana). Consequently, the realised term adds local flavour to the TT and facilitates the understanding of the readers. However, if the target culture was that of Nigeria with the same legal concept as that of Benin, the translator could have maintained the term ‘National Assembly’ because even a layperson in Nigeria would easily know that such concept which comprises of House of Senate and House of Representative exists in the country. Lexical Ambiguity and terminological incongruity In the term ‘Acteurs du marché financier régional’ in Page16, the noun ‘Acteurs’ in the ST has more than one meaning in the TT. This makes it a false friend with the English noun ‘Actor’. To avoid the literal equivalence ‘Actor’ which will mean an artist who acts in a play or movie, the translator adopted the TL-oriented equivalents which are functional/dynamic equivalence techniques of Newmark/Nida to render ‘Acteur’ pg 16 as ‘stakeholder’ in TT 61 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh thereby giving it a contextual meaning. This enables the recipients access the SL concept by using their knowledge of the TL system to establish epistemic correspondence. In page 18 ‘Sociétés de gestion’, the word ‘Sociétés’ in the ST is equally a false cognate since it means both ‘society (community) and company’ in the TT but with the help of dynamic/functional equivalence the translator renders it as ‘companies’ in the TT to bring out the contextual meaning. The term ‘Auteur’ on the pge 16 of the ST is a false friend with the TT word ‘author’ meaning ‘writer of a book, piece, etc. Since context is one of the determining factors to a meaning of a legal term or concept, the translator translated it as ‘perpetrator’ by adopting the dynamic equivalence of Nida (1969). On page 23‘établissement de jeux’ page 24 is translated as ‘gambling establishment’. Here, the translator again used the dynamic equivalence to create the effect of the word jeux in the TT instead of translating literally it as game. In the phrase association, entente ou complicité page 25 en vue du financement du terrorisme in the ST, the translator rendered ‘entente’ as conspiracy using dynamic equivalence. The translator preferred consipracy instead of translating entente as ‘harmony or agreement’ which cannot bring out a strong effect in the TT context. Conceptual and structural differences On page 58 the translator adopted Garzon (2000) translator’s accountability strategy by intrusion of bracket into the translation in order to clarify some conceptual voids in the ST. This was to ensure accuracy in understanding the exact meaning of term in the ST by the target reader. Example ‘détention provisoire’ page 49 in the ST is translated ‘detention on remand’ but for proper clarification a bracket with explanation was used. Other examples in 62 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh the work are : page 57 ‘Etat requérant’ in Article 49 which also appear in some other few places is translated as ‘Requesting State’ in bracket applicant state, page 25- “personne morale” as “legal entity” in bracket being entitled to rights and subject to obligation, The translator also adopted Functional equivalence to translate this sentence in page 55 of the source text- ST- Les juridictions nationales sont compétentes pour connaître des infractions prévues par la présente loi… For the translator, the literal translation ‘to know’ made no sense regarding the context after a critical analysis of the implication of the verb ‘connaitre’. Thus, to create the same effect in the target readers, she translated the sentence thus – TT- The national courts are competent to deal with offenses specified by this law… The interpretative theory of Seleskovitch amd Lederer (1968) which has to do with understanding and reformulation or re-expression of the ST was also adopted by the translator in order to bring out the intended meaning of the ST author in the following sentences : page 25- ST- ‘Il y a financement du terrorisme, même si les faits qui sont à l’origine de l’acquisition, de la détention et du transfert des biens destinés au financement du terrorisme, sont commis sur le territoire d’un autre Etat membre ou sur celui d’un Etat tiers.’ The translator considered rephrasing the sentence thus – TT- Terrorist financing is considered carried out even if the acts behind the acquisition, possession and transfer of properties meant for terrorist financing are committed on the territory of another Member State or on that of a third country. From the translation, some elements that do not really make impact were drop. In other words, to render a meaningful translation, Baker’s loss and gain strategy comes into play. Page 49 of the ST : Sont punis d’un emprisonnement de douze (12) mois à quatre (04) ans et d’une amende de deux cent mille (200 000) francs à trois millions (3 000 000) de francs CFA ou de l’une de ces deux peines seulement, les personnes et dirigeants ou préposés 63 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh des personnes physiques ou morales visées à l’article 3 de la présente loi, lorsque ces derniers auront intentionnellement… TT : Persons and managers of legal entities or employers of the individuals referred to in article 3 of this law shall be punished by twelve (12) months to four (4) years imprisonment and with two hundred thousand (200 000) to three million (3 000 000) Francs CFA or one of the penalties alone, when they deliberately… The translator also decided to adopt the Direct literal translation method (word for word) proposed by Vinay and Darblenet (1958) to translate the term ‘financement du terrorisme’ and ‘financing of terrorism’ since the concept is most common between the languages (French and English) which share same ancestral background. In the ST, there are several other examples that are translated literally example : Autorités publiques as Public Authorities, Autorité compétente as Competent Authority, Autorité de poursuite as Prosecution Authority, Clients occasionnels as Occasional customers etc. On page 22, it was sufficed to translate this sentence in the ST using literal translation - A ce titre, elle complète et renforce l’ensemble du dispositif national de lutte contre la criminalité financière transnationale as, As such, it complements and strengthens the overall national mechanism of fight against transnational financial crime in the TT. On Page 16 the Preliminary Title of the document, the translator adopted the technique of equivalence proposed by Vinay and Darblenet (1958) for the translation of certain ST terms due to same situation description by both languages example: Blanchiment de capitaux, to render it as ‘Money Laundry’, loi uniforme as ‘uniform law’ since the English Language describes the same concepts as French does and their corresponding equivalence exist in the TT. 64 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh On page 23, the translator used the equivalence technique of Vinay and Darblenet to translate apporteurs d’affaires aux organismes financiers in the source text as financial institutions’ business providers the target language already has the corresponding equivalence. The translator in compliance with the rule of principle of language consistency of Darani (2013) maintained the same equivalence of ‘blanchiment de capitaux, application, financement du terrorisme’ etc throughout the document without considering any near synonyms or alternatives whenever reference is made to these subjects. This was to avoid confusion just as it is required in the law court. Moreover, due to the performative nature of legal language that is, the fact that utterances in legal texts have decisive impact on reality, the translator made use of the performative markers proposed by Cao (2007) that is the use of modals such as ‘shall’ in the TT (to express obligation) and ‘may’ (to grant permission and express right) where the ST made use of simple present tense. For example, in pg 31, the ST Tout virement électronique national inclut les mêmes données que dans le cas des virements transfrontaliers… is rendered in the TT as All national electronic transfer shall include the same data as that of cross-border… the use of ‘shall’ expresses the obligatory nature of the sentence in TT which substitute the ST simple present tense word ‘inclut’. Other examples of such are found on page 35 etc ST- Les personnes qui ont procédé à des fausses déclarations ou communications sont passibles des sanctions prévues par la présente loi. The TT rendered it as Persons who make false statements or provide false information shall be liable to the penalties provided for by this law. From the above analysis and examples cited in the work, the translator has demonstrated difficulties of finding equivalence for source text terms in legal translation. The translator indicated such challenges to be lexical ambiguities, conceptual voids, absence of exact 65 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh equivalence taking into consideration the communicative situation, the readership and their cultural background. 66 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh CONCLUSION In conclusion, this work was carried out to concretely explain why particular attention should be given to the translation of legal documents and also why legal translators encounter certain difficulties when it has to do with choice of appropriate terminological equivalence that can correspond with terms in the ST legal document. The work also indicated the importance of considering legal systems as the decisive elements of culture affecting communicative practices that is, when translating from one legal system into another the differences between those systems have to be taken into consideration. The work further explained that the diversity of legal systems makes research in the field of legal terminology more difficult because a particular concept in a legal system may have no counterpart in other systems. Sometimes, a particular concept may exist in two