58 
ce~tifieates and a"e 7.'orki>;g e'se'~' e1'1;' _ l' 
~'-v , 
I,hile tl ,-,hil'i"en loo}: nea+ in their neVi s bhool unif'oi·ms , and 
1.-" 
... t " :Ie, v~e T"a ... en'"s reserve tLpir pun':C">'~ p!'+ ,=yfl 
choosp to ' 
The 11 ""'L:":;'CO.L 1 _ l' e of ~ 
.)1· ",,...,,-, Q. 
in .' ~ -01']. +0 
t 
.<.) + 
u"'J:_'i ""d +' 
', .... t ('"'<1 L 
to '.<- ":IiJ.. +'e 
b .,  ':l + It 0' I" v ',J 
0 
< Y ~" ~ P, v l~ . "1 c,-
i" p vV t c:~' .., ') 1 F 0_: i 
, , J .... 
+ " ~: .... 1. "'"'~ 
1 ' 
e "I""Ir>:" 
- - - - - - -
Uw l~ ~ ScA~-~3 ~ 
bush f'\.e.ar ~ s~ bu.JoL.:....3 ' 
59 
softer and the bo"s s a i d i n mo st c ases the i r mothel's r;olllCl ,lot 
<';,),lt r :)l them. ' h en chi ldren donbt do we} l at school they are 
scol ded . Somet i mes trey are even beaten or tffi'eatened that if they 
do not do well the;T would make them stop schooling . 
Pa r ents Day 
There is a sound cooperati on between the school tee.chers and 
the peop l e in tne i ',lage . What brings them together especially is 
t he Parents La", (n thi s day :?arents are invited to the scho01 to 
see the schon1 exhibition in which the little cr~ft work the children 
are able to do i s shown to them, and they take them round to the 
school farm to see the vlort: of their own children. Always before the 
function ends some of ~he~'Par,@nts are asked to address the chi ldren 
on good habits. The Parents ' Day, not only brings the parents and 
teachers together , but also gives them inspiration to send their 
children to school, when they see the sort of things they l earn 
i n the school. There are some school children ,;\,",0 are alvla~/s neat, 
dutiful and respectful to grown ups, and parents always admiile 
such children and ask thoee cLildren who are laz,' and not well-
behaved to copy these children. 
Signs of gratitude to Teachers 
The parents in the village told me that they alw'Js ~11OW 
their gratitude to the teachers, for trainine their children for 
them , by giving them presents in the form of food such as plantain, 
cocoyam and vegetables such as onions, pepper, COCOyb1l1 leaves, 
and ground nuts. 
There is no distincti()hill I he training of boys end girls . 
They are all trained in the same way at school, and are taught 
the same subject lessons. Children shoVi great love and admiration 
fop their teachers, and give them all the respect they can. On 
Saturdays they bring them bundles of firewood or food .,nd cocoyam 
leaves from ',he il' farms. 
Friends and Plannates 
Friendly relations exi st among t he school mutes. Shi Idren 
can be frlends the first day they COl, Ie to se 101,1, C:' ,'i-,- hey 
have been in the school for a vlhile. Some children do not stick 
to few chosen fr L, "ds, and move from friends to f L'ieLds. Some 
- - .~-----~-~--
Du."';"~ ~oJ;,:Q-1') ~ C"'-ZI~ chCM?.se~ _ 
rn 0...\0, 0- cv- c.U..: ~.J oI<lV) <L ' 
60 
children are able to carryon their friendsh ip even after they 
have left 5c},ool but at her friendships are impaired by frequent 
quarrels. There are gangs which create a lot of (;Oml)etit ions 
between themselves. Children compete during gmnes time, especially 
when the girls are pla;Y-ing ' ampe ' in team spirit and the boys 
football. Also dur i ng sports time there are a lot of competitions . 
At times there are friend ships among boys and girls. Such 
friendshi ps become more intense as children grov~ and sometimes 
t hey l ead to marriages. 
Traini ng i n Re l igion 
At this age children are trai.ned to be very religious . The 
school has organi3eo a~;h~ldr~n service for the school children as 
well as for those wro don bt go to school. The children ' s Rp.rvtce 
which is conducted by two teE;r'hel's at a time, starts on every Sunda;r 
at 9 a.m. Children who are from two years to the age of tVlelv~ 'Or 
thirteen, come happily in their gay dresses. The teachers, divide 
them into groups end tell them stories of little children in some 
countries , who were good Christians, and who were useful to t~,eir 
parents by helping them in their work . Sometimes they telJ t10em 
some Biblical stories, so that the stories Vlill Lelp to shape the 
v 
life of the chilc1re::l in a Christian way. Pictures, and dramatization 
are used sometimes to illustrate their teaching. 
Children of Fetishes 
Among the folem in the Pagan ward there are some childr'en who 
by birth are heathens . During ocnasions \'/l,en their pal'ents visit 
';he god ' Onyaa Wonsu I for special, ceremonies, the;)' ere +a"en 
alonl' v/it!. them. and sacrifices in the form of sheep hel1~, efE,s 
are rna e to the -oc so that 10e ',"'ill protect t',~ children from dan~er-
as "ell as from witch cpaft. i'lel1 I I:e_.t to t:.e fetish priestess 
house I saVi t.wo chilu,'en 'v 10 ar-e s",id to be tne c':ildren o~ tl,e god. 
'1'hey haj tl eir hair matted li ,d uncut and cowries, fertLin.lf 8'1d 
peJni s .. ei.'e +'"ined in it. "'he~8 child ... En e-l-.e suid lie.F' ... .}.,.  .I. i.L ... 
t 0C, ... oJr l;. ilC-i.e 
The~- e.Lc.. tL!;;.i'e tl') Ot.;Y've tnc;; ....,oddess ulltil .I. t tLne tc Ct.' \.0Llld 
have 
j;lb..J..d U.n u ,-' c. j __ 1"\ u c,.tt, u ..• ·.JUl_L O.L .no,.J.e, • i 1 .. _~e.l._ 'f' 1 a. 1 ... 
61 
n d they 1.'oo l d ]Jlt on ::hi te d . 'es-,es and go f.co". nO..lse to Lou e ~,o 
gr ee t tJl<1 than l: their Ile l l . ,i ohers. After t".is fo "ls , gOt<ts ,,-.l!LS , 
e ggs , cal i co ar.d an amount of seven sni ll'",l[,~ 1V0'11J be offer"'d by 
par-en s of c",c'~ of che crildren . A g r eat feast is held iL the 
:.omes of t he cl-} i ldr-e''l . 
Ju~u ~or L"'",rning 
Fe ti shi sl" Hlso worc<:s Sl.lC!y,g so,ue schoo l children whO employ 
chaLlls to '_e l p t'le.n so learn their lessons. Some of the ,'lothe.'s 
of these cnilol'er: &1'e Ct,ristior.s , but they secretly go to the 
f etiei. r r i e:stesb ho giveE' 'cLem a kind of jQju vlhicl-} is SQPPOSPC. 
to '.elp -cr.em i n tneir learning, the headmaste.B cited to ,.e a c ase 
'.:'lic1-] happ ened 0 e daJ-::'h~ a.-an l ~om the lepep Department iIl 
Accri>. cu..e to t',le QC' 001 to lc eture the c1 ildren on lepr·os.j . .Ster 
;:i 6 tel': I'll tl.e ,,'l=,dl'eL ',,0.'- ~s'_el to _e".o'e all tl:eir clo'(;['l'l£; , 
~o tiH.t every part of the body could. be enll. . i~e<l. ','Then V' e crildren 
Car.1e to che staf:;:' .·oom for the eXal.:illution, <' boy had a medicine -,,,,de 
into talis,. . an and WOl'I1 lIrround his waist . Wren he ''ias as. __ "::' -<_:- "e 
ec...l'il"i8, t'-is 1e C'~id l-J.is v::other gavp. it to hin, t;nQ soid ,e sl:.ol.l'~ 
i t :L)~ it would .1elp him to lem'n tard. The r::o '.er 'I'8f; at uy,ce 
pointpu .... 0 i.J.e.L, sL;;::;; u!1oe ... ·stood t .... ew. The ..I..hi._~ r,'b~ re 0-.: r " .pro~.. . 
tl.-le chil" :'.H.: bu.l' t..'" in -'"he E'~:l""Jl,. 
AD o.Jo Le.sc.uJ- 5.:.-1 ~ Sh~S ~ 
.s ;' il nS <1 r-ct.p;d ~ r-e-w-+h . 
C;;;"PTER e 
oneiL:.e::,pd 
'E. p"h.Jt-1.C' 1 
Plvs.k ,,1 Dpvelop,,;e: t 
..... _ :),. -'. ap1.1IJ" 
' . 
growin., speed in girls sloVis dorm, and the uo~'s + "!,e theil' turn 
in rapid growth, An r-olclerly man with w~om I discussed this question 
of' adolfOseen.e took me to a boy and a bi·£·l who were oO"T, aln.ost at 
the same t i ' e . I could s ee more s i gns of womanhood in the girls, 
t han signs of manhood in the boy. 
