REP 0 R T on sooe econoDic probloDs ;. ... -~..of the Northern Terri torios of the Gold Coast. 1952. ,; ·1 ---000--- Contents. Pages Po.-ragraphs Introductory letter 1 Shea 2 1-10 Cattle in transit 4 11-24 SODS obstacles to develop~ent 7 25-34 Regional Econooic Planning 9 35-51 The Gonja. Developr::ent COLlpany 11 52-57 Appendix " .t,~ II 12 58-62 .appendix tlB" 13 63-65 Department of Economics University College of the Gold Coast. 20.5.1952. Dear Major Burden, As you know, I was asked last year by the Territorial Council of the Northern Territories to continue the economic survey, undertaken by Dr. Raeburn, in the light of the changes which haVG ocourred and the additional oxperionce which has been gainod since he visited the Northern Territories. I have not attempted to cover tho sarno ground as he didj it would have boen presumptuous on my part and a waste of my time and yours. Basing myself on Dr. Raeburn's report, I concentrated my attention on: 1. Two case studies, namoly: - the problem of the shea trae, including the export of kernols and tre industrialisation of butter manufacture, and - the problem of the transit of cattle from French territory and possiblo me nsures for diminishing thoir losses in weight 3nd numbers. 2. Some obstacles in tho way of the deve loprnont of the Northern Territories. 3. Regional, as opposod to centralised departmental, planning. I have also mentione d one aspect of the financial problems involved in the Gonja Development Company's a ctivities. Additional problems deserving investigation have arisen during my work, and I hnv~ repeatedly felt the lack of certain basic items of information. With your kind permission, + intond to mention such problems and items in an additional report. I should also like, for tho use of any future investiga tors, to be aJ.lowed to record in tho addi tionaJ. report some of tho information which I have been able ' to gather during my work, but Which I do not include in tho present report as it would mako it unduly long. I should like to express my appreciation of the help I h~ve had from tho members of all the departments in tho Northern Territories. They have receivod me kindly and they have willingly and openly discussed with me the problems in which I was interes- ted. I have learnt a great deal from them and I should be very pleased if the present report could repay some of my debt by throwing somo new light on problems whoso details they know ouch better t han myself. Yours Sincerely, Barbu Niculoscu. Major G.N. Burden t C.N.G., Chief Regional Officor of the Northern ~erritorios, TAlV'.tALE • - 2 - SEBA. 1. An appreciable amount of work has alrGady boon dono during tho last thirty yoars and more conc0rning tho improvement of yields of individual shea treos, the estimation of density of the tree population throughout the Northern Territorios, the estimation of average yields per tree, as well as studies of various local methods of butt8r extraction and thuir efficiency, and of the uses to which the butt~r is being put. Such investi- gations, though extremely valuable, have suffered from a certain lack of continuity. Recently, the French Institute for Research into Oils and Oil-bearing plants (r.R.R.O.) have set up a special Research Station at Nyangoloko in the Uppe r Volta, ono of whose main purposes is to study shoa treos, including the possibility of speeding up growth and improving yields by such DGanS as grafting. It might bo to tho int~rest of t he Northern Terri to- ries if liaison were established with the station at Nyangcloko for possible co-operation in tho study of tho pro bleD. 2. On the basis of tho knowledge in existence, as far as I arr aware of it, the following points S08El to be relevant: Most of tho studios of the economic possibilities of Shea have been made in connection with an export trade of either ker- nels or butter. All such studies, so far as they relate to the Northern Territories, have resulted in the conclusion that an export trade could only becarriod on at a loss. 3. Such losses would be due to: (a) The high coot of b:;rnels from tho producers, which is well above that in neighbouring French Territories or in Nigeria. (b) The high CCE t of transport by road to the coast. (c) The unreliability of the world market for shea butter. (a) and (b) might possibly be altered, if special offorts were made. The world market for shoa butter is, however, outside our control. 4. The world market for shea butter is of two kinds: (a) The same as that for groundnuts and palm oil, naooly the general market for fats which are ~mployed in waking Darga- rine, soap or siQilar products. An increased availability of other fats which, on the whole, are technically easier to deal with, can only lead to a v ~ ry rapid decrease in the dom:md for shea butter for this purpose. This is the stage which, for the f:ir st tina since the war, wo seeD to bo reaching at present. (b) A specialised Qarket, for shea b~ttor in its own right, which is itself of two kinds: (i) As a substitute for cocoa butter in chocolate, mainly with certain French chocolate manufacturers; (ii) for a special kind of pastry known as fouilletago, or French pastry, for which shea butter seems to b~ the best available fat, partly through its greater chemical stability and partly because of special properties which may be due to the fact that it contains a certain amount of latex. - 3 - To-day shea butter seeL~ to be bocoming increasingly popula r fo~ this kind of pastry, not only in France and Europe, but also in the Unit ed sta tes. All the saDe , tho demand for it for this purpose is still comparatively snall. 5. Thus, though some interesting possibilities cs a cocoa butter substitute and, e specially, for feuilletage, may be kept in mind, the bulk of the demand for shon. butter is for purpCE os for which it bas close and technically better substitutos; tho demand would therefore fluctuate to an extent which would u~ke an industry based only on exports a r ather risky ent erpriso. 6. Another possible approa ch to the problem of a fuller utili- sation of shea nuts h as been sugg8 s ted: it would involve the supply of factory made shea but t er to the loc al LlJ.:rke t, a nd it would be based on the difference between the present extraction rate 0f butter by local methods, which has been calculated to be of about 19-22% of butter per weight of dry kernels, and the industrial method which oxtracts well over 40%, thus doubling the extraction rate. 7. To make use of this highly improved yield, and at the same time to oVercome the problem of seasonal fluctuations in supply and certain storage difficulties, a combined extraction plant for shea butte r and ground-nut oil Gould be erected at some such central point as Tamale. (Cf.para. 30-32). Such plant would evidently have to be run under expert supervision. An arrange- ment whereby a cOID~~ny with experience in such dual extraction methods could take over the re s ponsibility of running the plant, either pernanently, or at least ~~til there are sufficient highly trained people in this count~y to take it over, might be convenient. I have put forward proposals along thGs e line s to the proper authorities. 8. A prop o."tien of the output of such a factory should find a r~ady lecal market. Tho stability of the local narket weu1d enable the new industry to venturo into the more risky fiold of exports whenever it appeared profitable to do so. 9. One fact which ....l Ould have to be taken i nto c0nsidoration, when deciding on tho possibility of erecting such a f actory, is that the collection of shea nuts t ak8s pla ce at tho sarno tiLlo as the L1ain harvesting s ef:l,son. A deDand for a larger quantity of kernels than· collected at present night thus throw some additional strain onto the women and children who co llect then. At the saDe time, the oaking of butter by the local poople t akes place during the slack season, ,,,hon t hey are in any caso less occupied. A factory wouJ.4 thus increa se work dur ing the busy saason, and decrease it during the sla ck s e~son. Thi s would have to be put in the balance as against the alr eady nentioned fact that a factory would alnost double the output of butter ~OD the SaDe quantity . of kernels as cor::pared to tho local methais of extraction. 10. If the proposal to establish a factory along the lines put forward by DO, or along any oth2 r line s , were to be considere d . by the relevant authoriti es as e~onoDically feaSible, a prelimi- nary measure Dight be useful: the local market for she~, nuts could be nursed along c.m. d developed to onsure that the necessary quantities of kernels are readily forthconing , to enable -tho factory to run to cD.pacity frooth0 start. The Produce Market- ing Board attempted last year to develop such a Garket in the Northern Territories for the export of kernels to Europe. It thus hoped to open the way to a continuation, by private enterprise, of the collection and uarkoting of the kernels. 4 - Unfortunately, so far, no private individual or ent'3rp.ris0 (vlith one possible exception) is I'BJ.dy to continue the Qxp0ricont '::.t thGir ovm risk. If the croation of El s tGQ.dy kernel r:larket should be CO!:lO desirable for the ro ,;:.sons state-d above, 9, variation, in the light of last year's exro rimce, on tho arrangGL',ents r::a.d8 by the Boc,rd, night enable tho collection and export of k ernels to be continued, as an interir:l wG~surG, without involving ihG Board in losses corJpC:'.rable to -tho BG qlre ' ~ d;y iIlcurred . 1 t.Ewe sugges t e d to tho appropri'at G authorities ono vlay in which this Dight bo achievE-d. CATTLE IN T~~SIT . 11. SOrJe 70,000 cc.ttlo en"GGrod th::; Northern TGrri tor ios ir. trc-:msi t fr01..1 the French terri tori8s in 1951. Du:ring meir jourrM ney such cattle incur lossos botI: in nur::.bGrs :md, espeCially-, in weight. Fro;.:: the ini'orr:u",tion I could gather thoso losses, which r:::ight 8.!llOunt to as :::::uch u.s one-third or Gvon on,e-half, by carcaso weight, of all cattle in tr"'...rls it) soo::; to b0 attributa- ble to four difforont r89..80n5: (8.) InadGquate :,v::::.ter supplies en route. (b) L"12.dsque.te feedir..g. (c) DisG8.s 9. (d) '1'00 fast a rata of travel. 