International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 124 International Journal of One Health Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf REVIEW ARTICLE Open Access A review of some medicinal plants with the potential to defeat antimicrobial resistance: Cases of Benin, Togo, Ghana, Burkina Faso, and Cape Verde Victorien Dougnon1, Boris Brice Legba1, Bertin Gbaguidi1, Eric Agbodjento1, Alidehou Jerrold Agbankpe1, Diara Rocha2, Irene Ayi3, Simon Azonbakin1, Aboudoulatif Diallo4, Isidore Juste Bonkoungou5, Jean Robert Klotoe1, Clément Agbangla1, and Guy Alain Alitonou1 1. Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin; 2. Department of Biology, University of Cape Verde, Cape Verde; 3. Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana; 4. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, University of Lome, Togo; 5. Department of Biochemistry - Microbiology, University of University Joseph KI ZERBO, Burkina-Faso. Corresponding author: Victorien Dougnon, e-mail: victorien.dougnon@gmail.com Co-authors: BBL: legba.boris5@gmail.com, BG: bgbaguidi2001@yahoo.fr, EA: agbodjanto89@gmail.com, AJA: agbankpejerrold@yahoo.fr, DR: kady70@gmail.com, IA: iayi@noguchi.ug.edu.gh, SA: azandeg@yahoo.fr, AD: aboudoulatif@yahoo.fr, IJB: ouindgueta@gmail.com, JRK: jrklotoe@yahoo.fr, CA: clement.agbangla@gmail.com, GAA: alitonouguy@gmail.com Received: 03-07-2022, Accepted: 14-10-2022, Published online: 25-11-2022 doi: www.doi.org/10.14202/IJOH.2022.124-160 How to cite this article: Dougnon V, Legba BB, Gbaguidi B, Agbodjento E, Agbankpe AJ, Rocha D, Ayi I, Azonbakin S, Diallo A, Bonkoungou IJ, Klotoe JR, Agbangla C, and Alitonou GA (2022) A review of some medicinal plants with the potential to defeat antimicrobial resistance: Cases of Benin, Togo, Ghana, Burkina Faso, and Cape Verde, Int. J. One Health, 8(2):124–160. Abstract Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health problem. In the alternatives being explored for developing new antimicrobials, medicinal plants occupy an important place, particularly in Africa, where they are widely used. This review aims to analyze the potential of medicinal plants from Benin, Togo, Ghana, Burkina-Faso, and Cape Verde in the fight against AMR. A bibliographic search was conducted to explore scientific databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. During this search, particular attention was given to epidemiological data related to AMR in these countries, medicinal plants traditionally used to treat microbial infections and medicinal plants that have been shown to be active on multidrug-resistant microbial strains. In total, 94 manuscripts were investigated. Epidemiological data showed that the problem of AMR is worsening in each target country. In addition, several medicinal plants have been demonstrated to be effective against microbial strains resistant to conventional antibiotics. A total of 532 medicinal plants were identified according to their ethnomedical uses for the treatment of microbial infections. Scientific evidence was collected on the antimicrobial potential of 91 plants. This study showed the potential of medicinal plants in the fight against AMR. Their documented traditional use, coupled with the evidence of efficacy provided, make them interesting sources for developing new antimicrobials. Keywords: Africa, antimicrobial, drug resistance, medicinal plants. Introduction Infectious diseases are one of the major threats to public health, especially in Africa [1, 2]. They have been a major cause of human suffering, both in terms of morbidity and mortality, throughout human his- tory [3]. The control of infectious diseases involves the use of antimicrobials. Antimicrobials have been of great interest in the fight against microbial infec- tions. Their discovery in the 1910s and 1928s signifi- cantly impacted conventional medicine’s ability to effectively combat infectious diseases [4]. However, this phenomenon reached its peak in the mid-1950s. Since then, a gradual decline in the discovery and development of antibiotics and the evolution of drug resistance in many human pathogens has led to the current antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis. Antimicrobial resistance is generated mainly by the inappropriate, nonrational, and inconsistent use of antibiotics [5]. It is responsible for numerous socioeco- nomic impacts and is estimated to have caused more than 700,000 deaths worldwide in 2014 [6]. Several other environmental and socio-behavioral factors con- tribute to the development of this resistance [7]. The dissemination of resistance genes through pollution generated by biomedical waste, hospital effluents, and others places the environment at the center of interest in the issue of AMR [8]. Furthermore, natural resistance to antibiotics favored by the interaction between pro- tists and bacteria contributes to the therapeutic failure of using these antibiotics [9]. Thus, the phenomenon of AMR integrates the dimensions of humans, animals and the environment, highlighting the One Health concept. This poses an unprecedented risk to human, animal, and environmental health [10]. In recent years, the growing evolution of drug resistance has accentuated the cur- rent AMR crisis and further complicates possible treat- ment options now and, in the future [11]. The multiple Copyright: Dougnon, et al. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/ publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 125 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf dimensions of this phenomenon point to the urgent need for a global solution involving socioeconomic and ecological efforts to ensure the sustainability of human development and the interactions between human and natural ecosystems [12]. Thus, this health problem has fuelled several scientific reflections around the world on possible solution approaches for the discovery of new antimicrobials. The scientific literature at the interna- tional level reports the exploration of promising solu- tions resulting from scientific investigations concerning nanoparticles of plant origin [13, 14]. Among the alternatives explored for discovering new bioactive molecules with antimicrobial potential, medicinal plants occupy a special place. Indeed, sev- eral scientific studies have mentioned the hope raised by the use of medicinal plants for the discovery of new antimicrobials in both animals and humans [15] and in humans [16–19]. Some data in the literature have reported the antimicrobial potential of plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae [20]. The flora of many African countries is rich in medicinal plants that serve as the first line of health care for the population of these countries. This study was ini- tiated from the perspective of having an ethnobotanical documentation that can serve as a basis for further stud- ies leading to the discovery of new antimicrobials. This review presents an inventory of medicinal plants used in West Africa to address the problem of AMR, particularly in Benin, Togo, Ghana, Burkina Faso, and Cape Verde. Literature Search A two-step approach was used. First, studies on ethnopharmacological investigations of the selected plants were identified, and second, data from this col- lection were analyzed. Data collection strategy: Database and keywords English and French language studies investi- gating antimicrobial plant species published between 1989 and 2021 were included in the study. Scientific databases such as Medline, Embase, Scopus, EconLit, Google Scholar, and PubMed were searched. Title/ abstract followed by full-text independent screening was performed using prespecified criteria. Examples of keywords used for the search included AMR, medic- inal plants, aqueous extract, ethanolic extract, methan- olic extract, minimum inhibitory concentration, Benin, Togo, Ghana, Burkina Faso, and Cape Verde. Inclusion and exclusion criteria Exploratory works and studies conducted on resistant bacterial strains were included in the present review. In addition, studies conducted in Benin, Togo, Ghana, Burkina Faso, and Cape Verde using differ- ent plant extracts to treat microbial infections were included in the study. Data processing The articles were analyzed for plant names, usages, parts used, and pharmacological activities, and the information is summarized in Table-1. Status of AMR in Benin, Togo, Ghana, Burkina Faso, and Cape Verde Antibiotic resistance is a major health problem worldwide [21]. It has been associated with the over- use of antimicrobials in food and animals and the subsequent contamination of the environment [22]. According to the WHO, more than 10 million deaths/ year and up to $100 trillion in global economic losses will occur by 2050 if AMR is not addressed [23]. Lawless prescribing and the ever-increasing use of antimicrobials have been identified as the sources of this growing phenomenon [24]. Intestinal, respiratory, sexually transmitted, and nosocomial infections are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in West Africa [25]. The emergence and rapid spread of resis- tance severely compromise the management of all of these conditions [26]. Approximately 40% of African countries do not have recent data on AMR [27]. Status of AMR in Benin In Benin, food is one of the major sources of contamination and dissemination of antimicrobial agents. Indeed, most food products of animal origin are often contaminated by multiresistant microor- ganisms. Furthermore, the level of residues of veter- inary antimicrobials can reach 94% [28, 29]. Cattle feces have been found to have multiple resistance genes [30]. Resistance genes have also been detected for strains of Salmonella spp., one of the main patho- gens infecting animals and likely to be transmitted to people in direct contact with them [31, 32]. Fofana et al. [33] showed that AMR is the origin of important and continuous viral replication in children infected with HIV in Benin [34]. The question is more alarming when studies have shown multidrug-resistant strains involved in nosocomial infections in Benin [35, 36]. A high rate of resistance to antibiotics commonly used for the treatment of infections has also been demonstrated [37]. Status of AMR in Ghana Laws and regulations controlling the use of antimicrobials in humans are available but not in ani- mals with a lack of a National Antimicrobial Policy (NAP). However, national action is underway to raise awareness of bacterial resistance, building knowledge through research and surveillance and the develop- ment of NAPs in line with the Global Plan of Action on AMR [38]. Food security is seriously threatened. In fact, strains isolated from local cheese showed resistance to several antibiotics [39]. Faced with this situation, the Government of the Republic of Ghana recommends the prudent use of antimicrobials [40]. However, national action is underway to raise aware- ness of bacterial resistance, building knowledge through research and surveillance and the develop- ment of NAPs in line with the Global Plan of action on AMR [38]. Some authors also suggest controlling the prescription of antibiotics to decrease the extent of AMR [41, 42]. International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 126 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-1: Ethnobotanical information on medicinal plant uses in Benin, Togo, Burkina Faso, Capo-verde, and Ghana. No. Species Family Parts of plants Form Microbial infection Methods Country References 1 Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth Mimosaceae Stem Bark Leaf Powder Infectious Ethnobotanical investigation Togo, Benin [52, 53] 2 Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindl.) Periplocaceae/ Asclepiadaceae Roots Decoction