Upon asking the "1,m why the girls a-lmws tS.ke the leadiYlg part 
in all these, I was given diverse reB-ROnS e,g. probably it is 
because gtrls 1i~cuss +;,i.,,-" "'it}, ;'tle elderly 'NO".1er. or tLe;1' move 
with them a lot and so copy their ways. Round the latter part 
of the middlfO 8c11001 i'!hep LO"S come home on hCllir',,··~ we !1otice a 
0. +' ey E:. Cr)' p ~~ll c.l,:,_ '1"'1 """''-:'' 1" ~"Cl ') e .p. .~~. c~', 
.... r: .... ' m, ' '" l' " i ~' " " . r""I ..... t;' p .. . ..::. ..... 1""'.1 • ".' " c v··::) 
T' ',' -''' r 
, '" 
,.., '1 .. .,. 
~ , 4;;.. .. 
, 1 , .: + c:c-' 
i -i1 .0 .... 1 .. 
bsk for extr" fooa. 
~.' J. 1 0.> <::!1'-' ttracti' e ~nd so becoMe ;:'0"''1 of' 
tl-~-irJ C"rl)'l l .=i C'Qvel'Sa 
r.> ~'"'\ci.r>", ., .... 'Io ...... ':1.e s .. 
pub€' 'lt~ ri te ~",r ~ ", T" :.-~:) ...... -1 J"e"''!'::;,l<"'i+ ..I..'-t;i .... t 
u _ _ i p po ...". ',J -" V '1':< ,,'" L e ~ i 
ct Q""' .1·1 
'il 1 C"+ .... nr"' ,..," ++p.' L. 
,aa:,6 the hair gl'OW bushy aDd raise up the ,',air in-front. TLis ~tyle 
mr,ey put on cloth~ 'l'hich al:'e of gaoe lupli ty. During occaRioYl8 
bour'let frol" stores. '!' e ~chool "boy'" nnd the ro"s v:ho "onbt go +0 
occasions . 
kinds of tpytiJes t e girls uRe for their dresses or rloths. On 
special occasiOYle trey .9ut on different kir1s of 8"nd81" and o-hoes, 
aJ:d \'Ial', i"1 Cro'lPS witt: t:ll;ir camer'as hanging from their shouJders. 
Sex ::CL.. . C8t i on 
by their uothers auout sex just.  1:ei'o['e they entere'l t'" is stage • 
:fTo'., tL ... ir:gs I-ave ct ...... n[efl. S'y"e of' the ar101e~ce'Y>t bc:;y-s ... ·"d [i Ip enEag 
ill "exual practice::'" and the girls ,·"cen ~hey are p~e.;Y'~"~ usc 
nOVlada:iS ,ot',e£'" all.&;'6 tea~h children about this "Ihen the:; a,ce 
,?prforming the pub"L'ty rites. The boys ape tr'lgl"t ;"l,en tLe3; ar'e 
preparing to "ar?y. 
The 1- iggest occaeion ".n tr.e lif0 of' "), a 'oleecent girl is 
He cele"b, etion o~ the ':)ubert:r ri t~", v:hich i2 a cor.lbina~io:1 of 
pl'oclamatio,1 of her coming of age and 'lep vireinity. '::"',e puberty 
Christipnity, but as I haJ en ~ld illan to give 1£ a lot of infOrmation 
feel I 'lI11St ea;:,- eOr"'ethinr ~"O'lt it. 
65 
lavender, towel, litre and chewing stuf'f. i"he VIi'S taken to the 
river sire by an elderly Vloman '1'ho bathed her and taught her how to 
wash her napkine \"fell, how they should be changed often and every-
thing in connection ¥Jith neatness. 
I was inf'ormed by a lot of the young girls that bef'ore they come 
to menstruation period they t':et to kno'v al l that happen in the 
processes of' menstruation f'rom their friends, when conversine; with 
them. They know that when it is getting to the period of nenstruation 
the nipples become verJ heavy a"d darker in colo1 r. Some pains are 
experienced in 'oheir stomach as well as in the waist. Some of them 
even feel nausea duri 1'l(l ttli s stage and vomit a lot. They told me 
also that durinp this stage girls become quick tempered end are 
annoyed about trifling matters. 
Confirmation takes the place of puberty celebration 
Owing to the la~se of the ' celebration of the puberty ri tes in 
the village ITsa':ye, when children who CO"le from Christian familieE 
are confirned, something is done to mark the beginning of puberty. 
During the confirmation week, children are given the best kind of 
food, rice, and stew, fufu and chicken soup. On the confirnbtion 
day sweets e.g. twisted calces, biSCUits, cakes are sent as presents 
to the friends of the family, including the child ' s friends as well. 
The father buys for the children new trunks in which are put neVi 
dresses, cloths, sandels, pomade, powder, sponge, soap and tOVlel. 
In the case of girls, mothers try their very best to ma}:e for them 
golden ornaments such as ear-rings, neck-laces, b:::'8celets, and buy 
them beads, When children see all these things they rejoice very 
much and realize also their parents ' love for them. Friends of the 
family, relatives as well as their own friends, send them preRen~s 
which are mostly noney. I ca"1e across tv/a adolescents \'Iho were 
confirmed not long ago. One of them told me that when he was 
confL'med 'le got a lot of mane,.' v'l' ich amounted to tVienty pounds. The 
other said he too had fifteen pounds. Vlhen I asked them v'hat t'-e;,-
did \Vi th the money they said that they sayed some of the ,10ne;y in the 
post office, anJused the rest to buy more dresses, and ~andals. 
During confir1nation wee};: cLildren are rele<E'f'd fro"l ':;oiClE thei!' 
66 
dome s tic duties . They are given time to dress up and po a") aoO\.,t 
with the i r friends, t aking photogr aphs, eat i ng somewhere and doing a ll 
sorts of t hings to mace them happy . I t is deemed a disgpace to a gir l 
if she has not been confirmed and conceives. The parents also 
become very sad about th i s, and become worried about the disgrace 
and bad name this chi l d has bestowed on them. For people wi l l say 
they d i d not t ra i n the child wel l . 
Children whG-turn up to be bad, and don ~t help their parents 
in their work, are given very simple celebration on their 
confi rmation. Few things are given to them and the great feasting 
ends with the confirmatio..n d?y and for the rest of the days normal 
work is cont inued. 
First exnepience of menstruation 
I have already pointed out that celebrations of puberty rites 
do not exist in this village N~akye, but a girl on first finding 
herself menstruating reports at once to her mot.her . Some children 
seem to be quite innocent about this and upon seeing the appearance 
of blood in their napkins take it to be diseases and with tears in 
their eyes go t o their parents to report what has happened. 0 'Then 
she does not know mother points out. to her that it is a natural 
thing which children of her stage should experience monthly in 
normal life. She then teaches her how to change the mapkin 
frequently, and how to wash it vlell to ret rid of blood stains. She 
teaches her to bathe three times a day. A bath in the morning 
after fi nishing with the domestic duties', Then in the afternoon 
and in the evenings. The vagina should be washed well. 'rhe girl 
then daubs her whole body with powder. The mot.her then gives hep 
some rags to be used ~s naplcins. She is tanght to know 'low a wonan 
smells when she lets her napkirs soak the impure blood for a long 
time and does not change them. Sometimes the grandmother instead 
of the mother administers tee instructions to the child. She is 
told of the evil s that lie ahead if at tr.is stage ;fshe contacts man 
on sexual practices. Che is given mashed yams and boiled ~ggs as 
a sigrc of ,er I"/elcome into womanhood. 
r~ 6 ~s tecvn a... 
Lot fro-m +h.W 
~13 ' I-I e.-Q, 
i1a -ttu., p l'~ 
r~ s~-tw-o 
f. I-w.n!-va lV\ ol 
!~ (1M Jo~ -
~~M~ _~ rhJ., 
.r~~k.uM-
A do tis~ 
. b~e ~ 
gI "etU tev-MRrS . 
~ wt.-
~ 8~ of 
~ W'U~3 
IlAl 01 8 0"W\"t, C 0.. ""'d • 
"'''3 ~. OJ-C<) 01 <Vl~ 
~ol ,~, 
67 
A woman told me that one of her daughters could not be frank 
enough to tell her the new situation into which she had entered, 
and kept this within herself, until the second or third menstruation 
period. 
As I have already said the boys get to know something of sex 
throu!!'h convef'sation with older bo:rs . Some of tllem told me that at 
l east thr- y know of the period ~uring which when they contact a girl 
in sexua l practi ces no conception will take place, that is ten days 
after the menstruation period. 
Adolescents begin to trade or farm on their oVl.!:! 
During this stag~o~ adolescence, children ' s way of thinking 
develops and they are able to rea son well. I waa told that some 
of' them can reason far more deeply than their parents. Scbme 
mothers, during their absence at llome, leave the house and the 
younger children, entirely in ·the hands of those adolescents, who 
continue the daily Vlork in the family without being embarassed. 
Sometimes mothers allow some of them to trade on their own. They 
go to Accra or Nsawam to bCly £'1 sh to sell and the profit they get, 
is used by them to buy their clothing and pett;lr things. The boys 
too having learnt about the seasons and their effects on plants 
and all the teclmiques in native farming , are given large portions 
of land to manage themselves. They usually indulge in crop farilling 
and during the harvest season most of the food harvested is tal~en to 
Nsawam or Accra for sale and a great deal of money is obtained. As 
they are at this stage, left to buy tr,eir O\"m needs, and parents 
occasionally give them some cloths, they make a budget for themselve 
and use this ~oney thriftily. 