12. a. On the Bawku to Pr2.ng route "Ilat8r siJ..pplios soeD to be on t.'l-J.e whole adequate. The two gaps in tr16 SGr-iE:S of 1;Tat8r points are at Nagbogo and GekpG • At Nagbogo, thG Dope..rtuenot of Ru.ral i;{a tEll' Supplies has already put in shnllow 1;wlls for hu.r:B.n consunption. This soer.:s to indicate that vl:?tE.::" is c :::,sily accos- sible, and it flight therefor e not os too difficult to iDprovG water supplies olso for tho cP.ttlo. If necossary this could be done by the local authorities, without dra Wing on thG resourc(,g of t.'lJ.e DOp2.rtDent of Rur2..l ',va tor SuppliG s. At Sekpe tho pro- bIen is ::Jore di fficul t as thor G dOG f.: not S8e~~ to bo any easily accessiblo water supply: the presence of tilisi :Ls 0.. confirr.J,a.- tion of this fact. The cattle eight hcr{8 -to bo driven over' that on8 stretch, involving tvw days' jourr:.oy , wi -thout watering ? unless sufficient Donoy, equipnent (lnd. personnel could be found. for sinking a deep well or, possibly, for erecting a d,2: for tho storage of rainy 88,)'80n watc-r. 13. b. Dis cussions bGt 1 1een tho r e loyan't dopartr::ont s, tho adninistration and the local authori ti8S would ~vidently bo useful to ShO'll whether any supplieS of fodder could bo laid in for use, against p:",ycont, by the cattle, i n transit, but I do not believe that such storago of fodder ,{auld be 0. f 6 '?,s iblG propos it ion in t h0 no ar future. 14. c . .i.:'" good deal of th,) losses in -{T,:: ight of c8.t t lo :"tay bo caused by trypanosoc~Q s. (Tho f03.r of' 108ses tl.trougl':. elGeping sickness SGG;,.,:s to bt; onG of thu reL.sons for t:c"" f as t d.riving of cattle, in an attm::pt to avoid inf0c tion Q.nd doa.th whilo on the road.) The possibility of checking 011 cattle at Mogonori not only for 2:"inderpest but also for sleeping sickness, and of tro8.ting th030 which shovi' signs of diseasG 1Nith tartar 8i:letic or a siwile,r drug, i:.1ay bs vlGll worth invostigating. '::h8 troat- i:lent should. be against payr..ien"t, and a d 8cis ion o~f pri.'1.ciple night haVe to b8 t3.ken by the r <;; levant ::mthoritie s on -vfuethor it; should bo voluntary or CO!',ip'.llSory. F-~ll sC8.1c troo,tr:.cn t of all the cattle in transit, both heal thy and Sick, with antrycid.eo r a sicilar drug !:light not b r:) Gcolloeic,for the t',V'Gl1ty days' jour- ney to Prang or even the longer journ8Y to Kunasi D.nd. beyond. - 5 - 15. d. Cattle aro being driven ~~~ B~Wk~l~QdPr~ ~~~r9X~~ tely 250 pil~s) sOr:.Gtiwos in as Ii ~t~o ,as ~ ays. .Ln&"!fo s",eD :t.n "h~ ~~e rGasons for trl~S '!as-t; ar~vlllg: i. The desire to "catch the markoV' at Prang bofore oiber cattlo hGrds and thus get a higher price for the cattle. ii. The fact that the drivors seem in general to be paid by the journey, which implies that tho quicker they hand over the cattle in Prang, the earlior they will be ablo to undertake other YOrk. iii. The fear nentioned above (para. 14) that delay eight Dean the loss of cattle through sleeping sickness before the owners have got rid of then at Prang. Prow time to tL~G localised lack of water or of feeding stuffs due to exceptional draught nay also add to -the desire for a quick journey. 16. The fast driving imposes avery heavy strain on the cattlo. A compulsory slo\ving dOl'm of the rate of travel :wight well be envisaged. Such a coupulsory slowing dOvID might give rise to certain objections in connection with the points raised under 1.1 ii., and iii. If the slowing d01tffi is general, i. would lose in import~~ce, ii. could be easily over-ruled, though it might mean higher pay for the drivers, and iii. could be counter- acted by suggestions under paca.14. ' 17. One way of iuplenenting a slowing down policy would be ths splitting up of the route into four sections of five days each. Appendix B. shows one possible way of doing this. Tho prGsent- day cattle pa trols could then be 8Dpowerod to che ck -the !Bsses of the cattle drivers to see who the r the;y havG been keeping within tho tiDe linits set down, and fines or compulsory delays could be iwposed on those who have been speeding within ~iy one stretch. The 2.dditional 1t!ork involved would requirE: a suall increase in the personnel of the cattle patrols. Transit Taxes. 18. An additioYle,l suggestion which night dir.linish SaLle of the friction '..n ieh still seeDS to survive bet"~leGn the French cattle ownGrs and their dri vers 9 and tho local authori tie s in tho Northern Territories, wluld be the consolidation of all the local transit taxes into one Single tax payable per hoad of cattle at Mogonori (or Pusigc::. or Tm::m), no other tax of any kind being allowed anywhere els8 on the journey. :F'or any cattle 10 st en route the owne:::--s could. cla il: reiDbursenont of the tax at Prang. As alI.zlOst all the cattle no \,7 entering 8.t Mogonori seeL to be intended for the narket at Prang, this consolidated tax should be a fair arrangol:'.ent. At tho end of every Don th, the taxes would be uaid into tho local authorities' TreasuriGS according to their percon te.ge shar'e, and after deductions had been mde for reiwbur'soLCnts d:urirlg the previous Donth. A slaughter scheue in the Northern TGrritoriGS. 19. AnothGr vny of conteracting losses en route, which has been suggested f is to esta.blish a fattening and slaught€r sch6i:.:e in the Norti"lern Territories, for tho cattJB in tra.nsit, with transport, possibly by air, of the refrig6rated DGat to tho con- suning centres in the south. The transport of cattlD on tho hoof is evidently nuci1 cheaper per hG&d th~1 the transport of carcase ~at by air. The advantage of thc scheDe wQulJ not therefore reside in lower transport costs, but in: 6 The avoidance of losses, in nuwbers and \'might, which are due to the long and difficult journey, and in The profits to be a.eriv,:.;d fror:: fattoning cattle on cheap and er-;.sily available Northern Terri toric s' land. 20. It is difficult to forecast accurately vrh9ther such a schom would be 8. profi table enterpr:is e or not. This would depend :18 r:lUch on its wans.g8DEmt a s on other core easily calculable econo- cic factors. I feel ill (;refer G that if it should be a ttecpted, this should definitely be done,to start With, on an exporicental and provis ional basis, wi th the ;:.iniLlur~ s.wouJ).t of capital inve st- went. This point of vie::,,; is strengthenod when we censider roughly the basic econonic probler.:s involved. 21. Onco the schewe is started, theI'G are tvro pos sibili ties: The scher.:o r.:.ig..."1-).t be lJPprofit able,. If so, it should be possible to wind. it up without re avy losses in invested capital. The sche::le r:.light be llrofitable. The profits, (as can be seen fro~_ ab ove), would uerive frol: the prevention of further losses in transit, E.J1d fro;_ the fattening up of the cattle to their original condition. FroLl both pOints of vievr, a siD.ilar schene set up in French territory w::mld have a definite advan- tage over any such scheL8 in the Northorn Territor-ks, becaUSE: it would start l:.1uch Co 2.:'lier to avoid lossos on the road, and would thus ~ke the fattening of thu cattle eaBier, and possibly alr.:.ost unnecessary. 22. Thus a profitable schel.=to of slD.v_thter ~nd air transport, stc.rted in t he Northern Territories, on t h8 basis of ir:.port0d French cattle could V8ry well induce, sooner vr l a to!', "the setting up by cOIE1ercial or ot}-~..:r int0TGsts, of sL-:il8.r, :J..."ld even Doro profitable, schene s in French territory. This 'would necessarily load both to tho avail3.bility of' cheaper z:e s..t to the consu:J.ers than that vlhich can be produced in the }\JorthGrn Torri- tories and to a decrease of supplies of cattlu on tbe hoof to the Gold Coast. These two facts would probably be sufficient to jeopardize our own schern of slaughter !:ind. air transport. Present-d&y developDents in French territory_ 23. There are indications that th8 problo~:-.s raisod by slaughter house developnents in Fronch territory n?~ bo norc i:.:.r_~adi ato than is g::merally rot:l.lisod. CalCl.Uations sr::il:J.l' to those wM0 in connection wi th slaughtol~ houses in the Northorn Terri terie s bave been also LB.do indopc:ndcmtly in French territor~~es, and as a result c.battoirs are alYc)e.dy being builtin the Upp~r Yolta, tho Sudan and the Nig0r provincos. CertC),in COIJ.;"~;erCla.L projects first put for''>'ard in d.etail last :Febru.ary would involve, if t.1.ey wero to bo i:. . -:.p18r.:D ntcd in thG ir ent:Lroty, thG absorption of all the su.rplus cattle in the Upp:, r Vol t8. and the Sudan. Cor:u:..ercial developnont plans arIJ not noco3sarily Dl ways conplotely iDplo- cented, nor is it easily possible to-day with the GxiGting world shortage of cen 3:nd Daterials, to lID op to a dofinite tiDe- . schodule. Cattle na;y- thorGfcr e still continuo to COJ:L8 through frO:J Fronch torri tory in sufficient m.lIJbGrs for our nE; eds. Nevertholess it is inportant that developDents in }!'rench ter:ri- tories should be closely w~tched, possibly through regul:~ visits by the appropriatG offic,~rs. 24. If the cooLarcial projocts, mentionod above, should, on tho other har!d, be realised in their entiret'l, a run'l situation would 7 face not only the Northorn Terri tories, but t he Gold Coast as ":. ~vholG, 8.S such projects would ir.:.ply D. disappearance of thE.; r:O~N existing export surplus of livG dattlo fror.: the French terrl :to - ries involv,-~d. New Deo.sUI'OS l.."l.ight, in such 2~ case, have to be. docided upon to onsure the sUj?ply of Goe.t to the Gold C08.st. A cOr::lDittoe of tho v£.rious depart:2outs concorned night have to be sot up to discuss the iLplico.tions of such 0. now situation and the De).sur8s to oe t :lken. I have forwarded to the proper authori ties both a sUlx::.ary of ths c0!:42(;rcial projects Dontionscl abov0 imd fly views on tho problens which could. 