Fever, upper respiratory and urinary tract infections, septicemia Diarrhea, enteric diseases Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [54] 3 Vernonia amygdalina Asteraceae Leaves Decoc- tion and trituration Bacterial Diarrhea Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [55, 56] 4 Sesamum radiatum Pedaliaceae Leaves Decoction Bacterial Diarrhea Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [55, 56] 5 Ocimum gratissimum L. Lamiaceae Leaves Decoc- tion and trituration Stomach aches, Diarrhea Dysentery Hypertension Candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [55] 6 Crateva adansonii DC. Capparidaceae Leaves Decoction Diarrhea, Abscesses Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [55] 7 Moringa oleif- era Lam. Moringaceae Leaves Decoction, macera- tion and trituration Diarrhea Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [55, 57] 8 Solanum macrocarpon L. Solanaceae Leaves Decoction Diarrhea Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [55] 9 Centrostachys aquatica Amaranthaceae Leaves Decoction Diarrhea Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [55] 10 Amaranthus cruentus L. Amaranthaceae Leaves Decoction Diarrhea, stomach ache Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [55] 11 Vitex doniana Sweet. Verbenaceae Leaves Decoction Diarrhea, Measles Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [55] 12 Psidium gua- java L. Myrtaceae Leaves Decoc- tion and trituration Diarrhea, Dysentery Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [55] 13 Hybanthus enneaspermus L. Violaceae Leaves Decoc- tion and maceration Diarrhea Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [55] 14 Macrosphyra longistyla DC. Rubiaceae Leaves Decoction Diarrhea, Dysentery Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [55] 15 Solanum aethiopicum Solanaceae Leaves Decoction Diarrhea Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [55] 16 Vernonia colorata Willd. Asteraceae Leaves Decoc- tion and trituration Diarrhea Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [55] 17 Ocimum americanum L. Lamiaceae Leaves Decoc- tion and trituration Diarrhea and Puking Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [55] 18 Pandiaka invalucrata Moq. Amaranthaceae Leaves Decoction Diarrhea Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [55] 19 Aerva lanata L. Amaranthacea Leaves Decoction Diarrhea Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [55] 20 Momordica charantia L. Cucurbitaceae Leaves Decoction Diarrhea Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [55] 21 Annona senegalensis Pers Annonaceae Leaves Decoction Diarrhea Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [55] 22 Chassalia kolly Schumach. Rubiaceae Leaves Decoction Diarrhea Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [55] 23 Lippia multiflora Moldenke. Verbenaceae Leaves Decoction Diarrhea Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [55] (Contd...) International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 127 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-1: (Continued). No. Species Family Parts of plants Form Microbial infection Methods Country References 24 Hoslundia opposite Vahl. Lamiaceae Leaves Deco- tion and ethanolic decoction Diarrhea Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [55] 25 Senna siamea (Lam.) H. S. Irwin and Barneby Fabaceae Leaves Decoction Abdominal and digestive disorders Ethno- botanical investigation Benin [58] 26 Uvaria chamae Annonaceae Leaves, roots and fruits Tritura- tion and decoction Diarrhea Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [57, 59] 27 Phyllantus amarus Phyllanthaceae Leaves Tritura- tion and decoction Typhoid fever, infection diseases Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [57, 58] 28 Lantana camara Verbenaceae Leaves - - Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [57] 29 Corchorus olitorius L. Tiliaceae Leaves Maceration Typhoid fever Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [60] 30 Crataeva religiosa Forst Capparaceae Leaves Decoction Infection Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [61] 31 Abrus precatorius L. Leguminosae Leaves Infu- sion and decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 32 Adansonia digitata Linn. Bombacaceae Leaves Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 33 Aframomum melegueta, (Roscoe) K. Schum. Zingiberaceae Leaves Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 34 Allium sativum L. Alliaceae Leaves Maceration Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 35 Alstonia boonei De Wild. Apocynaceae Leaves Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 36 Annona sengalensis L. Annonaceae Leaves Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 37 Anthocleista nobilis Loganiaceae Leaves Infusion Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 38 Bridelia ferruginea Benth. Euphorbiaceae Leaves Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 39 Byrsocarpus coccineus Sch. Et Th. Connaraceae Leaves Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 40 Caesalpinia bonduc Roxb. Caesalpiniaceae Leaves Maceration Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 41 Capsicum annuun L. Solanaceae Leaves Maceration Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 42 Cassia sieberiana DC. Caesalpiniaceae Leaves Decoc- tion and maceration Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 43 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Bombacaceae Leaves Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 44 Cocos nucifera Linn. Arecaceae Leaves Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 45 Cola millenii K. Schum. Sterculiaceae Leaves Maceration Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 46 Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. Poaceae Leaves Decoc- tion and maceration Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 47 Dichapetalum madagascar- iense (DC) Keay. Dichapetalaceae Leaves Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 48 Eugenia caryophillata Madagascar Myrtaceae Leaves Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] (Contd...) International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 128 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-1: (Continued). No. Species Family Parts of plants Form Microbial infection Methods Country References 49 Ficus platyphylla Del Moraceae Leaves Decoc- tion and maceration Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 50 Gomphrena celosioides Mart. Amaranthaceae Leaves Maceration Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 51 Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. Malvaceae Leaves Decoc- tionand maceration Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 52 Holarrhena floribunda (G. Don) Dw. Sch. Apocynaceae Leaves Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 53 Jatropha gossypifolia Linn. Euphorbiaceae Leaves Tritura- tion and maceration Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 54 Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. Meliaceae Sterm bark and Leaves Decoc- tion and maceration Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 55 Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. Bignoniaceae Leaves Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 56 Lannea kerstingii A. Rich. Anacardiaceae Leaves Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 57 Lippia multiflora Moldenke Verbenaceae Leaves Decoc- tion and maceration Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 58 Mangifera indica Linn. Anacardiaceae Sterm bark and Leaves Decoc- tion and maceration Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 59 Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal Annonaceae Leaves Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 60 Morinda lucida Linn Rubiaceae Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 61 Moringa oleifera Linn. Moringaceae Leaves and fruits Decoction, tritura- tion and maceretion Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 62 Ocimum gratissimum Linn. Lamiaceae Leaves Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 63 Oldenlandia corymbosa L. Rubiaceae Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 64 Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth Fabaceae Maceration Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 65 Paullinia pinnata Linn. Sapindaceae Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 66 Pavetta corymbosa (DC) F.N. Will. Rubiaceae Decoc- tion and maceration Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 67 Piliostigma thonningii (Sch.) Miln. Redh. Caesalpiniaceae Decoc- tion and maceration Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 68 Pleiocarpa pycnantha (K. Sch.) Stapf. Apocynaceae Leaves Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 69 Pteleopsis suberosa Engl. and Diels. Combretaceae Leaves Decoc- tion and maceration Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 70 Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel Apocynaceae Leaves Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 71 Sanseviera liberica Ger. and Labr. Agavaceae Leaves Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] (Contd...) International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 129 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-1: (Continued). No. Species Family Parts of plants Form Microbial infection Methods Country References 72 Sarcocephalus latifolius (Sm.) E.A.Bruce Rubiaceae Leaves Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 73 Senna rotondifolia Linn. Fabaceae Leaves Decoc- tion and maceration Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 74 Sorghum caudatum Linn. var. colorans Poales Leaves Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 75 Thonningia sanguinea Vahl. Balanophora- ceae Leaves Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 76 Uvaria chamae P. Beauv. Annonaceae Fruits, leaves Decoc- tion and maceration Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 77 Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn C.F Sapotaceae Leaves Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 78 Waltheria indica Linn. Sterculiaceae Leaves Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 79 Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich. Annonaceae Leaves Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 80 Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides Lam. Rutaceae Leaves Decoc- tion and maceration Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 81 Zingiber officinale Rosc. Trans. Linn Zingiberaceae Leaves Decoction Infectious disease Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [62] 82 Abutilon mauriti (Jacq.) Medik. Malvaceae Leaves and stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 83 Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile Leguminosae Fruit Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 84 Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile Leguminosae Fruit, pow- der, gum, dried fruit powder Extraits, decoction Diarrhée, Dysenterie, antifongique Ethnobotanical investigation Togo [64] 85 Acalypha wilke- siana Müll. Arg Euphorbiaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 86 Aframomum melegueta K. Schum. Zingiberaceae Fruit Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 87 Afzelia africana Pers. Leguminosae Leaf stem Powder Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 88 Allium cepa L. Amaryllidaceae Fruit Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 89 Allium sativum L. Amaryllidaceae Fruit Decoction; Maceration Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 90 Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae Leaf stem Dec; Mac- eration; Powder Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 