The Drift into the Towns 
I was ini'ol'med by the people of the "illao-e that adolescents 
find it very difficult to find work to do in the village, so a lot 
of them have travelled to Nsawam, Aburi, Accra and some <':If other 
towns for work, some of tllem accompany ·,heir parents to Ahafo in 
Ashanti to make cocoa farms. The bO:"s who go to the towns are of 
two groups. The educated and tl:le illiterates. The educated ones 
find Ylork to do in the shops as assistants, then some become pupil 
- - ~ 
f --
rr --
~l~ .:0 +ht, ftv-M ~ S= W'l a,Jc..u~~ 
b""j k.M p ~ '1 j -+Iu. fwi-/ur -to co-lte-cJ- pal In W ~ 
~ "" pet-I..,,~, w~ CU1~~ """'-L I S 
~ ~ +1l.M 8 k,/- h M-V -t<, ~ pat".., w '-"\L. . 
68 
teachers in villages, telephonists, clerks and typists. I wa s 
informed that there were no secondary boys from the J1illage before, 
but now there are two. One is at Accra Academy and the other at 
Prempeh College Kumasi. The illitera t e s become apprentices to 
drivers, tailors, blacksmiths , goldsmit hs , carpenters and fitters. 
The length of t heir apprenticeship l asts foY' five to seven years. 
Girls l earn trades 
There are about t hree girls from the vil l age who are t eaching 
in some villages as pupil teachers. For the illiterates, most of 
t hem trade on their own ~ill they get sufficient money to buy sewing 
machines . Those W.,0 coh1e-_from well to do faf!~ilies get their parents 
to buy t hem ~ n - . ::-he girls having obtained machines, become 
apprentices to SO;,le of the seamstresses in Nsawam, Aburi bnd Accra. 
There ",pc a few who are attending the Aburi Giels ' Vocation,,! 
of-
schooL I learnt from my invwstigation rl'll>l'F.- the Pagan wal'u that 
a out six of the boys of t;,is age, have been sent to Aburi to serve 
as stool carriers, and ('ourt criers in the chief's house. 
Behaviour gives indication for fut_u~ ~a~ 
All the parents came to a conclusion that tr.ey can veI'~' 'fell 
1 t.:. "~'::, 'c).~l,~,oen of this stage will do in future, from 
their actions, and behavionr at ho.~e. You can detect at once those 
who are very sensible and would turn to be clever people in the 
jOu tul!le. Those who are talented in farming, trading, drivers, 
smi ths, and servers at the chief ' s court. They al Vla:'s depend upon 
these evi ences to choose foY' them their futul'e career. A woman 
told me that she has two chil dren who are all in t'lis age group. 
T);re elder i s always interested in farm work. She can weed a very 
l arge portion within a short time, alwa,.'s the plants and seeds that 
she p l ants yield wonderfully heavy crops. She knows the se8sons 
which are suitable for different pl$nts. When they corne home from 
the farm; she is quite a dif, erent ')erson j 01' she ShOWf no love or 
sympathy to tre ,'ounger cousins in the 10use. She beats t'~ _ em when 
+hey come to her to beg for food, end has never dreamt of bathin ' 
I'I"I~ 
them 01' car' ying t ~e ,oung 'ta"i s,to "elp the 311nts. It is tl'e other 
one who dre"ds the idea of goi'l[ to farm to ,Iork in the t'W'{',S, who 
r -
\ 
L~~_ 
A- _ tl~~j ~~ of. ~plc..:1s h.v ~ ~ . 
I-u.r S 1SWS ' ~ c,.ve. C"",,, s-&.. hoW .sh.Q... 
c."","~ <!-W, ;j"""""~.e,.- O"Y\L- a;I- ~G\.-C--K 
-~-~-l 
\ 
69 
proves her worth here . She always feeds the young children , plays 
with them, bathes a.nd dresses them and carrie s them at the back. 
During adolescence, there are changes in emotiom..l re~,ctions 
or tLe children. Owing to this children of this ape group sometimes 
seem to have the spi.rits of fetish or gods on them. '''hen this 
happens they are taken to the fetish priest and something is done 
for t hem till they become normal. Another significant feature 
.)1' t his stage is a sense of frustration and gr-eat afre ';> i h • 
Glrl.s and (Juys easily get frustrated when they are ill or vlhen a 
member of the family is ill. When there is affection towards some 
body too, it is very fiiite1!p-e.-
Adolescents are teasers 
We know children of this age group are very fond of giggling, 
laughing, hooting, rnickna1!lL1g friends and calling themselves names, 
these are very often done when they meet together to play. I 
gathered about eight adolescents together and through conversations 
with them, got to kno w Q lot of things that they do. SO".e of them 
told me that sometimeS t hey nickname grown ups, who scold them or 
offend them in some ways. A case VIas cited to me of a man who carne 
to defend his child who was fighting with a bOy in their' gang. Tl-'ey 
thought the man was a fool to have scolded them and to have defended 
a boy who oe'lave,l .lo.)lishly so they nicknamed him O.P.K. ' Opan;y1n 
KI"!ase.' leaning a foolich man. Anytime they saw this man approaching 
from afar, they shouted his name until he passed by, not knowine 
what was happening. In their pla;/6 at times they pull the legs 
of Eorne of their friends. e.g. if they saw a friend being scolde<l 
by his ps'ents they would tease him about it laughing and mocking 
till thc one laughed at gets annoyeJ and leaves fop horne. They 
always tease people but they donot want to be teased. 
FLwtuatillf conduc.! 
During tris ]:>e1io,<, 1S ch11c.l'en learn to build up their 
conduct, they are apt to be good at a certain stage and be very 
bad at a dif'l"er< nr Rt><ee, for they pass through di ferent ' If •. ds of 
behaviour until they choose Vlhat will sutt I',hei[' llattern of life. 
70 
So du r ing this stage parents t each children a lot abo'lt good 
character building, by setting to them examples to follow, telling 
them of how they behaved when they were young, so that children 
will CO,npbl'e their behaviour with theirs, and also l)y checking 
t~em when they misbehave. One difficulty that parents face is, 
children at this age group be come veryproud and show indifference 
to the stress parent.s lay on character building. They hate ~o ·be 
c:ornmanded. Parents are therefore very strict and firm in the ir 
way of discipline, on children of this stage, for had ,+~perienced 
any weakness in the part of parents discipline, they would rebel 
against them, give them- no_ ·respect and would not he"'d the ir advi ce 
or obey their instructions. 
Religious emotion 
Children of thi s age are al so interested in the ir r·elle;ion. 
-iost uf the adolescents tend to be regular attendants of the 
Sunday Service. ~hey als ways dress up in their best, go to call 
their fri.ends in thei r houses and they attend the servi. c:e together. 
They take the leading part in the different societies such as 
singing band or guild in the church, and always attend meetings 
to practise songs. For the fetish too, t 1'£re are a lot of ~tirls 
of this age group who II 'el'emonial occasions walk be nfud the 
fetish priestess clap and sing while she dances and displays 
her charms. 
Grega!' i OU8 t endencie s 
Another thing which reveals itself among adolescer,c~ is that 
t':ley alw'lYs C' Ji:ind of friendchip eslal)lished 
among them during this stage is so strong th8t sometimes it 
continues when they are adults . Children c"n 'eveJ. 'f> ,\. cr, '!Clei 
behaviour. to , among their bad friends in this company. As :,oon 
as they start beLaving badly, they become vero lr'.f'0rtL.pnt, go out 
when they choose, or sometimes choose to cook their own food. In 
the companies there seem to be sone leaders to .110"" J't,\-eren<:;e is 
ghen by tl"F ot.her p laYMates . 
f 
I 
J""L is -!.:, sh.".., ho-w +h.R.. 5 ~ , n-l-v" 
«.(O~~ I~ pl"'j~' 
71 
::' -:"l":'re 
'1'he Li~c.. 
1 .... l6.t i v '3" /.YJ. ?O\ Iprce -'-
.... 1 L. .1 e to 
.h.ll:J O-P -l- .J.r>i C' ..,.....C:-, 1 is-l P"- of ..Lde1.r fc...:..1i 1" .c. lJ 
J A ~-,' r 
coopt cf .... , e;" ..:.!r'" 
180.1.: ....L 1 --1- C • i Yl r v , t'· p:- . ~ p. ::' '"' _ i .- ,... 
'0 ' 
-: b .... +' e J.-'-~ "-:'0 ~ ~ 
Le t t.,POllJ:-' 1eo .,,- ' rtO ......... aSODe 
' Fe. +0 t __ tit.:. + i ' i' , 
f ...,-!-OO.;.lU ' d 
S....vL 01 
t i:ibint '""'\ , Ile8C'.1,-,tiJ!1 "fA•  ...e "e ' ;11 "'e "."<  - • 
,.", e"'- -: i 1 
t'e 
, 1e~. 
t ..pufc)! v ..... re, , e_~ t\ 1 enl, ()._~.L ic; c:J t ~ ... E.. _ .... Uo_ t 
a 1 t of .,' 'e 
,., 
~, ., ~ 1 "1'0 ",' i co .... .: I" :'0', f' 
n"J. _ .'i ~(' co. < f' "Je ..... '0+ sh.l.'i-
72 
3. A lfsr'p, reb o Wo a , "'ohvlehwe mu yeyer-e . ~'ean i; lg ',''len" OllI' 
'-;i v e s v'ar-t to di v o r'ce you , JOU -P i""'d 0 t t'le .. ost fGl.it'~ful 
::>f a '1. 