118 rais ,:.:d by a full inplc!:lontation of such projocts. SOl':8 OBSTACLES TO DEVELO?I\[lliNT. 25. The DOSt iwporta::-::ti proble::::. facing the Northern Territories at the :::lODS nt is a shortage of skilled and 0 f trained people at all levels. This proble;:.:. applies to thG mole of the:; Gold Coe.st, out it is even I:Joro t~cutG in the north t"han in the south. Any dovelopnont pla.ns will c.l ;·m.ys 110. ve to tc:ke this probla::. into accoD...Ylt, ane. ~n a .. 'lay "rill l1J.ve tobo built rOlL."1d it • .A n a.n.alysi8 of the problor:. \ht hin D0partLlE:nt s. 26. Tho d(;partD.G:ltal st2.ffs 'J.ay bo roughly divided irlto t ....r o groups: (a) Persons with ado-;-;inistr2..tlvo and policy I:'.6.king rospon- sibilities. Y'or such persons, the present-day Syst0::C of careful selection and life apPoint:-.:.ents, though slo'll in bring~ ing about an intake of new people, seoJs to be necessary. It is iDportant that such persons should have:; both e. capacity for ini tiative, and the opportunity as "T811 ,,8 the inconti vo to Dake a good study of the spGcial problcJS of tho country tr... ey will be viorking in. Long tenure of office, broad interests, and special capaoities for grasping quickly new and. ve.ried problens are essential. 27. (b) Porsons i'Tith spGci:J.lised technical dutios. Such p::;r- sons, though often highly trainod, and sonetirJ:) s oore higr...ly trained than persons in the f:irst group, can be selectE)d in an entirely different r..la nn or • They cc.r..: i. be taken on for a lio.ited period of tine; ii. be chosen only for their speciali- SE:d knovTledge, tTithout refere::::.ce tcthe additional que.litios necosse.ry for persom in group (3.). 28. On the other hand, it is 83pecially for such persons (group b,) trJ2.t the need 38::;[.',8 to b~ grc3.tGr nOi'i ~i_la.n in tho past. A syste:-J by "tThich t hE: he ads 0 f depe.rt;.;en t s concerned -VlCre gi--;-on '.'ii::; pmiors for s<.lecting and e,PPointi:ng tochnici.-:lns on li::}i ted cont:c8.cts d'~ould be worth invE.:stigc;.ting. It would do Duch to overCO::16 pres8nt-day dcl2.Ys j it would probably lead to a k.rgcr nUL1b8r of J.ppointIilEmt s 2,t ~;. tinu when spe od of deciSion in ::~'lking c:.ppoint::ents hS nost irlportan-t for rotain- ing the; sGl'vices of per SOrB \.,'ho ?.rG in g.coat docand; and it would en'.101o t1:o hE:.:'.d8 of 0. ep::1rtm ntis to build up 8. botter intograt\Jd -(;0£i.12. 29. The only arg1.Lcmt 2.ga.inst such facilities for !:c2.0.S of dep2..rtr:en ts could bo 1ih8.t it wight 1.; ad to wrong appointomt s duo to insufficient chGcl~ing. I beliGvo the. t such an arguumt - 8 - would imply ~~ unwarranted lack of trust in the judC8ruent of the heads of tepartments; they are not only men ~o have Swown themselves capable to Tise to a high position, but it is also in the ir ovm in tere s t tha t their departrcent should be run as efi'ic ien tly as pos sib le • Rep5.ir and i'-1aintena.Y.lC8. 30. This question is closely connectod. with all attempts at industrialization. Machinery of every description, from vehi- cles to tractors, mills and fC?ctory equipment is or will be coming into L'1creasi:"lg use throughout the Northern Territories, but nowhere is there ::, really efficient and ,fell developed maintenance, spare parts and rspnir cor:tro. It is important to create one. To do so, I bGliC~lC th8re is need for concontrating all the technical l'0sources, which are not unavoidably bound up with certain localities, in one single point. Neither thE; pres~nt-d.ay r..eeds, nor the resources, of the Northern Territc riGS would b3 sufficient to enable th3 creation of more th::.n one such centre. 31. The m.ost obvious or::plo..cement would be in the futuro economic centre of the; Torritories. Unfol'tuno..tely it is at present difficult to tell where that centre IL1to to tho I\'o rtt:.ern Jrerrit ories conditions, ,=·n d :e,or in~8 .:' -dep2.rtL:8ntal co--opG ra tion at a regional level, co-opera t ion 1/1Lich extonds to c:. l,.,,) s"t all departr::.ent s. 38. I feel thc,t grGater f c.ci.iit .;. (;5 shou~d all tho 8a1:OO be extonded, by agree;:;£) nt witb. tho csntTal C'.uthori ties, for a Go re baSic kind of pl mming c;t 9.. n:;g j.onal. l evel. Tho act ivity of alDost every Single') ocono; ,j(;p,] ly Lport3.nt dopo. rtl'.cont in the north is closely rel ~;:,t (; d to t lB,t of tho others, L:or~) obviously so th8..'1 in othe r p: :;rts of tt.8 cOlm.try. ';Ja tor supplies arc ir.:portant for agricul-L-:CJ.rc 2l;.C, ;::.ni:,s.l hu.sb:.:.ndry :';'.s well as fo r health 2.nd fOT to·wl1 end C01.:c..-!t:cy c:;.ovOlop:':'~0nt . CO~;:'~lunic ations affoct ov;:;ry single other ~'.c tivi ty. Industr i a l G.8ve l opuent will have to bo closely rOB t ed "t 0 iilO rc.~l f.::at 0riE. ls ("),'13. i1OOlo o.nd to the genoral. ne ods for a c8nt:cr~.l pool of t~chYlical skill and e quipccmt • 39. The SULlS o.lloc8-t0d for devolopcol'"lt in the North~i rn Terri- tories (su.::,s which, as is 'dGl1 known, C\.r,:) coeing 1:13.inl;:,;· froD revonue rais"d in the SO'.lth) , though larbG, are -evidently lir:-:itod. Though the 1::01'0 i:'::.L""led:iate liI:"1it3.tion 01:. the dt:Jvelop- Dent progra.r::;~~c is to-day sot by l:::.ck of technicians, L'1-Chincry and supplios,. the long-r33ngo ] l.Bi ti.ng factor will still DO finance. It :::li6ht bo of i r.lport2.1:1co if tho 2,lloca"tion of such 40. Thr l'r ot..iQ,il ! (Jl.J'\.,/J rl.l~" to h\" hOlll' fur. "'%" a.r ll1gIJi 1.(l}1 : (n) ~ll\.. • n whol would h Wu t.. tlll II oJ li'l.:r'\,;l.'" i,\.j~u. of th sh uld hI;; II t ilj(,,).l'lo!rl' 0 nor til oml tl~ ~u uth . 41. (b) Th.nart:".:nt f:lllir:g T~. turally into its proper place.: wi thin the c.noral SCh6C_~, 1'11 would nccc,ssr- rily result in t::-~o DOOt :..:.vcu.;:-""bL: :UstrioutiOll of r ·::, sourcE'S for the; region. It =.ust net be. fOJ.'gott\,;n tib.t i;nc; NOl"1iL. .::rr: Territories will h:;.v-:.. to rc.ly for n.ny ~jor d8'{clopi2':~c: ',~", b:!,! both industrial and. a&,"Tic't;.]. tur:..l, ;....most .:r:tiroly em public dcpartDGnts. PrivatI; capj tu .::rr;", Gn"'c c rpris:: will \.udort,.,;,r." t :::ly not be able to plc.y ~ cor.:p:~:cabl.._ rcle ';cr :.:.Jl:y yc _1's tv co::'::. 43. I should not lik,:;, :3.t this ::::t· .. .gc., to atts::.:pt 0:,1Y Ll1dication of devGlop!:£:nt pricritiGs. 'rl'lis should b~ ~. t:l.S~: for t !:~ trained staffs of the dopartrLnts, pro sibl~T .. it~ (\ut siC:c CX?dl'1; help. Any dGcisions ought to' be: tG.ks.~ by tht.- 0rg:'~J!i::;ations ·which will hav..:: to C('1rry t'Le::_ out. :!:hG su.::.r. J,X'y c.tisc'U.Bsion below of one such priority ::::houl":' th~r()fcr c bv t~.,J ~: s:L:ply --s an 0 xauplc 0 f th G kin d 0 f :::1 €:..'1l1inG I hz.. YO in ::iEG.. 44. Tho GOVGI'l1.:":.eYlt he..s ~Bcidcd tl:':.!.t the projoctc-d l'c.il"':C'!;r froe Kur:.asi v:iz. Do.::.ongo to No..vrongo or Ba'ii~\:u sllO'u.l.l h~v(: :":.igh rrio- rity. Tb.0 building of the rrd.J:way i'lOuld involvt) ti10 ~xp.:;!di'tar' of 80:-.:6 £7 i.:illion . Its l)l'~'pos 0 woul::1 00 two -fold : to pro\"i~t:l' a rclic.bl(.· :::me:. p;JX'r;~n(;.l!it backbcnu fo!" th;; systar. of co:. . .::n.lllice.- tions in tho !'Ggionj f;.J:Hl to h"lp in J.ev"lopinC '1 l'''Xw'- and. pot0nt ially rich, but to -d.:l.Y abandcnod, :territory. 45. If 60'1"':0 i.7 Lillian ar", to be s punt aur:i.rl£: th(,1 n€)xt f>3w yea.rs With 'Lhese air:"s in ViiJi'l, it is ii:.1port!lut tll t all off. . rts Should be concentrated to' onsur(; thoir at tain:.dnt. If nt., l-h Northern Torri toricf;j Rail way 1:\i3ht ooeoLo not tl.!. .rJ~vt bu heavy liability. - 11 - 48 • T11 U1. i, c. v~i1£l. bJ un...:. r 0U01. on. . 1 t lJU£ t into useful L:"'l.ncl. 'rhi~ woill d lllVOlvl.. t.h(' tuC!y of E:. apG"d1ng up of th GOl1.1/l D,-vul>Jp!..cnt CO;Ip.~ny I u work , cpo(.difl8 'Which r:tight ou ':l. d1ffic.lul t Lud poa:;iIl1y l'ifJky nt"l1;risu- . It would '\1. so involvo stud L.:;; ufo tbc:r upprOc.ch",3 to tha probl r...c of tho "~iddlo ooctlon Ji , :31<01. W3 t:)C;-t60 clcc.lr· co in t,b(: Sissili-J{ulp;!\ffi rvgi on tZ. ~ tho pos:Ji il:1.ty of cr:.t t10 l?.ncl'.!r..; thero. This WQul d no.turo.ll~l leaa to thl. study of dd1 t1oTv:ll probleDs liku tha.t of adoqu .to w. .... t...:r oupplioo . Tl";tl !:i~m:"l' 1 result would br.. M!:".O div.rsion of pcr!Jonnol f~o,- otL~;: :000 ard possibly an incre:-~ss in tL1~ tc.::pOl'ary :_ 'te..f l' of c<..r'C"", n dop-..:.rt- Lonts . 49 . The mn will h-,vo t o '::_0'/0 in fro:_ poll O'lBr tr.c :-or1:r.c'l'n Territor i,,3, invol vir.g possibly c.. 1':'.1'60 pCrC01!tag·:! of 'th~~ to~al popula.tion. Such Izrg3 3C"-10 ::0~le:':vr.t3 .""ill rclis03 ;:-rob·~: "- both in the d istricts fro= .. vlhicl.::.thc pcopls ·.. .- 111 b:. ; i r{rati.!',- £..Ud in the 10caliticG of lJJ. tr..::..t0 ~GttlcLcnt . It ·'::)u.l~, for 0xawple, di::L'1ish local rat·vs but- ::l.lso ~ i';:" ~ goc<.. :'u~l of help to the probles of over-popul2.tion in t~lC ~~prusi- ..- r2.f!'D. region . The i:.:.pa.ct on local e. mhoI':' tit."" of rro.lc .... c .,::mg::s i,rill L::.ve ".1) 00 iwighed :'5C':.inSt the -:ei!! to t.h~ re:gion _c e. -/nolo . 50. The tools TNill r....:::. i111y i:::1'101-re, hrir:c:.:: tho first stages 0: tr.c dra'tfin{; up of thr..: plan, q'J.t:.stiov3 of co::t f'.1!d :o".vail~bilit:;r . ifuen the plan CO::0S into effect, the !)r0 b1;:;:.-;3 0 f sp:" r :::. p£.rts, r:-_ainteru..ncG and rGpr:1ir fq,cilitide wi.ll ...lE-C ~:.:.vc 4;0 'cc 1;::J:C: into account. 51. \fua toyer the:: d(;vc:lop~.0nt prinlTtlCts fino.11y ':!.-:cidod upon, and whother thCJT invo1 vo onu such :.::. JOT i t ,,'-o 0 f GX.9-ilidi turf; 2.1: the raih;ay, or u. co:::binc.tion of 8::<;.11'-1r pro j(;;Ct3, I tc1icv~ tr.:.at plans draftud on a r"-i3ional b:.GL3 v;oul~, for ":;!:.:. r:: ~ .G,)ns stated abmTo, cf-_kc. c::. r .;al contribution to :. spuccl.i",_ c..!!Ci :..o~o honogeneoUB devclopT__ on·t O~':' t}:::; r;O:-ct;l:. rn 'I:orr itorios . THE GONJ~ DEVELOPI~EH'r COIJIT' . !.FY. 52. It is too ca.rl;.;" ~Tst ;'0 ::::.:. .'