91 Anacardium occidentale L. Anacardiaceae Leaves, fruit and stem bark Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 92 Annona muricata L. Annonaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 93 Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC) Guill. and Perr. Combretaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 94 Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. Moraceae Leaves, Stem Powder Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 95 Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Poaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 96 Bauhinia reticulata DC. Leguminosae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 97 Blighia sapida K. D. Köening Sapindaceae Fruit Powder Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] (Contd...) International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 130 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-1: (Continued). No. Species Family Parts of plants Form Microbial infection Methods Country References 98 Bridelia ferruginea Benth. Phyllanthaceae Bark, Root Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 99 Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. Leguminosae Leaf stem Decoction; Pounding Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 100 Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Leguminosae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 101 Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Leguminosae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 102 Carica papaya L. Caricaceae Root Powder Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 103 Carissa spinarum L. Apocynaceae Root, Bark Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 104 Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don Apocynaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 105 Ceropegia fusiformis N.E.Br. Apocynaceae Root Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 106 Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Rutaceae Fruit Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 107 Clausena anisata (WilId.) Hook.f. ex, Benth. Rutaceae Leaves, Root Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 108 Clerodendrum capitatum (WilId.) Schumach. and Thonn. Lamiaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 109 Cola nitida (Vent.) Sebott and EndI. Malvaceae Fruit Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 110 Combretum micranthum G.Don Combretaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 111 Combretum paniculatum Vent. Combretaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 112 Commiphora africana (A.Rich.) Engl. Burseraceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 113 Crateva adansonii DC. Capparaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 114 Croton gratissimus Burch. Euphorbiaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 115 Croton lobatus L. Euphorbiaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 116 Curculigo pilosa (Schumach. and Thonn.) Engl. Hypoxidaceae Fruit Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 117 Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob. Compositae Whole plant Maceration Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 118 Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf Poaceae Leaves Decoction; Pounding; Grilling Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 119 Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch. and Dalziel Leguminosae Leaf stem, Root Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] (Contd...) International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 131 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-1: (Continued). No. Species Family Parts of plants Form Microbial infection Methods Country References 120 Desmodium velutinum (Willd.) DC. Leguminosae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 121 Detarium microcarpum Guill. and Perr. Leguminosae Root Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 122 Dialium guineense WiIld. Leguminosae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 123 Dichapetalum madagascar- iense Poir Dichapetalaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 124 Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight and Arn. Leguminosae Leaves Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 125 Diodella scandens (Sw.) Bacigalupo, and E.L.Cabral Rubiaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 126 Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin and Clemants Amaranthaceae Whole plant Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 127 Echinochloa pyramidalis (Lam.) Hitchc. and Chase Poaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 128 Ehretia cymosa Thonn. Boraginaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 129 Entada gigas (L.) Fawc and Rendle Leguminosae Leaves Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 130 Erythrina senegalensis DC. Leguminosae Bark Powder Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 131 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Myrtaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 132 Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 133 Flacourtia flavescens Willd Salicaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 134 Garcinia kola Heckel Clusiaceae Fruit Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 135 Gladiolus dalenii van Geel Iridaceae Fruit Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 136 Gossypium hirsutum L. Malvaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 137 Gymnanthe- mum coloratum (Wild.) H.Rob. and B.Kahn Compositae Whole plant Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 138 Heliotropium indicum L. Boraginaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 139 Hymenocardia acida Tul. Phyllanthaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 140 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Lamiaceae Whole plant Pounding Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 141 Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. Poaceae Root Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 142 Indigofera pulchra Willd. Leguminosae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 143 Jatropha gossypiifolia L. Euphorbiaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] (Contd...) International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 132 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-1: (Continued). No. Species Family Parts of plants Form Microbial infection Methods Country References 144 Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn. Cucurbitaceae Fruit Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 145 Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. Meliaceae Bark Pounding Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 146 Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. Bignoniaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 147 Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae Leaf stem Decoction; Maceration; Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 148 Lawsonia iner- mis L. Lythraceae Leaf stem Decoction; Pounding Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 149 Lippia multi- flora Moldenke Verbenaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 150 Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Bark, Root Decoction ; Pounding Treatment of candidiasis Ethno- botanical investigation Benin [63] 151 Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L. Myrtaceae Leaf stem Dec Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 152 Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC. Rubiaceae Whole plant Decoction; Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 153 Momordica charantia L. Cucurbitaceae Whole plant Pounding Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 154 Mondia whitei (Hook.f.) Skeels Apocynaceae Leaf stem Decoction; Maceration; Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 155 Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal Annonaceae Fruit Pounding; Maceration Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 156 Morinda lucida Benth. Rubiaceae Root Decoction; Maceration; Grilling Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 157 Musa paradisiaca L. Musaceae Leaves Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 158 Ocimum americanum L. Lamiaceae Whole plant Dec Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 159 Ocimum gratissimum L. Lamiaceae Leaf stem Decoction; Pounding Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 160 Olax subscorpioides Oliv. Olacaceae Root Decoction; Pounding Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 161 Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) G Don Leguminosae Bark Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 162 Paullinia pinnata L. Sapindaceae Leaf stem Pounding Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 163 Persicaria senegalensis (Meisn.) Soják Polygonaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 164 Philenoptera laxiflora (Guill. and Perr.) Roberty, Leguminosae Leaves Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 165 Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm. f.) Pic. Serm. Polypodiaceae Leaf stem Pounding Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 166 Piper nigrum L. Piperaceae Fruit Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 167 Pleiocarpa pycnantha (K.Schum.) Stapf Apocynaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] (Contd...) International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 133 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-1: (Continued). No. Species Family Parts of plants Form Microbial infection Methods Country References 168 Pseudocedrela kotschyi (Schweinf.), Harms Meliaceae Leaf stem, Root Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 169 Pteleopsis suberosa Engl. and Diels Combretaceae Bark Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 170 Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. Leguminosae Bark Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 171 Rhaphiostylis beninensis (Hook.f. exPlanch.) Planch. ex Benth. Icacinaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 172 Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 173 Rourea coccinea (Thonn. exSchumach.) Benth. Connaraceae Root Pounding Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 174 Sarcocephalus latifolius (Sm.) E. A.Bruce Rubiaceae Leaf stem, Root Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 175 Schwenckia americana L. Solanaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 176 Secamone afzelii (Roem. and Schult.) K.Schum Apocynaceae Fruit Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 177 Securidaca longipeduncu- lata Fresen Polygalaceae Root Decoction Pounding Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 178 Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Leguminosae Leaf stem Decoction Pounding Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 179 Senna italica Mill. Leguminosae Leaf stem Decoction Pounding Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 180 Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Leguminosae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 181 Spondias mombin L Anacardiaceae Root Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 182 Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. and Perr Myrtaceae Fruit Decoction Pounding Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 183 Terminalia glaucescens Planch. Ex Benth Combretaceae Root Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 184 Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. and Thonn.) Taub. Leguminosae