~ .. 17i 8'"'e .. otJ.'G n'"' 1..,aanu baanu. 'fl ' is is gS i r' to e ncourr;p' 
l1'8 rri age . T l~,&.t in t his world "'13 live in couples . 
5. ::::n:re t ~"awa_,.,p: t ma-In--re na wode v!are obea .. A lJ1an can ' t marry 
v;ith h is Dlouth . J ust sit ting dO'Iffi sayi'1g I have mar l·ied. 
6. VifoJ"ere nomanum ~ VlO teJ.::erema a ur,. This is said to 
dic:ocourac..e 1"'Io l :lLam;;-,. That orren you 1:ave five \. i ves ;you 
have Dot filT-=" c.i:f~el"'F.nt ton.;:. 1es. You b£l1'e got a dif:fer·en+ 
,ord for each. -
7. Oyer-e pa sen s i ka .. good "'ife i" better thsn [old. 
B. 0 :; Pl'P, 1''' ~~E <:l1-.()(3e~ A good "'ife is nett"r t.:1an a ppope rt.:;" . 
9. 9baa h is1 &' te pp aeeben ar" na wugyae 8':,21"'e gyae aware a, 
,, ' ani mmma nyam da. Th i s is to ~iscoupace divor·ce. Heaning 
a woman v'ho divorces a lot of ;"1.'slJ~rils is never respected. 
1 O. Obe a ho :;'e fe a na efi ne l;t<nu. Meani ~G ,',hen a 'Ironan become" 
leautiful i t is t'.e husban~. ::100 '1<..S !"1Gtde her so. 
-,V-i"",l,-,8' =i "",1;;i:"t,""'L' -'~ _ -,=,-,,---v,,-i= ptt<e 
I t is "~'d 1:,./ '? lo t of ~al'erts ir the villa.=;e that chastit:;· 
i s 8oTTlet'ci w ""<Tel. Y .. nUC:l e{!1:pl1C Qi::ed in the pas+ dq~·q, "but 1,rrich 
we have 'dopte~, the birl s in this v111aG- are aa corru~t ~s t~el~ 
cOl'l+emporsri,. .. s in +he t0V"'~1.S.. rrOvt when .& 1"10n lnarries lle does :rut 
l ook i'or signJ3 Iilf virgi'1ity in t:.e Jom~ •• 98 i~ :;8S e.O.'le r.itherto. 
I t ' .... ~ c custO":l in tLp eerl .. , fl8'~S ~hat t1.--e fil~st da~- (3 marrie":: 
COlli 1 e h?d ar~;:-t so;vUdl de81i_~~ C', t~le f:r~ee.L of the r>"~an Sl: ,1110. ~ e 
st.ainE'1 .. ~t." bluod . The s+ained «rect. "i~q ~&"f"'l toget"L .it.L 
some bottle of rum to the pa~'ent~ of' ~1--e L ~_ " '.:ho re j0iced 0vep 
t his c'ld boasted of their £00" t einin£ £iven to Leir c'ild. 
\ ;llen nott~illZ of the sort. W"P appn the ,;irl '.{Sf' t~'cen to 'e • '.-1'1 ... +. 
Lo':e-jr. ,ki 
..L y::.... rn".e 0 '_1:::. ....... 1 ..e  ... .l. 
i ndiff'e ''<=>'''.1- "'(.. , j uf-P .I- ' .... e J c. ' ~t , 1, 
73 
a nd f all deep l y in love . A lot of friendsh i ps exist among 
~do lescents , and places "Ihere they meet together and fall in 
1 0' e are mar,{et p l aces , at dances , during OdVlira festivals, 
in streets, a-'; the Church and at river sides. 'i~'hen they are 
deeply in love they- always choose to go out to meet their 
l overs and chat with them for a ,rhile. We en parents suspect 
chi l dren of [;oing out to talk ,lith their friends, they are 
prohi bited from-go i ng out during the earlie-I" years. A typical 
case Vias broupht to my notice. A man told me of how one day a 
man suspected his daughter of keeping friends vrith a son of his 
enemy. This made hi~ 15~i;L ~ lot and he called the girl before 
her mother and aunts an s'1e YEas Y!arned to stop at once. Lovers 
have no ears, so after ~he girl had told her boy friend what 
ha s happened they determined not to mind t,he father and his 
quack ways , and will carry a D with their love affairs. The boy 
ueed to come and sleep with the gipl in her l'oom. One night 
when the f ather a f the girl l earned that the boy was in the 
room of the girl, he got his g~n, sat outside the gate and swore 
an oath that he would kill the boy early in the morning when 
he would pass through the gate . The girl got to know that the 
f ather was sit ting at the gate wai tine for the boy to come and 
mee t his fate, she got very much worried. The windows were all 
barred and there was also just one sate leading to the hou"e. 
This ado l e scent who pas shalting with dread, but still curio'ls of 
findi ng a way of escape for her love ~ r, went from corner to 
corner, frustrated and didnbt know what to do. At last she went 
acposs a b i g hole in the bath room which was leading outside. 
She gave her cloth to ber lover who put it on just the 8arJe way 
as the girl put it on and he, having disguised himself thus 
went straight to the bathroom, passed through the hole to outside 
and took to his heels and reached home safely, panting for 
breath. 
Love songs 
Another evidence which shows that love exists I!:! this 
society is the love songs "i:" c'. dhildren sing, at 'light '<.en they 
74 
are p l aying . Al ways the gi.rls mee t toge t her under trees and 
s i ng l ove song, cal l ing the names of their lovers c l apping their 
hands and dancinG. Such love pone's are cal led ' Asoba or Nwonkoro ' , 
and the 1'0110 Ning is an exampl e : 
Asoba Song 
O¢ 
Owoda da me nna, 
o 
Mekobo peewa 00, 
Osen ·peewa abono 00 
Yee owoda da na me na 
<;. Owoda d;a na me nna 
-
Nana awoo nna 
Merekobo peev:a 00 
Osen peewa abo noo 
'fee owoda da na me na 
3 Owoda da na me nna 
Nana Opare 00, 
Osene k eamo rekane 00, 
Yee owoda da na me na 
'l- Ovrod a da na me nna 
Anti ekyia 00 
Olateni nana 00 
Yee owoda da na me na 
S Owoda da na me na 
Madamfos. 00 
Dadamfoa 00 
Okwa bereku owoanivla 00 
Yee oVloda na me na 
Owoda da na me na 
Madamfoa 00 
Okyemfoa m'w nwi 00 
Yee owoda ds na me na 
I n this son!,", they call t'.e '10mes of' their Idlvers, and 
describe them. Some of' the descriptio"\8, aL'e that the:' lover" 
have e,res which are as big as those of owls and tl-ey are as hairy 
as tarantula. 
74A -
TRANSLATION OF ABOBA SONG 
1. Awoda sleep and let me sleep. 
I am going to play peewa. 
One who excells at peewa has beaten me. 
Yes Owoda sleep and let me sleep. 
2. Ayoda sleep and let me sleep. 
Grand child's birth day. 
I am going 1:0 play peewa. 
One who exce11s at peewa has beaten me. 
Yes Owoda sleep and let me sleep. 
3. Oyoda sleep and 1-,et- m~ .1!leep. - ~ 
Oh, grand father Opare. 
A moslem priest is praying-
Yes Owoda sleep and let me sleep. 
4. OWoda sleep and let me SLeep. 
Anti is greeting . 
The grandson of a person from Larteh -
Yes Owoda sleep and let me sleep. 
5. Owoda sleep and let me sleep ' 
My friend, my friend. 
An owl has, noble eyes. 
Yes Owoda sleep and let me sleep. 
6. Owoda sleep and let me sleep. 
My friend, my friend. 
A tarantula he is very hairy , 
Yes Awoda sleep and let me sleep. 
75 
Marr i ages might be pre-arranged 
I have already sta~ed that during this stage, in the 
conversations of adolescents, one can notice that they long to 
get married. People in this society lay great emphasis on the 
gift of children so at the age of 20 years the boys begin to 
propose marriase8 to their girl friends who may be round about 
the age of 18 years. Some times the parents pre-arrange 
marriages for their children. In such a case parents of the boy 
look for certain qualities in the girl and also about the kind 
of family from .. ·hich she comes. First of all they look to see 
whe ther the gir l is industriOUS, they watch her as she goes to 
the mar1<et, ri ver-siCle and to the farm. Then about the flay she 
dresses whether she is neat or untidy. Does she smile to people 
or frovm at them. What ]{ind of morals has she? Then they look 
for the family of the gi.rl is there any relationship between the 
family of the boy and that of the girl. 
Paren+s li',e to know about families their children marry into 
Parents will not let t"eir sons or daughters marry from a 
famil y which is not on fri eI'.dly terms with them. They then lool{ 
to see if there is theft in the ~irl ' s family. Are there any 
diseases found among the relatives of the children. If so they 
asl{ to l<now whether the "iseases are fatal, for instance 
consum, _" J", leprosy, pa ral:rsis and so forth. Are there son'e 
people in t.he :'amily who are impotent or sterile? Is there 
madness in the family. "!hat kind of morals have people who are 
in the family. Are tr_ey thieves, 'luick tempered, liars or 
litigatious. Are the men in the family drunkards or infidels. 