.- :c- :;..n '~CO!"o_·.i(; l'8P')l'" on the problcr;.s faCing thu Gonjt'. D)'\Tclop=. . GU1; Co.'pany . It .. '~\.lrk is pioncer YlOrk, and its (Hri1, reports .. nd the cor.:: .. onts l' tho RGgiono.1 Officer a..r'G the b.; st (,xpoEJi t ion of i t.s (,icv01opr:Gr.t so far. There is one sir.gL. . l'ol..t w'bich I should. lik0 to :-.cntiou: it is thu problGr1 of th'3 inj.tlc.l oost of 1m cL2.r~. .n c -.; .. 53. I ontiroly ag.c0C witl:l 'tlw ,Point ol'(ti8\f thcl.'t tr~0 cost 0f land clcq;r-ancQ should not b0 r::",,-do '\x) cn'w, ... :t't hu 2.1HlUt .l inc "I: .l a.nd oxpcnd1 tu..ro accounts of ",t.i.i Cow.tx·~ny, bl:t shou1"" b'~ "l~ i·· dored as a onc(; a.nd for r:'-' ". be spent und:ll" toot hO£l.d.inc, u.:':Ountil '':;' .. '.1.; l,)l' -.:tlCnt 'to 1"10 J.:n • r - 12 - will be very lSU'go. It night be as wall if' .thcy could be transla tod into ordinary a ccounting tSITiS, to unable DB to get sono idea of tho gencral profitatili ty or non-p::cofitability of tho dcvolopwont projoct. 54. On tho basis of 20 Y6E.rs ar.:..ortizatiol1, at 4% rat e of interest, the £10 per acro could be repaid through an annual paTwont, over 20 years, of loss than 15/~ per acro. 55. The Cowpanyl s schem, F.~t prosont, is that, in payr:'.ont for the current work done every year by the CODpany on oo.ch far.::::, SOGe 60% of tho fan:.'s yearl;y output ,lill revert to tre Conpany and the farner will recoive the re:::8.ining 40% as his sharo. (This arrangeLent varios froD crop tc crop.) 56. The avorage- size of a fL'.rI.1 on CODpany l and is of so ::::.:o 30 acres. 30 acr'2S at just Ulluor 151- per a cre ar::.ou..YJ.ts to soce £22 a year. If the 40% sharo of the farr.:zr wore thus about £22 greater than his previous output i n , say, FraFro. dis tricts, he would be increasing tr.!.e countr~T' S outl)ut sufficisntly to r:.akc up, at tho :1bov8 ::cGt1tion,::d r 5J,tGs of interos t ar~d 8.cortization, for t.h.e :::loney slJ..'1k, by the c'.)untry, in land clearance. 57. It will take a few years h,dol' G it xliI be pos si blc to know ..l i th f;j.ir Elccuracy the 2.vers.ge ~mnual out put per aore on Cocpany land. So far we h2,V8 OYll~i provisiona l elate.. If the se data should prove reliablo, th6Y 'l'iould indicate thc~ t t.h.o Doney sunk in land c16arnnce yields an econoDic r eturn ~~ the country even under the very strict concli tions 0:: high intorost r a tes and relatively short rcpaY'.:-;ent p:::riod SE:: t by ru above. A periodic rovi0w of such calcul8,tions would, f:.ll the sa~.le, bo dosirable. APPKWIX HAil. ExperiIJGntal data conc'Jrning losses 0::: cattle in tr':\':l.1sit. 58. Various suggestions ha va boon put for/Erd i n the past for avoiding or [laking good lilO lon:;es in 1,'Teight and :rnu~,bors incur- rl:ci by Cll ttJD in tr;'-::.rlsit. Bof(Jl' (; ~~ tt8Lptin6 to omclyso the validity of "the. suggellt.ions, T tri..::d. to I~,;;t data concorning tho actu8,1 oxtent of the 10;:)s88. Though c ertain GstL~;';;.t(3S have been wade in tho past of tho poroc.Hltc"ge of cattIe lost in tran- sit through accident or' diseaso, r;.s vwl1 2,8 of lOS8GS in weight, no facili tie s of personnel or' G quipmm"t h:cV8 eeon Dado availablo in the Gold Co ~st for r 0liab1 8 invo2t i gckti ons into such losses. 59. The siDp10s t Lcthod for in\l<3stig'.iting 10S8&8 in "TOight would be to instal 2. weighing bridgo a -t ~iogonori anC. one at Prang. SaGple herds of cattle 3J:lounting to, say? 100 he Cld a conth could thun be ~vGigh(;d 2.t l'iiogonori 1 I:l2.l'ked, 311\: weighed again at Prang. It woulcl thus be possible to osti:::,ate statis- tically the avorago lOSSG8 both in nlJ.r.:bcrs 2nd '!re ight, conth by nonth, and correlato tl".lOE with v ari2.ti ons in rainfall or any other fn.ctcr 0 which night iYJ.fluonco the i'foight Elnd condition of cattle. Si::lilo.r GXDeris0nts could cUBO b8 unr.:ort2.ken between Prang and Kw::n si, Soko;"(li and ..:~ccr::l. 60. ;~s it would have t8.ken rather long to install such weighing bridges, even if funds had been j::::£.r.lo availablo i~edia. tely, I tried to find out whother' dnta concerning the loss in weight of cattle travelling undGr sir.:ilar oircu:.:stanc(;s vlGro not availi able outside tho Gold Coast. During ::.:y s t[;!.y in D8.kar in July, 1951, I discuss8d these problor:-.s 'ITith M. Mornot, hC::id of the - 13 - Research Departrnnt in Anion1 Husbandry for French West Africa." I nentionGd to him my neod for data concerning loss of woight in French c2..tt1e in transit through "the Northern Torri tories. I was lucky onough to get froe hin such dat2. reb ting to an oxpericent undertaken in 1950-1951 by tho Depart~cnt of Anir~l Husbandry in Fr6nch ~';ost AfriCa., data which I later pu~ at the disposal of tho Dopart~ent of Anir~l HG~lth in Accra. 61. Following our discussions, he also suggested to the French \Test A:frican Authorities that the exporinont of 1950-1951, ron- tioned above, night bo usefully repGa.tod on tho Tougan-Pro.ng route. The result s of this socond expo ri'.;Gllt, which was under- taken in 1951-1952 with tho co-operation of the Gold Coast Anica.l Health Departcont, ha.ve not yet beon worked out. The experiDent~ mde on the Dociel of th2..t of 1950-1951, covered, besides oeasure::Klnts of losses in ~18ight, also the offects of anti-trypanosoDe drugs. 62. Tho final results of the eXJ:B riLont should. bo useful for the foroulation of future policies both for tho prevention of sleeping sicmess (which w.:.s the rein concern of th6 organisers) and against losses in I·might i but they would not dicinish the value of a Donth by Gonth ~loighing eXIBrioent, as outlined above, between Mogonori and Prang m1d, possibly, p1~cos further south. APPENDIX "B". 63. Suggested daily travelling stagGs for cattlo in transit between Mogonori and Prang. Days Miles Pl~cGS CorJI.:.ents 1st 12 Mogonori-Zabugu Cattle arc reste~ a.fter nine 11 Zabugu-Garu days' quarantine JUd soeo ab10 to tr~vel tho 23 cilos in ono strotch w~thout difficulty. 2nd. 13 Garu-Shishie At prosent all cattle stop at Shishie to rest bofore the sc~rp. Cattle leaving Mogonori late Lay stop at Zabugu, and. travel frou thore to Shishie in onG day. 3rd 11 Shishi~-Sakogu Sakogu is on tho top of the hill arrl at present all cattlo stop to rost. 4th 8 Sakogu to N~gbogo A short journey as c~ttle are usually til~cd after the scarp. If "mtar supplies arc. very bp.d, cattle wight go to Bongo Do. , instoad. If the c~ttlo are in good fo rr:. , they ':,ay go e.s fer 8.S JJ.wini. 5th 19 Nagbogo-Bagale 6th 12 Bagale to Sakulo There is always vT~t8r in tho Nasia. 7th 19 Sakulo-Kpatinga This stage is rather long and cattlo often stop before reaching Kpatinga. - 14 - Days Niles Places Co Ii.1l::on t s 8th 14 Kpatinga-Sokpe Wat~r supplies at Sekpe arc poor. Cat tle of ton he~ vo to bo driven straieht across to Sang for wa t \:: ring, gi v Lng a vary tirinG journey of 28 ~ilGS in one day. 9th 14 SGkpo-Sang Tho streaus on the way to Sang of ton dry 'out, but i~~diatoly south of Sang thero is a good. water hole in thE:: river bed (cor::plo to with fi 8h 2~Ylc1 croco- diles) • This hole is pos sioly tho reIl8.ins of a biliga. loth 11 Sang-Kpabia W~tcr on tho rOQd is good. 11th 13 Kpabia-Ningboyilo At presont Dost clrivc:rs talr..e their CC.tt18 at IG3.st as far as SalL1.ru which is 8.D.other four wi18 s further on and usually 12th 10 Ningboyilc- to Bontripe ,SiX nilos oeyonc. Bentripe Sarillu. SODO Day oven go as 13th 11 Bentripe-vlangasi fD.r ;:1S v-iang;:1si-'I\uru. I suggest TU.r·u (Garin Turu) tho.t as ,va tcr is usually plon- tif'\.J~ and foeding not too h.-:.d, the cattle should be allo'llf.;d. to rocupora to fron \;ho pre- vious days I hgrd tra':.re11ing by brc.:o.king the hournoy up as 14th 13 vI angasi Turu : indicated. UJ'}.u.er d8.Ys 11, 12, (Garin Turu)- a.nd 13. The ::;.ro8. be tviOon Dagonkade Kpabia 8..."'1(). Dagonkado boco;::loS 15th 12 Dagonk~de-Salaga cars hy when it rains and SO~lO cattle get stuck in tho Dud. I could not find. My useful sug- gestions so far for uoaling with this problG;·:. 16th 10 Salaga-Mericho 17th 8 1I1e ri cho -IVIakongo ' ~l.t prosont the journoy froD Sal&ga to Nakongo is usually ;.:ado in one day. As iho Volta [lE,G to be crosse ('~ at Yeji the day after, a Doro loisuroly p~co would holp to keop the cattle in good condition for tho strenuous swin ahoad. 18th 8 Hakongo-Yoji Tho crossing of tho rivor is Village (No. 1) . noc8ssarily slowing up tho journey tlla t day. 19th 24 Yeji-Prang Wat-.:r supplies ar\) about half 20th way botwGOD Yoji and Prang and a few :-.lilGS off tho ro:o~d. The journoy thus c1ividos it self Dr, turally into Yo ji to Vlater point, e..nd v.r8. tor point to Prang. - 15 - 64. I 2.2 suggesting a ra-thcr long stage: for the firat d~. This will alloyT so st drivE;rs to f2."l1 behind the ti:;:.:s sch&dulo, ~j thus to k~cp nor~ e~sily ,nthin tho tine lirJits sot. I envisage; the ehc: eks r-:..S t aki..,¥ plc?ce 3.t Bagale, Kpa biE.. am Salaga, or tl:..c n08Xcst st2"tio:rc. ei -:;118 r "'{lay. Till drivers Ylould be allo,.led 3. certain lat i tude, (say Q.b out one clay), in tr.cir dri7ing schscluls. ;"'--v d?.CD cli"cl:: poin'':;, the nULlbor of days would be cour.tcd ~s fro::: tr~G :lato of d.ep~rture fro:2 Hogonori. 65. The ~"::m route, 'Iihieh ",as officially opcn-.:d Ip...st year, could to very useful for taking sO:"Je of th0 strain on the gr8.zing off the IVIogor"ori rout e • This co uld te -+.; of the ti::.o. The choice "",ould have to be dict;:.tod by the D01L..:-.l s"lie"to of the wat')r s1;.pplies on tho t~o rout-::s'::uring thG latGr stages of the dry GC"lson. SOCIAL AND ECONG.r£C SURVEY OF J.. FISH:O:G C(lldl,IU1Q1'X J BENTSIR hSAFO, CAPE COAST. 