Fruit Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 185 Thalia geniculata L. Marantaceae Leaf stem Decoction Maceration Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 186 Tribulus terrestris L. Zygophyllaceae Leaf stem Decoction Pounding Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 187 Uvaria chamae P. Beauv. Annonaceae Root Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 188 Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich Annonaceae Fruit Decoction Maceration Pounding Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 189 Zea mays L Poaceae Leaf stem Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 190 Zingiber officinale Roscoe Zingiberaceae Fruit Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] (Contd...) International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 134 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-1: (Continued). No. Species Family Parts of plants Form Microbial infection Methods Country References 191 Zornia glochidiata DC Leguminosae Root, Bark Decoction Treatment of candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [63] 192 Alternanthera repens (L.) Link Amaranthaceae Leaves extract Decoction Gastro-intesti- nal disorders Ethno- botanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 193 Anethum graveolens L. Apiaceae Leaves, flowers, seeds Decoction Gastrointestinal disorders Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 194 Calotropis syriaca (S.G.Gmelin) Woodson Asclepiadaceae Sap (resin/ latex) Decoction Toothache, decayed teeth Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 195 Sonchus oleraceus L. Asteraceae Aerial parts of plant Decoction Skin disease Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 196 Acanthosper- mum hispidum DC. Asteraceae Aerial parts Decoction Asthma Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 197 Blainvillea gayana Cass. Asteraceae Leaves Decoction Diarrhoea Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 198 Centaurea melitensis L. Asteraceae Roots, sap (resin/ latex) Decoction Toothache Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 199 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Asteraceae Leaves Decoction Skin problems, “athlete's foot Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 200 Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Bombacaceae Wole plant Decoction Breast diseases, tuberculosis Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 201 Chamaecrista nigricans (Vahl) Caesalpiniaceae Leaves Decoction Open wounds Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 202 Senna occidentalis (L.)Link Caesalpiniaceae Seeds, leaves, roots Decoction Breast disease, tuberculosis, colds Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 203 Cassia italica (Mill) Lam. Caesalpiniaceae Leaves Decoction Intestinal disorders Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 204 Chenopodium ambrosioides L Chenopodiaceae Leaves Decoction Colds and flu Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 205 Ipomoea turbinata Lag. Convolvulaceae Seed oil Decoction Intestinal disorders, constipation Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 206 Commelina diffusa Burm.f. subsp. diffusa Commelinaceae Aeral parts Decoction Fever Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 207 Momordica charantia L. Cucurbitaceae Fruits Decoction Breast problems Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 208 Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperaceae Roots, bulbs Decoction Postpar- tum uterine problem Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 209 Cyperus esculentus L. Cyperaceae Roots, bulbs Decoction Urinary problems Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 210 Dracaena draco L. Dracaenaceae Tree sap (resin/ latex) Decoction Pain, renal pain Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 211 Jatropha curcas L Euphorbiaceae Sap (resin/ latex), seed oil , Tree Decoction Constipation, joint pain, bleeding, Purgative, antimicrobial, antiseptic, mouth wash Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65,66] 212 Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae Seeds (oil) Decoction Constipation, scabies Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 213 Abrus precatorius L. Fabaceae Seeds, roots, leaves Decoction Conjunctivi- tis and skin diseases Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 214 Clitoria ternatea L. Fabaceae Root extracts Decoction Cough Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] (Contd...) International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 135 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-1: (Continued). No. Species Family Parts of plants Form Microbial infection Methods Country References 215 Crotalaria retusa L. var. retusa Fabaceae Whole plant, seeds Decoction Cough, fever, diarrhea Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 216 Indigofera tinctoria Fabaceae Sub-shrub Decoction Cosmetics for face Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 217 Lonchocarpus laxiflorus Guill. and Perr Fabaceae Leaves, bark, roots Decoction Cough, liver disorders, stomach aches Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 218 Ocimum basilicum L Lamiaceae Leaves Decoction Antispasmodic Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 219 Rosmarinus officinalis L. Lamiaceae Leaves, flowers Decoction Cough, asthma, rheumatism, depression Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 220 Persea americana Mill Lamiaceae Tree Leaves, fruits Decoction Colds, liver pain, kidney pain Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 221 Allium sativum L Liliaceae Perennial herb Decoction Bulbs Itching, skin problems, worms Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 222 Punica granatum L. Lythraceae Fruits Maceration Mouth and eyes disorders. Skin problems Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 223 Sida rhombifolia Malvaceae Aerials parts of plants Decoction Cough, Phlegm Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 224 Malva parviflora L. Malvaceae Leaves Decoc- tion and maceration Inflammation and abcesses Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 225 Eucalyptus spp Myrtaceae Tree, Leaves Decoction, maceration and essen- tial oil Cough, flu, colds Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 226 Argemone mexicana L. Papaveraceae Seed oil, sap (resin/ latex) Decoc- tion and maceration Purgative (oil), pains Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 227 Plumbago zeylanica L. Plumbaginaceae Leaves, roots Decoc- tion and maceration Skin prob- lems. Trouble urinating Ethnobotanical investigation Cap Vert [65] 228 Artemisia gorgonum Webb Asteraceae Aerial parts Essential oil Antiplasmodial in vitro acttivity Cap Vert [67, 68] 229 Gymnan- themum amygdalinum Asteraceae leaves Macerated Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 230 Moringa oleifera Moringaceae leaves Dried Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 231 Carica papaya Caricaceae leaves and seeds Dried Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 232 Manihot esculenta Euphorbiaceae Leaves Maceration Treatment of typhoid fever in human. Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69, 17] 233 Cjanus caja Fabaceae Leaves Dried Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 234 Ocimum gratissimum Lamiaceae Leaves Maceration Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69, 70] 235 Cassytha filiformis L. Lauraceae Whole plant Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 236 Psidium guayava L. Myrtaceae Leaves and roots Decoc- tion and maceration Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] (Contd...) International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 136 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-1: (Continued). No. Species Family Parts of plants Form Microbial infection Methods Country References 237 Jatropha gossypifolia Euphorbiaceae Leaves Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 238 Cola nitida Sterculiaceae Fruits Maceration Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 239 Vernonia amygdalina Asteraceae Leaves Deco- tion and trituration Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 240 Crateva adansonii DC. Capparidaceae Leaves Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 241 Xylopia aethiopica Apocynaceae Fruits Maceration Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 242 Caesalpinia pulcherrima Legumino- sae-Caesalpini- oideae Whole plant Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 243 Annona muricata Annonaceae Leaves Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 244 Citrus limon Rutaceae Leaves Infu- sion and decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 245 Persea americana Lauraceae Leaves Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 246 Cocos nucifera Arecaceae Leaves Maceration Treatment of typhoid fever in human. Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 247 Carica papaya Caricaceae Roots Infu- sion and decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 248 Khaya senegalensis Meliacea Unripe fruit Decoc- tion and maceration Treatment of typhoid fever in human. Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 249 Acanthosper- mum hispidum DC. Asteraceae Whole plant or bark Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 250 Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin and Barneby. Leguminosae- Caesalpini- oideae Whole plant Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 251 Eugenia Caryophyllata Myrtaceae Whole plant Macera- tion and decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 252 Allium sativum Liliaceae Fruits Infu- sion and maceration Treatment of typhoid fever in human. Diarrhoea Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69, 70] 253 Corchorus olitorius L. Malvaceae Leaves Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 254 Abrus precatorius L. Fabaceae Whole plant Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 255 Croton zambesicus Muell. Euphorbiaceae Whole plant Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 256 Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Fabaceae Leaves Decoc- tion and maceration Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 257 Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth Bignoniaceae Leaves Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] (Contd...) International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 137 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-1: (Continued). No. Species Family Parts of plants Form Microbial infection Methods Country References 258 Momordica charantia L. Cucurbitaceae Leaves Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 259 Garcinia cola Heckel. Clusiaceae Fruits Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benisn [69] 260 Cucumis metuliferus Curcubitaceae Fruits Maceration Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 261 Piper guineense Schumach. and Thonn. Piperaceae Seeds Maceration Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 262 Moringa Oléifera Moringaceae Leaves Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 263 Newbouldia laevis Bignoniaceae Leaves Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 264 Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Arecaceae Leaves Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 265 Ocimum gratissimum L. Lamiaceae Leaves Decoc- tion and trturation Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 266 Cocos nucifera Arecaceae Coconut water Drinking Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 267 Catharanthus roseus Apocynaceae Whole plant Decoc- tion and maceration Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 268 Haematoxylum campechianum L. Leguminosae- Caesalpini- oideae Leaves Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 269 Cola millenii Sterculiaceae Leaves Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 270 Cymbopogon citratus Poaceae Leaves Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 271 Ananas comosus Bromeliaceae Fruits Macera- tion and decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 272 Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. Leguminosae- Caesalpini- oideae Leaves Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 273 Phyllostachys aurea Poaceae Leaves Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 274 Sansevieria liberica Dracaenaceae Leaves Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 275 Argemone mexicana Papaveraceae Leaves Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 276 Salix babylonica Salicaceae Leaves Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human. Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 277 Capsicum frutescens Solanaceae Fruits Maceration Treatment of typhoid fever in human. Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 278 Capsicum frutescens Solanaceae Fruits Maceration Treatment of typhoid fever in human. Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 279 Agelaea pentagyna Lam. Connaraceae Leaves and roots Decoc- tion and maceration Treatment of typhoid fever in human. Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] (Contd...) International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 138 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-1: (Continued). No. Species Family Parts of plants Form Microbial infection Methods Country References 280 Rourea coccinea (Thonn. Ex Schumach.) Benth Connaraceae Leaves and roots Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human. Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 281 Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. and Thonn. Phyllantaceae Leaves Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human. Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 282 Hyptis suaveolens Poit. Lamiaceae Leaves Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human. Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 283 Acanthosper- mum hispidum DC. Asteraceae Leaves Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human. Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 284 Bridela ferruginea Benth. Phyllanthaceae Leaves Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human. Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 285 Combretum micraanthum Combretaceae Whole plant Decoc- tion and maceration Treatment of typhoid fever in human. Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 286 Acacia sieberiana DC. Legumino- sae-Mimo- soideae Leaves Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human. Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 287 Acanthosper- mum hispidum DC. Asteraceae Leaves Decoction Treatment of typhoid fever in human. Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 288 Rauvolfia caffra Apocynaceae Roots Maceration Treatment of typhoid fever in human. Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 289 Baphia nitida Legumino- sae-Papilion- oideae Fruits Decoc- tion and maceration Treatment of typhoid fever in human. Ethnobotanical investigation Benin [69] 290 Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Meliaceae Stem bark Decoctions or infusions Treatment of Tuberculosis Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [71] 291 Hygrophila auriculata Heine. Acanthaceae Whole plant Decoctions or infusions Treatment of Tuberculosis Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [71] 292 Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Amaranthaceae Leaves Decoctions or infusions Treatment of Tuberculosis Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [71] 293 Coix lacryma-jobi L. Poaceae Glumes Decoctions or infusions Treatment of Tuberculosis Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [71] 294 Solanum torvum Sw. Solanaceae Unripe fruits and fruits Decoctions or infusions Treatment of Tuberculosis Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [71] 295 Bidens pilosa L. MNM24/7 Asteraceae Whole plant Decoctions or infusions Treatment of Tuberculosis Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [71] 296 Phyllanthus fraternus G.L. Webster Phyllanthaceae Leaves Decoctions or infusions Treatment of Tuberculosis Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [71] 297 Dissotis rotundifolia (Sm.) Triana Melastomata- ceae Leaves Decoctions or infusions Treatment of Tuberculosis Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [71] 298 Cymbopogon giganteus Chiov. Poaceae Leaves Decoctions or infusions Decoctions 287or infu- 288sions Treatment of Tuberculosis Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [71] 299 Cyperus articulatus L. Cyperaceae Roots Decoctions or infusions Treatment of Tuberculosis Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [71] 300 Allium sativum L. Amaryllidaceae Bulbs Decoctions or infusions Treatment of Tuberculosis Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [71] 301 Zingiber officinale Roscoe Zingiberaceae Rhizomes Decoctions or infusions Treatment of Tuberculosis Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [71] 302 Allium cepa L. Amaryllidaceae Bulbs and leaves Decoctions or infusions Treatment of Tuberculosis Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [71] (Contd...) International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 139 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-1: (Continued). No. Species Family Parts of plants Form Microbial infection Methods Country References 303 Aloe vera var. barbadensis Xanthor- rhoeaceae Leaves aqueous extract and Organic extract Treatment of Tuberculosis Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [71] 304 Cocos nucifera Linn. Arecaceae Coconut Water Treatment of Tuberculosis Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [71] 305 Cocos nucifera Linn. Arecaceae Husk Water Treatment of Tuberculosis Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [71] 306 Asparagus flagellaris (Kunth) Baker Asparagaceae Whole plant (fresh) Decoc- tion and poultice Tuberculosis Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [71] 307 Borreria stricta (L.f.) K. Schum. Rubiaceae Leaves (dried) Decoction Black spot on skin Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [72] 308 Hannoa undulata (Guill. and Perr.) Simaroubaceae Roots (dried) Char into charcoal and add to shea butter and smear over boil with stone Boils Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [72] 309 Ipomoea eriocarpa R.Br. Convolvulaceae Whole plants (fresh) Decoction Menstrual problems Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [72] 310 Piliostigma thonnigii (Schumach) MilneRedh. Fabacaeae Root (dried) Poultice to water Abdominal pain Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [72] 311 Tephrosia spp. Fabaceae Leaves (fresh) Decoction Red eyes Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [72] 312 Terminalia macroptera Guill et Perr. Combretaceae Roots (fresh) Decoction Piles Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [72] 313 Justicia flava Vahl. Acanthaceae Leaves Decoction Diarrhoea Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 314 Mangifera indica L. Amaranthaceae Stem Bark Paste Diarrhoea Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 315 Cleistopholis patens (Benth.) Engl. and Diels Annonaceae Leaves, Stem Bark , Fruit Decoction (Oral) Typhoid Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 316 Alstonia boonei De Wild. Apocynaceae Stem Bark Decoction (Oral), Crush Measles, Chicken pox, Boils, Shingles, Malaria Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 317 Funtumia elastica (Pre- uss) Stapf. Apocynaceae Stem Bark Infusion (Orale) stroke Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 318 Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel Apocynaceae Leaves, Roots and Stem Bark Decoction (Oral) Malaria, Body pains Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 319 Secamone afzelii (Roem. and Schult.) K. Schum. Asclepiadaceae Leaves Grind and apply (Topical) Severe skin rashes Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 320 Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Arecaceae Roots Grind (Topical) Stroke Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 321 Aloe tenuifolia Lam. Asphodelaceae Leaves Decoction (Oral/ Topical) Appetizer, Skin Rashes Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 322 Melanthera scandens Schu, Nach. and Thonn. Asteraceae Leaves Paste (Topical) Wounds Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 323 Vernonia amygdalina Delile Asteraceae Leaves Decoction (Oral) Diarrhoea, Typhoid, Malaria Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] (Contd...) International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 140 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-1: (Continued). No. Species Family Parts of plants Form Microbial infection Methods Country References 324 Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg. Asteraceae Leaves, Roots Eaten/ Decoction (Oral) Blood tonic, Fever, Ulcer Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 325 Eclipta alba Hassk. Asteraceae Leaves Grind and squeeze (Nasal) Catarrh, Malaria Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 326 Bidens pilosa L. Asteraceae Leaves Decoction/ Paste (Oral/ Topical) Typhoid, Malaria, Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 327 Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. Bignoniaceae Stem Bark Decoction (Oral) Stomach ache Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 328 Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv, Bignoniaceae Leaves, Stem Bark Decoction (Oral) Typhoid, Malaria Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 329 Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv, Bignoniaceae Leaves, Stem Bark Grind (Topical) Wounds Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 330 Crescentia cujete L. Bignoniaceae Leaves Decoction (oral) Fever, Preg- nancy care Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 331 Newbouldia laevis (P.Beauv.) Seem. Bignoniaceae Leaves Paste and raw Stomach upset, Waist pain, Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 332 Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Bromeliaceae Fruits Decoction Worms, Itching ear Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 333 Carica papaya L. Caricaceae Leaves Cook (Oral) Malaria Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 334 Terminalia catappa L. Combretaceae Leaves Decoction (Oral) Severe fever, malaria Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 335 Terminalia ivorensis A.Chev. Combretaceae Stem Bark Powder (Oral) Piles Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 336 Momordica charantia L. Cucurbitaceae Leaves Grind (topi- cal);Decoc- tion (oral) Gonorrhoea, headache Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 337 Mareya micrantha (Benth.) Müll.Arg. Euphorbiaceae Leaves Paste Waist pains Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 338 Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Heckel Euphorbiaceae Leaves Decoction Malaria Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 339 Phyllanthus muellerianus (Kuntze.) Exell. Euphorbiaceae Leaves, Roots Grind Waist pains Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 340 Mallotus oppositifolius Müll.Arg. Euphorbiaceae Leaves Grind Waist pains Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 341 Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. and Thonn.) Euphorbiaceae Stem Bark and leaves Decoc- tion and infusion Malaria, Sexual