different systems and refer to different realities, which raise the problem of documentation and legal lexicography. In order to approach this issue from a holistic perspective, the work was divided into three main chapters: the theories of translation from scholars in the field, the original text side by side its translation, and the analysis. Objectively, the work was based on theories which are considered similar to each other, that is, the functional/dynamic and interpretative approaches. According to Weston (1991) these are ideal procedures to employ into the translation process of the ST if the TT is to be useful to the target readers. An analytical and critical overview of the translation process in this dissertation was done with regards to the ideas generated by these theories. However, other supplementary techniques of translation were also employed to prove that the translation of a technical text is different from that of any text, and that, it is not just a mere substitution of word for word but the object of the translation itself is the ‘meaning or message’ that translator can make in the TT, and the impact he is able to create in his target reader which should be same as that of the ST. The study also emphasizes the risk a translator encounters when he faced with two languages with 67 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh different cultures but same linguistic ancestors which was the case in our work. The study serves as a warning to translators who may lose sight of the lexical ambiguities and incongruity that come into play as a result of false cognates which is due to shared linguistic roots. Other challenges such as conceptual and structural differences, unknown cultural reference, and absence of equivalence in terms of terminology transfer between two different legal systems were also emphasized in the study. From our study, the linguistic and extra-linguistic factors of the translator were also considered very vital in terminology and equivalence transfer as it has to do with legal translation. This is because language is culturally embedded and law is basically inflexible and intransigent. This implies that the translator must be deeply knowledgeable in both cultures of the languages and the codes of the legal systems involved. Also for a translator to be able to create the same effects that was created in the ST readers, his skills in both languages must come into play. Summarily, it is imperative that every translator should read wide and give due diligence as much as possible whenever he has a technical text to translate. Consequently, this will enable him to be conversant with the domain of his source text and then he will eventually discover the limit to which his translation can be influenced by certain factors. Furthermore, in order to avoid mistakes in his translation, technical translators and every translator should always have their translations proof-read by resource personnel and individuals who have been in the field of translation for longer period, especially if they have doubt about certain things in their translation. It is admitted that more room is still left for intensive research that will generate result to solve legal translation issues and translation in general in the near future given the fact that this work basically translated an extract of the voted version of ‘Loi n° 2012-21 portant lutte contre le financement du terrorisme en République du Bénin’. Moreover, to avoid a repetition or this limitation in future, The University of Ghana and other institutions where the 68 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Translation programme is offered should incorporate the different cultural studies especially those of the international community since culture is one of the factors that determine a good translation of legal documents and even of any other documents. By this, student-translators will familiarize themselves with those cultural elements that will enhance quality translation. Conclusively, it must be admitted that our technical text is cultural specific and in this light the translator can only do a substantial and formidable job if well versed in the cultures of both languages or has a legal background. 69 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh BIBLIOGRAPHY Asensio, R. (2003). Translating Official Documents. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. Austin , J. (1962). How to do things with words. 