195 3 ---000-- PREFACE SOCIAL AND ECQNCMIC SURVEY OF A FISHING COMMUNITY. BEN1'srn ASAFO, CAPE COAST. The following survey was undertaken at the request of the Ministry of Local Government and Housing, during the months of May, June and July, 1953. While the main investigation took plaoe in July and took one week, I paid five other visits of varying periods to the area, three before and two after the survey. The 'WOrk of intervtLewing vvas done by untrained investi- gators: students of the University College of the Gold Co8$t and of the Kumasi College of Teclmology, all of whom were Fante and resident in Cape Coast. I would like to thank them as "rell as Mr. N. O. Quarrnyne and Mr. A. F. VTiafe of the clerical staff of the University College, for their tact, perseTerence and e!lthusiastic co-operation; I oyre special thanks to Mr. P. A. Dsane for his advice on Fante social customs, and to the Accra, Cape Coast and Winneba Lighterage Managers of the United Africa Company Limited and Messrs. Elder Dempster Lines Limited, for providing me m. th infonnation concerning boat-boys. The statistical analysis of the questionnaires was under- taken by the Government Statistician's Off ice. were it not for them, and especially for the keen interest Mr. Booker and Mr. Prevett of that Office took in this investigation, the most interesting parts of the survey might have been impossible to attempt. Finally I m.sh to express my thanks to Mr. W. B. Birmingham and to Mr. B. M. Niculescu of the University College for their advice and encouragement through all the stages of planning, execution and \?riting of thi s survey. The funds for the field-work were provided by the l'Limstry of Local Government and Housing. E. R. Rado Economic Research Division University College of the Gold Coast. Aclilinota. March 12th, 1954. REPORT ON THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY OF BENTSIR QUARTERS, C.APE COAST. The following paper incorporates the results of a social and economic survey of Ward B, house numbers 26/3 to 97/3 of Cape Coast, comnonly mown as Bentsir quarters, and largely inhabited by members of No. 1 Asafo Company. The aim of the survey ,,,ras to throv1 light on problems of slum clearance, rehousing and resettlement, in case it should be decided to go ahead \lith the building of the proposed Post Office and Telephone Exchange for which the site vmuld be required. The area surveyed lies opposite Cape Coast Castle and occupies seme ' 3.6 acres. All but nine of the houses are built of swish, four are swish and cement mixture and the rest are bOard or stone. Only twenty-three houses 'were single story; 4.1 had bro stories and four houses had three: a measure of the lack of opportunity to expand outv"rards; mul ti-story houses being quite uncommon in a tra- ditional fishing v:illage. Many of the houses vrere alleged to be over fifty year old; most showed signs of age and rain damage. This is hardly surprising, as the flat, swish roofs which all of the houses had are calculated to trap the rain and weaken the walls and ceilings. The population of the area, (i.e. the number of people sleeping in the houses concerned at the time of the survey), was found to be 1,980. This figure agrees vvith an estimate of 1,983 prepared from the health-cards of Mr. Price-Jones, the Sanitary Superintendent of Cape Coast, which were filled in in 1949/50, but it is over twice as lIRlch as the fi~ of 952 prepared from the 1948 Census returns for the same area, Wi thout entering into a detailed explanation of the discrepancy a guess might be hazarded that the low Census figure may be accounted for by political unrest in Cape Coast at the time of the count. 2, Sanitation facilities. Of the 67 houses 23 had a bath or catchpit - an enclosed space with a soakaway - three houses having t\70, catering for 537 perSOnB or about a quarter of the population. Only 13 houses had latrines - one house having two - catering for 330 persons or a sirll-, of the population. The rest use the beach or public lavatories, though this is not universal: several referencos have been found in the Sanitary Superintendent I s cards to fines levied for human excrement having been found vvi thin the precincts of a house. There are only two water- , points serving the whole area, one of ,vhich is shared Iiit h Nkum, a neighbouring area on the other side of Chapel Street, 3, Overcrowding. A room was defined as an enclosed, roofed space with an entrance. 522 such rooms vrere counted, 509 being used as sleeping accommodation. This compares with an estimate of 570 in the Census and 578 by the Sanitary Superintendent. The difference is due to many of the rcoms having collapsed after the rains between 1948-1953. (See below). The distribution of population w.i. thin the rooms was as follows: No, of No. of Total ~ Persons Persons ;eersons Rooms No,---;;:r ;eer room ;eer room Persons % % % 1 120 120) 2 84- 168) 40 14.5 1.4- 3 78 4- 62 ~l 60 85.5 5.5 5-9 138 855 10 & CflTer ' - 27 351 -509 1980 - 2 - The average censi ty is 3.9 persons per room, the national average (1948 census) beL~ 2.2. Takinr three persons per room as the "over- crowding line", 8~ of the population; occupying 6C% of the rooms, live at a density of 5.5 persons per room,over two and a half times the l'lational average, and more th:>n a sixth of the population live more than ten to a room.++ Another means of measuring overcrowd:i.n.g is by the surface area occupied per person. Estimates of the surface area of each room which >las used for sleeping were made during the survey; the total surface area was fotmd to be appro:x:ima~ely 65,750 sq. ft., averaging about 33 sq, ft. per person. Only L22 persons or 21% of the population, had the national requirement of ]~ sq. ft. or more (cf. Table 2). The figures q-loted abav -3 re'Teal a state of dire overcrowding. Apart from the gross discor,fort ~\'J.ch it ru,,:.:ns to the inhabitants of Bentsir quarters, (J'"verc::-owCi.:LDg a:.2 t.~e lack of proper sanitary facili- ties are a constant danger to pubD_c health and provide favourable conditions for the disseminat5_o:r. of' every kind of' infectious disease. Moreover, this s'cate of a::f!. ai,:,s has recently been getting wrse. No building or N:9a.ir~ ha7e "'v0en pernittec1 in the area since it has been schedl.l.lcd f0r d U.:-'l e~.ea_'anc3, wile rain damage has steadily been reducing ·c!:1e nu;':ol::c.r OI~ 2'00::1S available for human habitation. Houses 27/3, 37/3, 4-6/3, r,;/3, 67/3 and 68/3 have been so affected, ani the damage may Troll be n.ore extensive since the last rains. Some of the people who have been made homeless have moved out of the area into temporar:r lodgings elseylhere, others sleep in the streets outside. They still f'pend the day in the family house, returning to their lod£ings a-l; night. Were neu houses to be bu.:il t, they would claim an eq_lal r:~,::;_:.t to them m th the present inhabitants of Bentsir, a rig'\t that wcllld be valid, as all the houses in Bentsir are family propercy. D'is !n°e "13 that nhen resettlement is considered, instead of some ~Sc'J SOLa 2~J.C) ~')ersOlJ. . 3 should be catered for. On the basis of housing at 8.."1. &.vera[;e c' ansi ty of 2.5 persons per room, "hich is the agreed Public WOJ"::S Depa:-troent standard, the 1,688 perBons, who now live at mm.-e th?n tl'L-rec.: per30ns J''':' room, Dnd the approximately 200 who have no rCO[1,S a-l; all , tiraated to live in the area, but p:.u-tly also to the fact that the Census counted people on a house by house, not a roOD by rooD basis, thus some of the overc ."Ouding Vii t..'1in a house Tlas already averaged out. - 3 - The results of extensive qu.estion:Ulg by myself and by my assistants have indicated that, .m.erever possible, a married man will share his roan with his wife and her children; if he has several wives they take it in turn to live 'With him; and if his wife stays with her mother fran choice, he .-lill try to have a room by himself. This argument is supported by the remarkably close correlation (of. Table l( a), Cols. 3, 4, .5), bet.reen the number of 'mixed" rooms in each rem and the ruunber of married, divorced and vlidoued :men and married divorced ;v.i.dowed VA:lmen living in them. + The correlation is most evident in roans with less than ten persons per room. This group comprises 94% of the "mixed" rooms, with 200 married, divorced, w.i.dovred men and 210 married, divorced and widowed "amen. Only in the most overcrowded rooms, with ten persons or more per room, Yfhere necessity upsets natural alignments, does this pattern. break down. In a few cases "mixed" rooms may be made up of adult men and girls under 15 - presumably their daughters - living together, but there is no reason to believe that the correlation mentioned above is fortui- tous. Some conclusions may also be drawn from the aoove arguments about the pattern of housing of married ~men (grouped in Table I with those wirumed and divorced). The aim is for every married 'woman and h er children to live in the husband I s room (though previously it used to be customary f or he r to stay in her' mother's house). It is not, the custom for a married woman to s t ay in her husband I s house but not share his r oom "lith him, as happens arrong the Ga. If \7e assume that Table IC a) represents pr edominantly married couple's rooms - who share their room wi t h their small children and often ,lith their unmarried sons and daught er s - it will be seen, (cf. Table lea), Col. 6, and Table l(c), Col. 4) that probably a 1it tle less than half t he married women are to living with their hus- bands. The rest will be sharing rooms with their children and with other married Vlomen in a similar position. S:ingle women of marriageable age are fe\7. Fif'ty-fou.r p er cent of them are under 21 years of age, and even in the 16-20 group they barely exceed two-fif'ths of the total (of. Table 4-). They very rarely have a room of their ovm, as it is considered detr:ilnental to a girl t s reputation if before marriage she does not sleep vi. th her parents or .vi th responsible female relations. Hore than two-thirds of them are in all-female rooms, probably vJith their mot~1.ers or aunt s , the rest are in the "married" rooms; again, I assume ylith parents or relat ions (Table l(c), Col. 5, lea), Col. 7) . The single males are almost equally divided bet\-reen those living in "mixed" rooms, and those 1."1. rooms inhabited by adult males only. (of. Tables lea) and l(b). From my olm observations it appears that those living in mixed rooms are either younger sons, nephews or brothers of the head of that room, mostly between 16-20 years of age. The rest are older, or more distant relatives. It seems that, vrere it not for laCk of space, almost all the single men \~d either be living alone, or wi th other single men, or vlith married men whose uivcs live else\7her e. There are some aspects of the marital structure of the popula- ti.an (cr. Tables 4-(a) and 4-(b) , which are clearly relevant to any suggestions one might Ll8.ke concenri.ng rehousing. Women marry consi- derably younger t han men. Fifty- ei ght percent of '-.IOmen are married between 1 6-20 and ~ of them are married betvreen 21- 30. During the period f ollowing adol e scence t hey live vJith their parents or close rel a tions, and by the time they ere old enough to require separate housing 8CXXm:lOdation there are hardly any of them l eft unmarried, certai.nly not enough to constitute a housing p roblen. + !he theoretical possibilit;y- of married men sharing rooms ,dth married \1OIlleIl who are not their dves can b e discounted. - 4. - Th poGitiol1 ia wry d.:1.