Infection Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana, Benin [73,70] 342 Phyllanthus urinaria L. Euphorbiaceae Leaves Decoction Malaria Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 343 Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Fabaceae Leaves Decoction (Oral) Stomachaches, Malaria Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 344 Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schum. and Thonn.) Taub. Fabaceae Fruits Decoction (Oral) Typhoid, Asthma, Blood tonic Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 345 Hoslundia opposita Vahl. Lamiaceae Leaves, Seeds Decoction (Oral) Malaria, phlegm Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 346 Ocimum gratissimum L. Lamiaceae Leaves, Seeds Decoction (Oral) Headache, Diarrhea, Malaria Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] (Contd...) International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 141 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-1: (Continued). No. Species Family Parts of plants Form Microbial infection Methods Country References 347 Khaya senegalensis (Desv.) A.Juss. Meliaceae Leaves, Stem Bark Infusion (Oral) Malaria Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 348 zadirachta indica A. Juss. Meliaceae Neem tree, Leaves, Stem Bark Decoction (Oral) Malaria Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 349 Ficus exasperata Vahl. Moraceae Leaves Decoction (Oral) Malaria Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 350 Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Leaves Rub (topical) Chicken pox, Measles, and candidiasis Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 351 Saccharum officinarum L. Poaceae Leaves Decoction (Oral) Malaria Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 352 Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Poaceae Leaves Decoction Fever, Malaria, Typhoid Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 353 Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl. Poaceae Leaves Decoction Malaria Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 354 Morinda lucida Benth. Rubiaceae Leaves Decoction Malaria Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 355 Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Rutaceae Fruits, Roots Decoction Fever, Cough, Typhoid Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 356 Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Rutaceae Leaves Roots, Seeds Decoction Malaria, diarrhea Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 357 Paullinia pinnata L. Sapindaceae Roots, Raw Profuse cough Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 358 Solanum torvum Sw. Solanaceae Leaves Rub (Topical) Cough, Typhoid, Headache Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 359 Theobroma cacao L. Sterculiaceae Roots, Leaves Pound, Decoction (Oral) Cough, Malaria Ethno- botanical investigation Ghana [73] 360 Tectona grandis L.f. Verbanaceae Leaves, Stem Bark Decoction (Oral) Malaria Ethnobotanical investigation Ghana [73] 361 Zingiber officinale Roscoe Zingiberaceae Rhizomes Raw (Oral) Cough, Diar- rhea, Wounds Ethno- botanical investigation Ghana [73] 362 Acanthosper- mum hispidum (DC) Asteraceae Stem/ leaves cold decoc- tion Body bath, orally Malaria Ethnobotan- ical survey and in vitro antiplasmodial activity Burkina Faso [74] 363 Cassia siamea (Lam) Caesalpiniaceae Leaves cold decoc- tion, Body bath, orally Malaria Ethnobotan- ical survey and in vitro antiplasmodial activity Burkina Faso [74] 364 Crossopteryx febrifuga (AFZ. Ex G. Don) Benth Rubiaceae Leaves cold decoc- tion Body bath, orally Malaria Ethnobotan- ical survey and in vitro antiplasmodial activity Burkina Faso [74] 365 Fadogia agrestis (Schweinf. Ex Hiern) B Rubiaceae Leaves cold decoc- tion Body bath, orally Malaria Ethnobotan- ical survey and in vitro antiplasmodial activity Burkina Faso [74] 366 Ficus sycomorus (L) Moraceae Leaves, Stem bark cold decoc- tion Body bath, orally Malaria Ethnobotan- ical survey and in vitro antiplasmodial activity Burkina Faso [74] (Contd...) International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 142 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-1: (Continued). No. Species Family Parts of plants Form Microbial infection Methods Country References 367 Pavetta crassipes (K. Schum) Rubiaceae Leaves cold decoc- tion Body bath, orally Malaria Ethnobotan- ical survey and in vitro antiplasmodial activity Burkina Faso [74] 368 Terminalia macroptera (Guill. et Perr) Combretaceae Bark root cold decoc- tion Body bath, orally Malaria Ethnobotan- ical survey and in vitro antiplasmodial activity Burkina Faso [74] 369 Hygrophila auriculata (Schum.) Heine Acanthaceae Stem bark Trituration Respiratory disease Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 370 Lepidagathis anobrya Nees Acanthaceae Leaves Decoction Stomacheache Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 371 Alternanthera nodiflora R. Br. Amaranthaceae Leaves Cataplasm Growtht retardation Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 372 Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss. Amaranthaceae Leaves Calcination Wound healing stomachache Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 373 Anacardium occidentale L Anacardiaceae Stem bark Infusion Hypertension, Diarrhoea, infection diseases Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso, Benin [75,70] 374 Lannea acida A. Rich. Anacardiaceae Stem bark Decoction Stomachache, ulcer Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 375 Lannea velutina A. Rich. Anacardiaceae Stem bark/Root Decoction Tonic Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 376 Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. Anacardiaceae Stem bark Decoction, infusion Dysentery, Ulcer Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 377 Annona senegalensis Pers. Annonaceae Leaves, stem bark, Root Decoction, calcination Wound healing, stomachache, somniferous malaria Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 378 Baissea multiflora A.DC. Annonaceae Leaves, stem bark, Root Decoction Tonic, Diarrhea Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 379 Saba senegalensis (A. DC.) Pichon Apocynaceae Leaves Decoction Wound healing, stomachache Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 380 Cynanchum viminale (L.) L Apocynaceae Stem bark Trituration Eye infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 381 Leptadenia hastata (Pers.) Decne. Apocynaceae Leaves, stem bark Decoction Malaria, jaundice, sex- ual impotence Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 382 Chrysanthellum americanum (L.) Vatke Asteraceae Leaves, stem bark, Root Decoction, infusion Liver diseases Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 383 Adansonia digitata L. Bombacaceae Leaves Decoction Dysentery Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 384 Heliotropium indicum L. Boraginaceae Leaves, stem bark Decoction Diarrhea, hypertension Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 385 Boswellia dalzielii Hutch. Burseraceae Leaves Decoction Wound healing, stomachache Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 386 Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell Celastraceae Leaves, Roots Decoction Malaria, diar- rhea, dental pain, headache Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 387 Hippocratea africana (Willd.) Loes. Celastraceae Stem bark Decoction Sickle-cell disease Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 388 Cochlosper- mum planchonii Hook.f. Cochlosperma- ceae Roots Decoction Malaria Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 389 Cochlospermum tinctorium Per- rier ex A. Rich. Cochlosperma- ceae Leaves, Roots Decoction Malaria, ulcer Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] (Contd...) International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 143 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-1: (Continued). No. Species Family Parts of plants Form Microbial infection Methods Country References 390 Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC.) Guill. and Perr. Combretaceae Stem Bark Decoction Respiratory disease Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 391 Combretum aculeatum Vent. Combretaceae leaves Decoction Dental pain Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 392 Combretum adenogonium Steud. ex A. Rich. Combretaceae Leaves, Stem Bark Decoction Dysentery Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 393 Combretum glutinosum Perr. ex DC. Combretaceae Leaves Decoction Stomachache, liver trouble Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 394 Combretum micranthum G. Don Combretaceae Leaves Decoction Malaria Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 395 Combretum paniculatum Vent. Combretaceae Leaves Decoction, maceration Hemoroids Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 396 Combretum sericeum G. Don Combretaceae Leaves, Stem Bark Decoction General fatigue Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 397 Guiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel. Combretaceae Leaves, Stem Bark Decoction Malaria, Diarrhea, Cold, Sinusitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 398 Pteleopsis suberosa Engl. and Diels Combretaceae Leaves, Stem bark Decoction, Maceration Dysentery, stomachache, cough, hemorrhoids Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 399 Terminalia avicennioïdes Guill. and Perr. Combretaceae Leaves, stem bark, Root Decoction Liver trouble, heartache, diarrhea Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 400 Terminalia macroptera Guill. and Perr Combretaceae Roots Decoction Hemoroids Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 401 Pterocarpus erinaceus Ebenaceae Leaves, stem bark, roots Decoction Wound healing, sexual impotence, parasite infections Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso, Benin [75, 70] 402 Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae Leaves, stem bark, roots Decoction, Maceration Dysentery, respiratory diseases Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 403 Afzelia africana Smith ex Pers. Fabaceae stem bark, roots Decoction Stomachache Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 404 Alysicarpus glumaceus (Vahl) DC. Fabaceae Leaves Decoction Diarrhea Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 405 Bauhinia rufescens Lam. Fabaceae Leaves, Stem bark, Root, Fruit Trituration Cold, sinusitis, tonic Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 406 Burkea africana Hook. Fabaceae Stem bark Decoction, infusion Cough, heart disease Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 407 Cassia alata L. Fabaceae Leaves Decoction, Trituration Skin disorders, liver diseases Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 408 Cassia italica (Mill.) Lam. ex F.W. Andrews Fabaceae Leaves Decoction Stomachache, skin disorders Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 409 Cassia nigricans Vahl Fabaceae Leaves Decoction, trituration Wound healing, stomachache Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 410 Cassia occidentalis L. Fabaceae Leaves, stem bark Decoction Tonic, stomachache Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] (Contd...) International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 144 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-1: (Continued). No. Species Family Parts of plants Form Microbial infection Methods Country References 411 Cassia sieberiana DC. Caesalpiniaceae Leaves, stem bark, roots Decoction, trituration Stomachache, malaria, kidney diseases, sex- ual impotence Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 412 Cassia singueana Del. Fabaceae Leaves, Roots Decoction Stomachache Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 413 