~'fuen paL'ents aLe fully satisfied with these conditions they see 
the parents of the ~irl end arrange the marriaEe. They too 
might agree or disagree . In every case wi1en a boy propcses 
marriae to a girl the relatives depend on the above conditions 
to consent or refuse tr.e 'larriage. Had there been disef'ses like 
madness, leprosy or consumption, come w' ~t "'.ay, parents '.'Iill do 
their very best to prevent the marriage. 
76 
Rites J f Engagement 
Another kind of marriae-e, is marriage arranged between the 
two lovers. If a young nan sees a g irl and intends to engage 
her , he f i rst t ries to cour t or woo her. After receiving the 
consent, t he usua l thing is to approach the parents of the girl, 
with some friends, or either his father or uncle goes to the 
g i r l's pa 'ents to pe rform t his custom. They ta!:e with them 
drinks such as abottle of whisky or money which ranges from 
fou r shillings to a pQinea. When the parents accept the intro-
ductory driruc or fees, it is then par ent that they have agreed 
to the r>ngagement, aJ¥i e de.f'ini te time will be fixed and agreed 
upon by the man ' s messengers for ~he engagement. Sometimes the 
parents refuse the money or -:;he drink and send it back. This 
happens when they have noticecl 80me of ~he diseases already 
mentioned above in the famil;,r, or when they know the two lovers 
are close relatives, and are related to each other maternally or 
t)1ey come from the same clan. This custom of sending the first 
drink or money is called ' Opon akyi bo' meaning knocking of the 
door. After this custom has been performed, paren+.s do no ~ get 
annoyed when, the man pays frequent visits to tbe girl. The 
girl can plait her hair, tie her headkercbief in the latest 
styles and can put on two cloths instead of one. The next 
procedure is the engagement. The fee for engagoment i~cludes 
payment of dowry and it ranges from two pounds to ten pounds. 
Tbis is known in Twi as ' tiade ' or bead money. After all the 
necessa,'y fees are paid it is a custom to pay another fee known 
as 't i nsa ' wbich is different from the ' tiacle' and is the head 
rum or tbe marriage stamp. This money is shared a:110'110 all the 
near nelations of the girl. The amount of 't i-nsa' ranges from 
eight shillings to two pounds eight. If this ' tinsa' is not paid, 
despite all the fees paid "")reviously tbe girl is then not legally 
and customary engaged. It is this that confirms the envagement. 
Immediately it is paid tbe ~an is fully entitled to the girl as 
wif e though the wedding has to take place at another time. \"1hen 
the last fee referred to above is paid anybody who has sexual 
77 
intercourse with t he g irl has to p a y ' Ayefare ' adultery or 
seduction fee. '.1ihe n the dowry and all t he necessary fees have 
been paid except the ' tinsa ' then the seduction fee should not 
be paid by the offender , because the "l"n \"ho has engaged the girl 
cannot customarily claim auth07ity over her yet. If also the 
' tinsa ' is not :paicl before the ~'irl' s own :parents, their 
authorized representati ves, or guardians the engagement is not 
customarily reco-gnized and the man canAl!; claim the ' Ayefare ' . 
So in engaging a girl one is always careful to have the custOl'lS 
performed before the right :person and also to pay the ' tinsa '. 
"-;'"jen ,,~y "Sf' .f E'.cducticon goe s before a tribunal, the offender 
should be able to pcove that he has eng8.t;"l ~he girl customarily 
and paid the ' ti:e:sa' too before the parents of the girl, or 
legitimate successors according to custom. 
Christian engagement 
There is a slight difference with the Christian engagement. 
In this the engagement is done through the Christian Authorites 
and .a prc:s"b;yter accompanies the man ' s messengers to the girl's 
parents to have the engagement performed. The ' tinsa' tooJi s 
performed and the engagement ring is provi ded to make it legally 
a Christian engagement. 
I"Ir>en .a young girl is given in marriage to a stool occupant 
a sheep is slaughtered and its blood is used to annoint the feet 
of the girl concerned, to confirm the engagement. 
Announcing Wedding 
When the time fixed for the wedc'ing is nearly due, a drink 
is presented by the messengers of the man to the parents of the 
girl, to inform them that the husband intends to remove his wife 
from the parent's house to his. Both parties then agree and fix 
a dAY in the week. The most common days are Mondays and Saturdays. 
',','hen this is completed an amount of mone,r rBl'ging from four DOLmds 
to twenty pounds is given to the girl to buy necessary things 
which are utensils, ffild cloths. Sometimes the husband bUy3 for 
her a machine ane a trullkbox. 
78 
Wedding Day 
In the even ing of the f i xed day the father of the bride 
g r oom sends for the brIde. "!hen the messengers reach the house 
of the bri de , the father of the bride calls members of his fam i ly 
and some relatives and friends together, and they are asked to 
help to take tl,e br'ide ",-WH,'!. The sister'S, 'Ji'others, aunts , and 
unc l es of the bride ass i st the bride in all directions and give 
he' so,ne presents. The girl ' s father or his legal substitute 
as a l ready explained dr i nkS some of the drinks brought by t'le 
bridegroom and pours libation t:) his gods and invokes the spirits 
to help to make the ffiar-l';iagb life a success . 
Last advice to the bride 
The bl'ide is then addressed by the old ladies in the family. 
They advise her to be vel'Y careful in trle way she rnanaee8 her 
domestic af~airs. She ShO,lld be thrifty and should be able to 
manage +he money given her for food. She should see to be 
punctual in preparation of her food, be industrious, quick and 
smart and don t waste time. She is advised not tJ sleep a lot 
but she should get up very early, in the morning to do her 
domestic duties. She should try to overlook most of the abuses 
from the husDb.m1 and should possess a lot of patience which will 
make her tolerant, and submissive to the husband. Last but not 
the least, she s1'ould be on friendly terms with her i-'1-lal'ls uS 
t'1ey can undermine her and easily spoil her marriage. 
Nar-nLil,';S from bride's father to husbands messengers 
The father or an uncle of t11e bride addresses the 
messengers that they have come to take from them their royal 
daught.er but j,,,t their slave, and that evsl'y care is to be given 
to her as re,ards her food and her clothing. Any money or 
propert; that 1, he gil'ls gains belongs to them, but when the girl 
is in debt the husband is l'esporsib'e for that. The fat' <-1' then 
~ives the bride awa.! and han,Js her over to the eldest of the 
bridegroom ' s messenger~ , and with the assistance of the other 
messengers they award customary thHnks to the father ond -,is 
79 
people and bid them good-bye . At the gate of the l)ride ' s home 
the brot hers and sisters block the rath-way until a customary 
present is given 1;) em and they give them Vf/ ay and the bride is 
carried away amidst cheers . The bride goes in company of her' 
bridesmaids, whose number ranges from two to six, acco ming to 
the importance of the wedding, they are also accompanied by a 
gr·owl~up woman to a6<;ist her. 
Arrival of the bride at groom ' s house 
On reaching the gate of the bridegroom' s house, certain 
terms are pronounced to announce her arrival "Efi ade pa aseo, 
Eho oe" - meaning that ~he-y--have started a good thing. When 
they enter the house they are given seats and are welcomed Vltth 
loud greetings. The messengers are given some drinks andthe 
father of the bridegroom tells thel'1 what has happend in the 
hOolse since they went away . ' They too tell all that happened at 
the bride I s house, all the customary performances including the 
adllice given to tLem . The bride is then handed over to the 
father of the bride groIIU;! and she is passed on to an aunt of the 
husband" ho seats her on a seat ar,(l welcomes her thus ' Woaba a 
tra ase' meaning you have come to stay. So,ne interestin[' dances 
will now 1)e indulged in b~- t'1') 'o"m",::;te.cs "hile the older fol%s 
look on. The bride is then directed -L 0 a room specie lly prepared 
for her, and she changes 'leI' .lress, ~ftfl' che is conducted to the 
chamber of the oridegr::lOm and after some few minutes s-.)ent in 
joking with the bi'idal attendants, the latter leavet the c'.a'TIger 
arlO. P e happy couple are left to sleep. 
Honeymoon 
During the cour~e of the honeymoon the couple visit their 
fl'iends Vii 11 their attendants. They also visit t:,eir relatives 
and are given 'llany :presents especially mone,;", later on the young 
couple go to U ank ;'lese ki'1d relatives. After t;,is t11l- pair 
li\re as ".'.  an an wife 8'-.. d tlJ.ey cODtinu p t'e~' nJr.. ... 'al \··or~~. The 
husband, if r.e is cl farmer continuAs his farminf nnd is helped 
by the wife. At leAst about 
co ,ld 110 is tHl ely he ," attendants. The e ld of tr,iz is EL' .eo '{with 
80 
the day when the bri de wi ll do he r ovm cooki ng . A sheep is 
s l au ght e r e d for th i s o()()aeion and tLe o1'i,:e peepal'es her maiden 
d i sh. 