£foront with mon. Ninoty lIoroont 01..' tho 16-20 group is singl0, thirty porcont of tho 21-30 group, tl.til. tho \m.murriod proportion ia still as high llS 17% 'When ono gote to tho next group: 31-40. Singlo mon ,v1ll be 0. sizeable group to boar in mind \,/hen d0ciding on the numbor of roomo thnt \lill bo roql1irod. The figures relating to fertility (Table 4(b)', Col. 6) r0for to children alive, not to children born. While they are unsuitable: for tho calculation of birth-rates or fertility-rates, they are: sugges- tive of other things. In the child-bearing ago of 16-50 a married vroman mIl have about three children on the average, of v/hom 0!lC in overy t·wo seems to be under 15.)E Now if ,ve accept the abovo suggestion - and just under two "children" per married VIOman is, if anything, a modest estimate - and add to this the fact that normally the woman and her children yaH live with the husband, the following picture emerges. Ccunting on the basis of married men rather than married women (to discount the duplicating effect of polygamy) even on the new site thoro vlill be some 340 rooms ,vhl.ch will be inhabited by three to four persons, invol-- ving about 6<:% of the population. In other \7Ords, to decrease the overcrowding of rrarried people and children the s olution is not only ~ rooms, but bigger ones. That people in the area are more anxious to distribute themselves in rooms according to family structure rather than the "density" that uill result in given stri.ld.ng corroboration in the table relating room sizes to the number of persons living in them (Table 2, Cols. 1 and 7). The number of persons per room shows very little variation between rooms of different sizes. It is found that in the seven sizes of rooms involving 9~ of all rooms and 98}& of all persons, the average number of persons per room only varies between 3.4 and 4·2 whereas the size of the rooms varies benreen an average of 55 and 324 Ilq. l~C.ct. )E From Table 4(b) it seems that, discounting the children who die in infancy, a married woman on the average, has one surviving child every eight years, bearing about four survivil: 5 children between the ages o~ 18 and 42. At any time, theref0re~ she would have only two "children" (i.e. 15 years or under) less before the age of 25, for by the time the third surviving child axrlves the first would pass into the 1115 and over adult group". It is interesting to compare these figures with the fertilitY investigations carried out in conjunction with the 1948 Census (cf. Gold Coa::=;t Census of Population, 1948). The investigation showed that on the average women between the age groups of 15-20 and 40-45 will have one child born every five years. For pur- poses of comparison with II\Y own figures, the average number of children a woman in tho Colon,y between 15-20 vvill have born is 3.7, the average rrumber surviving is 2.4, the survival rate being 0.65. While II\Y f:i.gures show a higher number of surviving children per woman (2.9), if one accepts the 65% survival-rate, my theoreti- cal spacing of two children every 1.6 years is equivalent to one child born every five years which is the clear pattern running through tho Cell$US figure s. - 5 - It is no~ possible to put forward suggestions about the method of' calculating the number of rooms that arc re quired. (i) One room for each ma.rried, 'widowed, or divorced man. If married, he vlill be expected to have his ,d.fe - and if he has several, the one -r/hose turn it is to stay with him - sleeping in the same ro()m, as well as the wife I s children. Calcula:~ing on the basis mentioned above (cf. also Table 4(0.), we shall need 335 rooms. Assuming that the number of persons slccp:inc; ilL then rill "bc f'-"\x;ut feur, G.11d thD."t 40 sq. feet per person is the minimun requirement, the rooms should not be less than 12 feet by 14 feet. (ii) (a) One room for every ~e widowed and divorced women and married women whose husbands do not live in the same house. (b) One room for every three unmarried women. These two gcoups may, in practice, often amalgamate, and may be Couj·1.ted as one. There will be about 300 mar- ried, divorced, 1;'.' ,;.dowed and about 100 single women in this group (cf. Table l(c) and lea). This requires about 135 rooms of not less than 10 feet by 12 feet. (iii) One room f'or ever-J two :? ~.ngle men of 15 aJ.1.d over. (Lam 'suggesting two rather than three here, as a comparison of Tables l(b) and l(c) suggests that single men are accustomed to greater privacy than any other group in the community.) These r'JOms shouJd be large enough to be turned into rr..arried rooms if the necessity arises. For the 218 single LlC.: l I OD ::3U;:;gesting 110 rooms of 10 feet by 12 feet. (iv) For the 150-200 persons 'whose homes have been destroyed by rain (about 'Whose marital structure I have no infor- mation), I would provisionally s~gost 75 rooms of 10 feet by 12 feet, The precise number that will be required w:Lll h 3:1<) to be ascl-~ 'tained lat er, if it is decided to go forward with scheme. On the basis of these calC'Jlatior~ about 655 rooms would be , needed, an expansion of 28.5%, while the floor-space, this would necessitate is about 94. 600 sq. feet or 41ffo more than at present. (This, incidentally, cow-.J?are,s with about 840 rooms and 84,000 sq. feet if one calculates on the flmechanicalu criterion of 2.5 persons per room and 40 sq. feet per pc~son.) This is just the bare requi.rement. One of the most distressing features of the ovcrcrawtlirz , ,i:1:iC:1. results in children sharing their parents' rooms until they Lr'C 3.5-16, and o.ften even later, is that their sleep is constantly disturbed by the conversation anQ in-and- outgoings of the arlul ts. I would s t rongly urge the erection, adjoining each of the "married'! rooms, of a small room, not more than 8 feet by 10 feet, for children between 6 and 14, which school-chil- dren could use for home-work and all of them for undisturbed sleep. If necessar,y, the additional cost of these rooms could partly be met by reducing the size of married couples rooms from 12 feet by 14 feet to 12 feet by 10 feet. These suggestions have been put forward taking into account the fUnds that may be forthcoming for a resettlement scheme, as ,veIl as the eJdsting social pattern of housing in the area. Were it not for shortage of :funds, the ideal solution would, no doubt, he one room for each adult and one for every two children. - 6 ... 5. Resettlement. With lanes in the area often less than 4 feet wide, and the neighbourhood of' Bentsir equally closely built up, to resettle the people in the same area ~ reduce the density of population vlOuld be impossible unless the building of four-storey blocks, were to be undertaken. It is beyond the financial capacity of most of the inhabitants to pay an economic rent for such a type of house. 1lIl aJ.ternativesuggestion has been to move the people from Bentsir about three and a half miles along the road to Blimina and to grant them l~d along the beach, stretching some way inland. The diso.dvon- tage, which the fishennen 'were quick to point out ~ is that this ''fOula. deprive them of the natural. breakwater the harbour at present provides. With methods of fishing as they are, the building of an artificial breakwater would probably be econcrnically unjustified, though there is a prima facie case for investigating the possibility of making Cape Coast harbour capable of anchoring poTier-driven fiShing vessels. Barring this, there is a great deal to be said for choosing the spot suggested along the Elmina Ro~ When the Fante peoples moved down from the North in the 17th century, many of those who fom the core of' Cape Coast first settled ben-Ie en Cape Coast and Elmina, some three to six miles inland. The original headquarters of Bentsix Asafo ,Jere a group of villages, centred around the royal village of Amamma, some five miles north-west of the ,present st. A'ugusti,ne's College • . Some years later a group of these peoples struck out through the bush, reached the coast and settled down in the present area of' Bentsir. This offshoot has kept up a close connection vii th its parent stock inland: even today the authority of the officers of' the Asafo Canpan,y extends both to the inland and to the coastal section of' Bentsir. Many people both frctn the Cape Coast and the Amamma part of Bentsir have expressed to me the desire for the two sections to be reunited. , The narv situation would have the econon4c advantage 0'!' providing the fishennen with agrid'lil.tu.ral land. the 'WOrking of which could become a subsidiary occupation dur:1ng the season vmen fish ai'e hard to come by; it would also be something to f'all back on when Tema is beginning to exercise its economic effects. (See scctiO'Y1. 