Detarium microcarpum Guill. and Perr. Fabaceae Leaves, stem bark Decoction Headache, stomachache Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 414 Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight and Arn. Mimosaceae Roots Decoction Respiratory diseases Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 415 Entada africana Guill. and Perr. Fabaceae stem bark Decoction, maceration Cold, sinusitis, cough Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 416 Faidherbia albida (Del.) A. Chev. Mimosaceae Leaves Decoction Kidney dis- eases, malaria Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 417 Senegalia macrostachya (Rchb. ex DC.) Kyal and Boatwr. Fabaceae Leaves Decoction Headache Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 418 Senegalia senegal (L.) Britton Fabaceae Leaves, stem bark Decoction Diarrhea, hemorrhoids Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 419 Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter and Mabb. Fabaceae Fruits, Stem bark Deecoction stomaches, cough Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 420 Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don Fabaceae Fruits, Stem bark Decoction, calcination, trituration Wound healing, hemorrhoids Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 421 Piliostigma reticulatum (DC.) Hochst. Fabaceae Leaves Decoction, infusion Cold, sinusitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 422 Piliostigma thonningii (Schum.) Milne-Redh. Caesalpiniaceae Leaves Decoction Diarrhea, dysentery Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 423 Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. Fabaceae Roots Decoction Diarrhea Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso, Benin [75, 70] 424 Tamarindus indica L. Fabaceae Stem bark, seeds Decoction Stomachache, wound healing Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 425 Tephrosia bracteolata Guill. and Perr. Fabaceae Leaves Decoction Dental pain, headache Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 426 Hyptis specigera Lam. Lamiaceae Leaves Decoction Malaria, Dental pain Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 427 Leonotis nepetaefolia (L.) R.Br. Lamiaceae Leaves Decoction Cold, sinusitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 428 Ocimum americanum L. Lamiaceae Leaves, Stem Bark Decoction, infusion Indigestion, Diarrhea, Reumatism Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 429 Ocimum basilicum L. Lamiaceae Leaves Decoction Children fears Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 430 Vitex cuneata Schumach. and Thonn. Lamiaceae Leaves Decoction Diarrhea Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 431 Vitex doniana Sweet Verbenaceae Leaves Decoction Hypertension Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 432 Lauraceae Cassytha fili- formis L. Lauraceae Leaves, Stem bark Decoction, infusion Stomachache Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] (Contd...) http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceae International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 145 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-1: (Continued). No. Species Family Parts of plants Form Microbial infection Methods Country References 433 Tapinanthus globiferus (A. Rich.) Van Tiegh Loranthaceae Stem bark Decoction Diarrhea Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 434 Lawsonia inermis L. Lythraceae Stem bark Decoction Kidney Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 435 Grewia mollis Juss. Malvaceae Stem bark Decoction Growth retardation Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 436 Waltheria indica L. Malvaceae Leaves, roots Decoction, trituration Growth retardation Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 437 Sida alba L. Malvaceae leaves Decoction Pitting Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 438 Wissadula amplissima (L.) R. E. Fries. var. rostrata (Sch. and Th.) R.E. Fries. Malvaceae Roots Decoction Cold Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 439 Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. Meliaceae Leaves, Stem bark Decoction, maceration Malaria Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 440 Pseudocedrela kotschyi (Schweinf.) Harms Meliaceae Leaves, Roots Decoction, Calcination Hemorrhoids, tiredness, tooth pain Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 441 Trichilia emet- ica Vahl Meliaceae Leaves, stem bark Decoction, trituration Hemorrhoids, malaria Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 442 Ficus gnaphalocarpa (Miq.) Steud. ex A. Rich. Moraceae Leaves Decoction Malaria Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 443 Ficus platyphylla Del. Moraceae Leaves Decoction Stomachaches, Malaria Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 444 Moringa oleïfera Lam. Moringaceae Leaves, roots, stem bark Decoction, infusion, trituration Dysentery, malaria, stomachache, general fatigue, hypertension Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 445 Lophira lanceolata Van Tiegh. ex Keay Ochnaceae Leaves Trituration Skin disorders Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 446 Ximenia americana L. Olacaceae Stem bark Trituration Stomachache, wound healing Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 447 Phyllanthus amarus Schum. and Thonn. Phyllantaceae Leaves, stem bark, roots Decoction, cataplasm, infusion Hemorrhoids, diarrhea, gout, stomachache, liver diseases Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 448 Scoparia dulcis L. Plantaginaceae Leaves, stem bark, roots Decoction Cough, hemor- rhoid, syphilis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 449 Andropogon gayanus Kunth Poaceae Leaves Decoction Cough, malaria Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 450 Bambusa vulgaris Schrad.ex J.C. Wendl. Poaceae Leaves Decoction Malaria Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 451 Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf Poaceae Leaves Decoction Cold, Sinusistis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 452 Cymbopogon giganteus Chiov. Poaceae Leaves, Roots Decoction Prostate diseases Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 453 Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng. Poaceae Leaves, Stem Bark, roots Trituration Skin disorders Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] (Contd...) International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 146 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-1: (Continued). No. Species Family Parts of plants Form Microbial infection Methods Country References 454 Securidaca lon- gipedunculata Fres. Polygalaceae Roots Infusion Ulcer, liver diseases, respi- ratory diseases Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 455 Crossopteryx febrifuga (Afzel. ex G. Don) Benth. Rubiaceae Leaves, Stem bark, fruits Decoction Tonic Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 456 Fadogia agrestis Schweinf. ex Hiern Rubiaceae Leaves, Stem bark Decoction Rheumatism Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 457 Feretia apoden- thera Del. Rubiaceae Leaves Decoction Stomachaches Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 458 Gardenia erubescens Stapf and Hutch. Rubiaceae Leaves, Stem bark Decoction Healing of umbilical cord, Wounds Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 459 Gardenia sokotensis Stapf and Hutch. Rubiaceae Leaves Decoction Tonic, Malaria, Wound healing, Stomachaches Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 460 Gardenia ternifolia Schum. and Thonn. Rubiaceae Fruits, Stem bark Decoction Tonic Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 461 Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) Kuntze Rubiaceae Leaves, stem bark Decoction, infusion Malaria, tiredness, hypertension Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 462 Nauclea latifolia Smith Rubiaceae Leaves, roots Decoction, infusion Wound healing, stomachache Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 463 Sarcocephalus latifolius (Smith) Bruce Rubiaceae Stem b ark Decoction Wound Healing, Stomachaches Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 464 Paullinia pinnata L. Sapindaceae Leaves, stem bark, root Decoction Malaria, Stomachaches Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 465 Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn. f. Sapotaceae Stem bark Decoction, trituration Cold, sinusitis, wound healing, stomachache hemorrhoids Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 466 Physalis angulata L. Solanaceae leaves Trituration Skin disorders Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 467 Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae Leaves, stem bark, roots Decoction, infusion Hypertension Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 468 Tectonia grandis L.f. Verbenaceae Leaves Decoction, maceration Ulcer Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 469 Cissus quadrangularius L. Vitaceae Stem bark Cataplasm Tiredness Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 470 Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. Zygophyllaceae Fruits, Stem bark Decoction Stomachaches Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [75] 471 Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) Hochst. Anacardiaceae Leaves Decoction Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 472 Saba senegalensis (A.DC.) Pichon. Apocynaceae Roots Decoction Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 473 Tacazzea apiculata Oliv. Apocynaceae Leaves Decoction Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 474 Chrysanthellum americanum (L.) Vatke. Asteraceae Whole plant Infusion Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 475 Cochlospermum planchonii Hook.f. Bixaceae Roots Decoction Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] (Contd...) International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 147 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-1: (Continued). No. Species Family Parts of plants Form Microbial infection Methods Country References 476 Terminalia avicennioides Guill. et Perr. Combretaceae Leaves Roots Decoction, Infusion Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 477 Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. Ex A. DC. Ebenaceae Leaves Decoction Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 478 Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae Whole plant; Leaves; Roots Decoction Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 479 Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile. Fabaceae Flowers Decoction Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 480 Acacia seyal Delile. Shrub Fabaceae Leaves Decoction Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 481 Erythrina senegalensis A.DC. Fabaceae Leaves Decoction Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 482 Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Fabaceae Flowers Decoction Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 483 Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Fabaceae Leaves Decoction Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 484 Cassia sieberiana DC. Fabaceae Roots Decoction Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 485 Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. Fabaceae Stem Bark Maceration Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 486 Ocimum americanum L. Lamiaceae Leaves Decoction Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 487 Vitex doniana Sweet. Lamiaceae Roots Decoction Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 488 Strychnos spinosa Lam. Loganiaceae Leaves; Stem Decoction Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 489 Waltheria indica