Di spl ay o ~ ga i ety 
Dur i ng the wedding and the honeymoon , the pair are t o dress 
i n gorgeous s ilk and ve l vet attire with ornaments, wear plenty 
of cost l y jewels, i nc l uding go l d and preci OUS beads and appear 
beaut i fu l. Those who ape Christians go '/l;hrouEh the same weddi ng 
custom. The only di fference is, they go to the Ca t echi s t house 
where tffi y sign a document and the wedding is blessed by a minister 
from Abur L 
I n thie soctety, marr i age marks the end of adolescence . 
I mmed i ately a boy marries, he starts shoulder i ng responsibi lities 
and experiences the difficult life of an adul.t. Most of t he boys 
l eave the village immediately they are marl'hd, for twwn, to 
search for ~ caree~ from which they can get money to maintain 
their wives and t'1emselves and also money to be used on their 
children . 
The following bill shows the cost of the mania!""" of an 
average young man in the villare . 
( 1) I ntroductory fee or Bethroval - The fees - 12/-
(:!/) , 1 bottle of whisky : £,1/2/_ 
( 2) Messengers fee 12/-
(3 ) Engagement fee £8 . This is determined by the circumstance 
of the girl ' s marr i age. 
(4) Thanl,s money 01'.£2/8/- Head rum. 
(5) Wedding expenses £12 
Total £24/16/-. 
C- i1 a.8(>1+ V- -~ 
CONCLUSION 
The effects of Western contacts Oll 1.,( e iIlolle of life of the 
peop l e of Nsakye are qu i te obvious, and the agents which have 
brought about these changes are the school, the church , and 
frequent visits of the inhabitants to the tovms. 
The average ,n,m at t,he village is very keen on the education 
of his chi l dren and has ta],en advantage of the fee-free education 
thoQgh he makeS-Bome provisions for the cost of the child ' s 
books and uniforms. l!.ost of t he children continue their education 
at Nsawam and Aburi. After finishing school they get jobs to do 
in the towns and during. their time of leave i,l,,"y COIlJf' i..o the 
village with new outlodKs which are copied by their :!1eople in the 
village. 
The gift of children is g"'eatly valued in the villa~e , and 
mother'" take lots of precaut~ons against evil influences during 
the time of pregnancy, and also from -l;he time they bring forth 
until t.he children reach adolescence. 
Tr"lnIllg of c'1l1rlren which is mostly infor-mal is the task 
of both the father and the mother. DUring the initial staf<;e 
of the child's life trainine is mostly administered by the mother, 
the father comes to the stage during the til11e of punishment, also 
from childhood to adolescence, in the case of boys, he is mostly 
concerned. Informal eJ.Hcation takes place when chiidren join 
their parents to perform thei! daily dclties, and during 1'e1:ti vals 
and puberty 1'il.;es w~.en children are taught to knoVi the custo.ns, 
history tradi t ions and ancestor worships. 
The total cost of training a child froT'! infanc~· t _, adolesee{,ue 
J.'an~·"'s between ~150 to <:;200. This is bopne by the paren ,E and 
Llnc"es of :'le cr i~ 1. 
Parents are r -:!odL'lg av'are of t'le changes that ta e )l>1c in 
Af ica1 80-::" t, . nd tl'ey in gOCl spirit ape doing ~heir best to 
"ive their cl1iJdren the sort 0'" education 'Ll">",1 "Iill 'fit t en in 
as useful citi~en . 
BI BLIOGRAPHY 
1 . Psychology of Childhood 1lJld Ado l escence , by Luella Cole and 
the late John J .B. !.lorgan. PUblishers: Rinehart and Co., 
2. Chr':i.s r, t;.J. i.-I J rJ rl Ai"ei. Jan Culture by The Chl'ist ian Council 
of the Gold Coast. 
3. The Child is Right by James Hemming and Hosephinp Balls 
Publishers: Longmans 
4. The Child's fine years by R.W. Shi elds 
5. Marria~~ life in African tri5e by I. Schaper1l 
82 
CHI LDREN' S PLAY 
r+W-5 
The interesting ,about children ' s play is, most of' them 
take pla<.;e ot ll"LSl t: . 
1 . Ahir'lta ahinta 
A circle i s drawn and one Derson who is covered with a 
piece of eroth sits in the centre. The rest of the chil,lL't'>l1 
po and hide somewhere , The ~erEon sitting in the middl<;l of tt e 
circle starts sin.ging thus "K'.'Iaa le" aa yoo de . Alata mpua 
Yenim di. M' ani m"ni nko , m' Hni nko. l1ereboaoqe , Yoo Cie !vI ba 
a mel:ye aht. "Jobeleye; dU':. '1'he person who i s sitting in the 
middle of tile circle runs hurriedly to search for the playmates 
who wOclld be hiding in s~cret places such as under some tabl(;s, 
beh i nd big bOXts, 'b",ni ,d f)',ll 'lin, s etc. As soon as they see 
their' opponent cominE, they :::,un to stul1d in the circle . ;/hen 
you 8.L' ca But or \,;,e1' a cloth is tLr c,.,"m at ;;o:.!, ~'ou beeo ,e a 
victim ana hove to act in the stead of the first ol'pmc(_"t . 
I'M l~ ." 'I •-• .I.) ·'1i1'ed number of' player'o for this pla:,-. 
".8 many c"il rpT; as ossible eit,ler boy-O or g~rls can 1)e; 
engae., d in t:1is. 
2. Foo 
TLere s1.ould be a collection of Sbi'" c., ul'rn o. li,-, of 
aboJ.t 12 i I:; . 10.1[, and 6 ins. ',.1::'e. v:J.e player tal:es a stri b 
ond Durie.::> i" in tbe sal1d, t," en L.e .l;ll ... r ..... C' ais fincer tl1roug:l 
s~ ' •. "\.i. 'L.b. no, 0~.i. r.t1.a no, 0 i 0, 
83 
Th i s 13 laid by on~ of the p l aJers and then b fantastic 
,,+or:/ i s t old, the one who laughs i", beaten "hJ +Yje re~t 0 1" tne 
r. stor::;, l L .. e ti..l.i s; ";,;ekoo Zongo , T.1ihuu ob a k:ese bi 
na ohye kaba kete\{aa b i a erci .• o no orekasa nyinc,c flU o~,,, t \{e twe . 
"·Jc:lc. s)-olld cove' , I,hile S Je ',las talKiD&, IliLe was pulli,£ it all 
4. e!:lpenali 
'1'he'1 one of' v:,e players 
__ 1" ~ (;8 Jf 
~l e 
- -~ 1- ' v 8. ~ L_ L 
.. ':'c't ~~ _ C c.l ....... 
'len ,c,',  Co p;.:,a.d~ iil & 1101 1~c~.~ ~0 ~. t" e~­
Gl l\ ol...k2, vu......:+ p ! ~<Lo- p!~s 
11 ..... ...:...1. .., ....... J...i. ............ to.L >0:2..(; : ~,-c'-_ :''-"",e:..' 
~~ l IeU.. ot--~ t,..)Mcl 
o l.; l ~ l\ ~ o nlnse'.p. 
' e ."ia ' and the other one ' Opare ' . 3't 
They pat the thighs 
with the hand s ~r~ some few minutes snd then stretch the hands 
f Orl'lard . 'Ihen the l eft han1s or r'ight 1 ends ,'re str~":'::"F'il _t ~,_e 
" . e time , on both sides it mears those who chose Opare rave 
84 
gained 1 mark. I f a l ef t lland and a r i c:ht hand wer(l stretched 
at the same ti me , it is tho s e wh o cho&s e Ohyi a who have won . 
The pe r son who wins g oes on playi ng \"li th the nex t opponent 
until he b eats a ll t.he opponents . I f he is u n abl e t o beb.t them 
all and he is defeat ed by one of the opponents, t he l a t ter 
continues the gane . At t he end of the game , those who Vie r e 
def fJ at. e 1 aI''' mocked and hoote d . 
7 . Ampe 
Th i s is t he sa:ne a s Ntosa . The only difference is that i t 
is pl ayed b y girls and i t is a jumping game. The e-irls divi de 
t hemse l ve s i n t o tv'o .gr-oul2s~ and tal:e t. e na .,c; s of Opare and Ohyi a 
as the boys do . Two opponeLi s 11\'1'. . : b..t' at the beginni ng of the 
line start pl ayi ng. They clap 1, heir 11ano.2 and jump up and as 
t hey are go i ng to land each p l aces one of her f ee t forward . 
If a right foot and a IfJft f.oot are p l aced fOl'Vla'd , ·i t '!,eans 
'~~v",e who chose Opare have Vlon and if two right f eet 01' two left 
f eet are stretched, then t a e opposite side has Vlon. This can be 
p l ayed e i ther i n team 0 1' each person tries to sco~e the marks 
agree(~ upon sa;;, 10 or 20. When you are able to score the _marks 
you are free and you stand or s i t aside until the others 
finish . Alv:ays the Iflst person is hooted or laughed at. 
8 . Peewa Dwom 
Thi s is a game played by girls . They stand in a circle and 
sing . As they sing they pat their palms against their neighbo,u·s 
pa l ms , and clap their Lanels . Sometir.les they ll'ing in variations 
by pattine; their 'ight elbows against treir right hands instead 
of clapping. "'his is an example of the songs they sing. 