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Retrieved on September 24, 2013 from en.wikipedia.org/Wiki/On_Linguistic_Aspects_of_Translation 74 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh GLOSSARY French English French English Financement du Financing of Blanchiment des Money laundering terrorisme terrorism capitaux Loi uniforme Uniform Law Banque de règlement Settlement bank Autorité de contrôle Supervisory Personnes physiques Individual and legal Authority et morales entity Autorités publiques Public Authorities Autorité compétente Competent Authority Autorité judiciaire Judicial authority Autorité de Prosecution poursuite Authority Ayant droit Beneficial owner Biens Properties économique Etat membre Member State Etat tiers Third party state Infraction d’origine Predicate offense Organismes Financial Institutions financiers Sociétés d’assurance Insurance and Institutions Mutual institutions et de réassurance reinsurance mutualistes companies Coopératives Savings and loan Marché financier Regional financial d’épargne et de crédit cooperatives régional market Clients occasionnels Occasional Convention Convention customers Ordres de paiement Money order Instruments de Payment instruments paiement Gel de fonds Funds freezing Installation Government and gouvernementale ou public facility publique Infraction pénale Criminal offense Opération de change Foreign manual manuel exchange operation 75 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Organisation ou Non-profit Passeurs de fonds Cash couriers organisme à but non organization or lucratif agency Transports physiques Physical cross-border Instruments Bearer negotiable transfrontaliers transportation négociables au instruments porteur Personne Politically exposed Service de Money and value politiquement individual transmission de fonds transmission service exposée ou de valeurs Système de Clearing system Virement Electronic transfer compensation électronique Dispositions General provisions Répression du Suppression of générales financement du financing terrorism terrorisme Criminalité Transnational Trésor public Treasury financière financial crime transnationale Procédure judiciaire Legal proceeding Manipulation Handling of money d’argent Apporteurs d’affaires Business providers Commissaires aux Auditors comptes Agents immobiliers Real estate agents Marchands d’articles Dealers in high de grande valeur values items Precious stones Pierres précieux Transporteurs de Transporters of fund fonds Etablissement de Gambling Loteries nationales National lotteries jeux establishments Incrimination du Criminalization of Instruments International legal financement financing of juridiques instruments terrorism internationaux Entente Conspiracy Conservation de Record keeping document Textes législatifs ou Legislative and Obligations de Obligation of due réglementaires regulatory texts vigilance particulière diligence Transferts de fonds Transfer of funds Trésorier Treasurer 76 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Police judiciaire Criminal Postes de frontières Border post chargés d’une Investigation Police enquête pénale Officer Déclaration de Suspicious Violation secret Violation of soupçons transaction report professionnel professional secrecy Décisions de justice Court decisions Blocage d’une Blocking of a opération transaction Mesures Investigative Surveillance des Monitoring of bank d’Investigation Measures comptes bancaires accounts Levée du secret Lifting of Répression du Suppression of professionnel professional secrecy financement du financing of terrorisme terrorism Administrative and Mesures Provisional measures Sanctions disciplinary sanctions conservatoires administratives et disciplinaires Investigating judge Législation nationale National law Juge d’instruction Applicable penalties Sanctions pénales Criminal Peines applicables Prosecutions Conviction Délit Offense Condamnation Deprivation of liberty Emprisonnement Imprisonment Privative de liberté False reports/ Mandat judiciaire Court order Fausses déclarations statements Additional optional Droits civils et Civil and political Sanctions pénales criminal sanctions politiques rights complémentaires facultatives Permanent ban Bénéfice du sursis Suspended sentence Interdiction définitive Accomplice Surveillance Judicial supervision Complice judiciaire Public prosecutor Exemption et Exemption and Procureur de la atténuation des mitigation from penal République sanctions pénales sanctions Mandatory penalties Tribunal Court Peines complémentaires 77 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh obligatoires Personal or real Crime organisé Organized crime Bien mobilier ou property immobilier Compensation to Coopération International Indemnisation des crime victims internationale cooperation victimes des infractions International Transfert des Transfer of Convention agreement poursuites proceedings internationale Forwarding of Détention provisoire Detention on remand Transmission de request demande 78 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACRONYM AND ABBREVIATION French English BCEAO- Banque Centrale des Etats de CBWAS- Central Bank of West African l’Afrique de l’Ouest States OPCVM- Organismes de Placement UCITS- Undertakings for Collective Collectif en Valeurs Mobilières Investment in transferable Securities PPE- Personnes Politiquement Exposées PEP- Politically Exposed Persons UEMOA- Union Economique et Monétaire WAEMU- West African Economic and Ouest Africain Monetary Union UMOA- Union Monétaire Ouest Africain WAMU- West African Monetary Union 79