6 0el.o\V~) While I cannot claim to ha:ve spoken to everyone whose inf1.uenoe in Bentsir might be important in this connection, it seems that a large part of the population 'WOuld be willing to move to the new site even ,dthout a breakv.ater, if they had an assurance of improved housing. In talks I had vii th Chiefs, Elders and officers of the Asa:£o Company, I was assured that the people o-r Bentsir as members of the Asafo - the primary function of' which is communal labour - would be wi1J.ing to prov:ide free labour for the builaing of their new houses. While they thought that the oork of bu,ilding the new houses could be performed by the Company alone, if it were prov:ided with sui'ficient timber, I consider such an arrangement would guarantee neither the IOOst economical use of timber nor the erection of houses which could be :relied on to last more than 'twenty years. I, therefore, suggest that, if there is to be rehousing, prototype h 0 usc s should be designed. based on the present t.a:Ly coIll,Pounds. When the design has been approved by the Ministry of Housing and the rn.tIllber of' families vmo TIOU.l.d be m..iJ.ing to move detennined, the building of' the houses shouJd be given out on tender. Some of the expense should be covered by compensation funds the peop~e receive for the requisi- tioning of their land and the demoJUj4>n of their houses, while the . labour will probably be provided free. If' the people are cloarJ..y given to understand that it will depend on the provision of sufficient labour whether or not they ,Jill have to pay . rent, the cost of new building should be greatly reduced. . - 7 - 6. Occupations. The people of the area are predomiri.antly engaged in the fishing trade. 370 men, 61% of the adult occupied mo..le population, are fishermen or boatboys, usually both; ,Mle 403 women, 6~ of' the adult, occupied female population, are engaged in the buying, selling and smoking of fish. Thus there is more than one woman engaged in tho distribution of fish for every man catching it. The main occupations for each sex were as follows: !1!i ~ Fishennan/boatboy 370 iBuyer/ seller/smoker of fish 403 Carpenter 36 Petty trader/hawker 130 Clerk 27 Food seller (not fish) 27 Lorry driver 17 Bread baker 27 Other 92 Seamstress 12 Un-occupied 25 other 27 Un-occupied -48 Total -567 -675 Looldng at Tables .5( a) and 5( b) no very clear trend emerges as to the growing of waning popularity of various occupations. Taking the two most popular, and in some way cormected, occupations, fishing and carpentry, there is little difference between the younger generations: 7Y/o of the occupied men 41 and over are engaged in these trades; 75. ~ of the 16-40 group. Fishing may not be a very profitable occupation in Cape Coast but there are few alteIUlltives to it. Any movement thexo is exists not from one occupation to another in Cape Coast, but from Cape Coast to other parts of the cotmtry. Questions were asked during the survey about regular residents who were absent at the time, concerning their present place of residence 1 present occupations and the annual length of their absence from Bentsir. I do not consider the answers about the length of absence reliable, but the figures (see Table 6) do give an indication of the magnitude and direction of the outflow from Cape Coast. Besides 250 men who were present at the time of the survey, but regularly go to .Ancra as boatboys or fishermen, 324 other adult men and women, 21% of the D.dult populntion, ,ro;re Dentiancd as being considered regular residents in Bentsir but absent at the time, work- ing in other parts of the country for three to nine months a year. The Cape Coast district (outside the town itself), Sekondi/T akoradi, Kumasi, Accra and Tarkwa - in that order .. were the most frequent places of alternative residence; clerical work, driving and allied trades, petty trading and food-selling the most frequent occupations. A few went fishing as far as Monrovia. This is more corrnnon f'urther West, in Kcmnanda and beyond, but may gain in importance in a few years' time when Tema harbour is in operation. (Sec below). The economic life of the area is based on the sea. The catching, smok:ing and distribution of fish directly occupies two-thirds of the adult population of both sexes, and to their number one may also add carpenters, nruch of 'whose time is spent on the repair of boats, while many lorry-drivers are also concerned in the inland distribution of fish. While the curing of fish for inland cti.stribution and the selling of fresh, fried and lightly smoked fish for consumption in and around Cape Coast \'t~ the only source of income of women engaged in the fish- ing trade, the catching of fish is economically only of subsidiary importance to aver two...thirds of the fishennen. \1orldng as boatboys in Accra and C8!le Coast harbours, ca.rry:i.ng cargo to and from the ships across the surf'. is the main source of income of a large body of - 8 - fishermen not only in Cape Coast itself but also in a number of fishing v.i.llages stretching from Ela.unpuanu in the West to Shama in the East, + Each crew of 13 men is paid, in advance, £150 f'or a contract of 2,50 laden trips j total payments by the t·wo lighterage companies to crews f'rom the Cape Coast area were £150,000 in 1953, of which about £10,000 was for ,rork in Cape Coast harbour and the rest f'or work in Accra, Assuming that each fisherman works three to four contracts a year - according to the estimate of the Chief Recruiting Agents - the number of person.s involved in this trade is around 4,000 while their average annual income from boat-work is abou'f; £4D a head. The three to four contracts will take anything between three to , six months; it is estimated by the Chief Recruit- lape ing AgentsLthat during the rest of the year a boatboy ,vill earn >ast another £20 f'rom fishing, It is considered unlikely that they could earn more than about £ltD in an average year even if they spent the whole of their time fishing, as during the July-August herring season when the bulk of the annual catch is landed: most of the boat- boys do, in fact, stay in their 0,41 villages. The income derived from boat-work in the harbours is, therefore, the backbone of the economic life of Fante coastal villagxs; made more important still by the notorious fluctuations of the fishing catch: dif'ferences of 30Q% between i>70 years' catches are nothing out of the ordinary ( cf, Report on Gold Coast Fisheries Development, 1949, para. 3). , When Tema harbour is completed ships will be able to load and unload alongside the qua;ys and the need f'or surf-boats and boatboys will disappear, If no action is taken to counteract its effects, the opening of Tema harbour for priv~te commercial use in 1959 ,dll spell economic disaster all along the Fante coast, Such development was sooner or later inevitable: when the flow of imports is steady and regular throughout the year and exports are steadily becam:Ln.g mat'e so, dependence on casual seasonal labour becomes an anachronism, causing costly dela;ys in the turn-round of boats in the fishing sea_ son when boat-crews are hard to get. Tema will not only destroy old jobs: it ydll also create neVi ones. There ydll be a need for stevedores and doclcrvorkers of all kindS, though probably very much less in number than in Acor'l; mechanical handling is bound to be labour-saving. Without claiming to have investigated the matter in any detail, it seems improbable that fishermen will change over from the surf-boats to dock .vork. The f'act that at present almost all the dock \vork is done by Kru- boys, even in Cape Coast itself, seems to indicate this, and this was also the impression I derived in conversation with the f'ishermen themselves. The work would mean having to abandon both fishing and Cape Coast altogether. The latter might be possible: there are numerous settled Fante fishing villages in the Ivory Coast; the former seems unlikely. Moreover, even if all the dock-yrorkers in Tema were Fante ex-beat-boys, unemployment would still present a serious problem along the Western Coast. Short of abandoning the area there are few alternative employ- ments in the area; there will be fewer still 'when the main source of income has dried up. (I can foresee a chronic 'balance of pa;yments problem1there.) Two possibilities are worth looldng into. One of' them is the expansion of the sea-fishing industry through the employment of motor fishing vessels which, being able to fish at greater depths + The ~ages are Ekumpuanu, Narkwa, Edumaf'ar, Ankaful, Kromantsi, Abadz~, Anomabu, Biriwa, :Mouri, Queen Anne's Point, Elmina, .Ankvvana, Ampeni, Kommenda and Shama, going from West to East. - 9 - and. cover grea.ter distances follovving a shoal, might turn fishing into an oll-the-year round occupation instead of the severely sea.sonal one it is at the moment. The second is the creation of inland fisheries on the artificial lo.ke behind the Volt£( nnd the possible transplanta- tion of Fante fishermen to its shores. The technical and zoological fea.sibility of these idea.s will be discussed in another paper by some- one 'who knows more about it than I. Whether or not the technical condi tions are economically fa.vourable, it seems that, Tema and Takoradi being the only ports capable of mooring motor vessels, even an expansion of sea-fishing could only benefit the area Ul!der discussion if its inhabitants were willing to move to one or another of these harbours. Furthermore, if fishing .nth 50 feet motor-driven vessels became practica.ble, the landing of large catches would certainly affect the system of distribution ,~Ch at present vrorks on the basis of about six vromen selling and curing fish for every five !!len catching it, and, granting the preference for fresh over smoked fish, the steady landing of fresh fish throughout the year would affect several thousand '\7am.en whose main source of income is the smoking of fish for inland distribu- tion. The present method of inland distribution of salt-water fish ~ould be similarly affected by the creation of a perpetually fishable inland lake from Ajena to Yapei. On a lake the motor-boat would not have the same advantages over the hand-rowed boat as it does have at sea; if the project is technically feasible, its economic implications and the social problems of a move of, maybe, severnl hundred miles should certainly be investigated. This la.st section may seem to have been a digression, and, in a sense, so it was. But having argued the sociological case for elum- clearance and rehousing, as economist I could not but see that there were graver problems than overcrovlding threatening the people of tlus area, and that it would be short-sig.