' Adesa ee ee adesa ee 
Wose Akua nye 00 :1: 
Akua beko na obi abao ,"e adesa ee " 

85 
1. 
.... -/.' 
...... '-t._ • 
.1. "":,...,p +i'''s, :?+O'1~e, pier,p~ ('If' ~tiCl~<:!. 
" e my so"!. 
fYte.r-V_Lb,;...j 
u., T' • for the IS:\, \). -",oney c,nd co.~e 
.. 11 I '"'m , ..L.P<:'l' i- +~ e s+ .. ,...··C'.£>o -,.~~ f'>ir,o-v'ood i 11tO q:-~Iall pi-,....".c;'·. 
Kofi 'Po, 'pnc;: 
fOi" ve ,",'e in '" "urry". 
8E: 
YaT'le: Agne" do a 
:ex: Gi,,:'l 
Cl c~: FPi ,d ry II 
a nic(-:): o+ory '7 II 
r "'In +" 1 ] it, 
Eh I '1- e just forgotten . 'Nro C'll I'emi'~r ~<S or the 
"10' 
si'ory ;}.~l~ t told ,_o" "',¥;;-,. ..J 1, ... ·'e re"lek'e.'e'l, I \--ill sa" it. 
"",.,pi-."' 
pl~n'1e'l to travel and fiI'l~ "10,,1 L) do, and 8&ch '!;ook 8 difrere:--+ 
;, . .Tt e youh£ 0 e ' ad nn son'l1P" travell r! nrl:en RD.e rellt 
do ~ L t' i<> t' e~' r 11 rolle ~ one O~T one ano ':/pnt 
nel "in olel .lO ",n 1',"0 was l'::ird to her ,nr'1 ",s"ed 
twin c--ieoter ?nd tol' her o·f' l.er .f>ort' .. ne. 
b iven t'+- cifferE'n+, 1eC<:'l1"r.. 
r .:;.. , ' , "1 , - ...· 0 
s , appv ' 
'1 ' p' C L , 
87 
motive behi nd this story is you are not to covert anytbi~e 
be l onginG to your siE' t er or "1eiehbour. 
Name: Francis Donkor 
Sex: Bo;)' 
.;ge : 6 
Cl ass : Pr i mary I 
I r t erviewer talki n[ t, a [roup of children durin£; recrQ~tion 
t i ne. WhO has an interestinc pto·';)· t.o telL 
Subject: I wil l tell you one . I;tm tbin'drg of o"1e, ;)'es I 
'1C\'e re~,err.bered my story about a boy. 
Long, long ago , ~ ffldl1an, her husb~I'd a"!d son ~fent to farm 
to diG fame yam~. They dUb ~ l ot 8OOc6r1'ie" t:,em home. "hen 
they had reached home t.he bOI told his ,.,arent that he had left 
his musical pipe in the farm "nd he wanted to fO for t'lem. The 
parentIS urged hi.' not to bO ,"01' it was to) late, l)Ut he refused 
and 'fIer~. On t',e '·'ay he .:et LucH'e1' and he asl~ed him "Ihere he 
w£ s going. He told him ",;hat he Vfas gain, fop Lis musical pipe. 
Luc i fer beca'lle ve1'Y much alIDoyed with t'l 1 o~', scolded 'll.m that 
he vias'" bed oay w"'o didn bt listen to the Vlords of the pa·Aen+s. 
He ki led 11<1'1 qnd C,lt his body into pieces an<l tl-,re. lthem on the 
ear t h . This is why we have a lot of bad boys all ove1' ":) e 'liorld. 
A Story of a bad boy I know 
Name : Mary Kon~du 
Age: 12 years 
Sex: Girl 
Cl ass: Primary VI 
I knoVi a ""d boy of eleven years of see who i s st~- iT'C L'1 
the sal'le house ~ith me . He iR cBlled Kwo 0V10 YeboR. Re ~as 
stopped go i ng to school. When he is lllu;'i'Y and the mothep calls 
"i'n '1e abuses he He stesls the mother t p money to prec+ise 
gaml'lling . He sells botLles, to buy his own food, ane' al":a"E 
quarre l s v.'ith the c~ildren at Lor.-e. 
88 
A sto r y of a good girl 
NamA Mary AJ'1oah 
;.ge: 11 years 
Sex: Girl 
Class: Primary IV 
There is a child who stay" wi th class one te~cher, she 
is called Yaa Adorna . She is smart and very serviceaole to her 
mistress. She alwav'" s'1ares her food with her friends. Always 
after ehe has finished washing her things she hel!)s us to Vlash 
ours. 
Sex: 
Class 
Age: 10 years 
Name: Nana Ataa 
Sex: Girl 
Class Primary III 
Age: 8 years 
Interviewer: Descrioe yourself to me. 
Suoject: I have a oig head, my eyes are small my ears are small, 
and I Lave a small mouth. My front teeth are oig O'lt the rest 
are small. I have a mark on my left cheek. I have a oig stomach. 
I am short and dark in colour. I look pretty. 
Name: Aoenaa Sal{yi oea 
Sex: Girl 
Age: Qyearll 
pc ,, ~CV':I : .ti-
Interviewer: Descrioe yourself to rle. 
Suoject: My head is round, my forehead is protruding, my eyes 
are small, my nose short and flat. I h ave a short mout h 2nd a 
lon~ necl<. I an! dark in colour aI'd very tall. 
89 
Name: Kwasi AgWyi 
Sex: Boy 
Age: ~ years 
0. \ oX. '!~ . P l"'i r'\a..-'Ij t 
I ntervievler: DescPi"be yourself to me. 
Subject: My head is rOlmd and big und my forehead is round and 
protrudi ng, my nose is flat. I am dark in colour, strong and 
ver;! stout. 
Name: Esrnest Asante 
Sex: Boy 
Class: Primary II 
Age: 7 years - -' , -
Interviev/er: \sante can you describe yourself to me ? 
Subject: Yes I can. I have got a broad face and a very big 
head. fury ears too are b1.8:. I\'y lips are wide. My teeth are big, 
the two front ones have fallen. My chin is narrow and my belly 
very big because I eat a lot. I am short and stout. I feel I 
am handsome. 
Hame: Akua Abrafi 
Sex: Girl 
Class Primary I 
.Age: 6 years 
Interviewer: Describe yourself to me . 
Subject: I have a big head. My eY",8 are 8TIlall, m;.' ears are 
small and I haye a small mouth. r,!y arms are long, but my fingers 
are short. I am a bit tall and dark in colour. 
Name: Comfort OI-are 
Sex: Girl 
Class Primary III 
Age: 9 years 
Interviewer: Tell me your life '1istory. 
S'.lbject: '1lhen I Vi"S vee';" YO-lng I played VIi h 0.1;)' l' ,oiends ",l"'a,'s. 
"/hen I grew up a bit, I alwa;rs accompani p <,! m~- 'o+'1er to the furr: 
to carr,r food home. S0met i es I ,'lent to the river-side I"i th m~­
friends to fstct: '!Ioter. "{hen I g.oev' '.lp 'T!:.' ~atLcr ord"'l'f'd a sc:hool 
90 
have a lot of friend in the school and I am always pappy . 
Name Kwasi Offei 
Sex: Boy 
Class Primary IV 
Age: ~ ye~rs 
Int erviewer: Tell me your life history. 
Subject: When I was very young I played vd th my friends. We 
always went to the river-side to bath~ My father always took 
me-to the farm. At first I used to play but later on he made 
me. a cutlass and always gave me a smal l portion to wee!l:. Then 
l ast y~or I 1"['S brou.&ht'~- to- -school. During recreation time I -:; - ~ 
playa lot with my friends. At home I a1V18:.'S '1e 1p my mother, 
by going for water, sweeping and carrying her rubbish into the 
incene rator . 
Name : Mary Ayebea 
Sex: Girl 
Class : Primary VI 
Age: 12 years 
I nterviewer: Tell me your life history 
Subject: I was born in Accra. When I grew up my father took 
me to Tamale, to sta:r v/ith my aunt. My father was transfel'red 
from Accra to Nsuta; and I came to stay with him, it Vias there 
that I started, school. Then I VI"S taken to Larteh my home 
tovm, and I stayed with my grandmother. I helped her by 
fetching water to the house everyday and also sweeping the court-
yard and helping to coo]" When m~T uncle, the head master of this 
school VI"S transferred here, I CAme to stay wit h him. 
Name: Edvlard KYJansah 
Sex: Boy 
Class: Primary IV 
Age: 10 years 
I nterviewer: Tell me :rour life l1istory 
~ub ject: ',','hen I grew up and started '''alkinp, I p 1.,,:'°1 v:i th my 
matf'S I'lv.a:'8, >'ren when:;: WI'S ~ix "'ears old [,1-- father brOUGht 
91 
me to s chool. He made for me a small cutlass , and on Saturdays, 
I went to the farm together wi th him and helped to do the weeding. 
Al ways dur i ng the holidays, I go to Nsawam to visit my elder 
s i ster, 
Name Lucy Boama 
Sex: Girl 
Cl ass: Primary V 
Age: 11 years 
I nterviewer talking to a grou:9 of children. "Who csn tell us 
what he 10es every-day, 
I am ready to give you one. 
Give me way, i want to stand imront of teacher and say it. 