L. Malvaceae Roots Decoction Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 490 Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Voigt. Phyllanthaceae Roots Decoction Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 491 Andropogon gayanus Kunth. Poaceae Whole plant; Leaves Powder Decoction Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 492 Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) Zepern. and Timler. Rutaceae Stem barks; Roots Maceration; Infusion Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 493 Nicotiana tabacum L. [cult.] Solanaceae Leaves Decoction Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 494 Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl. Verbenaceae Leaves; Whole plant Decoction Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 495 Cissus populnea Guill. and Perr. Vitaceae Leaves Ash Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 496 Ximenia americana L. Ximeniaceae Roots Maceration Poudre Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 497 Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile. Zygophyllaceae Roots Decoction Urinary infection Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [76] 498 Chrysanthelium americana Asteraceae Whole plant Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 499 Combretum micranthum Asteraceae Leaves; Roots Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 500 Anogeis susleiocarpus Asteraceae Leaves; Roots Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] (Contd...) International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 148 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-1: (Continued). No. Species Family Parts of plants Form Microbial infection Methods Country References 501 Terminalia macroptera Combretaceae Leaves;- Roots Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 502 Guiera senegalensis Combretaceae Leaves; Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 503 Cochlespermum tinctorium Cochlosperma- ceae Roots Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 504 Carica papaya Caricacea Leaves Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 505 Entanda africana Mimosaceae Roots Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 506 Parkia biglobosa Mimosaceae Bark Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 507 Citrus aurantifolia Rutaceae Leaves Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 508 Khaya senegalensis Meliaceae Bark Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 509 Trichillia emetica Meliaceae Roots Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 510 Phyllantus niruri Euphorbiaceae Whole plant Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 511 Manihot esculenta Euphorbiaceae Leaves Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 512 Commiphora africana Burseraceae Leaves Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 513 Desmodium adscendens Burseraceae Leaves Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 514 Burkea africana Fabaceae Bark Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 515 Erythrina senegalensis Fabaceae Bark Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 516 Pterocarcus erinaceus Fabaceae Leaves Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 517 Vitellaria paradoxa Sapotaceae Leaves Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 518 Mitracarpus scaber Rubiaceae Leaves Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 519 Mitragyna inermis Rubiaceae Leaves Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 520 Anona senegalensis Annonaceae Leaves; Roots Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 521 Tamarindus indica Annonaceae Fruits Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 522 Cassia occidentalis Cesalpinaceae Leaves Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 523 Cassia sieberiana Cesalpinaceae Leaves Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 524 Piliostigma reticulatum Cesalpinaceae Party Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 525 Ximenia americana Olacaceae Roots Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 526 Spondias mombin Anacardiaceae Leaves, fruits Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 527 Sclerocarya birrea Anacardiaceae Bark Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 528 Hibiscus sabdariffa Malvaceae Leaves Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 529 Ficus on Moraceae Leaves Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 530 Adansonia digitata Bombacaceae Bark; Roots Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotani- cal survey Burkina Faso [77] 531 Zea mays Poaceae Leaves Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotanical survey Burkina Faso [77] 532 Oxytenanthera abyssinica Poaceae Leaves Decoction Viral hepatitis Ethnobotanical survey Burkina Faso [77] International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 149 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-2: Scientific exploration of antimicrobial activities of some medicinal plants. S. No. Species Families Plants parts Extracts Antimicrobial validation test Microbial strains Main phytochemicals Country References 1 Acacia macro- stachya. (Rchb. ex DC.) Fabaceae Leafy stems Ethanolic Microdilution method Gram-pos- itive and Gram-nega- tive bacteria Phenolic acids and flavonoids Benin [79] 2 Acacia polyacantha Mimosa- ceae Leaves Hydroeth- anolic Microplates and in Staphylococ- cus aureus Secondary metabolites Benin [80] 3 Acanthosper- mum hispidum DC. Asteraceae Aerial part Hydroeth- anolic extract Determination of minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations Escherichia coli (ABA) Mucilage, gallic tannins and anthocyanins Benin [55, 61] 4 Acmella ulig- inosa (Sw.) Cass. Asteracea Leaves Dichloro- methane extract Methanol extract Microdilution method (MICs) Staphyloco- cus aureus Clavonoid, naphtoquinone, anthracene derivative, lignin and triterpene Benin [81] 5 Adansonia digitata Bombaca- ceae Leaves Roots, Bark Methanol extracts Inhibition in disk assay Staphylococ- cus aureus n.d. Togo [82] 6 Aeollanthus pubescens Lamiaceae Whole plant Flowers Essential oil Microplates and in Escherichia coli n.d. Benin [83] 7 Amaranthus graecizans L. Amaran- thaceae Leaves Dichloro- methane extract Determination of minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations Escherichia coli Mucilage, gallic tannins and anthocyanins Benin [55] 8 Ampelocissus africana (Lour.) Merr. Vitaceae Leaves Acetone and aqueous extracts Disc diffusion and broth microdilutio Bacillus sub- tilis, Gram negative Bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis Polyphenols Burkina Faso [84] 9 Anthoclesta nobilis Gentiana- ceae Bark Methanol extract Microdilution (MICS) Escherichia coli (NCTC 25922) Flavonoids Ghana [85] 10 Argemone mexicana Papavera- ceaea Whole plant Methanol extracts MIC ranking Pseudo- monas aeruginosa n.d. Benin [61] 11 Balanites aegyptiaca L. Delile. Balanita- ceae Aerials part Methanol extract Microdilution assay Plasmodium falciparum Total phenolic and Proanthocy- anidins content Togo [86] 12 Bambusa aurambincea Bambusa- ceae Leaves Methanol extract microdilution (MICS) Escherichia coli (NCTC 25922) Flavonoids Ghana [85] 13 Bridelia ferru- ginea Benth. Euphor- biaceae Leaves Methanol extracts. Microdilution method Proanthocyan- idins, phenolic compounds Togo [86] 14 Byrsocarpus coccineus Connara- ceae Roots Methanol extracts MIC ranking Pseudo- monas aeruginosa n.d. Benin [61] 15 Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. Caesalpin- iaceae Leaves Dichloro- methane extract Determination of minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations Escherichia coli Mucilage, gallic tannins and anthocyanins Benin [55] 16 Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton Asclepiad- aceae Leaves Dichloro- methane extract Determination of minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations Escherichia coli Mucilage, gallic tannins and anthocyanins Benin [55] 17 Calyptrochilum emarginatum Orchida- ceae Whole plant Methanol extracts Inhibition in disk assay Staphylococ- cus aureus n.d. Togo [82] 18 Canthium setosum Euphorbia- ceae Aerial part Methanol extracts MIC ranking Pseudo- monas aeruginosa n.d. Benin [61] (Contd...) International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 150 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-2: (Continued). S. No. Species Families Plants parts Extracts Antimicrobial validation test Microbial strains Main phytochemicals Country References 19 Casuarina equi- setifolia L. Casuarina- ceae Fruits Dichloro- methane extract Hydroal- coolic extract p-iodonitro- tetrazolium microdilution (MICs) Escherichia coli n.d. Benin [87] 20 Centella asiat- ica (L.) Urban Apiaceae Leaves Dichloro- methane extract Determination of minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations Escherichia coli Mucilage, gallic tannins and anthocyanins Benin [55] 21 Chrysanthellum americanum (L.) Vatke Asteraceae Leaves Hydroeth- anolic extract Antibacterial activity Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae isolated in contaminate Polyphenols and flavonoids Burkina Faso [88] 22 Chrysanthellum senegalensis Asteraceae Whole plant Methanol extract Inhibition in disk assay Staphy- lococcus auecus n.d. Togo [52, 82] 23 Cissus quadrangularis (syn: Vitis quadrangularis) Vitaceae Stem Ethanolic Microplates and in Staphylococ- cus aureus Secondary metabolites Benin [89] 24 Combretum micranthum G. Don Combreta- ceae Leave Hydro- acetone extracts Determination of MIC and MBC values and Antioxi- dant activity Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella boydii Polyphenols and phenolic compounds Burkina Faso [90] 25 Conyza aegyptiaca Asteraceae Leaves Methanol extracts Inhibition in disk assay Staphylococ- cus aureus n.d. Togo [82] 26 Crateva adansonii Cappara- ceae Leaves Hydroeth- anolic In vitro, microdilution Staphylococ- cus aureus ATCC 25923; Pseudomo- nas mirabilis A 24974 (reference strains); Staphylococ- cus aureus, Vibrio cholera and Salmonella Typhi (clini- cal isolates) Alkaloids, Gallic tanninsCa- thechic tan- nins, Flavo- noids, Quinone derivatives, Cyanogenic derivatives, sapononins Benin [91, 56] 27 Crateva adansonii DC. Cappari- daceae Leaves and stem Ethanolic Extract Microdilution method Escherichia coli n.d. Benin [92] 28 Crateva religiosa Forst. Cappara- ceae leaves Dichloro- methane extract Determination of minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations Escherichia coli Mucilage, gallic tannins and anthocyanins Benin [56] 29 Croton lobatus Euphorbia- ceae Aerial part Methylene chloride extract. Microculture radioisotope technique Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 n.d. Benin [93] 30 Croton membranaceus Euphorbia- ceae Roots Methanol extract Microdilution (MICS) Escherichia coli (NCTC 25922) Flavonoids Ghana [85] 31 Cryptolepis sanguinolenta Apocyna- ceae Root Methanol extract Microdilution (MICS) Escherichia coli (NCTC 25922) Flavonoids Ghana, Togo [85, 52] 32 Davallia chae- rophylloides Davallia- ceae Leaves Methanol extracts Inhibition in disk assay Staphylococ- cus aureus n.d. Togo [82] 33 Dichapetalum guineense Dichapeta- laceae Leaves Methanol extracts MIC ranking Pseudo- monas aeruginosa n.d. Benin [61, 93] (Contd...) International Journal of One Health, EISSN: 2455-8931 151 Available at www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.8/No.2/6.pdf Table-2: (Continued). S. No. Species Families Plants parts Extracts Antimicrobial validation test Microbial strains Main phytochemicals Country References 34 Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk Asteraceae Leaves Hydroeth- anolic extract Antibacterial activity Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae isolated