~ted to re-settle them at great expense a few miles f'urther west only to find in five years I t;ir.le that the whole Fante coastal strip has been turned into a slum belt. Once the spectre of Tema entered the picture, it iPUlt1 have been misleading to keep the discussion in terms of Cape Coast town alone. Nevertheless, everything that I have said on this account applies as much to the section of Cape Coast I undertook to investigate as to any other section of the Fante coast. The picture and the probleras are the same every- where and may be called the social reformer's nightmare: .mat can one do to help those whose livelihood will be taken awoy, whose \my of life . aJ.tered by technical cha:oge_ _ y.¥ch w.i.ll benefit the rest of the country. DISTRIBUTION OF 'l'HE POPULATION AOOORDING TO ROOM-DENSITY, SEX .AND MARI'l'.AL STATUS (a) BIXEl) ROOMS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 No. of Total No. of II1: ale Female 1.:.<1.1e Female No. of Perso_LS No. of Rooms (Married, (lIIarried 9 Singl e Single Children P<;lJ:' room Persons Divorced, Divorced , Widoiled) Widowed) 2 92 46 43 37 3 - 9 .3 111 37 31 33 8 1 38 4- 156 39 33 35 22 2 64- 5 160 32 31 35 20 3 71 6 174 29 35 36 20 5 78 7 84 12 11 18 12 - 43 C 4JJ 5 6 6 3 1 24 c ./ 63 7 10 10 7 5 31 10 ~ over 193 14 31 68 23 12 59 Total 1073 221 231 278 ll8 29 4J.7 TABLE 1. DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION ACCORDING TO ROOH-DENSITY , SEX AND NIARITAL STATUS. (b) AIL HALE ROOHS 1 2 3 4 Mal e s 5 1'0. of No, of 1-i- ales Total Persons l't1arried, Divorced & UidoYlOd l'crsons ROODS Single 1 80 80 48 32 2 19 38 24 14 3 13 39 26 13 4 6 24 8 16 5 5 25 9 16 6 2 12 3 9 Total 125 218 ll8 100 I I ~-~------- - - - ---- -- . -- - - - - - - ----~- -- TABLE 1 , Dill TRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION ACCORDING TO ROOM-DENSITY , SEX Ml]) MARITAL STATUS (c) FEI:IUES & CHIIDREN ONLY. 1 2 3 4- 5 6 Female 10. of' No. of' Total Persons Married, Divorced Female J'ersons Roons Children & \lidorred Single 1 40 40 29 9 2 2 19 38 18 8 12 3 28 84- 4-8 7 29 4- 17 68 22 4- 4-2 5 13 65 32 3 30 6 12 72 29 3 40 7 8 56 27 8 21 8 9 72 32 6 34- 9 4- 36 8 2 26 10 & over 13 158 61 12 85 Total 163 689 306 62 321 DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION ACCORDING TO SIZE OF ROOMS , 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ROOJ:l Area No. of' Tot a 1 Total Adults Sq. f'eet Persons (sq. f'eet) ROOJ:ls Surf'ace Area No. of Children per person per roan (Sq.f'eet) Persons 1. 36 & tmder 4 117 12 8 4- 10 3.0 ') '-. 37 - 72 84- 4-951 324- 189 135 15 3.9 3. 73 - 108 185 17206 756 4-34- 322 23 4.1 4-. lOS! - 144 114- 1484-3 4-2l 276 145 . 35 3.7 :>. 14-5 - 180 57 9724- 24l 171 70 40 4-.2 6. 181 - 216 17 3413 61 4-2 19 56 3.6 7. 217 - 252 16 3834- 55 41 14 70 3.4 8. 253 - 324- 18 5115 74- 53 21 69 4.1 9. 325 & over 14- 654-7 36 28 8 182 2.6 Tot a 1 509 65750 1980 124-2 738 33 3.9 - 11S & tmder 296 24866 1203 702 501 20 4-.1 12(, & over 213 40884- 777 540 237 53 3.6 TABLE 3. DISTRIBUTION" OF POPULATION BY SURFACE-AREA PER PERSON. 1 2 3 4 Sq. f'eet No. of' Adults Children . per peracn Rooms 11 & under 43 25 11 12 - 17 127 103 55 18 - 23 293 199 114 ~4 - 29 251 189 116 30 - 35 160 70 45 36 - 41 175 85 73 42 - 53' 70 31 28 54 - 77 46 15 17 78 -101 27 8 17 102 & over 50 13 33 Total 1242 ,738 509 MARITAL STATUS OF ADULTS (a) Males 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Age Group Married Single \7idO'rved No, of No. of No. of children & 1-rives Children per Married, Divorced alive Divorced & "Widowed Man 16 - 20 14 129 1 13 5 0.3 21 - 30 120 62 - 121 152 1.3 31 - 40 88 18 2 91 271 3.1 41 - 50 54 5 2 70 270 5.0 51 - 60 32 2 5 43 171 4.6 . 61 & over 27 2 4 47 178 5.7 Total 335 218 14 385 1047 . 3.0 --~- - ~ - - ~ - _ . - --- TABLE 4. MARITAL STATUS OF ADULTS (b) Fer:lales 1 2 3 4 5 6 Single Widowed No. of No. of children per Age Group Married & Children Married, Divorced Divorced alive & Ilidowed \1Or:lan 16 - 20 66 49 1 58 0.9 21 - 30 223 24 3 458 2.0 31 - 40 llO 7 5 375 3.3 41 - 50 67 7 15 387 4.7 51 - 60 33 2 15 212 4.4 61 & over 10 2 36 187 4.1 Total 509 91 75 1677 2.9 TABLE 5. ANALYSIS OF OCCUPATIONS BY AGE (a)~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 c c u p a t i 0 n s A,fe Groups Total Fisherman! Carpenter Clerk Lorry Others Un-occupied Boatboy Driver 16 - 20 84 9 8 3 30 10 1M. 21 - 30 134 10 9 9 20 2 184- 31 - 40 76 5 2 2 19 .2 106 41 - 50 42 6 1 3 8 1 61 51 - 60 19 2 5 - 9 3 38 61 & Over 15 4 2 - 6 7 34 Total 370 36 27 17 92 25 567 TABLE 5. ANALYSIS OF OCCUPATIONS BY AGE. (b) Fen ale s 1 2 3 4- 5 1 6 I 7 I 8 9 0 c c u p a t i 0 n s Age Groups Buy:ingj'Selling! Petty Food Bread Seamstress Un- Total Snoking £'ish Trader/ Seller Baker Others occu-pied Hawker (not £'ish) 16 - ~O 59 26 3 2 2 9 15 116 21 - 30 156 53 10 8 4- 12 7 250 31 - liD 79 21 8 7 3 1 3 122 4-l - 50 58 20 2 3 1 2 3 89 51 - 60 28 8 3 6 1 1 3 50 61 & over 23 2 1 1 1 3 17 4-8 70tal 403 130 27 Xl 12 28 4-8 675 OCCUPATIONAL ANALYSIS OF PERMANENT RESIDI:NTS IN THE lUIEi'>. ABSENT AT THE TIHE OF THE SURVEY 1 2 3 4- 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Food No occupa- Present are(.. of' nsherman Clerk Driver, Mason, Students Petty Seller Bread Other tions TOTALS residence & Carpenter (Book- Fitter Painter (Male Trader (Any Baker Occupa- (Housei-rrves, Boatboy binder & & & (Hayocer) f'ood- tions pensioners, & Mechanic Plumber Female) stu£'£' etc, Printer except incld. ) £'ish) 6 8 4-6 lwcra 15 - 5 1 - 5 6 - - Ahanta-Y~ima 4- 13 11 1 2 12 5 3 9 3 66 (Sekondi/Takoradi; 3 - 6 2 8 2 - 15 7 4- 4- 21 5 74-Cape Coast Tlassaw-Lov;in - - 4- 3 - 4- 1 2 - 13 1 28 (Tarkvro.) 6 2 12 Other Colony Dism cts - - 3 - - - 1 - -- 5 8 3 6 4- 2 4- 12 13 61 Kumasi 4- 2 - 4- 18 Other Ashanti District~ - - 1 2 - 2 2 5 2 Northern Territories - 2 - - - - - . - - - 4- Other \iest Ai'ric:m 2 1 3 1 - 1 - 1 1 2 15 Countries 3 5 34- 34- 15 12 75 38 324- Tot oJ. 27 14- 40 30 'rhe c.ef'inition of' "permanent resident" was those who normally spend three months and more per annum, in one of' the houses in the area surveyed. As the length of' absence is of'ten irregular, this table should not be taken f'or more than an indication of' the direction and order of' magnitude of' the f'low out of' an area of' 2,000 persons. \ccrr., Cape Coast and Kurnasi ref'er to administrative diatricts and not only to the tmvns of' that name. ANALYSIS OF EDUCi ..T ION BY CCCUPATIa."S (a)~ 1 2 3 4- 5 Standard attained Total No. Ira , 110t Occupation Total 1 2 3 4- 5 6 7 8+ 9+ educated echlcated Pisherman/Boatboy 4- 3 7 2 2 1 1 - - 20 350 370 Carpenter 5 1 3 1 1 - 5 - 16 20 , 36 OlerL (bookbinder, etc.) - 1 2 2 18 3 -- - - - i 26 1 27 Lorry Driver 2 1 2 - 1 1 - 7 10 17 Fitter & Mechanic - - 1 1 - - - - -- 1 3 1 L. 'fason, Painter & Plumber 1 1 - 1 - - - - 3 7 10 mulor - - - 1 - 1 3 - - 5 - 5 Student - - -- - 1 2 4 4 II II Fa.nuer - - - - - - - - - - - -3 3 Petty storekeeper - - - - - - 2 1 - 3 7 10 Labourer 1 - - - ~ 2 - 3 9 12 Po1icenan & ~arder -- - -- - - - - -3 - - 3 1 4 ';o1d&:lith 2 - - - 2 - - 4 - L Yerbalist - - - - 1 - - - - 1 4- 5 lTurse & Dispenser - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - 1 Teacher - - - - - - - 2 - 2 - 2 Cook & steuard boy - - - 1 - - - - - 1 1 2 others 1 - - - - - - 4- 1 - 6 1} 19 Un-occupied 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 10 15 25 Total 15 6 15 9 9 8 48 13 2 -125 442 567 ~ 8+ = Started Secondary School 9+ = Completed Socondary School TJillLE 7.- ANALYSIS OF EDUCATION BY CXJCUPATICXrs (b) Females ----z 3 4- ); 1 Standard attained Total No. 1io, Not Occupation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8+ 9+ "i"ota..l educated educated Buyer/Seller/SQokcr of f ish 3 1 - - - - 1 - - 5 398 403 1 5 2 - 6 2 2 - - 18 112 130 Petty Trader/Ha,.kar 22 I 27 Food SeEer (not fish 2 - 1 1 - - 1 - - 5 18 27 Bread Baker 4- 2 - 1 - - 2 - - 9 - / student - - - - - 1 3 1 1 6 0 ' Seamstress 1 1 1 1 - 6 - - 10 2 12 Servant - - - - - - - - - -- -- - 1 I 1 - - - - - 2 2 - 2 Teacher 1 .~. Nux se/ltidwife - 1 - - - - 3 - - - 4- 2 2 Telephone Operator - - - - - 2 - - - Others 1 - - - - - - - - 1 II 12 8 4D L3 Un-occupied - - - 1 - 1 6 - - 1_- a,J Total 12 10 4- 4- 6 4- 28 1 1 70 605 8+ = Started Secondary School 9+ = Completed Secondary School. lfuile Table 7 speaks for itself \nthout any oO~Aent , it is only fair to point out t.~llt Ol~ those mentioned in Table 6, all of ,-/hO!;l arc nativ(..$ of the a.reabut have been forced by eccnQl:.lic necessity to work elsewhere , there is a muoh hiGher proportion of people .mo are likely to hc..\'I'(l. reoeived some sort of education, certainly t ho t\ro major groups , clerks and lorry-'ant to find out. Write "0" if no ld..L"'1.s are owned. After the !lllIl1ber write "S" if S\lish ld..ln and "e" if cement-faced. SHE E T 3. Ask these questions about residents and regular visitors ,¥ho are absent at present. Question 4: Ask for annual length of residence in Tilonths writing both the number, and actunJ. raonths. Thus: 3 nont hs January/ March. '}lestion 6: Sane as C))1estion 7 on previous sheet.