When I get up early in t te morning, I wash my :Cace t.hen go 
to the kitchen, clean the stove, and mud it, then I boil water 
for my mother, prepal'e the breakfast, take my bath and get> 
ready for school. On Ssturdays I accompany my mother to her farm 
and we do a lot of weedi 11g and make plots. Then we dig some 
cocoyams and carry t l1el'l home. When I wash my th ~ngs I collect 
also my mother f s and sister f s and wash t.( em all. 
APPEl IX I II 
92 
CHILDREN ' S WISHES 
Name: Samuel Kofi 
Sex: Boy 
Class Primary IV 
Age: 10 years 
Wish: To get a very interesting book to read. 
2 Name: Abosi Agnes 
Sex: Girl 
Class: Primary II 
Age: 7 years 
_I _ 
~Vish: To get a pair Q-f sandals to wear and appear beautiful. 
.:l Name: Af'ua Hammond 
Sex: Girl 
Class: Primary III 
Age: 8 years 
Ylish: To get a bag to put in r:'.y things, when I am going to 
chapel. 
Name: Osei Kwadvro 
Sex: Boy 
Class: Primary III 
Age: 9 years 
"'ish: To get a sweet orange to eat. 
5 Name: Agnes Donkor 
Sex: Girl 
Class: Primary V 
Age: 11 years 
'::ish: A necklace and a new cloth. 
Name: I saac Acquah 
Sex: Boy 
Class: Primar;r VI 
Age: 12 years 
Wish: A pair of knickersqnd a blue shirt. 
93 
7 Name: Yaw Antwi 
Sex: Boy 
Cl ass : Primary I 
Age: 6 years 
Wi sh: A l oaf' of' bread. Rice and stew. 
'II Name: Akua Abraf' i 
Sex: Girl 
Class: Primary III 
Age : 9 years 
.Wish: A beautif'ul dress to wear and look pretty 
"I Name: Christiana ~~r~-
Sex: Girl 
Class: Primary II 
Age: 7 years 
Wish1 A new dress to wear' to church and also a hat. 
't' Name: David Boateng 
Sex: Boy 
Class: PrImary IV 
Age: 6 years 
Wish: To get a taxi to ride to Accra. 
APPEfm I X IV 
- , 94 
Amma ee F'5.rema 
Amma 
Amma Amma Kwasi 
Kwasi ! 
Kwasi Kwasi Ani, 
Ani ~ 
Ani eni soro , 
Soro 
Soro soro mpo , 
rApo mpokye re, 
Kyere ! 
Kyere kyere to, 
Et o 
Eto to manya, 
Manya ! 
Manya manya obo, 
Obo 
01)0 bo hemmaa, 
Hemmaa ! 
Hemmaa hemmaa nse, 
Nse 
Nse nse Kwae, 
Kwaee ! 
Kwaee Kwse bia, 
Ebia ! 
Ebia bia nyansa, 
Nyansa ! 
Nyans p nyansa nwa, 
Sone ! 
95 
Sone sone twa, 
Et vra ! 
Et'!/a twa kuru, 
Kuru ! 
ADomaa a oko ee 
Twa wo ho 
Begye wo lete ee, 
TwC! wo ho 
Thi s is another peev/a song, Flay ITo,3. 
95A 
TRANSLATION OF PEEWA SONG 
Oh Amma Frema 
Amma 
Amma Amma Kwesi 
Kwasi , Kwasi, Ani. 
Ani 
Ani, Ani fears . 
Fe,ars 
Fears, fea r s , the sea. 
The sea 
The sea frog, ~how 
Show. 
Show, show your back 
Back 
Back, back I have got 
Got 
I have got, I have got a stone 
A stone. 
A stone, a queen of stone 
Queen ~ 
Saying 
Say, say t he forest 
Forest ', 
Forest a female forest 
Female 
Female, female wisdom 
W1edom . 
Wise, wise snail 
Snail -
Snall, snsil , drip 
Drip' 
Drip, dr ip, . t op 
Stop , 
stop, stop, short 
Short , 
The bird passing 
Turn back -;I'. 
Come for your letter, 
Turn back. J: 
APPENDIX V 
96 
NmVONKORO 
This is an exa~mple of Nnworucoro, song sung by adolescent 
girls , v:hen they ar'e playing at niLht. In this song they try 
to describe some unhappy mal'rifle;f's. 
AhVlefoo a mokoo ahwee, 
Momma mo nsa so e ! 
Kokumaa se ti.1,tiTl1an ~r)0 :,,"'e!~e17 
'Lr)~,gye mo nsam 
Nso enye mmoa nyinaa 
1'1e ewo tebe pa 
~ban nP_ "Petu--a, 
Ma no ntu 
Me a mekoo m' ahwee 
MenkyeI'ee hhul'o 
.lL"::awa koro a ruekyeree no 
Obonto abegye no me nsam 
Ode me aye Onanko 
Wabo kakyire ato me so 
Me nso ohianiwaa 
f.1abo homa mahye ne hwenem 
Mede no maye nantwie 
Thaa se ode me ara ne no 
Menso 
~;aye no bi Opeaw 
Eyee deen na eyee deen ? 
Yei au II'" nen n lewuo 
Twewaa ba 
Konkontimmaa nya huro a pire 
Onipa do wo a na edan sen 
Na wayi n' anim se 
Mene ViO te Adoa nwoma so ? 
97 
Akogyan nana 
Agyanom Akogyan nana se 
Boran so aduoson agya 
Ehe na tumi nni 
Bantama na tumi wo 
Aware tumi wodi a, 
Yetu wo so 
Akogyan nana 
Womame ntoma a, 
!lame asin mmiensa 
Ebia ~_ UwRW~ ba 
Miwu a mede ako 
Nan~ 1i<"11f'ra:na kesee a 
Ehuu nnaano Dwoada 
Abubu mmabaa p e;'l kVlan InU 
Agyanom momf'a akuma 
Nkoma Asantef'o 
Agya Kwa Asiedu 
Enneemmaf'oo awaree 
Orense wo se 
Kodi wo hia 
Etia do Oduraa Akyem 
Yeabo wo nenam mu 
Odlliil si ho a, 
Na .:nerekoy,'ar'l-' )1 :-nnuro 
Obaa "Ena ayi" 
Yeabo no nemam mu 
Odum rebetutu ama borof'ere asi ananmu 
Ebia na merebewu 
Menni l¥sianan mu 
Dee cwo oba 
Ne nea onni ba 
Te f'ie 
Oko asuo ba a, 
98 
Obenom akodu kuposuo 
Otwa nsonhwea a, 
One VlO aye baako 
Okote piren a, 
One wo aye aka 
Nsuo 1Ji aye aka 
Nsu) bi da p~antam 
Yefre no sen ni ? 
~"'ofre no tiati&n k08" 
Agya Ofosu Akemfoo 
Kraman din 
Wo beye deen 
Na worenka wo 10 asem 
Kookoo ato dwe 
':'0 ma me ntoma a 
Ma me asin ~niensa 
Na JTlewu a, 
Mede akae \YO . 
98A 
TRANSLATION OF NNWONKORO 
Those who went a fish1ng~ 
Hurry up . 
O~ else the mighty fish will snatch the fish from you. 
But not all fishes are good j 
I went to fish . 
I did not catch any fish, 
I caught just a little fish> 
The mighty fish has snatched it away from me , 
He has made me a fool , 
He has put a weight on me , 
Poor girl. 
J. have also put a thread inside his nose. . 
I have made him a cow< 
He used to cheat me .= 
And I, 
I have pttd him back . 
And what happened, what happened? 
Am I going to die from this ;:> 
The idea , 
Come what may) 
When somebody loves you, he can offend you. 
How much more when he has made it plain that he hates you 
Akogya Grand Child , 
Father's Grand Child says , 
A father of seventy wards, 
Where lies power , 
Power lies at Bantama ' 
Even when you are reigning in marriage , 
One day you will be d~stooled · 
Akogya Grand Child 
When you give me a piece of cloth, 
Give me six yards, 
I may not bring forth , 
And may carry my cloth with me when I die . 
The tornado which happened last Mond~ 
Has made some twigs fallon the way, 
Fathers bring with you axes ) 
And give them to the Ashantis , 
Father Kwa Asiedu 
Modern marriage Oh : 
He will not tell you to go away, 
But he will be giving all sorts of trouble~ 
I will not go snd marry a boabab tre~ 
When there is an Odum tree , 
Soon you wil l be sacked, 
Are Odum trees going to fall and be succeeded by pawpaw tree4 ? 
98B 
Perhaps I may die soon, 
I have no body to inherit me , 
Woe betide one who has no child, 
After he has fetched for water 
He drinks until he arrives in another town, 
When he is crossing a river, 
He is friendly with you ; 
Immediately he gets at the bank . 
He quarrels with you, 
Some rivers are quarrelsome; 
Other rivers pass between the le~s 
How i s it called? 
It is called, "Shout, go and collect some water" 
Oh you this woman yo~ hav~ been sacked) 
Father Ofosu, the Akfm - - ---
A dog's name I 
What ever you do they will talk of you, 
Cocoa is not fetching us money no~ 
I am your companionl 
When you give me cloth, 
Give me six yards ) 
So that when I die, 
I will always remember you . 
.,., 
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